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设计规范英文Design Specification1. PurposeThe purpose of this design specification is to provide guidelines and standards for the design and development of a product. The design specification outlines the requirements, constraints, and functional elements of the product, ensuring consistency and quality in the final design.2. ScopeThis design specification applies to all stages of the design process, from concept development to final product production. It includes the design of hardware, software, user interfaces, and packaging, if applicable.3. Design Requirements3.1 Functional Requirements- The product shall perform its intended function effectively and efficiently.- The product shall be user-friendly and intuitive to use, with clear instructions and prompts.- The product shall be reliable and durable, able to withstand regular use without significant wear or malfunctions.- The product shall be compatible with relevant standards and regulations, ensuring safety and performance.- The product shall be easy to maintain and service, with readily available spare parts and repair guides.3.2 Performance Requirements- The product shall meet or exceed specified performance criteria, such as speed, accuracy, and efficiency.- The product shall have a sufficient operating range and capacity to meet user requirements.- The product shall be energy-efficient, minimizing power consumption without compromising performance.- The product shall have a low failure rate, with minimal downtime and quick recovery from failures.3.3 Design Constraints- The product shall be cost-effective to produce, considering materials, manufacturing processes, and labor.- The product shall meet specified size and weight limitations, ensuring portability and space efficiency.- The product shall comply with legal and regulatory requirements, including safety and environmental standards.- The product shall utilize existing infrastructure and technology, where applicable, to minimize compatibility issues.4. Design Elements4.1 Hardware Design- The hardware design shall be ergonomic, with a comfortable and intuitive layout of controls and interfaces.- The hardware shall be sturdy and durable, made of high-quality materials that can withstand regular use.- The hardware shall have appropriate connectors and interfaces to enable easy connectivity to other devices and systems.- The hardware shall have an aesthetically pleasing design, reflecting the brand's image and target market.4.2 Software Design- The software shall have a user-friendly interface, with clear navigation and intuitive controls.- The software shall be responsive and fast, delivering quick results and minimal lag.- The software shall be error-free, with thorough testing and debugging to ensure reliability.- The software shall have regular updates and bug fixes to address user feedback and improve performance.4.3 User Interface Design- The user interface shall be intuitive and easy to understand, with clear indicators and feedback.- The user interface shall be customizable, allowing users to personalize their experience.- The user interface shall be accessible to users with disabilities, adhering to accessibility standards.- The user interface shall have a consistent design language, reflecting the brand's identity and visual elements.4.4 Packaging Design- The packaging shall be functional, protecting the product during transportation and storage.- The packaging shall be aesthetically pleasing, appealing to the target market and reflecting the brand's image.- The packaging shall be environmentally friendly, using recyclable or biodegradable materials whenever possible.- The packaging shall provide clear and concise information about the product and its usage.5. Documentation- All design decisions, changes, and revisions shall be documented throughout the design process.- Design documentation shall be organized and easily accessible for future reference and updates.- Documentation shall include detailed drawings, schematics, specifications, and user manuals.6. Approval Process- Design proposals and changes shall be reviewed and approved by relevant stakeholders, including designers, engineers, and project managers.- The design specification shall be finalized and signed off by the project lead or client representative.7. Compliance and Quality Assurance- The final design shall undergo thorough testing and evaluation to ensure compliance with the design specification.- Any deviations or non-compliance with the design specification shall be noted and addressed before production.- Quality control procedures shall be implemented to maintain consistent quality throughout production.In conclusion, adhering to this design specification ensures that the final product meets the desired requirements, provides a positive user experience, and reflects the brand's image and identity. It also promotes consistency, quality, and efficiency in the design and production process.。
欧美部分现行土木工程标准目录欧洲结构规范（Eurocode）美国土木工程师学会标准（ASCE）美国混凝土学会标准（ACI）美国垦务局设计标准及工程手册2016.10欧洲结构规范(Eurocodes)欧洲经济共同体委员会(EEC)编制了一套适用于欧洲的建筑和土木工程的标准，简称欧洲标准(Eurocodes),成为在工程建设领域中具有较大影响力的一套区域性国际标准。
欧洲结构标准共包括ENI990至EN1999的10个规范(含58个分册)。
其中，EN1990是结构设计基本原理，是欧洲结构规范纲领性的文件；EN1991是结构作用；与材料有关的规范为EN1992到EN1996以及EN1999；EN1997是岩土工程设计规范；EN1998是抗震设计规范。
美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）现行标准目录（2016）目前，美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）共发布有61个标准，这些标准是由各领域专家编写，通过ASCE标准委员会的程序，最终由美国国家标准学会批准。
ASCE的很多标准都是与其他学会共同制定的（如：EWRI -美国环境与水资源协会、SEI -美国科学工程学学会）。
ASCE标准均是按规定程序定期更新或重新确认的。
ASCE/COPRI 61-14 |桥台与码头的抗震设计ASCE/EWRI 60-12 |水资源共享协议制定指南ASCE/SEI 59-11 |建筑物防爆ASCE/T&DI/ICPI 58-10 |市政街道及道路混凝土路面的锁定结构设计ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 56-10和57-10 |公共供水工程物理安全指南和污水/雨水工程物理安全指南ASCE/SEI 55-10 |张拉膜结构ASCE/EWRI 54-10 |均质和各向同性饱和导水率地质统计学估算及块段平均指南ASCE/G-I 53-10 |压密注浆指南ASCE/SEI 52-10 I玻璃纤维增强塑料（FRP）管设计ASCE/EWRI 50-08和51-08 |利用拟合概率密度函数的饱和导水率指南及计算有效饱和导水率指南ASCE/SEI 49-12 |建筑物和其他结构的风洞试验ASCE/SEI 48-11 |钢传动杆结构设计ASCE/EWRI 45-05、46-05 和47-05 |城市雨水系统设计指南，城市雨水系统安装指南及城市雨水系统操作和维护指南ASCE/EWRI 44-13 |过冷雾消除项目设计和操作实践ASCE/SEI 43-05 |核设施内部结构、系统和部件的抗震设计标准ASCE/EWRI 42-04 |人工增雨项目设计和操作实践ASCE/SEI 41-13 |现有建筑物的抗震加固ASCE/EWRI 40-03 |河岸整治模型代码EWRI/ASCE 39-15 |防雹项目设计和操作实践CI/ASCE 38-02 |现有地下公共工程数据收集和说明指南SEI/ASCE 37-14 |施工过程中的结构设计荷载CI/ASCE 36-15 |微型隧道建设指南EWRI/ASCE 35-01 |安装微孔曝气设备的质量保证指南EWRI/ASCE 34-01 |地下水人工补给指南EWRI/ASCE 33-09 |跨国界河流水质管理综合协议SEI/ASCE 32-01 |浅地基防霜冻设计与施工ASCE/SEI 31-03 |现有建筑物的抗震评估SEI/ASCE 30-14 |建筑物围护结构评估指南ASCE/SEI/SFPE 29-05 |结构防火计算方法ASCE 28-00 |非开挖顶进施工中预制箱形混凝土截面设计惯例ASCE 27-00 |非开挖顶进施工中预制混凝土管设计惯例ASCE 26-97 |埋设预制箱形混凝土截面设计惯例ANSI/ASCE/SEI 25-06 |地震激发气体自动关闭装置ASCE/SEI 24-14 |防洪设计与施工SEI/ASCE 23-97 |腹板开洞结构钢梁技术要求ASCE/ANSI/T&DI 21.4-08 |旅客捷运系统标准，第4部分：安全；应急准备；系统验证和证明；操作、维护和培训；操作监控ASCE/ANSI/T&DI 21.3-08 |大众自动运输工具标准，第3部分：电气、车站、网关ASCE/ANSI/T&DI 21.2-08 |大众自动运输工具标准，第2部分：车辆、牵引和制动ANSI/ASCE/T&DI 21-13 |大众自动运输工具标准，第1部分ASCE 20-96 |桩基础设计和安装指南ASCE/SEI 19-10 |建筑物钢缆结构应用ASCE 18-96 |氧气传输过程中试验指南AF&PA/ASCE 16-95 I木工程施工荷载和阻力系数设计（LRFD）标准ASCE 15-98 |标准安装的埋设预制混凝土管道设计惯例ASCE/EWRI 12-05、13-05 和14-05 |城市地下排水系统设计指南，城市地下排水系统安装指南及城市地下排水系统操作和维护指南SEI/ASCE 11-99 |现有建筑物结构条件评估指南ASCE 10-97 |钢网架传输结构设计SEI/ASCE 08-02 |冷成型不锈钢结构构件设计规范ASCE/SEI 7-10 |建筑物及其他结构的最小设计荷载ASCE 5-11 and 6-11 |圬工结构物的规范要求ASCE 4-98 |与核结构安全相关的抗震分析和评论ANSI/ASCE 3-91和9-91 |复合板结构设计标准及复合板施工与检查实践ASCE/EWRI 2-06 |洁净水中氧气传输测量ANSI/ASCE 1-82 |与核安全相关的土工结构物的设计与分析指南美国混凝土协会（ACI）技术委员会文件目录美国混凝土协会（ACI）是世界领先的混凝土技术权威之一，致力于有关混凝土和钢筋混凝土结构设计、建造和保养技术的研究。
英文回答：The QMS Integrated Enterprise Audit Operating Guidance document is designed to guide the business processes and specific requirements of enterprises in conducting the QMS Integrated Audit. The guidance should include the requirements of the quality management system, the auditing process, the qualifications of the reviewers and the preparation of the audit report. In preparing the QMS Integrated Enterprise Audit Practice Guidance, it is important to integrate the requirements of ISO 9001 QMS standards to ensure that the QMS process isprehensive, standardized and efficient. The content of the guidance should be guided, operational and authoritative, enabling auditors to conduct an accurate and systematic enterprise audit.质量管理体系系统集成企业审核作业指导书是为了指导企业在进行质量管理体系系统集成审核时的操作流程和具体要求的指导性文件。
该指导书应当包括质量管理体系的要求、审核程序、审核员的资质要求、审核报告的编写要求等内容。
设计规范指引（Design specification guidelines）DOC documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Design specification guidelinesParty A should submit the list at the start of the project, Party A shall provide to Party B at least the following information: 1, party a must design a landscape design plan (including Party A of the landscape design, planning and positioning, surrounding the project of building, etc.) 2 general layout planning CAD (intention to understand the original architecture planning, 3) the first floor of building CAD 4, planning for the elevation of CAD 5, CAD 6, the elevation of the base of the status of integrated network in Figure 7, the underground garage (including load requirements), overhead layer and Roof Garden (if Party B and Design) CAD 8, CAD single building, single building renderings, 9 fire exits. 10, other climbing surface data by Party B a written request (such as local tree species information price, base of existing plant name / specifications and location | base soil pH and soil aggregate structure The above information must be final design information, and Party A shall be responsible for the accuracy of the data. Party A shall promptly notify Party B in writing if any change occurs. First, the design phase (as the project and delete content) version with unified standard symbols, the following is not to say: name (size 12, Microsoft black font (size 12) map, CTXIKAISJ map in font) text (font size 8, CTHEITISF) the design specifications (size 8, font CTHEITISF) index box (red, 5PX) index points (red, 5PX) cable wire (black1PX), resolution 150 section symbols, facade vertical symbols, symbols, compass, scale, see the company unified legend (specific location). 