北京林业大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析与指导

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionWe have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “ beyond dispute”. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each is special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved. “ To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.1．It is only in recent years that we have recognized that______.A．there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexesB．the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuousC．the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of cultureD．the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes正确答案：D解析：细节题。

北京林业大学2015年考博英语阅读理解精读方法很多同学都听说过一种提高考博英语阅读能力行之有效的方法——精读，但却苦于只知道这两个字，不知道精读是读什么、怎么读。

下面文都考博辅导老师就以今年新出炉的2014考博英语真题翻译部分第一段为例来为大家介绍我们精读的内容和方法。

①Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy,with a glass that’s perpetually half full.②But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.③“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar,a Harvard professor.④According to Ben-Shahar,realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.精读的内容：以句子为单位，把句式、句中表达和每个词或词组都要弄得清清楚楚、明明白白，最好把相关词或词组的用法也都弄清楚。

精读的方法：以具体句子为例，为大家进行讲解。

第①句：先看句子整体结构，句子整体由define…as…(把…定义为…)这个表达支撑起来,with 引导的是一个补充修饰成分，修饰“being endlessly happy”,表示“怀着、带着……”。

词汇：“optimism(about/for)”n.乐观主义，词根optim(最好)+ism---反义：pessimism(about/over)悲观主义相关单词：同根词optimize vt.使完善、使最优化、充分利用optimist(n.乐观的人、乐天派)---反义：pessimist悲观的人optimistic(adj.~about/that...)乐观的---反义：pessimistic悲观的optimistically adv.乐观地----反义：pessimistically悲观地“perpetually”永久地、接连不断地，是“perpetual(长久的、终身的、没完没了的)的副词形式。

中国考博辅导首选学校2015北京林业大学考博英语真题翻译复习思路充分利用真题复习同学们在复习过程中，尽量多研究真题。

充分掌握历年考博翻译常考词组和短语。

最终达到这样一个目标：至少要把近十年的真题中出现的(包括划线句子以及上下文中的)词组都认真总结一遍，进行重复性的记忆。

育明考博辅导专家提醒考生，大家要总结历年常考句型及特殊结构，掌握翻译技巧。

真题中出题频率较高的句型从高到低依次为：定语从句、状语从句、被动语态、名词性从句以及一些特殊结构，像比较结构、否定结构、代词和非谓语动词的翻译。

长难句结构划分要清晰划分英语长难句结构，是理解英语句子含义的基础。

许多同学反映，一看到长句就恐慌；再加上几个不认识的单词，根本无从下手，不知道原文在表达什么，所以只能认识几个单词就翻译几个单词，写出的译文自己都不知所云。

育明考博辅导专家提醒考生，要成功翻译一篇英文文章，既要对英语原文理解正确无误，又要把汉语表达得流畅通顺。

但在这两者中，正确理解原文既是起点也是关键。

而要做到正确理解原文，就需要有扎实的英语语言基础，特别是英语句型结构知识和正确分析英语句子结构的能力。

词意把握要到位一位语言学家曾经说过：“在新的上下文里使用的每一个词都是新词。

”英语中普遍存在一些一词多义、一词多类的现象，除了一些专有名词之外，几乎没有绝对等值的词语。

正是词的这种多义性和变义性，决定了对英语词义的理解及其汉语表达是英译汉的难点所在。

所以，对于英译汉中每个词语的翻译都需要仔细斟酌，不可轻易凭经验而译。

育明考博辅导专家提醒考生，在翻译一个词时，看到的绝不应该仅仅是这个词本身，必须充分考虑它在上下文中所处的地位以及与其他词的搭配关系，孤立的译词是下下之策。

育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。

在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。

六、育明考博专业课辅导班以及英语辅导班简介(联系扣扣：416925559)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷24(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason other than the racial identity of the author? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eight years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open, Rosenblatt s thematic analyses permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the late against which black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and is forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. (444 words)1．The author of the passage objects to the Black fiction made by Addison Gayle because itA．emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB．misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC．overlooks the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD．substitutes sociopolitical criteria for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction正确答案：D解析：文章第一段已清楚地表明，Addison Gayle最近出的书用的是社会政治标准来评价黑人小说，是不对的。

