苏港万吨级码头结构设计文献综述

新苏港25万吨级矿石码头绿化景观设计探析作者：任诗玲赵荣田来源：《价值工程》2011年第13期摘要：新苏港２５万吨级矿石码头工程，是江苏省目前在建的最大散货码头，也是江苏省和连云港市的重点建设项目。

码头设计中以“沿海风貌”为主题，“简约自然”为手法，传达一种延续与包容的内涵。

Abstract: The project of Xinsugang Ore Terminal with 25 Million Tons is the largest bulk terminal in current Jiangsu Province, and is a key construction project in Jiangsu Province and Lianyungang City. Terminal design takes the "coastal style" as the theme, and considers the "simple nature" as the means to convey the meaning of tolerance and continuation.关键词：花园式港口码头；排盐碱设计；生态性原则Key words: garden-port；row saline design；ecological principles中图分类号：TU985 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-4311（2011）13-0121-010 引言新苏港２５万吨级矿石码头工程，位于连云港老港区东防波堤以东至旗台嘴的岸线范围。

西侧和东侧分别与规划中的旗台港区大宗散货泊位和液体化工泊位相邻。

现场地势平坦，无遮挡。

陆域面积80.8公顷，绿化面积10公顷。

1 景观设计指导思想景观性原则——根据矿石码头的景观特点，突显码头的景观特色，体现新码头，新景观的设计理念。

第一篇港口总平面图及方案设计第1章前言1．1 概述本港位于长江下游，下距上海280公里，上至南京100公里，为适应国民经济和外贸运输日夜发展的需要，经国家统一规划，决定在本地区兴建江海运输中转港。

1．2 设计任务本港有4个万吨级泊位，码头建成以后将成为长江下游江海联运和江苏内河水系货物集散的重要港区，本次设计就是要设计一个有4个万吨级泊位的码头。

1．3 设计依据文件1、《苏港万吨级码头结构设计资料》2、《港口工程荷载规范》JTJ 215-98（中华人民共和国交通部发布）3、《港口工程桩基规范》JTJ 254-98（中华人民共和国交通部发布）4、《高桩码头设计与施工规范》JTJ 291-98（中华人民共和国交通部发布）5、《海港总平面布置规范》（中华人民共和国交通部发布）6、《港口水工建筑物》（人民交通出版社）7、《港口规划与布置》（人民交通出版社）8、《结构力学》（高等教育出版社）9、《土质学与土力学》（人民交通出版社）10、《水工钢筋混凝土结构学》（中国水利水电出版社）11、《桩基工程》（人民交通出版社）第2章设计依据资料2．1 自然条件一、港区航道情况有关部门为选择本港港址作了大量工作，认为本港港区航道的水域条件适宜建港。

据河床演变分析，本港区位于长江下游分汊型河段间的‘藕节’段，由于港区上下游均有抗冲性较强的江岸或山矶控制，本河段历史上就基本稳定。

近百年来，深泓线始终偏南岸，摆幅很小，河床平面形态基本不变，港区水域宽阔，水深大于10米的航道宽度一般在1000米左右，水流平缓，因此，本港河段具有水域良好、河床稳定的港址条件。

但-40米之深槽逼近南岸，岸坡一般为1：1.5左右，局部则达1：1.0。

在高程-25米以上的岸坡，局部有微切变陡现象。

由于本港区沿岸-40米以上的岸坡属第四系全新统淤泥质粘土，岩性较弱，稳定性差，目前水上岸坡虽未发现崩岸、滑坡现象，但基本处于极限平衡状态。

因此，由于建港所引起的外界条件变化，将是决定岸坡是否稳定的主要因素，加之本港位于弯曲型河段的凹岸，水流旁蚀冲刷亦将对岸坡稳定产生不利影响，故对本港区建港后的岸坡稳定必须进行充分的分析研究，引起足够的重视，并应采取必要的工程措施来确保岸坡稳定。

浙江工业大学之江学院毕业设计（论文）文献综述毕业设计（论文）题目：20500吨级散货船设计文献综述题目：散货船设计综述分院（系）：机电工程分院专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机自506姓名：孙国杰学号：200520070315指导教师：马剑散货船设计综述1 散货船概述散装运输谷物、煤、矿砂、盐、水泥等大宗干散货物的船舶，都可以称为干散货船，或简称散货船。