2.1, the idea stage contains content 0, concept design notes, 1 landscape status analysis of resourcesOne2 traffic flow analysis figure3 landscape concept development sketches4 color plane5 main scenes perspectiverendering6 plant analysis and intention picture (plant functional zoning and descriptive text, reference pictures)7 facilities choice picture 2.2 main content contains 001 elements of landscape drawing resources analysis: content: the main figure for the base of the status map or plan index surrounding the scene pictures, major landmarks or Photo resources, site reservation or use value of the elements of the picture and so on, the expression of related characters corresponding to the position of the general situation. (advantages and disadvantages) present situation and location description, resource elements explanation, landscape design analysis text. Specifications: size (size8 font, CTHEITISF) index points (red, 5PX) cable wire (black 1PX) 002 landscape space analysis includes the secondary entrance, the main node space, the main green space, commercial street, tour, water, space club, main axis, axis series as far as possible the use of the contents of each node space, for the expression of different colors. Spatial analysis of text specification: size (size 8 font, CTHEITISF) legend color and the general layout of color match, size 003 line traffic flow analysis: using different colors to distinguish motors streamline classification, single lane two-way arrow indicates the nature, expression library location with color, groundparking, parking site. Main view axis, pedestrian streamline or model area visit route recommended. Pedestrian flow line, including the residential area within the line of people, the outer line of people flow. Description of road planning and design. Specifications: font size (font size 8, font CTHEITISF), legend color blocks and the general layout of the color matching, the size of the matchTwo004 landscape view of content: the landscape axis of sight, deputy landscape axis line of sight, the main site of sight, regional focus, analysis of each building two terminal and central line of sight, sight and pay attention to the design space and the external environment relations view. According to the above analysis, make the building number, landscape resource enjoyment degree table, line of sight analysis, text description. Specifications: the font size (font size 8, font CTHEITISF) legend is in accordance with the symbols in the general layout,Proportional to size. The 005 ideal function of graphic content: residential clubs, sports, leisure, children, the elderly, and other public gatherings of residential areas to express with different colors. In order to describe the reasonable layout of residential function. Residential area, ideal function, subsection, text analysis, explanation. Specifications: font size (font size 8, font CTHEITISF), legend and the general map of the symbols in line with the size of the match. The content of green space planning 006: Delta Center Green, green space, isolated green belt, green municipal greening with differentcharacteristics by different shades of green color to express, to level and function of green space planning. Green land planning text description. Specifications: font size (font size 8, font CTHEITISF), legend and the general map of the symbols in line with the size of the match. Note: all analysis should have text 007-1 landscape sketch plane: sketch, text, concise expression of ideas, the proportion of the total plane compass, 007-2 color: color plane, the main node naming and labeling, including the node space, simulation and planning, creative proportion, compass, caption: 007-3 concept to describe the whole idea of the text. 008 important scene amplification plane plan several (depending on circumstances): enlarge plane, correspond to reference picture (reference map should have its reference and pertinence), text description, index it in the general plan position. 009, the main scene perspective drawing renderings (depending on the situation): renderings, time permitting, you can add aerial view. Index its position in the general plan. 010, the number of elevation drawings of the important areas (as appropriate): elevation drawings, text notes, index in the general layout of the sectionThreeBroken position. 011 plant design intention picture 012 picture 013 lighting facilities intention intention picture two, design 3.1 stage design stage includes 0 design illustration analysis and intention function elevation profile 11 plants 1 Figure 2 Analysis of the current landscape resources landscape spatial analysis function of traffic flow figure 3 Figure 4 Analysis of landscape resources in view of the 5 landscape the idea of development of landscape color sketch 6 plane 7landscape vertical elevation map 8 important scenes and plans to enlarge the picture 9 main intention scene perspectiverendering 10 important areas (plant functional zoning and text description, reference picture) 12 lighting and lighting analysis intention picture 13 picture 14 intention facilities cost estimate three, preliminary design the stage version with unified standard symbols, the following is not to say: (name font size 12, Microsoft big black) That figure number (size 12, font CTXIKAISJ), map in the text (font size 8, CTHEITISF), design (size 8 font, CTHEITISF), the index box (red, 5PX), the index point (red 5PX), cable wire (black 1PX) split off the facade of symbols, symbols, the vertical scale, symbol, compass, see the company unified legend. One purpose: preliminary landscape design is mainly based on the design scheme and the idea concept of project design results, carried out detailed design of each landscape element in environmental planning, design and preliminary results provide specific project landscape for the owners, but also for the next phase of expansion construction drawing depthFourProvide basis for chemical design. Two, design content: A part: Landscape Design Outline 1, drawings cover 2 drawings directory B part: landscape design general plan (need based on CAD line diagram),To ensure the accuracy of scales) 1 landscape master plan (CAD) 2 (CAD) 3 general landscape orientation vertical landscape design plan (CAD) 4 of the total plane partition index map (CAD) 5 (with the general layout of landscape lighting lamp selection)6 for irrigation and drainage design drawings, Figure7 green seedlings table8 outdoor sketch layout9 material table, material pictures and briefly explain the 10 landscape project preliminary estimate part C: Standard node detailing (optional use of high frequency in the road project), pavement style, revetment, tree pool, stairs, walls, Wheelchair Access, railings, the bottom of the pool, drainage ditch part D: landscape 1. A detailed design plans to enlarge the proportion of 1:200 (A2) (including paving and indexing style) (anti cable plan) 2, a district landscape design map (CAD), 3 A vertical landscape design diagram (CAD) 4, the main attractions or landscape axis or cross section diagram facade (anti cable plane partition map) 5, a partition part part A: detail of plane partition (scene view) plane and sketch detail from the following aspects: the expression plane content, explain its relationship with the surrounding. The length and width of the vertical scale annotation, expression of paving materials. Elevation (vertical plan): vertical elevation, length, width, dimension, surface material, specification, color, process. (as the index profile details): vertical elevation, length and width and height dimensions, veneer material specifications color process. (as to index details) details: the size of the details, practice process, material expression.FiveLandscape sketch refinement, it is recommended to cross the garden sketch reference picture, in detail to do auxiliary explanation. Part B: general landscape design (to CAD line graph, to ensure the accuracy of scales), 1 landscape plan content: detailed expression of general layout scheme (CAD withhand-painted color plane) symbol: landscape description, design specifications, compass, scale. 2, hard landscape layout positioning (CAD export): general positioning is the main measure of landscape scale, only some of the main landscape mark size, such as the square of the length and the width of the lane width and turning radius, length and width of the private garden etc.. 3, vertical landscape design layout (CAD derived) content: the vertical design is mainly based on the design institute to provide the building and outdoor design elevation, combined with the landscape plan required the main control point (elevation elevation as little as possible changes to the original set of Design Institute) and the adjacent part of the elevation (mainly refers to the central line of the road and cross point the center of the square, and the edge pieces of the elevation control points, the main site of elevation, water bottom elevation, slope contour elevation, indicating the steps and series). Note: 3 and 4 can be combined into one drawing. 4. landscape lighting layout layout (general lighting) content: mainly lane and characteristics of landscape lighting layout, landscape lighting layout in detail can be arranged on the partition of landscape lighting, lamps have garden lights, lawn lamp, floodlight lamp, underwater lamp, underground lamp, lamp base, according to the design need to choose. The layout plan shall provide corresponding lamp intent pictures. Illumination symbol see company unified legend. 