英语语法-名词
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名词
1、名词
专有名词 1>.个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称
2>.首字母要大写,Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China
3>.含有普通名词的短语,加定冠词the,如:the Great Wall(长城),the People’s
Republic of China(中国)
普通名词
可数名词: 可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,有复数变形:
1、有规则复数变形:
1>.加s. 如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
2>. s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es. 如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes,dish
→dishes
3>.辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i,再加es. 如:family→families, city→cities, party
→parties.
4>.以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加es.如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life
→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:
1>. man→men, woman→women, child→children.
2>. tooth→teeth, goose→geese, foot→feet
3、单复同形,如,sheep→sheep, fish→fish,deer→deer,Chinese→Chines, Japanese
→Japanese
不可数名词:不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,无复数变形:
如:water, milk,juice, rice, oil, population, information, news,advice
2、名词所有格:
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,其构成法如下:
1>. 表示人或其它有生命名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)
2>. 以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
3>. 表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今日报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口).
4>. 无生命的东西的名词,一般用介词of短语来表示所有关系,如:the cover of the book (书本的封页)
5>. ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)
6>. 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) 7>. “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s (我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、主谓一致
1、谓语动词的单复数由主语单复数决定。
如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)
The apples are very sweet.(苹果很甜)
There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)
There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
2、集体名词(amily, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
1>. 表整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
2>. 表成员时,则复数形式,如:Class Three are very happy now .(三班的学生现在都很开心)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:
如: The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。
如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)
A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。
如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) /
Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。
如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。
如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) /
Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,
如: Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) /
A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) /
All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)