因为干散货船的货种单一，不需要包装成捆、成包、成箱的装载运输，不怕挤压，便于装卸，所以都是单甲板船。

总载重量在50000吨以上的，一般不装起货设备。

由于谷物、煤和矿砂等的积载因数（每吨货物所占的体积）相差很大，所要求的货舱容积的大小、船体的结构、布置和设备等许多方面都有所不同。

因此，一般习惯上仅把装载粮食、煤等货物积载因数相近的船舶，称为散装货船，而装载积载因数较小的矿砂等货物的船舶，称为矿砂船。

1.1 散货船的分类用于粮食、煤、矿砂等大宗散货的船通常分为如下几个级别：(1) 总载重量DW为150000吨级左右的散货船，称为好望角型船(Cape size)。

该船型以运输铁矿石为主，由于近年苏伊士运河当局已放宽通过运河船舶的吃水限制，该型船多可满载通过该运河。

(2) 总载重量DW为60000吨级，通常称为巴拿马型(panamax)。

顾名思义，该型船是指在满载情况下可以通过巴拿马运河的最大型散货船，即主要满足船舶总长不超过274.32米，型宽不超过32.30米的运河通航有关规定。

(3) 总载重量DW为35000吨级- 40000吨级的散货船，称为轻便型散货船(Handymax)。

其中超过4万吨的船舶又被称为大灵便型散货船。

(4) 总载重量DW为20000吨级一27000吨级，称为小型散货船。

最大船长不超过222.5米，最大船宽小于23.1米，最大吃水要小于7.925米。

(5) 大湖型散货船：船舶总长不超过222.50米，型宽不超过23.16米，吃水不得超过各大水域最大允许吃水。

学号：本科生毕业设计（论文）张家港某5万吨级散货码头结构设计说明书毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。

对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。

作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。

本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。

涉密论文按学校规定处理。

作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日注意事项1.设计（论文）的内容包括：1）封面（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2）原创性声明3）中文摘要（300字左右）、关键词4）外文摘要、关键词5）目次页（附件不统一编入）6）论文主体部分：引言（或绪论）、正文、结论7）参考文献8）致谢9）附录（对论文支持必要时）2.论文字数要求：理工类设计（论文）正文字数不少于1万字（不包括图纸、程序清单等），文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。