5, water supply and drainage irrigation layout design content: mainly according to vertical design and plant configuration requirements, layout rainwater inlet, quick water intake device and waterscape to water mouth. Water supply point, drainage direction, etc.. See the company's unified legend for water supply and drainage. 6, green design, seedling table.Content: green design concept is mainly a combination of landscape design requirements need, there is a close up effect, determine the spatial relations, the overall relationship between primary and secondary and greening design of the overall style, according to different design style and landscape clear trees and important ornamental tree species selection and location. Symbols: green design notes, plant pictures. 7, outdoor sketch layout content: mainly for outdoor background speakers, finished stools, garbage cans, signs and other supporting facilities and layout of the choice.Facilities legend can use the company's unified standard (pending) 8, the total plane pavement index (CAD fill, distinguish between different pavement)SixContent: the general layout of the road, site pavement, with different filling legend to distinguish materials, at a glance. Part C: standard joint detailing is mainly considering the unity of the landscape design, to avoid duplication, for some standard node or sketch such as steps, curb and Hua Shuchi, road pavement design, parking pavement is unified, clear. D: landscape design details 0 landscape general floor zoning map or landscape index content: mainly to express the general layout of the functional groups of the sub district or landscape index. Symbol: general layout, index, index, index box, text, compass, scale. 1, enlarge a floor plan content: the main expression of the specific design of the partition, such as plane layout, pavement design and materials, landscape ornaments, settings and details, index, etc.. Symbol: planepartition, indexing, indexing, text, index frame, compass, scale. 2. A landscape design map (CAD export) expression of the hard site size more than the general landscape orientation, size Pool Pond tree detailed annotation. 3, a vertical landscape design vertical (CAD export), the vertical design of the original landscape of the overall icon, a step further refinement. The site, flower beds, tree pool elevation, water bottom elevation, building elevation 4, a partition of landscape lighting distribution map is the main details of the landscape lighting layout. 5, the main attractions or landscape axis, elevation or cutaway section content: mainly to express some of the main attractions or landscape axis of the spatial hierarchy, large space effect. Mark symbol: major element content on the facade or profile, details see drawing. Mark its cut position. 6, a detail part of the plane partition partition (scene view) plane and sketch detail from the following aspects: the expression plane content, explain its relationship with the surrounding, the length and width dimension, the expression of paving materials. Elevation: vertical elevation, length, width, dimension, surface material, specification, color, process. Profile: vertical elevation, length, width, dimension, surface material, specification, color, process. Details: the size of the details, practice process, material expression. Landscape sketch refinement, it is recommended to cross the garden sketch reference picture, in detail to do auxiliary explanation.SevenOne。
Detailed Design For Assembly Guidelines1. Simplify the design and reduce the number of parts because for each part,there is an opportunity for a defective part and an assembly error. The probability of a perfect product goes down exponentially as the number of parts increases. As the number of parts goes up, the total cost of fabricating and assembling theproduct goes up. Automation becomes more difficult and more expensive when more parts are handled and processed. Costs related to purchasing, stocking, and servicing also go down as the number of parts are reduced. Inventory and work-in-process levels will go down with fewer parts. As the product structure andrequired operations are simplified, fewer fabrication and assembly steps arerequired, manufactu ring processes can be integrated and leadtimes furtherreduced. The designer should go through the assembly part by part and evaluate whether the part can be eliminated, combined with another part, or the function can be performed in another way. To determine the theoretical minimum number of parts, ask the following: Does the part move relative to all other moving parts?Must the part absolutely be of a different material from the other parts? Must the part be different to allow possible disassembly?2. Standardize and use common parts and materials to facilitate design activities,to minimize the amount of inventory in the system, and to standardize handling and assembly operations. Common parts will result in lower inventories, reduced costs and higher quality. Operator learning is simplified and there is a greateropportunity for automation as the result of higher production volumes andoperation standardization. Limit exotic or unique components because suppliers are less likely to compete on quality or cost for these components. Theclassification and retrieval capabilities of product data management (PDM)systems and component supplier management (CSM) systems can be utilized by designers to facilitate retrieval of similar designs and material catalogs orapproved parts lists can serve as references for common purchased and stocked parts.3. Design for ease of fabrication. Select processes compatible with the materials andproduction volumes. Select materials compatible with production processes and that minimize processing time while meeting functional requirements. Avoidunnecessary part features because they involve extra processing effort and/ormore complex tooling. Apply specific guidelines appropriate for the fabrication process such as the following guidelines for machinability:For higher volume parts, consider castings or stampings to reduce machining Use near net shapes for molded and forged parts to minimize machining and processing effort.Design for ease of fixturing by providing large solid mounting surface & parallel clamping surfacesAvoid designs requiring sharp corners or points in cutting tools - they break easier Avoid thin walls, thin webs, deep pockets or deep holes to withstand clamping & machining without distortionAvoid tapers & contours as much as possible in favor of rectangular shapesAvoid undercuts which require special operations & toolsAvoid hardened or difficult machined materials unless essential to requirements Put machined surfaces on same plane or with same diameter to minimize number of operationsDesign workpieces to use standard cutters, drill bit sizes or other toolsAvoid small holes (drill bit breakage greater) & length to diameter ratio > 3 (chip clearance & straightness deviation)3. Design within process capabilities and avoid unneeded surface finishrequirements. Know the production process capabilities of equipment andestablish controlled processes. Avoid unnecessarily tight tolerances that arebeyond the natural capability of the manufacturing processes. Otherwise, this will require that parts be inspected or screened for acceptability. Determine when new production process capabilities are needed early to allow sufficient time todetermine optimal process parameters and establish a controlled process. Also, avoid tight tolerances on multiple, connected parts. Tolerances on connected parts will "stack-up" making maintenance of overall product tolerance difficult. Design in the center of a component's parameter range to improve reliability and limit the range of variance around the parameter objective. Surface finish requirementslikewise may be established based on standard practices and may be applied to interior surfaces resulting in additional costs where these requirements may not be needed.4. Mistake-proof product design and assembly (poka-yoke) so that the assemblyprocess is unambiguous. Components should be designed so that they can only be assembled in one way; they cannot be reversed. Notches, asymmetrical holes and stops can be used to mistake-proof the assembly process. Design verifiability into the product and its components. For mechanical products, verifiability can beachieved with simple go/no-go tools in the form of notches or natural stopping points. Products should be designed to avo id or simplify adjustments. Electronic products can be designed to contain self-test and/or diagnostic capabilities. Ofcourse, the additional cost of building in diagnostics must be weighed against the advantages.5. Design for parts orientation and handling to minimize non-value-added manualeffort and ambiguity in orienting and merging parts. Basic principles to facilitate parts handling and orienting are:Parts must be designed to consistently orient themselves when fed into a process.Product design must avoid parts which can become tangled, wedged or disoriented. Avoid holes and tabs and designed "closed" parts. This type ofdesign will allow the use of automation in parts handling and assembly suchas vibratory bowls, tubes, magazines, etc.Part design should incorporate symmetry around both axes of insertion wherever possible. Where parts cannot be symmetrical, the asymmetry should beemphasized to assure correct insertion or easily identifiable feature should beprovided.With hidden features that require a particular orientation, provide an external feature or guide surface to correctly orient the part.Guide surfaces should be provided to facilitate insertion.Parts should be designed with surfaces so that they can be easily grasped, placed and fixtured. Ideally this means flat, parallel surfaces that would allow a partto picked-up by a person or a gripper with a pick and place robot and theneasily fixtured.Minimize thin, flat parts that are more difficult to pick up. Avoid very