北大考博真题英语答案解析北大考博是中国高等教育领域的重要考试之一，英语是其中的一门科目。

随着竞争的激烈，考生对于北大考博英语真题的解析和答案掌握变得尤为重要。

本文将针对北大考博英语真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。

首先，我们先来看一道真题，然后对其进行解析。

以下是一道典型的北大考博英语阅读理解题：Passage 1It is tempting, but misleading, to picture the history of African-Ameri-cans hid-den, waiting passively for progress to come. In fact, what we find over and over again in black history is the story of black people shaping their own lives and destinies. At the heart of this struggle has been the quest for education, knowledge, and just treatment— issues that have defined a people fighting for dignity and opportunity.Which of the fol-lowing would be the best title for the passage?A. The Struggles of African-AmericansB. The Importance of EducationC. African-American HistoryD. Resilience and Progress解析：本题是一道主旨题，要求找出这篇文章的最佳标题。

我们可以通过文章的主要内容和观点来选择正确答案。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionWould you like to know if your body is older or younger than it should be? Dr David Wikenheiser has been studying ageing in Vancouver, Canada, for the past 10 years and has found the average person is 15 or more years older biologically than chronologically. He says: “We all know people who are 30 but look over 40, and others who are 70 yet look 50. The difference comes down to lifestyle. Some people’s bodies get rusty faster than others, and this makes them age more quickly. “Virtually every ageing process is related to the oxidative compounds or free radicals produced by our body as a reaction to pollution, ultraviolet light, stress, smoking, alcohol and pesticides. But these can be neutralised by antioxidants. After conducting more than 3 000 tests, Dr. Wikenheiser believes that, on average, you can lower your biological age by 10 years in three months with the right lifestyle changes. “You can’t alter your genetics but you can make other changes, such as eating the right food, drinking enough water to flush out toxins, exercising and managing stress,”he says. But exercising too much is just as bad as not doing enough. Walking out for more than two hours at a time every day puts too great a strain on your heart. “Multivitamin and antioxidant supplements are important even if you’re eating the right amount of fruit and vegetables. Today’s soil tends to lack essential minerals so these are no longer found in the food we eat, in large enough quantities. We should also swap (交换)bleached white table salt for natural sea salt which is much better for us. “It’s also important to eat three meals a day. Missed meals put a strain on your brain as your blood sugar level drops. Many of us are also eating the wrong fats or avoiding fat altogether, so we miss out on important nutritional oils. “You should also ask your dentist what kind of fillings you have. Amalgam fillings in your teeth are not stable and will contribute to toxic metal levels in your body.” says Dr. Wikenheiser. (351 words)1．From the first paragraph, we can see______.A．Wikenheiser is an American scientistB．Wikenheiser is a doctorC．a lot of us look older than our actual ageD．we don’t know we are 15 years older than others正确答案：C解析：第一段里有…has found the average person is 15 or more years older biologically than chronologically。

北京林业大学考博英语阅读真题解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.ForQuestions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G tofit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10points)The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doingalmost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draftwill appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable andsit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from onepoint to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevantand important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurswhen you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous searchfor errors.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)(43)Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will notlose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantageof its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entireparagraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Somesoftware programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote"The A&P as a State of Mind"wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45) Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times-and then again-working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It's probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader witha final impression.[C]It's worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P"policy"he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in"A&P,"the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

中国考博辅导首选学校北京林业大学2015考博英语作文答题技巧众所周知，考博英语总分为100分，其中作文所占分值：英语(一)为20分;英语(二)为15分，所占分数比值之大，可见一斑。

因此，考生对这部分应该加以重视。

下面，育明考博命题研究中心就考博英语作文部分提供一些答题技巧。

第一步：审题审题能否科学合理，是决定作文好坏的关键。

审题内容包括：仔细阅读题目要求和相关信息，如图表、数字、图画等。

其目的是为了能够准确领悟出出题者的意图，找出写作得分点。

英语作文最忌不认真审题就提笔而写，想到哪写到哪，甚至天马行空，胡编乱造，最后的结果可想而知。

如2013年考博英语大作文图画是一群毕业生在毕业之际面临着“求学、考博、出国和创业”四条道路，仔细审题，不难发现，出题者的意图是想让考生写一篇关于“毕业生面临各种选择”的文章。

可是，有的考生草草审题，根本不对其认真考虑，偏离主题，写成“求学的必要性”、“出国的利与弊”、“创业需要具备的因素”等作文。

文不对题，势必会影响英语得分数，进而影响整个考博成绩。

第二步：构建框架由于时间有限，好多考生担心时间不够，认为没有时间去构造一个细致的提纲。

但是，勾勒出一个粗略的内容梗概或者列出关键词，还是十分必要的。

实际上，归纳并分析原始材料，进而形成一个基本的文章结构是寻求作文考试捷径的一个有效方法。

这个框架包括：Directions要求包含哪些内容，作文要传达的主题是什么，文章段落结构应该如何组织等，将此基本框架成竹于胸之后，接下来，考生只需组织语言将其填充丰满即可。