苏港万吨级码头结构设计英文翻译Civil EngineeringAbstract: The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the engineer’s knowledge and expe rience.1.Careers in Civil EngineeringEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized universityeducation. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer, before they can start on their careers.In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics, of course, is very important in engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important part of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is begun, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control. In the design of the bridge, factorssuch as water pressure on the foundations, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information---in other words, a good program.In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society. It is, therefore,sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand. An engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive. An engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for publications.The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the st udent’s field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics, or hydraulics.In today’s society, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmentalengineering, for example. They may choose construction firms that specializes in highway work. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deals with water resources. Indeed, choices are may and varied.When the young engineer has finally started real practice, the theoretical solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the constructionof major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roomknowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice.The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the enginee r’s knowledge and experience.2.Soil MechanicsGrain size is the basis of soil mechanics, since it is this which decides whether a soil is frictional or cohesive, a sand or a clay. Starting with the largest sizes, boulders are larger than 10 cm, cobbles are from 5to 10 cm, gravel or ballast is from about5 cm to 5mm, grit is from about 5mm to 2mm, sand is from 2 mm to 0.06mm. All these soils are frictional, being coarse and thus non-cohesive. Their stability depends on their internal friction. For the cohesive or non-frictional soils the two main internationally accepted size limits are: silt from 0.02mm to0.002mm, and clay for all finer material. There are, of course, many silty clays and clayey silts.Every large civil engineering job starts with a soil mechanicssurvey in its early stages. The first visit on foot will show whether the site might be suitable, in other words, whether money should be spent on sending soil-sampling equipment out to it. The soil samples and the laboratory results obtained from the triaxial tests, shear tests and so on will show at what depth the soil is likely to be strong enough to take the required load. For a masonry or steel structure, this is where the soil mechanics survey will end, having rarely cost more than 2 per cent of the structure cost.Generally, the strength of a soil increases with depth. But it can happen that it becomes weaker with depth. Therefore, in choosing the foundation pressure and level for this sort of soil, a knowledge of soil mechanics is essential is essential, since this will give an idea of the likely settlements.There are, however, several other causes of settlement apart from consolidation due to load. These causes are incalculable and must be carefully guarded against. They include frost action, chemical change in the soil, underground erosion by flowing water, reduction of the ground water level, nearby construction of tunnels or vibrating machinery such as vehicles,Static load can cause elastic or plastic settlement, consolidation settlement being permanent. However, when plastic flow is mentioned inEnglish, it generally means the failure of a soil by overload in shear. Consolidation settlement occurs mainly in clays or silts.From dynamic load alone the commonest settlements are found in sands or gravels, caused by traffic or other vibration, pile driving or other earth shocks. A drop in the ground water level will often cause the soil to shrink and a rise may cause expansion of the soil. Ground water is lowrered by the drainage which can be caused by any deep excavation. The shrinkage which can occur with drying is well shown by the clay underlying Mexico City, a volcanic ash. After seven weeks drying this clay shrinks to 6.4 per cent of its initial volume. It is an unusualclay with the very high voids ratio of 93.6/6.4=14.6.Underground erosion is the removal of solids, usually fines, fromthe soil solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the"party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译by the flow of underground water. The solids can be removed assolids or in solution, though only a few rocks are soluble enough to be removed in this way. Rock salt is the commonest example of a soluble rock. Potassium salts also are soluble.The permeability of a soil is important for calculations of underground flow, for example of oil or water to a well, or of waterinto a trench dug for a foundation, or of water through an earth dam. Of the loose soils which can be dug with a spade, clays are the least permeable, silts slightly more, sands yet more, and gravels even more.In other words, the permeability is in direct proportion to the grain size of the soil.When a well is being pumped, the water flows towards it from every direction and the ground water surface around it sinks. As the distance from the well increases, the water table is lowered rather less, so that around the well it becomes shaped like a funnel, though it is usually called a cone of depression. 3.FoundationsFoundations are bases placed on the ground so as to spread avertical load over it. Bases which carry horizontal load are usually called abutments.A foundation may be built in one of many different materials. It may be of timber or of steel joists encased in concrete, of reinforced concrete or plain concrete without reinforcement, or for a breakwater in the sea merely of rock tipped from a barge. Structures built on strong rock generally need no foundation since rock is usually as strong as concrete, and goes much deeper. All that is needed on rock is a little concrete or mortar to make the surface level.One of the commonest foundations is that for a concrete column or a steel stanchion. It is generally designed for the same maximum load as the column, and usually is an independent foundation. Where the pads in one row become so large that they nearly touch, it is convenient to join them into a continuous foundation which generally will be cheaper to dig and to concrete than the same foundations built separately as pads.Combined footings are those in which the pads would also be so large that nearly touch, but unlike strip footings, they may carry the load form more than one row of columns. The final development of the combined footing is the raft foundation in which all the pads are combined into one reinforced concrete slab which may vary in thickness, but is usually of the same thickness throughout its area.The design of a multi-storey building on compressible soil isdifficult and therefore extremely interesting. Compressible soils are like a sponge, sinking most where the pressure is greatest and the load is largest. Thus even if all the foundations2are designed for the same bearing pressure, say 1ton/m,the largest foundation will sinkthe most because it has the largest load. A correct foundationdesign will therefore apply a higher bearing pressure to the smaller foundations and a lower one to the larger foundations. The exact calculation of these different bearing pressures is extremely difficult. But at least this is now the aim of foundation designers.It must here be said that the foundation designer before he starts the design should know the safe bearing pressures which are abvisable at every level possible for the foundation. He will usually obtain these figures from the organization which solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried outparty