small parts that are difficult to pick-up or require a tool such as a tweezers to pick-up.This will increase handling and orientation time.Avoid parts with sharp edges, burrs or points. These parts can injure workers or customers, they require more careful handling, they can damage productfinishes, and they may be more susceptible to damage themselves if the sharp edge is an intended feature.Avoid parts that can be easily damaged or broken.Avoid parts that are sticky or slippery (thin oily plates, oily parts, adhesive backed parts, small plastic parts with smooth surfaces, etc.).Avoid heavy parts that will increase worker fatigue, increase risk of worker injury, and slow the assembly process.Design the work station area to minimize the distance to access and m ove a part.When purchasing components, consider acquiring materials already oriented in magazines, bands, tape, or strips.6. Minimize flexible parts and interconnections. Avoid flexible and flimsy partssuch as belts, gaskets, tubing, cables and wire harnesses. Their flexibility makes material handling and assembly more difficult and these parts are moresusceptible to damage. Use plug-in boards and backplanes to minimize wireharnesses. Where harnesses are used, consider foolproofing electrical connectors by using unique connectors to avoid connectors being mis-connected.Interconnections such as wire harnesses, hydraulic lines, piping, etc. areexpensive to fabricate, assemble and service. Partition the product to minimize interconnections between modules and co-locate related modules to minimize routing of interconnections.7. Design for ease of assembly by utilizing simple patterns of movement andminimizing the axes of assembly. Complex orientation and assembly movements in various directions should be avoided. Part features should be provided such as chamfers and tapers. The product's design should enable assembly to begin with a base component with a large relative mass and a low center of gravity upon which other parts are added. Assembly should proceed vertically with other parts added on top and positioned with the aid of gravity. This will minimize the need to re-orient the assembly and reduce the need for temporary fastening and morecomplex fixturing. A product that is easy to assemble manually will be easily assembled with automation. Assembly that is automated will be more uniform, more reliable, and of a higher quality.8. Design for efficient joining and fastening. Threaded fasteners (screws, bolts,nuts and washers) are time-consuming to assemble and difficult to automate.Where they must be used, standardize to minimize variety and use fasteners such as self threading screws and captured washers. Consider the use of integralattachment methods (snap-fit). Evaluate other bonding techniques with adhesives.Match fastening techniques to materials, product functional requirements, and disassembly/servicing requirements.10. Design modular products to facilitate assembly with building block componentsand subassemblies. This modular or building block design should minimize the number of part or assembly variants early in the manufacturing process while allowing for greater product variation late in the process during final assembly.This approach minimizes the total number of items to be manufactured, thereby reducing inventory and improving quality. Modules can be manufactured and tested before final assembly. The short final assembly leadtime can result in a wide variety of products being made to a customer's order in a short period of time without having to stock a significant level of inventory. Production ofstandard modules can be leveled and repetitive schedules established.11. Design for automated production. Automated production involves lessflexibility than manual production. The product must be designed in a way that can be more handled with automation. There are two automation approaches: flexible robotic assembly and high speed automated assembly. Considerations with flexible robotic assembly are: design parts to utilize standard gripper and avoid gripper / tool change, use self-locating parts, use simple parts presentation devices, and avoid the need to secure or clamp parts. Considerations with high speed automated assembly are: use a minimum of parts or standard parts forminimum of feeding bowls, etc., use closed parts (no projections, holes or slots) to avoid tangling, consider the potential for multi-axis assembly to speed theassembly cycle time, and use pre-oriented parts.12. Design printed circuit boards for assembly. With printed circuit boards(PCB's), guidelines include: minimizing component variety, standardizingcomponent packaging, using auto-insertable or placeable components, using a common component orientation and component placement to minimize soldering "shadows", selecting component and trace width that is within the processcapability, using appropriate pad and trace configuration and spacing to assure good solder joints and avoid bridging, using standard board and panel sizes, using tooling holes, establishing minimum borders, and avoiding or minimizingadjustments.。
China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate ChangeInformation Office of the State Council The People's Republic of ChinaNovember 2011, BeijingContentsForewordI. Mitigating Climate ChangeII. Adapting to Climate ChangeIII. Enhancing Basic CapabilityIV. Participation of the Whole SocietyV. Participation in International NegotiationsVI. Strengthening International CooperationVII. Objectives, Policies and Actions during the 12th Five-Year Plan PeriodVIII. China's Basic Position in International Climate Change NegotiationsConcluding RemarksForewordClimate change is a global issue of common concern to the international community. In recent years, worldwide heat waves, droughts, floods and other extreme climate events have occurred frequently, making the impact of climate change increasingly prominent. It has become a main world trend that all countries join hands to respond to climate change and promote green and low-carbon development.China is the world's largest developing country, with a large population, insufficient energy resources, complex climate and fragile eco-environment. It has not yet completed the historical task of industrialization and urbanization and its development is unbalanced. China's per-capita GDP in 2010 was only a little more than RMB29,000. By the UN standard for poverty, China still has a poverty-stricken population of over 100 million, thus it faces an extremely arduous task in developing its economy, eliminating poverty and improving the people's livelihood. In the meantime, China is one of the countries most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Climate change generates many negative effects on China's economic and social development,posing a major challenge to the country's sustainable development.The Chinese government constantly sets great store by the issue of climate change and has included addressing climate change into its mid- and long-term planning for economic and social development as a major issue concerning its overall economic and social development. In 2006, China set forth the compulsive goal of reducing its per-unit GDP energy consumption in 2010 by 20 percent from that of 2005. In 2007, China became the first developing country to formulate and implement a national program to address climate change. In 2009, China put forward the goal of action to reduce the per-unit GDP greenhouse gas emission in 2020 by 40-45 percent as compared to that of 2005.To accomplish the above goals, China adopted a range of major policy measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) period, and has achieved remarkable results. The Outline of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development released in 2011 established the policy orientation of promoting green and low-carbon development, and expressly set out the objectives and tasks of addressing climate change for the next five years. China has been playing a constructive role in international negotiations on climate change, actively pushing forward the negotiation process, thereby making a significant contribution to addressing global climate change. This white paper is hereby issued to enable the international community to fully understand China's policies and actions for addressing climate change, and the positive results achieved in this regard during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, as well as China's overall arrangements to address climate change and its related negotiating position during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015).I. Mitigating Climate ChangeDuring the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China accelerated the transformation of its economic development mode, and achieved remarkable results in controlling greenhouse gas emission by promoting industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and increasing carbon sink.1. Optimizing Industrial StructureReforming and upgrading traditional industries. China has formulated and released plans for restructuring and rejuvenating ten major industries, including automobiles, and iron and steel, revised the Guideline Catalogue for Industrial Restructuring, and issued the Opinions on Curbing Overcapacity and Redundant Construction in Some Industries and Guiding the Sound Development of Industries. China has raised the market entry threshold for high-energy-consuming industries, conducted energy conservation evaluation and examination of fixed asset investment projects, enhanced technology transformation and upgrading in traditional industries, promoted corporate merger and restructuring, adjusted export tax rebate policies, imposed export duties on coal, some nonferrous metals, steel billets and chemical fertilizers, and restrained the export of