所以，构建框架对于写作，定会起到事半功倍的效果。

第三步：组织语言考生要尽量避免语法、词汇、符号等明显的错误，尤其是单词拼写错误和语法错误。

因此，选择自己最有把握的词汇、短语和句式，是保证考试不失分的有效方法。

切忌为了追求文章的华丽而堆积出一些自己没有把握的单词，或者追求层次而写出一些自己都不知对错的复杂长句，这些都是败笔，应该根据自己的语言水平，量力而行。

考博英语的真题答案解析一、考博英语的重要性考博英语作为博士研究生入学考试的一部分，对于考生来说有着极其重要的意义。

具备良好的英语能力，不仅可以顺利通过考试，更有助于进一步拓宽学术研究的国际视野。

因此，考生需要认真准备考博英语，理解并熟练应用常见的解题技巧。

二、阅读理解部分解析阅读理解是考博英语的重点，也是考生最需要提高的部分之一。

解答阅读理解题时，首先需要认真阅读文章，理解文章的主旨和作者的观点。

同时，要注意文章中可能出现的难词和长句，对其进行分析翻译，以确保对文章的整体把握。

在解答问题时，可以将每个问题和相应的答案进行逐一对应，利用排除法综合考虑，找出最符合题目要求的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的干扰关系，避免被一些迷惑人的细节所干扰。

三、完形填空部分解析完形填空是考博英语中需要考生掌握的另一个重要技巧。

首先，要通过阅读整篇短文来了解文章的大意和逻辑结构。

然后，根据短文的语境和语法要求，在给出的选项中选择最适合的答案。

在进行选择时，可以根据前后文的逻辑关系和上下文的提示，找出与文章整体一致的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的语法搭配和词义辨析，以确保填入的答案符合语言表达的规范和意思连贯的要求。

四、翻译部分解析翻译是考博英语中需要考生具备的一项重要能力，也是综合运用语言知识和运用能力的一种形式。

在翻译部分，考生需要将给定的句子或段落从中文翻译成英文，或将英文翻译成中文。

在进行翻译时，需要对句子的语法结构和词义进行准确理解，并运用英语表达的规范和习惯进行翻译。

同时，还需要考虑语境的要求和翻译的准确性，确保所翻译的句子或段落符合原文的意思和表达要求。

五、写作部分解析写作是考生展示思想和语言运用能力的重要部分，也是考博英语中相对较难的一部分。

在写作时，需要结合给定的话题或指令，明确文章的结构和主题，并通过逻辑思维和语言表达进行准确、连贯的论述。

在提出观点和论证时，可以引用相关的事实、数据或引用他人的观点来支持自己的观点。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar constant energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space-shuttle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing Solar Max’s observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.1．Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A．the Earth is too far from the Sun.B．Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C．There is not enough sunlight during the day.D．the Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.正确答案：D解析：细节题。

北京林业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析1.When workers are organized in trade unions,employers find it hard to lay them.(A)off(B)aside(C)Out(D)down2.The wealth of a country should be measured the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.(A)in line with(B)in terms of(C)in regard with(D)by means of3.He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any on what he promises.(A)faith(B)belief(C)credit(D)reliance Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.4.My students found the book it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(A)enlightening(B)confusing(C)distracting(D) amusing5.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will down the economy.(A)put(B)settle(C)drag(D)knock6.In this factory the machines are not regulated but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.(A)independently(B)individually(C)irrespectively(D) irregularly7.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change,or causes energy to be in some form.(A)given off(B)put out(C)set off(D)used up8.If businessmen are taxed too much,they will no longer be motivated to work hard,with the result that incomes from taxation might actually.(A)shrink(B)delay(C)disperse(D)sink9.American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing to enterprises.(A)moveable(B)changing(C)flexible(D)varying10.If you know what the trouble is,why don't you help them to the situation?(A)simplify(B)modify(C)verify(D)rectify11.I can not what has happened to the vegetables,for they were freshly picked this morning.(A)figure out(B)draw out(C)look out(D)work out12.I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with flat.(A)disapproval(B)rejection(C)refusal(D)decline13.From this material we can hundreds of what you may call direct products.(A)derive(B)discern(C)diminish(D)displace14.She had clearly no of doing any work,although she was very well paid.(A)tendency(B)ambition(C)intention(D)willingness15.What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well becomea third time.(A)clean and measurable(B)notable and systematic(C)pure and wholesome(D)clear and organic16.The public opinion was that the time was not for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr.Jones.(A)reasonable(B)ripe(C)ready(D)practical17.Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the of hunger.(A)sensation(B)cause(C)purpose(D)motive18.For the new country to survive,for its people to enjoy prosperity,new economic policies will be required.(A)to name a few(B)let alone(C)not to speak(D) let's say19.Foreing disinvestment and the of South Africa from world capital markets after1985further weakened its economy.(A)displacement(B)elimination(C)exclusion(D) exception20.When a number of people together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.(A)pad(B)pack(C)squeeze(D)cluster1.本题的答案是(A)(A)(lay)off："解雇"。