political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roommakes the soil mechanics survey for the site.For most multi-storey buildings the structure itself is in a very early stage of design at a time when the foundations must be designed very quickly. The building design must, however, have progressed so far that at least the positions of the columns are known, and thickness can then be worked out. This will vary only slightly if at all from floor spans will be fixed. The probable floor to floor, and it must be calculated as closely as possible including the topping. Generally an allowance of 13 cm of dense concrete will be enough, plus cm for the topping and floor surface, making 18cm in all. The weights of the beams, columns and stairs can be regarded as included in the floor thickness allowance. If the floors are to be built with hollow tiles or with lightweight aggregate, a reduction for this should be made.4.Mixing ConcreteWater-Cement RatioThe ratio of water to cement in a batch of concrete is the principal determinant of the concrete’s final strength. At one time the instructions for preparing a batch of concrete would have contained proportions such as1:2:4. They would have indicated that 1part of Portland cement to 2parts of sand to 4parts of gravel by volume were to be mixed together, after which sufficient water was to be added to obtain a workable mixture. This procedure ignored entirely the importance of the water-cement ratio. It also resulted very often in the preparation of a very weak concrete, since the natural tendency is to add enough water to make placement of the concrete as easy as possible ---the sloppier the better, as far as the workmen are concerned . This manner of specifying the proportions of concrete is obsolete and should never be followed.In theory, it takes only 3 gal of water to hydrate completely 1 cuft of cement. But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice, therefore, additional water, between4and 8 gal per sack of cement, is used to obtain a workable mixture.But the greater the proportion of water in a water-cement ratio, the weaker the final concrete will be. The additional water that is necessary to achieve a workable batch will only evaporate form the concrete as the concrete sets. And it will leave behind in the concrete innumerable voids. This is the reason there will always be some porosity in concrete. But when an excessive amount of water has been used, there will be an excessive number of voids, which may cause the concrete to leak badly. If these voids should be filled with moisture when cold weather comes, they will cause frost damage.As a general rule , therefore, 6gal of water per sack of cement should be the maximum amount used for making concrete. And the less the amount of water that is used, the stronger the concrete will be. Also included in the 6 gal is whatever surface moisture is contained in the sand that is part of the aggregate.AggregateAggregate is divided into fine aggregate, which consists of all particles 1/4 in, and less in size ,and coarse aggregate, which consistsof everything else up to roughly solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and townshiplocation lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译5/2in.in size. The maximum size of the coarse aggregate in any particular mix depends mainly on the width of the forms into which the concrete is to be poured. As ageneral rule, the largest size particles should not exceed one-fifth the distance across the narrowest part of the forms.WaterAs for the water ,any water that is good enough to drink is good enough for mixing concrete. The converse is also true. If water isn’t good enough to drink, it isn’tgood enough for mixing concrete. Seawater can be used, but it will decrease the 28-day strength of the concrete by about 12 percent. One group of substances water should never contain are sulfates. Sulfates will attack the concrete and will gradually reduce its strength.5.Curing ConcreteWhen a batch of concrete is first mixed, it forms a plastic massthat can be poured into prepared forms with little effort. In about an hour the concrete sets into a rigid mass that weighs about 1501b per cu ft. The cement paste is said to hydrate. That is, the individual particles of cement absorb the surrounding molecules of water into their molecular structures. As they do, the cement crystallizes into a kind ofrigid gel, something like gelatine, that gradually changes with the passing of time into a solid mass of minute, interlocked crystals. The longer hydration continues, the stronger the concrete will become. It is standard engineering practice, therefore, to calculate the final design strength of concrete on the basis of a 28-day curing period, although under exceptional conditions concrete has been known to continue increasing in strength for a quarter of a century and longer.The time during which concrete hydrates and increases in strength is its curing period. Concrete cannot hydrate, or cure unless there is water present within the concrete. Throughout the curing period, therefore, all the exposed surfaces of the concrete must be kept moist. As long as the concrete is kept moist, curing will continue and the concrete will become increasingly stronger, denser, and more impervious to water.Once concrete is allowed to dry out completely, however, hydration stops. Usually it is the surface of concrete that is adversely affected by a too short curing period. For example, the surface of a sample of concrete that has been kept moist for 28 day will be twice as strong as a surface that has been kept moist for only3 days.The outside air temperature is an extremely important factor in proper curing.oIf the air temperature is too high, over 90F, say, the water in the concrete mayevaporate away before hydration can be completed. An excessiveinternal temperature may also interfere with proper hydration. Concrete that has been mixed and placed during very hot weather is never asstrong as concrete that has been placed when the airotemperatures are 70F and below, mainly because of the difficulty of keeping theconcrete properly moist. Furthermore, concrete that sets too quickly during hot weather is more likely to crack afterward because it will not thereafter be able to withstand the stresses imposed on it by large changes in temperature.Nor can concrete be placed during freezing weather unless special oprecautions are taken to keep the concrete above 50F for at least 4 days after it hassolicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote thesustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roomobeen placed. If the temperature of the concrete should fall below 50F, it will neverharden properly. And if the concrete is allowed to freeze before it has set, it will be permanently damaged.To cure concrete properly, the exposed surfaces must be kept continually moist from the moment the concrete first begins to set. The concrete must thereafter be kept continually moist for a minimum of 14 days, and longer if at all possible.The simplest method of keeping concrete moist is to spray thesurface with water at frequent intervals. Sand or burlap can be spread over the surface to help retain moisture. A covering is necessary, inany case, for the first 3 days after placing to protect the concretefrom the direct rays of the sun.Special curing compounds can also be sprayed on the concrete. The spraying should take place as soon as the surface of the concrete haslost its watery appearance. Properly applied, a curing compound will allow the concrete to continue curing even after the concrete has been placed in service, as with a concrete highway, for example. Spraying on a curing compound is often the only practical method of curing concrete that has been poured into an unusual shape.A third method of curing concrete is to spread a sheet ofpolyethylene film or building paper over the surface of the concrete. The polyethylene or building paper should overlap the sides of the exposed concrete. This covering must remain on top of the concrete for the entire curing period.From《Civil Engineering》solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanupand established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译土木工程摘要:土木工程师可能从事研究、设计、施工监督、维修、甚至管理。