high-energy-consuming, high-emission and high-resource-consumingproducts. Efforts have been made to accelerate the pace of eliminating backward production capacity. By implementing the policy of "replacing small thermal power generating units with larger ones," China shut down small thermal power generating units with a total generating capacity of 76.82 million kw, and eliminated backward steel production capacity to the tune of 72 million tons; iron production capacity, 120 million tons; cement production capacity, 370 million tons; coke production capacity, 107 million tons; paper production capacity, 11.3 million tons; and glass production capacity, 45 million cases. The proportion of thermal power generating units with a generation capacity above 300,000 kw each in China's thermal power installed capacity increased from 47 percent in 2005 to 71 percent in 2010; the proportion of large iron production blast furnaces with an capacity above 1,000 cu m each increased from 48 percent to 61 percent; and the proportion of the output of large aluminum electrolysis prebaking tanks increased from 80 percent to above 90 percent. The industry concentration in the iron, steel, cement, nonferrous metals, machinery and automobile sectors among other key industries was remarkably improved, while energy consumption in major industries was dramatically reduced. From 2005 to 2010, coal consumption in thermal power supply dropped 10 percent from 370 to 333 g/kwh; comprehensive energy consumption per ton of steel decreased 12.8 percent from 694 to 605 kg of standard coal; that in cement production, down by 24.6 percent; that of ethylene production, down by 11.6 percent; and that of synthetic ammonia production, 14.3 percent.Fostering and strengthening strategic and newly emerging industries. China has issued the Decision on Accelerating the Fostering and Development of Strategic and Newly Emerging Industries, which defines the overall principles, key tasks and policy measures for fostering and developing strategic and newly emerging industries. The Chinese government has selected key fields of these industries, implemented a number of major projects and built a range of related programs. China has accelerated the pace of building a national innovation system, implemented knowledge- and technology-innovation projects, and intensified efforts on tackling key technological problems. The government has initiated a venture capital investment program in newly emerging industries, established 20 venture capital investment funds, and supported the growth of innovative enterprises in energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy development and other sectors in strategic new industries. In 2010, the output value of China's high-tech manufacturing industries reached RMB7.6 trillion, ranking the second in the world, and more than twice the figure for 2005.Accelerating the development of the service industry. China has formulated and implemented the Opinions Concerning Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, Opinions on the Implementation of Some Policies and Measures for Accelerating the Development of the Service Industry, and other important documents, vigorously promoting the development of production- and life-related service trades. The government has also issued the Guidelines for Accelerating the Development of High-tech Service Industry. From 2005 to 2010, the added value of China's service sector increased 11.9 percent per year on average, with an average annual growth rate of 0.7 of a percentage point higher than that of GDP, and with its proportion in GDP rising from 40.3 percent to 43 percent.2. Energy ConservationEnhancing target responsibility assessment. China has resolved and assigned responsibilities to fulfill set targets in energy conservation, and established a statistical monitoring and evaluation system to regularly evaluate the completion of energy conservation targets and the implementation of energy conservation measures by 31 provincial governments and 1,000 key enterprises. In 2010, China launched special supervision over energy conservation and emission reduction in 18 key regions. Strict target responsibility evaluation and accountability contributed to achieving the national energy conservation targets.Promoting energy conservation in key fields. The Chinese government has carried out ten key energy conservation projects, including upgrading of industrial boilers and kilns, combined heat and power generation, electromechanical system energy conservation and residual heat and pressure utilization, conducted energy conservation in 1,000 enterprises, enhanced energy conservation management of key energy-consuming enterprises, and promoted energy audit and energy efficiency benchmarking activities. It has launched the low-carbon transportation action for automobiles, ships, roads and harbors in 1,000 enterprises, vigorously developed urban public transport. It has also improved the implementation rate of mandatory energy conservation standards of new buildings, quickened the energy conservation transformation of existing buildings, promoted the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and conducted energy conservation transformation of government office buildings. By the end of 2010, the implementation rate of mandatory energy efficiency standards for new urban buildings reached 99.5 percent in the design stage and 95.4 percent in the construction stage. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the accumulated total energy-efficient floor space constructed was 4.857 billion sq m, with energy-saving capacity of 46 million tons of standard coal. The government has taken energy conservation actions in the retail sector by restraining the production, marketing and use of plastic shopping bags, and curbing over-packaging.Promoting energy-saving technology and products. China has released a total of 115 state key energy-efficient technology promotion catalogues in three batches, and specially promoted seven energy-efficient technologies in the iron and steel, building material and chemical industries. The government has launched a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, and promoted high-efficiency illumination products and air-conditioners, energy-efficient motors and other energy-efficient products by way of government subsidies. The central treasury has appropriated subsidies to support the production of and promote the use of some 360 million high-efficiency illumination products, 30 million high-efficiency air conditioners and one million energy-efficient motor vehicles, which have realized an annual energy-saving capacity of 20 billion kwh. China has carried out energy conservation and new-energy vehicle demonstration and promotion, and taken the lead in using mixed-power vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The government has established a preferential procurement system for energy-efficient products, released a government procurement list of energy-efficient products, and ordered mandatory procurement of nine kinds of energy-efficient products, including air-conditioners, computers and illumination products. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, a large variety of high-efficiency energy technologies were widely applied, including low-temperature waste heat power generation, new type cathode aluminum reduction cells, high-voltage frequency conversion,rare earth permanent magnet motors and plasma oil-less ignition. Meanwhile, the market share of high-efficiency illumination products reached 67 percent, and that of high-efficiency air-conditioners, 70 percent.Developing a circular economy. National "city mine" demonstration bases have been built to promote the concentrated, circular and high-added-value utilization of obsolete electromechanical equipment, waste household appliances, plastic and rubber, and other waste resources in key cities, and efforts are being made to promote the comprehensive utilization of major industrial solid waste. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China comprehensively utilized about one billion tons of fly ash, 1.1 billion tons of coal slag, and 500 million tons of metallurgical slag. The central government funded the industrialization of remanufacturing projects. By the end of 2010, China had formed a remanufacturing capacity of automobile engines, gearboxes, steering engines and electric generators, totaling 250,000 pieces (sets).Promoting energy conservation market mechanism. The government is proactively pushing forward energy management through contract management, power demand side management, voluntary energy conservation agreements and other market mechanisms. In 2010, China issued the Opinions on Accelerating the Implementation of Contract Energy Management and Promoting the Development of the Energy Conservation Service Industry, increased financial support, adopted policy of taxation support and improved related accounting systems and financial services to strengthen support for the energy conservation service industry. From 2005 to 2010, the number of energy conservation service companies increased from 80 to over 800, the number of employees in this sector increased from 16,000 to 180,000, the industry scale was enlarged from RMB4.7 billion-worth to RMB84 billion-worth, and the annual energy-saving capacity rose from some 600,000 to more than 13 million tons of standard coal.Improving related standards. The government has improved the energy-efficient design standards for residential buildings in three climate zones (freezing cold and cold, hot in summer and cold in winter, and hot in summer and warm in winter); improved energy-efficient design standards for public buildings and the code of acceptance inspection of energy-efficient building construction; issued 27 mandatory national standards for energy consumption quotas of high energy-consuming products and 19 mandatory national energy efficiency standards for major terminal energy-using products; formulated 15 national standards for the discharge of major pollutants; promulgated 71 environmental labeling standards; and released an energy efficiency labeling product catalogue.Incentive policies. China has quickened the reform of the energy pricing mechanism, reformed the taxes and fees of refined petroleum products, adopted a differential electricity pricing policy for high-energy-consuming industries, imposed electricity pricing penalties on products with super-high energy consumption, and promoted the metered charging of heat supply by actual consumption of each household. The government has earmarked special funds for energy conservation and emission reduction. