1 Unit 4 Describing Methodology
Objectives
─ Be clear about the significance of this section
─ Try to understand the importance of passive voice in academic writing
─ Learn to be skilled in using sequential markers in writing a process
─ Be familiar with proof-reading skills
─ Learn to design a questionnaire
Contents
─ Brief introduction to this section
─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in
writing a methodology section?
─ Language Focus: Passive voice and sequential markers
─ Writing Practice: Understanding the sentence patterns and sentence order in
writing a process
─ Writing Project: How to design a questionnaire
2 1. Reading Activity
In natural sciences the method section is often called Materials and Methods. In
social sciences it is common to introduce a section called Theory and Methods.
研究生英语写作注意事项
作为研究生，英语写作是学术研究和交流中不可或缺的一部分。要想写出优秀的英语文章，不仅需要扎实的语言基础，还需要注意许多细节和要点。以下是一些在研究生英语写作中需要特别关注的事项。
一、明确写作目的和受众
在开始写作之前，一定要明确自己的写作目的是什么，是为了阐述研究成果、论证观点，还是为了提交作业、发表论文？同时，要考虑文章的受众是谁，是专业领域的学者、同行，还是一般读者？明确这两点将有助于确定文章的内容、语言风格和结构。
如果是写给专业学者看的，那么语言可以相对专业和严谨，使用较多的专业术语和复杂的句子结构。但如果是面向一般读者，就需要用更通俗易懂的语言来解释专业概念，避免使用过于晦涩的词汇和句子。
二、做好充分的准备工作
1、 收集资料
在动笔之前，要广泛收集与写作主题相关的资料，包括书籍、期刊论文、研究报告等。通过阅读这些资料，可以了解前人在该领域的研究成果，为自己的写作提供参考和启发。
2、 拟定提纲
三、注意语言的准确性 1、 词汇选择
要使用准确、恰当的词汇来表达自己的意思。避免使用模棱两可或含义不清的词汇，尽量选择具体、明确的词语。同时，要注意词汇的搭配和用法，避免出现中式英语的错误。
2、 语法正确
语法错误会严重影响文章的质量和可读性。要注意句子的主谓一致、时态、语态、词性等方面的问题。可以通过多读多写来提高对语法的敏感度，也可以借助语法书籍和工具进行检查和纠正。
四、保证逻辑的清晰性
1、 段落结构
每个段落都应该有一个明确的主题，并且围绕这个主题展开论述。段落的开头通常是主题句，概括该段落的主要内容，随后的句子则是对主题句的支持和解释。段落之间的过渡要自然流畅，使文章整体逻辑连贯。
2、 论证方法
在论证观点时，要使用合理的论证方法，如举例、对比、因果分析等。论据要充分、可靠，能够有力地支持论点。同时，要避免逻辑漏洞和自相矛盾的情况。
五、遵循学术规范
Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Dictionary
The discussion about electronic dictionaries has never stopped in the past few years. Let's have a look
at its advantages and disadvantages before drawing the final conclusion.
The biggest advantage of an electronic dictionary is its convenience. Whenever you meet new words or
expressions, you can know the meaning quickly. What's more, with the development of science and
technology, electronic dictionaries are becoming more and more advanced: they can pronounce the words
clearly, provide sample sentences to illustrate word usage and store difficult words for special memorization.
Last but by no means the least, electronic dictionaries are becoming cheaper and cheaper, and more and
more students can afford them.
However, the negative effects are also obvious. To begin with, some students rely too much on the
1 Unit 6 Discussing Results
Objectives:
- Understand the discussion section
- Learn how to present your results
- Learn how to compare your results with others
- Learn how to interpret your results
- Learn how to express opinions in the discussion
Contents:
- Reading and discussion: a sample result section
- Language focus: comparison and contrast; strengthening or weakening a claim
- Signal words of comparison and contrast
- Writing practice: writing comparison and contrast, and writing a short discussion
section
- Classroom extension: writing a result section for a classroom experiment.
1. Reading Activity
1.1 Pre-reading Task
The results section presents your research findings, and the discussion section is an
analysis of those findings. You may include a discussion section at the end of your