港口码头工程结构设计要点分析港口码头工程是指用于装卸货物和停靠船舶的工程设施。

港口码头工程的结构设计十分复杂，需要考虑到诸多因素。

本文将从设计要点的角度出发，对港口码头工程的结构设计进行分析。

一、地质条件分析在进行港口码头工程结构设计之前，首先需要进行地质条件分析。

因为一个港口码头工程的结构设计必须考虑到其地质条件，包括地基条件、地质构造、地形地貌等。

只有了解了地质条件，才能合理地确定结构设计方案。

如果地质条件不稳定，就需要采取相应的加固措施，以确保工程的安全性和稳定性。

二、水文水动力条件分析水文水动力条件是指港口码头所处水域的水文水动力特性，包括流速、波浪、洪水等。

港口码头工程需要根据具体的水文水动力条件进行结构设计，以确保其在各种水文水动力条件下都能正常运行。

在流速较大的水域，就需要考虑加固结构的稳定性，以及防止水流对码头的冲击等。

三、货物装卸需求分析货物装卸需求是指港口码头工程所服务的货物装卸需求，包括货物的种类、数量、大小等。

港口码头工程需要根据具体的货物装卸需求进行结构设计，以确保其能够满足实际的装卸需求。

针对大型货船的装卸需求，就需要设计相应的大型装卸设施，以提高工作效率。

四、环境保护要求分析在进行港口码头工程结构设计时，需要考虑到环境保护要求。

因为港口码头所处的水域环境是需要保护的，结构设计必须符合相关的环保标准。

在设计码头的排污系统时，需要考虑到对水质的影响，采取相应的治理措施，以确保水域环境不受到污染。

五、安全防护要求分析安全防护是港口码头工程结构设计中一个非常重要的方面。

因为港口码头所处的水域通常是复杂多变的，需要考虑到各种可能的安全隐患，设计相应的安全防护措施，以确保工程的安全运行。

需要设置防撞设施、防护栏等，以减少安全风险。

通过以上分析，我们可以看出港口码头工程结构设计要点很多，需要综合考虑地质条件、水文水动力条件、货物装卸需求、环境保护要求和安全防护要求等方面。

只有综合考虑这些因素，才能设计出安全、可靠、高效的港口码头工程结构。

第二十四届全国高层建筑结构学术会议论文 2016年苏州港口发展大厦结构设计分析宋鸿誉，张敏，罗强，沈银良，冯佳贤，王焕（苏州设计研究院股份有限公司，苏州215021）摘 要：本项目为B级高度钢筋混凝土高层建筑，存在扭转不规则、局部转换（穿层柱）、塔楼偏置，为超限高层。

补充了多遇地震下弹性时程分析，进行在罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性变形验算。

详细介绍了对重要部位采取抗震性能目标分析，给同类高层结构设计提供参考。

关键词：斜撑转换；塔楼偏置；抗震性能目标分析；0 概述苏州港口发展大厦主要功能为办公和商业，位于苏州高铁新城，高铁苏州北站南侧。

用地面积为10,596平方米。

塔楼地上32层+2层避难和设备转换层，裙房地上4层，地下室3层。

建筑面积93,914平方米，其中地上66,379平方米，地下27,535平方米。

建筑效果图见图1，总平面布置示意见图2。

图1建筑效果图图2 总平面布置示意图塔楼房屋高度149.85m，房屋总高161.85m； 1~4层为商业，5~32层为办公，另外在10层与11层之间、21层与22层之间各有1层避难设备转换层，房屋结构层数为34层。

层高：1层为5.7m，2~4层为5.3m，标准层为4.2m，46.8m标高避难设备层为4.5m，97.5m标高避难设备层为6.0m。

平面形状呈方形，建筑平面尺寸39.7x39.7m。

塔楼低位和高位标准层平面见图3。

裙房地上4层，房屋高度21.75m，裙房总高25.35m；平面东西向长86.4m，南北向长为67.3m。

图3 塔楼低位和高位标准层平面1 设计参数结构的设计使用年限为50年，建筑结构的安全等级为二级。

苏州市抗震设防烈度为6度，设计基本地震加速度值为0.05g，设计地震分组为第一组。

1~4层裙房建筑面积19,557平方米，塔楼5层及以上含避难设备层建筑面积46,821.8平方米，塔楼避难人数为3450人，根据《建筑工程抗震设防分类标准》[1]GB 50223-2008第6.0.5条，1~4层划分为重点设防类（乙类），上部划分为标准设防类（丙类）；建筑场地类别为Ⅲ类，场地属于建筑抗震的一般地段。