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central treasury invested an accumulative total of RMB225 billion to support energy-efficient technology upgrading and the popularization of energy-efficient products, forming an energy conservation capacity of 340 million tons of standard coal. The government meanwhile has been steadilypushing forward the reform of the resource taxation system, improving the export tax rebate system, adjusting the policy on vehicle purchase, and vehicle and vessel tax, using preferential taxation policies to promote energy and water conservation, the comprehensive utilization of resources, and the import of energy-efficient and low-carbon products.Through the efforts of all sectors, China accomplished its energy conservation goals listed in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. China's energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped 19.1 percent from that of 2005 accumulatively, or a reduction of 1.46 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. During the same period, China's national economy expanded at an average annual rate of 11.2 percent, while its energy consumption grew only 6.6 percent annually on average. The energy consumption elasticity coefficient dropped from 1.04 in the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (2001-2005) to 0.59, which eased the contradiction between energy supply and demand.3. Developing Low-carbon EnergyAccelerating the development of natural gas and other clean resources. The government is vigorously developing natural gas, encouraging the development and utilization of coal-bed methane, shale gas and other unconventional oil and gas resources, and has enacted a number of policies in this regard, such as financial subsidies, preferential taxation, connecting generated power to grid and electricity price subsidies. China has formulated and implemented an overall plan of management and utilization of coal mine methane, and is forcefully pushing forward the clean utilization of coal, guiding and encouraging the utilization of coal mine methane and the development of ground coal-bed methane. Natural gas production increased from 49.3 billion cu m in 2005 to 94.8 billion cu m in 2010, an average annual increase of 14 percent. In that period, China's natural gas consumption accounted for 4.3 percent of its total energy consumption, and the extraction of coal-bed methane reached 30.55 billion cu m, with the amount utilized reaching 11.45 billion cu m, equivalent to a reduction of 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.Proactively developing and utilizing non-fossil energy. China has enhanced the development and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy and other low-carbon energy sources through policy guidance and fund input. By the end of 2010, China's installed hydropower capacity had reached 213 million kw, doubling the figure for 2005; and installed nuclear power capacity had reached 10.82 million kw, with another 30.97 million kw under construction. China supports the development of wind power, solar power, geothermal, biomass energy and other new types of renewable energy. It has improved the pricing policy for on-grid power generated by wind, and launched the "Golden Sun Demonstration Project" to promote the franchise bidding for large-scale photovoltaic power stations. It has improved the pricing policy for power generated by agricultural and forestry biomass energy, increased financial support for the development of biomass energy and enhanced methane development in rural areas. China's installed wind power capacity grew from 1.26 million kw in 2005 to 31.07 million kw in 2010, and installed photovoltaic power capacity increased from less than 100,000 kw in 2005 to 600,000 kw; the number of solar water heaters in use reached 168 million sq m; and installed biomass energy capacity was about 5 million kw. With an annual utilization of methane of about 14 billion cu m, the total number of methane users in China reached 40 million households; utilized ethanol bio-fuel was 1.8 milliontons; and the contribution made by all types of biomass energy totaled 15 million tons of standard coal.4. Controlling Non-energy-related Greenhouse Gas EmissionThe government has enhanced control over greenhouse gas emission in industrial and agricultural production, waste disposal and other fields. China has applied the raw material substitution technology such as replacing limestone with carbide slag in the cement clinker production process, applied the technique of producing cement with blast furnace slag and fly ash as added mixed materials, applied secondary- and tertiary-stage treatment to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the nitric acid production process, applied catalytic decomposition and thermal oxidative decomposition to address the discharge of nitrous oxide during the adipic acid production process, and thermal oxidative decomposition to capture and remove HFC-23. China has quickened transformation in the mode of animal husbandry production, and reduced the emission of methane and nitrous oxide in cropland, and poultry and livestock farming. The government has launched the soil organic matter advancement subsidy project, and promoted returning straw to farmland, green manure growing, adding organic fertilizer and other technologies to an accumulated total area of about 30 million mu (a Chinese unit of area equal to 1/15 of a hectare). The government has improved urban waste disposal standards, adopted a household garbage charging system, promoted advanced waste incineration technology, and formulated incentive policies for landfill gas recovery. China also carries out research and demonstration for carbon capture, utilization and sequestration technologies. Statistics showed that by the end of 2010 China's nitrous oxide emission in industrial production generally remained at the level of 2005, and the growth of methane emission was basically brought under control.5. Increasing Carbon SinkIncreasing forest carbon sink. China is continuously carrying out ecological protection projects, such as the key shelterbelt construction project in northwest, northeast and north China and along the Yangtze River, and projects to return farmland to forest, natural forest protection project, the program to control sandstorms in the Beijing and Tianjin area. It has carried out a pilot afforestation project with an aim to expand carbon sinks, enhanced sustainable forest management, and increased the forest stock volume. The central finance has raised the standard for afforestation investment subsidy from RMB100 to 200 per mu, and established the China Green Carbon Fund. Currently, China's man-made forest reserve has reached 62 million ha; its national forest coverage has reached 195 million ha, with the forest coverage rate rising from 18.21 percent in 2005 to 20.36 percent in 2010, with a forest stock volume of 13.721 billion cu m. China's total carbon storage in forest vegetation has reached 7.811 billion tons.Improving farmland and grassland carbon sinks. China is implementing the systems to promote grass-livestock balance, prohibiting or temporarily banning pasturing in certain areas, and regionally rotating pasturing, so as to control the livestock-carrying capacity of pastures and curb pasture degeneration. It is expanding the project of returning grazing land to grassland, strengthening the construction of man-made forage meadows and irrigated pastures, enhancing theprevention and control of grassland natural disasters, and increasing the grassland coverage rate and grassland carbon sinks. By 2010, protective farming technology had been applied to an area of 64.75 million mu; the no-tillage mechanical seeding area had reached 167 million mu; and mechanically-crushed straw had been returned to farmland in a total area of 428 million mu.6. Promoting Low-carbon Development in LocalitiesPromoting low-carbon pilot projects in selected provinces and cities. In 2010, China launched a national "low-carbon province and low-carbon city" experimental project. The first batch of selected localities included five provinces, namely, Guangdong, Hubei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Yunnan, and eight cities, namely, Tianjin, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Nanchang and Baoding. Currently, all the pilot provinces and cities have established leading work teams, formulated implementation schemes, and promulgated their respective goals for carbon intensity reduction in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period -- and 2020. They have also vigorously promoted the transformation of the local economic development mode, took major actions to advance the construction of key low-carbon development projects, and vigorously developed low-carbon industries to promote green and low-carbon development.Actively drawing on low-carbon development experience. To build a "culture-enriched, technology-empowered and environmentally-friendly