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷116(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionThat people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night”effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect. Dr. Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved. The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day. She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators (捕食者). This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university’s Department of Psychological Sciences. The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second, taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall. During deep sleep, the participants’brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins. On the first night only, the left hemispheres (半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did. Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps (蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment, then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.1．What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect?A．To what extent it can trouble people.B．What role it has played in evolution.C．What circumstances may trigger it.D．In what way it can be beneficial.正确答案：D解析：本题可参照文章的第2段。

北京林业大学考博英语汇复习之基础部分28249.be/feel equal to(=have enough strength,ability etc.)(某人)能胜任,能应付on equal terms(=on and equal footing)平等地250.be equipped with装备有,装有251.(be)equivalent to(=equal in value,amount,meaning)相等于,相当于252.in essence(=in its/one’s nature)本质上253.at all events(=in spite of everything,in any case)不论怎样,无论如何254.in any event(=whatever happens in the future)无论如何,不管(将来)怎么样255.in the event that(=if)假如,如果.in the event结果,实际情况是(常与but连用) 256.in the event of(=in case of)万一,即使发生..时257.except除…以外;besides除…以外还有..258.except(=but)除了。

259.except for(=apart from)除…以外260.(an)exception to…的例外261.with the exception of(=except,apart from)除去….,除…以外262.in excess of(=more than)超过263.exchange…for以…交换264.exclusive of(=not taking into account;without)不包括265.in excuse of作为…的借口266.exert…on…对…施加…267.exert oneself to do sth.努力,使劲e into existence(=begin to exist)开始存在;come into use开始使用;come into effect 开始运转;come into fashion开始时新;come into action开始行动;come into power开始执政; come into sight进入视野;come into blossom开花;269.(be)in existence存在come into existence出现270.expect…of在…期望…271.at the expense of在损害…情况下,以…为牺牲272.expose…to…使暴露于…,使…受(危险,风险)273.be exposed to…面临…,受到….274.beyond expression(=in a manner that cannot be expressed)无法形容,说不出的275.give expression to表达,表现;find expression in表现276.to…extent在…程度上277.in the extreme(=extremely)极其278.look sb.in the eye正视,打量(某人)279.close(shut)one’s eyes to不理会,视而不见280.in one’s mind’s eye在心目中,在想象中281.in the twinkling of an eye一眨眼,转眼间282.keep an eye on(=keep a watch on)照看,监视（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) 283.in the eyes of in one’s eyes(=in the judgment of)在某人看来,在某人眼里284.on the face of it(=judging by what one can see)表面看来285.in the face of面对着(困难等情况)286.in one’s face当着某人的面;face to faced面对面;face up to大胆面向287.fail in(=be unsuccessful in)失败288.in good faith(=honestly,sincerely)真诚地289.keep faith with对…守信用290.lose faith in对…失去信心291.on faith毫无怀疑地,依赖地292.faithful to(=loyal to)对…忠诚293.fall into the habit(of)养成…习惯294.fall short of(=fail to reach a desired result,standard,etc.)没达到,低于295.familiar with熟悉,了解296.have a fancy for(=like sth.without the help of reason)(没有道理地)喜欢,想要297.take a fancy to(=become fond of)喜欢298.by far远,非常(与比较级或最高级连用)299.far from远远不是300.far from非但不…(而且)301.in fashion(=stylish,most modern)时兴,流行302.after the fashion(of)依照…303.find fault with(=complain about;criticize)找毛病，对…吹毛求疵304.at fault(=in the wrong,blamable)有错305.in favour of赞成本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

北京林业大学博士生入学考试英语考试大纲2006年10月一、总述北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试，由教育部批准并授权组织。