Civil EngineeringAbstract: The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the engineer’s knowledge and experience.1.Careers in Civil EngineeringEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized universityeducation. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer, before they can start on their careers.In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics, of course, is very important in engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important part of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is begun, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control. In the design of the bridge, factors such as water pressure on the foundations, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information---in other words, a good program.In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society. It is, therefore, sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand. An engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive. An engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for publications.The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the student’s field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics, or hydraulics.In today’s society, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Y oung engineers may choose to go into environmental engineering, for example. They may choose construction firms that specializes in highway work. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deals with water resources. Indeed, choices are may and varied.When the young engineer has finally started real practice, the theoreticalknowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice.The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the engineer’s knowledge and experience.2.Soil MechanicsGrain size is the basis of soil mechanics, since it is this which decides whether a soil is frictional or cohesive, a sand or a clay. Starting with the largest sizes, boulders are larger than 10 cm, cobbles are from 5to 10 cm, gravel or ballast is from about5 cm to 5mm, grit is from about 5mm to 2mm, sand is from 2 mm to 0.06mm. All these soils are frictional, being coarse and thus non-cohesive. Their stability depends on their internal friction. For the cohesive or non-frictional soils the two main internationally accepted size limits are: silt from 0.02mm to 0.002mm, and clay for all finer material. There are, of course, many silty clays and clayey silts.Every large civil engineering job starts with a soil mechanics survey in its early stages. The first visit on foot will show whether the site might be suitable, in other words, whether money should be spent on sending soil-sampling equipment out to it. The soil samples and the laboratory results obtained from the triaxial tests, shear tests and so on will show at what depth the soil is likely to be strong enough to take the required load. For a masonry or steel structure, this is where the soil mechanics survey will end, having rarely cost more than 2 per cent of the structure cost.Generally, the strength of a soil increases with depth. But it can happen that it becomes weaker with depth. Therefore, in choosing the foundation pre ssure and level for this sort of soil, a knowledge of soil mechanics is essential is essential, since this will give an idea of the likely settlements.There are, however, several other causes of settlement apart from consolidation due to load. These causes are incalculable and must be carefully guarded against. They include frost action, chemical change in the soil, underground erosion by flowing water, reduction of the ground water level, nearby construction of tunnels or vibrating machinery such as vehicles,Static load can cause elastic or plastic settlement, consolidation settlement being permanent. However, when plastic flow is mentioned in English, it generally means the failure of a soil by overload in shear. Consolidation settlement occurs mainly in clays or silts.From dynamic load alone the commonest settlements are found in sands or gravels, caused by traffic or other vibration, pile driving or other earth shocks. A drop in the ground water level will often cause the soil to shrink and a rise may cause expansion of the soil. Ground water is lowrered by the drainage which can be caused by any deep excavation. The shrinkage which can occur with drying is well shown by the clay underlying Mexico City, a volcanic ash. After seven weeks drying this clay shrinks to 6.4 per cent of its initial volume. It is an unusual clay with the very high voids ratio of 93.6/6.4=14.6.Underground erosion is the removal of solids, usually fines, from the soilby the flow of underground water. The solids can be removed as solids or in solution, though only a few rocks are soluble enough to be removed in this way. Rock salt is the commonest example of a soluble rock. Potassium salts also are soluble.The permeability of a soil is important for calculations of underground flow, for example of oil or water to a well, or of water into a trench dug for a foundation, or of water through an earth dam. Of the loose soils which can be dug with a spade, clays are the least permeable, silts slightly more, sands yet more, and gravels even more. In other words, the permeability is in direct proportion to the grain size of the soil.When a well is being pumped, the water flows towards it from every direction and the ground water surface around it sinks. As the distance from the well increases, the water table is lowered rather less, so that around the well it becomes shaped like a funnel, though it is usually called a cone of depression.3.FoundationsFoundations are bases placed on the ground so as to spread a vertical load over it. Bases which carry horizontal load are usually called abutments.A foundation may be built in one of many different materials. It may be of timber or of steel joists encased in concrete, of reinforced concrete or plain concrete without reinforcement, or for a breakwater in the sea merely of rock tipped from a barge. Structures built on strong rock generally need no foundation since rock is usually as strong as concrete, and goes much deeper. All that is needed on rock is a little concrete or mortar to make the surface level.One of the commonest foundations is that for a concrete column or a steel stanchion. It is generally designed for the same maximum load as the column, and usually is an independent foundation. Where the pads in one row become so large that they nearly touch, it is convenient to join them into a continuous foundation which generally will be cheaper to dig and to concrete than the same foundations built separately as pads.Combined footings are those in which the pads would also be so large that nearly touch, but unlike strip footings, they may carry the load form more than one row of columns. The final development of the combined footing is the raft foundation in which all the pads are combined into one reinforced concrete slab which may vary in thickness, but is usually of the same thickness throughout its area.The design of a multi-storey building on compressible soil is difficult and therefore extremely interesting. Compressible soils are like a sponge, sinking most where the pressure is greatest and the load is largest. Thus even if all the foundations are designed for the same bearing pressure, say 1ton/m2,the largest foundation will sink the most because it has the largest load. A correct foundation design will therefore apply a higher bearing pressure to the smaller foundations and a lower one to the larger foundations. The exact calculation of these different bearing pressures is extremely difficult. But at least this is now the aim of foundation designers.It must here be said that the foundation designer before he starts the design should know the safe bearing pressures which are abvisable at every level possible for the foundation. He will usually