Beijing," Beijing, the capital city of China, has accelerated the development of the green, low-carbon and circular economy, vigorously developed strategic newly emerging industries and modern service industries, quickened the low-carbon transformation of existing buildings and transport systems, and advocated low-carbon consumption and a low-carbon lifestyle. Shanghai has sped up the pace of optimizing its energy structure, launched low-carbon development pilot projects in Hongqiao CBD and Chongming Island, implemented the concept of low-carbon development in the design, construction and operation of the Shanghai World Expo Park, and carried out "voluntary emission reduction activities to achieve a low-carbon World Expo." Jiangsu Province has selected four cities, ten industrial parks and ten enterprises for pilot experiments in developing a low-carbon economy.II. Adapting to Climate ChangeDuring the 11th Five-Year Plan period, China strengthened scientific research in and impact evaluation of climate change, improved relevant laws and policies, and enhanced the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change, so as to reduce the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development and people's lives.1. AgricultureChina strives to consolidate farmland and water conservancy infrastructure, raise the overall production capacity of agriculture, encourage large-scale construction of standard farmland with stable yields despite drought or flood, support major irrigation areas to continue building supporting and big irrigation and drainage pump stations, expand the irrigation area, improve the irrigation efficiency and spread water-conservation technology, and carry out agricultural waterpricing reform and pilot water-conservation renovations of farmland ditches, and enhance the nation's capacity to resist disasters. It has built and improved agricultural meteorological monitoring and early-warning systems. China also carries out research into and cultivates stress-resistant varieties of seeds with high yield potential and high quality and resistance to drought, waterlogging, high temperature, diseases and pests, and expands the growing areas of super strains of crops. It has further increased subsidies for superior strains of crops, and accelerated integration of the cultivation, reproduction and spreading of such superior strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland nationwide is sown with superior strains of major crops, which contributes 40 percent to the grain output increase.2. Water ResourcesChina has formulated National Comprehensive Plan for Water Resources, Seven Major River Basins' Flood Control Plan, National Mountain Torrent Disaster Prevention and Control Plan, National Plan to Guarantee the Safe Supply of Drinking Water to Urban Dwellers, and National Plan for the Eco-protection of Major Rivers and Lakes. It has strengthened river basin management and water resources allocation, and organized and implemented the work of diverting water from the Yellow River to Tianjin and Hebei Province, from the Qiantang River to Lake Taihu at time of urgent need, and ecological water re-charge to the Heihe and Tarim rivers. It has quickened the implementation of the strictest water resources control, and improved the policy system concerning the development, utilization, conservation and protection of water resources. It has started constructing a batch of water-shed flood control projects, while accelerating the pace of some key water conservancy projects and major water resource projects. It has tightened soil erosion control, and has completed the comprehensive improvement of 230,000 sq km of land suffering from water and soil erosion. It has completed the reinforcement of large and medium-sized reservoirs as well as key small ones in danger. More efforts have been made to guarantee the safe supply of drinking water to 210 million rural residents, meeting the relevant target set in the UN Millennium Development Goals six years in advance.3. Marine ResourcesChina has strengthened the construction of a marine meteorological observation network. With such a network in place, the country has been able to observe the key climate factors in its offshore regions and some oceans, and basically built up a typical monitoring system in the eco-sensitive marine areas, thereby effectively enhancing its ability to monitor the sea-air carbon dioxide exchange flux. China has started redefining the national and provincial marine functional zoning, has started marine ecosystem restoration projects in the coastal areas and on key islands, and launched eco-restoration demonstration projects such as cultivating and replanting mangroves, protecting coral reefs by way of relocation, and returning coastal wetlands to beaches. The observation and early warning work related to storm surge, sea wave, tsunami, sea ice and other marine disasters have effectively reduced the casualties and property losses caused by such marine disasters. Observation, investigation and evaluation have been conducted of sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and saline tide, and the datum tide marks of 94 tidal gauging stations have been re-verified. Through comprehensive offshore investigation and evaluation, it has。
Design elements and principlesDesign elements and principles are the basic visual toolbox of design tactics in every visual design discipline. The elements form the basic vocabulary of visual design, while the principles constitute the broader structural aspects of the composition.These concepts and elements drive all intentional design strategies. Elements of DesignLineLine is the mark made by a moving point, such as a pencil or brush. The edges of shapes and forms also create lines. It is the basic component of a shape drawn on paper. Lines and curves are the basic building blocks of two dimensional shapes like a house's plan.ColorColor is the most expressive element of art and is seen by the way light reflects off a surface. Color is used to create illusion of depth, as red colors seem to come forward while blue seems to recede into the distance. Color, and particularly contrasting color, is also used to draw the attention to a particular part of the image. On some cases of interior design, color can be added to increase visual appeal such as the natural colors of wood of a china cabinet. Color may add visual appeal to a home decor just as colored flowers can add beauty to a field on a prairie.ShapeShape is an area enclosed by lines or curves. It is 2 dimensional and can be geometric or organic. Importantly, a shape automatically creates a negative space around it. Shapes in house decor and interior design can be used to add interest, style, theme to a design like a door. Shape in interior design depends on the function of the object like a kitchen cabinet door. Natural shapes forming patterns on wood or stone may help increase visual appeal in interior design.FormForms are 3-Dimensional. They occupy space or give the illusion that they occupy space. Form as home furniture or art may help add variety to reduce a monotonous (bare) look and increase visual appeal in interior design.Texture and FinishesTexture is the feeling and visual feel of the fabrics, colors, and room accessories. There are two types of texture; Tactile, or visual texture, and texture which you can detect with your five senses. Texture like grass sheets on a wall, or white pebbles embedded in a concrete wall gives a three dimensional look to the wall and a few of shades of its colors. Texture is the roughness of the surface of a material. Surfaces with same or similar textures like fireplace marble tiles and drywall usually look more visually appealing. The quality of finishes of surfaces in home interior design and even on automobiles are important. A smooth and polished surface on a marble tile is also a texture, and smooth quality finishes can enhance the visual appeal of natural material finishes like marble tiles on a wall. Smooth mirror reflective finish on a marble bathroom countertop enhances its looks. ValueValue is how light or darkened the color you are using. Value is also referred to as tone.Principles of DesignDesign is the organized arrangement of one or more elements and principles (eg. line colour or texture) for a purpose.Awareness of the elements and principles in design is the first step in creating successful visual compositions. These principles, which may overlap, are used in all visual design fields, including graphic design, industrial design, architecture and fine art.The principles of design are as various as attitudes regarding modern design. They differ both between the schools of thought that influence design, and between individual practicing designers.The principles govern the relationships of the elements used and organize the composition as a whole. Successful design incorporates the use of the principles and elements to serve the designer's purpose and visual goals. There are no rules for their use. The designer's purpose and intent drives the decisions made to achieve appropriate scale and proportion, as well as the degree of harmony between the elements. Design principles are a technicaland artificial method to attempt to produce home architectural and interior design beauty.The principles of design consist of:UnityUnity refers to a sense that everything in the artwork belongs there, and makes a whole piece. It is achieved by the use of balance and repetition. Two objects like a living room and a dining room can be unified by giving these similar features like a shared hardwood floor design.BalanceCan be either symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on if the right or left side is identical or not. Also refers to a sense that dominant focal points are balanced and don't give a feeling of being pulled