凡具备教育部规定的申请博士学位的人员均可报名参加。

考生报考的专业不同，但均参加统一的博士生英语入学考试。

北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试时间为180分钟，试题总分为100分。

设有听力、词汇、阅读、完型填空、翻译、写作六种题型。

听力考试磁带播放完毕，继续进行笔试部分，不分时间段。

考题以一般社交用语、人文知识、科普常识为语言素材、以一般社会生活、学校教育和科研活动为话题，重在考查考生用英语进行社交、工作和科研的能力。

为帮助考生复习，我校新编《北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试模拟试题集》及配套磁带，原模拟题集废止。

现模拟题集共有样题十套，为原生题（选真实语料自行编写），帮助考生熟悉考试形式、体会考试难度、了解考题的语言素材，并在复习的过程中进一步学习英语。

二、题型与分值分布北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试分为六部分。

1．听力：20分共20题，每题1分。

分为3个部分。

时间长度为30分钟左右。

第一部分9分。

播放一遍。

为9段简短社交或日常学习、生活对话，每段对话之后，以播音形式提出一个问题。

考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D 四个答案中选择一个正确答案。

第二部分6分。

播放一遍。

为两段200-300词的讲话或长对话，人文类和科普类各一段。

每段内容之后用播音形式提出三个问题。

考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D 四个答案中选择一个正确答案。

第三部分5分。

播放两遍。

为一段200-300词的讲话或长对话，内容为一般社会知识。

以播音形式提出5个问题（随播放内容分别播两遍），考生在答卷上做1-5个词的简要回答。

2．词汇：10分共20题，每题0.5分。

分为两个部分：前十句中每句有一个词语为空白，考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D 四个答案中选择一个正确答案。

后十句中每句一个词语有下划线，考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D 四个答案中选择一个意思最相近的词语。

北林农林英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the man going to do this weekend?A. Go shoppingB. Go to the beachC. Go to the mountainsD. Go to the cinemaAnswer: B2. What does the woman mean?A. She doesn't like the book.B. She thinks the book is too difficult.C. She thinks the book is interesting.D. She thinks the book is too easy.Answer: C3. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurantB. In a libraryC. In a classroomD. In a bookstoreAnswer: A4. What is the weather like today?A. SunnyB. RainyC. CloudyD. Windy5. What time does the train leave?A. At 6:00 amB. At 7:00 amC. At 8:00 amD. At 9:00 amAnswer: C二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1Farmers in North America have been using genetically modified (GM) crops for over a decade. These crops have been engineered to resist pests and diseases, which has led to a significant reduction in the use of pesticides. However, some people are concerned about the long-term effects of GM crops on human health and the environment.Questions:6. What is the main advantage of GM crops?A. They taste better than non-GM crops.B. They are more resistant to pests and diseases.C. They grow faster than non-GM crops.D. They require less water.Answer: B7. What is one concern about GM crops?A. They may affect human health.B. They are more expensive than non-GM crops.C. They may not be as nutritious as non-GM crops.D. They may not be as tasty as non-GM crops.Passage 2The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, has been increasing worldwide. This is due to the growing awareness of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Governments and businesses are investing in renewable energy technologies to meet these challenges.8. Why is the use of renewable energy sources increasing?A. To reduce the cost of energy production.B. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions.C. To increase the availability of energy resources.D. To improve the efficiency of energy use.Answer: B9. What is one way that governments and businesses are addressing this issue?A. By investing in renewable energy technologies.B. By increasing the use of fossil fuels.C. By reducing the use of energy in general.D. By promoting the use of nuclear power.Answer: A三、词汇与语法（共20分）10. The weather forecast says it will be ________ tomorrow.A. rainyB. rainC. rainedD. raining11. She has always been interested in ________.A. cookingB. cooksC. to cookD. cookAnswer: A12. The new law will come into ________ next month.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. effortAnswer: A13. He is too young to ________ the responsibilities of the job.A. take onB. take offC. take outD. take overAnswer: A14. The company has ________ a new marketing strategy.A. launchedB. landedC. reachedD. crashedAnswer: A四、完形填空（共15分）15. The company is looking for someone with experience in ________.A. manageB. managingC. to manageD. managedAnswer: B16. The project was ________ on time and under budget.A. completedB. completesC. completingD. completionAnswer: A17. The new policy will have a significant ________ on the environment.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. effortAnswer: A18. The team worked well together and ________ the project successfully.A. accomplishedB. accomplishedC. accomplishingD. to accomplishAnswer: A19. The company is committed to ________ the highest standards of quality.A. maintainB. maintainingC. maintainedD. maintainsAnswer: B五、写作（共15分）20. Write an essay on the topic "The Importance of Biodiversity". You should write at least 120 words. Use the following points as a guide:- Define biodiversity- Explain why biodiversity is important- Discuss the threats to biodiversity- S。