obtain these figures from the organization whichmakes the soil mechanics survey for the site.For most multi-storey buildings the structure itself is in a very early stage of design at a time when the foundations must be designed very quickly. The building design must, however, have progressed so far that at least the positions of the columns are known, and thickness can then be worked out. This will vary only slightly if at all from floor spans will be fixed. The probable floor to floor, and it must be calculated as closely as possible including the topping. Generally an allowance of 13 cm of dense concrete will be enough, plus cm for the topping and floor surface, making 18cm in all. The weights of the beams, columns and stairs can be regarded as included in the floor thickness allowance. If the floors are to be built with hollow tiles or with lightweight aggregate, a reduction for this should be made.4.Mixing ConcreteWater-Cement RatioThe ratio of water to cement in a batch of concrete is the principal determinant of the concrete’s final strength. At one time the instructions for preparing a batch of concrete would have contained proportions such as1:2:4. They would have indicated that 1part of Portland cement to 2parts of sand to 4parts of gravel by volume were to be mixed together, after which sufficient water was to be added to obtain a workable mixture. This procedure ignored entirely the importance of the water-cement ratio. It also resulted very often in the preparation of a very weak concrete, since the natural tendency is to add enough water to make placement of the concrete as easy as possible ---the sloppier the better, as far as the workmen are concerned . This manner of specifying the proportions of concrete is obsolete and should never be followed.In theory, it takes only 3 gal of water to hydrate completely 1 cuft of cement. But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice, therefore, additional water, between 4and 8 gal per sack of cement, is used to obtain a workable mixture.But the greater the proportion of water in a water-cement ratio, the weaker the final concrete will be. The additional water that is necessary to achieve a workable batch will only evaporate form the concrete as the concrete sets. And it will leave behind in the concrete innumerable voids. This is the reason there will always be some porosity in concrete. But when an excessive amount of water has been used, there will be an excessive number of voids, which may cause the concrete to leak badly. If these voids should be filled with moisture when cold weather comes, they will cause frost damage.As a general rule , therefore, 6gal of water per sack of cement should be the maximum amount used for making concrete. And the less the amount of water that is used, the stronger the concrete will be. Also included in the 6 gal is whatever surface moisture is contained in the sand that is part of the aggregate.AggregateAggregate is divided into fine aggregate, which consists of all particles 1/4 in, and less in size ,and coarse aggregate, which consists of everything else up to roughly5/2in.in size. The maximum size of the coarse aggregate in any particular mix depends mainly on the width of the forms into which the concrete is to be poured. As ageneral rule, the largest size particles should not exceed one-fifth the distance across the narrowest part of the forms.WaterAs for the water ,any water that is good enough to drink is good enough for mixing concrete. The converse is also true. If water isn’t good enough to drink, it isn’t good enough for mixing concrete. Seawater can be used, but it will decrease the 28-day strength of the concrete by about 12 percent. One group of substances water should never contain are sulfates. Sulfates will attack the concrete and will gradually reduce its strength.5.Curing ConcreteWhen a batch of concrete is first mixed, it forms a plastic mass that can be poured into prepared forms with little effort. In about an hour the concrete sets into a rigid mass that weighs about 1501b per cu ft. The cement paste is said to hydrate. That is, the individual particles of cement absorb the surrounding molecules of water into their molecular structures. As they do, the cement crystallizes into a kind of rigid gel, something like gelatine, that gradually changes with the passing of time into a solid mass of minute, interlocked crystals. The longer hydration continues, the stronger the concrete will become. It is standard engineering practice, therefore, to calculate the final design strength of concrete on the basis of a 28-day curing period, although under exceptional conditions concrete has been known to continue increasing in strength for a quarter of a century and longer.The time during which concrete hydrates and increases in strength is its curing period. Concrete cannot hydrate, or cure unless there is water present within the concrete. Throughout the curing period, therefore, all the exposed surfaces of the concrete must be kept moist. As long as the concrete is kept moist, curing will continue and the concrete will become increasingly stronger, denser, and more impervious to water.Once concrete is allowed to dry out completely, however, hydration stops. Usually it is the surface of concrete that is adversely affected by a too short curing period. For example, the surface of a sample of concrete that has been kept moist for 28 day will be twice as strong as a surface that has been kept moist for only3 days.The outside air temperature is an extremely important factor in proper curing. If the air temperature is too high, over 90o F, say, the water in the concrete may evaporate away before hydration can be completed. An excessive internal temperature may also interfere with proper hydration. Concrete that has been mixed and placed during very hot weather is never as strong as concrete that has been placed when the air temperatures are 70o F and below, mainly because of the difficulty of keeping the concrete properly moist. Furthermore, concrete that sets too quickly during hot weather is more likely to crack afterward because it will not thereafter be able to withstand the stresses imposed on it by large changes in temperature.Nor can concrete be placed during freezing weather unless special precautions are taken to keep the concrete above 50o F for at least 4 days after it hasbeen placed. If the temperature of the concrete should fall below 50o F, it will never harden properly. And if the concrete is allowed to freeze before it has set, it will be permanently damaged.To cure concrete properly, the exposed surfaces must be kept continually moist from the moment the concrete first begins to set. The concrete must thereafter be kept continually moist for a minimum of 14 days, and longer if at all possible.The simplest method of keeping concrete moist is to spray the surface with water at frequent intervals. Sand or burlap can be spread over the surface to help retain moisture. A covering is necessary, in any case, for the first 3 days after placing to protect the concrete from the direct rays of the sun.Special curing compounds can also be sprayed on the concrete. The spraying should take place as soon as the surface of the concrete has lost its watery appearance. Properly applied, a curing compound will allow the concrete to continue curing even after the concrete has been placed in service, as with a concrete highway, for example. Spraying on a curing compound is often the only practical method of curing concrete that has been poured into an unusual shape.A third method of curing concrete is to spread a sheet of polyethylene film or building paper over the surface of the concrete. The polyethylene or building paper should overlap the sides of the exposed concrete. This covering must remain on top of the concrete for the entire curing period.From《Civil Engineering》土木工程摘要：土木工程师可能从事研究、设计、施工监督、维修、甚至管理。