too much to any part of the artwork. Balance can be balance by location of objects such as windows on a house, balance by volume or sizes of objects, balance by color (like desired brightness in a room).HarmonyHarmony is achieved through the sensitive balance of variety and unity. Color harmony may be achieved using complementary or analogous colors. Harmony in design is similarity of components or objects looking like these belong together. Harmony is when some or many the components (usually three objects depending on size of project or room) such as a furniture in a room share a common trait or two. A common trait could be: color(s), shape(s), texture, pattern(s), material, theme, style, size, or functionality. For example a drapery could share the same color that is on a pillow or wallpaper. This is called color coordination in wall paper design. Harmony and unity generally make designs more visually appealing and interesting. Is a technical and artificial process for attempting to produce interior design beauty. Design harmony may be used to avoid design or furniture chaos in most cases.ContrastContrast is the occurrence of contrasting elements, such as colour, value, size, etc. It creates interest and pulls the attention toward the focal point. Repetition (Rhythm, Pattern)The recurrence of elements within a piece: colours, lines, shapes, values, etc. Any element that occurs is generally echoed, often with some variation to keep interest. Rhythm in interior design also may be used to reduce randomness. For example, placing four plant pots in a row and evenly spaced apart on a floor produces an organized look.Variety (Alternation)The use of dissimilar elements, which creates interest. Variety like a painting or some reflective wood panels added on a plain wall may be used to reduce monotony. Helps infuse color to a house decor to attempt to increase design beauty.Emphasis (Dominance, Focal Point or area in a room's decor)Areas of interest. Guides the eye into through and out of the image through the use of sequence of various levels of focal points, primary focal point, secondary, tertiary, etc. Emphasis hierarchy may give direction and organization to a design, and avoid subconscious confusion to sometimes improve the design's (like a house) visual appeal and style. Emphasis hierarchy or focus is not giving each object (like a bed or curtain) in a project (like a bedroom decor) equal dominance. Emphasis or dominance of an object can be increased by making the object larger, more sophisticated, more ornate, by placing it in the foreground, or standout visually more than other objects in a project. The primary focus point or area receives the largest emphasis in a room. Emphasis hierarchy avoids style confusion. Proportion (Scale)Proportion involves the relationship of size between objects. Proportion is also relative sizes of surface areas of different colors in a room. The proportion of color areas such as on a wall of a living room may be chosen to be visually pleasing. Proportion also depends on functionality of object. For example, for the best proportion between a room and furniture, the sizes of furniture depends on the size of the room.FunctionalityA design must have good functionality. For example a bedroom must function well as a place to sleep and store clothing as well as looking nice. AttractionAttraction is how much an observer is attracted to a particular design such as a particular style of a house. May involve studying the psychology why certain people are attracted more to particular designs than other designs. Artistic UnityArtistic unity is staying on the story (like a science fiction novel) topic or story line, telling only one story at a time, staying on the style of a home in interior design. Avoids distraction or subconscious confusion in house decor style. Helps strengthen the style of a house, gives a clear design style communication.Genuineness in Media and FormGenuineness in media and form in architecture and home interior design is using real material for finishes rather than faux. The beauty of natural patterns of stone or wood, and real crystallized metals may be used to enhance the visual appeal of an interior design. Using real metal, glass or crystal instead of plastic simulations. Real style, prestige, glamour or luxury rather than pretense. For example, an arborite kitchen counter top cannot duplicate the mirror reflectivity and natural beauty of granite counters for long. In some cases, furniture made of real wood could look nicer than faux wood (photographic wood).ProximityProximity in home decor is the placing of similar objects closer together physically, and unlike objects (decor) further apart. Helps to produce harmony by grouping like objects. For example, different furniture styles with different colors compressed in a small bedroom does not look as nice as the same furniture placed further apart in a very large living room.Color TheoryColor theory in interior design includes the color wheel. The color wheel are the colors of the rainbow arranged in a circular array. Color theory also involves the idea of how color affects human thought and emotions. Colors that have red such as orange, redish-brown and yellow are assumed to be warm colors because we associate these with sunlight. Colors than have blue are cool colors because we associate blue will cool water and ice. Color harmony is a pleasing combinations of colors and the amount of these colors in a design like a room decor. Color harmony is also using a limited number of colors in a color pallete usualy seven or less initialy to help preserve design unity.设计要素和原则设计的要素和原则都是基本的可视化工具，它们包含了各个可视化设计原则中的设计手法。
设计规范英文Design Specification1. IntroductionThe design specification is a document that outlines the requirements and guidelines for a design project. It serves as a reference for designers, developers, and stakeholders involved in the project. This document ensures consistency, clarity, and quality in the design process. The following guidelines will help create an effective design specification.2. Purpose and ScopeClearly define the purpose and scope of the design project. This includes a description of the goals, objectives, and target audience. Identify any constraints or limitations that may affect the design.It's important to have a clear understanding of what the design needs to achieve in order to create a successful design specification.3. Branding and Visual IdentityEstablish the branding and visual identity guidelines for the project. This includes specifying the color scheme, typography, logo placement, and any other visual elements that are part of the brand. Ensure that the design follows the brand guidelines to maintain consistency across all marketing materials.4. Layout and CompositionDefine the layout and composition guidelines for the design. This includes determining the size and positioning of elements, such as text, images, and graphics. Provide examples and templates for the designer to follow. Consider usability and readability whencreating the layout and composition guidelines.5. TypographySpecify the typefaces, font sizes, and font weights that should be used in the design. Provide guidelines for heading styles, paragraph formatting, and line spacing. Ensure that the typography is legible and appropriate for the target audience.6. Color SchemeDefine the color scheme for the design. This includes specifying the primary and secondary colors, as well as any accent or complementary colors. Provide color swatches and color codes for reference. Consider color psychology and accessibility when choosing the color scheme.7. Images and GraphicsOutline the guidelines for using images and graphics in the design. Specify the resolution, file format, and size requirements. Provide examples and resources for sourcing images and graphics. Ensure that the images and graphics are relevant, high-quality, and in line with the brand guidelines.8. Navigation and InteractionDefine the navigation and interaction guidelines for digital designs, such as websites or applications. Specify the placement of navigation menus, buttons, and interactive elements. Provide wireframes or mockups to illustrate the intended user flow. Consider usability and accessibility when designing the navigation and interaction.9. AccessibilityEnsure that the design is accessible to users with disabilities. Specify guidelines for making the design readable and usable for people with visual impairments, hearing impairments, or motor disabilities. Consider the use of alt text, captions, subtitles, and keyboard navigation.10. Responsive DesignIf the design needs to be responsive, specify the guidelines for different screen sizes and devices. Provide examples or wireframes for different breakpoints. Consider the user experience on desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile devices.11. Deliverables and TimelineSpecify the deliverables that are expected from the designer. This may include design files, assets, style guides, or prototypes. Define the timeline for each deliverable, including deadlines for drafts and revisions. Communicate the expectations clearly to avoid any misunderstandings.12. Review and Approval ProcessOutline the review and approval process for the design. Specify the stakeholders or decision-makers who will be involved in the review process. Define the feedback and revision mechanism, including the number of revisions allowed. Set clear expectations for the review and approval timeline.13. ConclusionThe design specification is a crucial document for ensuring the success of a design project. It provides a clear guide for designers,developers, and stakeholders. By following the guidelines outlined in this document, you can create a design that meets the requirements, maintains brand consistency, and delivers a great user experience.。