Passage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.文章大意：这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionIn the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “ operant conditioning. “ This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1．The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to______.A．teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB．give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC．give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learningD．discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced正确答案：B解析：写作目的题。

阅读理解北大考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析阅读理解短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。

根据大纲要求，阅读理解的常考题型主要可归纳为以下几种：主旨大意题、推理判断题、词汇语义型、事实细节题及观点态度题。

北大考博英语的阅读理解分A、B两个部分：第一部分：阅读选择题北大考博英语阅读题提供3篇400-500字左右的文章，每篇短文有5道选择题，每道题从4个选项中选出最佳答案。

每道题一分，共15分。

考生需完成1800-2200词汇的阅读量。

这一部分主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。

要求考生能够：1.掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2.进行相关的分析、判断和推理；3.准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；4.领会作者的观点和意图、判断作者的态度。

从近几年北大考博英语文章选材来看，文章主要涉及的是医学、生物、环保、政治经济等，比较专业的科普性质的文章出现频率较高，科普性文章一般比较晦涩难懂，很难把握正确答案，专业词汇出现频率高。

从北大考博英语阅读理解整体来看，最常考，最难、所占分值最高的是以下几种题型：细节题、对错题、推论题和主旨题。

本书将围绕这四个重点设置专项拔高联系。

学完此书要求考生从整体上要把握好出题的规律，但在具体的细节上要把握命题人的考试意图，将考点击破，双管齐下，实现考分的飞跃。

下面介绍北大考博英语阅读理解问题的几种主要出题手段、解题技巧和实例分析。

A、细节题1.标志：针对性提问2.思路：做题的关键是返回原文，不要凭印象做题，返回原文要有定位意识3.细节题迷惑选项的常用手段有：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，这也是错误答案）例：2010. Question 42. The author of the passage suggests that the developments in the study of Parkinson's disease can help[A] prevent Parkinson's[B] alleviate the causes of Parkinson's[C] find new avenues for treatment of Parkinson's[D] cure Parkinson's这是典型的针对性提问，针对帕金森的研究的作用进行提问。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷6(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionAn American literary critic, humorous journalist, essayist, whose comic skepticism about human progress, expressed with penetrating style, is a continuing resource for all lovers of extravagant language. Mencken wrote—according to some estimations—3 000 newspaper columns. During the 15-year period following World War I , Mencken set the standard for satire in his day, and his essays are still widely read. Mencken was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute(1892—1896), continued to study literature with a private tutor, and worked in his father’s cigar factory(f896—1899). From 1899, when his father died, Mencken was a reporter or editor for several Baltimore papers, among them Baltimore Morning Herald. He later joined the staff of the Baltimore Sun , for which he worked throughout most of his life. From 1916 to 1918 he worked as a war correspondent in Germany and in Russia. Mencken gained a reputation in the trade as a boy wonder, for he was industrious and fertile and learned all there was to learn about a newspaper in a few years. He advanced with alarming rapidity, becoming city editor and two years later managing editor of the Herald, In 1906 when the Herald ceased to exist, Mencken went to the Sunpaper.s as Sunday editor, became an editorial writer, and in 1911 started his column, the Free Lance, in the Evening Sun. He began another series of weekly articles in 1919 and was associated with the Sunpapers, except for one short break, until 1948. At sixty-two Mencken had spent forty-three years as a newspaperman, forty as a writer of books, twenty-five as a reviewer, and twenty as a magazine editor. “I edited both newspapers and magazines, some of them successes and some ol them not, and got a close, confidential view of the manner in which opinion is formulated on this earth. . . Like any other man I have had my disasters and my miseries, and like any other author I have suffered from recurrent depressions and despairs, but taking one year with another I have had a fine time of it in this vale of sorrow, and no call to envy any man. “Mencken suffered a cerebral thrGmbosis(脑血栓) in 1948, from which he never fully recovered, and died on January 29, 1956. (349 words)1．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．Mencken’s life and career.B．Mencken’s literary style.C．Mencken’s reputation in America.D．Mencken’s self-evaluation.正确答案：A解析：B、C和D内容比较具体，不宜作为主题。