码头建设开题报告码头是海边、江河边专供轮船江水或渡船停泊，让乘客上下、货物装卸的建筑物，通常见于水陆交通发达的商业城市。

引力其中码头结构为形式有重力式、高桩式和板桩式。

主要根据使用要求、自然条件和施工条件综合考虑确定。

一. 文献综述港口发展的战略经济全球化、国际贸易便利化、国际运输集装箱化以及高新技术的广泛应用，为港口的发展创造了难得的机遇，使港口的功能也着由最初纯粹的货物装卸和集散，向装卸、工业、商业、物流、内部信息等功能不断扩大，对所在地区或所在城市发展成为物流中心、金融中心、贸易中心、信息中心等发挥着重要影响。

在港口建设上，我国将按照加快产业发展、适度超前的原则，通过大规模的成套，或使老港区成为专业化、集约化、规模化的货种基地，形成可持续发展新的经济增长点。

当前，以信息网络技术为代表的新技术革命，已成为推动众所周知经济全球化的根本积极推动动力。

港口作为传统的基础产业，没有现代科学技术的支撑，不发挥发挥作用信息技术对传统产业的改造、带动作用，就不可能在市场竞争之中实现实现更大的发展。

技术进步与创新已成为影响现代港口发展传统的关键因素。

我们生物医药始终坚持科技兴港的产业发展战略，注重运用高新技术改扩建运用老码头、建设新码头，提高产品销售效率和服务质量，使港口的生产方式实现了由劳动密集型向技术使程度较高的转变。

为了更好地嫁接改造传统产业，我们创建了国家级技术中心，加强港口转型战略、市场开发、企业管理、集成新技术新工艺开发应用等方面的综合研究，使之成为港口技术创新和科技进步的中枢。

我们根据信息技术特别是网络技术发展的需要，创建了该港信息中心，积极加快信息技术在港口生产中的推广应用。

与国内外80多家船公司、海关、代理、场站实现了EDI联网，并通过国际互联网实现了信息无纸化快速传递。

建立了局域网，同时实现在全港内做到信息资源的共享。

建立了现代化的生产调度系统和办公自动化信息网系统。

广泛采用国内、国际先进的装卸设备和装卸工艺，煤炭、原油、矿石等主要货种亦实现了流程化、系统化装卸作业，港口现代化发展水平明显提高。