大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 05 对食物的错误看法

第一单元‎课文A‎on t‎h e ot‎h er h‎a nd‎H ow t‎o Be ‎a Suc‎c essf‎u l La‎n guag‎e Lea‎r ner?‎怎样成‎为一名成功‎的语言学习‎者"L‎e arni‎n g a ‎l angu‎a ge i‎s eas‎y.Eve‎n a c‎h ild ‎c an d‎o it!‎"“学‎好一种语言‎很容易。

连‎孩子都做得‎到！”‎M ost ‎a dult‎s who‎are ‎l earn‎i ng a‎seco‎n d la‎n guag‎e大‎多数学习第‎二语言的成‎年人w‎o uld ‎d isag‎r ee w‎i th t‎h is s‎t atem‎e nt.‎不会同意‎这一说法。

‎For‎them‎,lear‎n ing ‎a lan‎g uage‎is a‎very‎diff‎i cult‎task‎.‎对于他们来‎说，学习语‎言是一项很‎困难的任务‎。

Th‎e y ne‎e d hu‎n dred‎s of ‎h ours‎of s‎t udy ‎a nd p‎r acti‎c e,‎他们需要数‎百小时的学‎习和练习，‎and‎even‎this‎will‎not ‎g uara‎n tee ‎s ucce‎s s就‎是这样也不‎能保证‎f or e‎v ery ‎a dult‎lang‎u age ‎l earn‎e r.‎每一位成年‎语言学习者‎都能成功。

‎Lan‎g uage‎lear‎n ing ‎i s di‎f fere‎n t fr‎o m ot‎h er k‎i nds ‎o f le‎a rnin‎g. 语‎言学习不同‎于基它种类‎的学习。

‎some‎peop‎l e wh‎o are‎very‎inte‎l lige‎n t有‎些很聪明并‎在自己领域‎and‎succ‎e ssfu‎l in ‎t heie‎r fie‎l ds f‎i nd i‎t dif‎f icul‎t很有‎成就的人却‎发现t‎o suc‎c eed ‎i n la‎n guag‎e lea‎r ing.‎学好语‎言很难。

Unit 1Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner?搭配：1.wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组2.look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组3.make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组4.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事/形容词词组5.be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组6.do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组7.be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组municate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组9.learn from sb. 想某人学习10.might do well to do sth. 最好做某事句型：1.S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型n.e.g. S ome people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.2.It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of everyword.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.语言点：1.success(n.)-successful(adj.)-succeed(v.) 成功2.hundreds of people与eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。

Unit5 Let’s eat单元反思本单元是关于食物和饮料。

课堂气氛活跃，能积极愉快地配合，学习兴趣高使活动设计更加的丰富，而且比较有趣。

整节课知识的滚动性非常大，一直都在贯彻着知识的互相联系，也就是贯彻滚雪球式的英语学习法！尽量的把前面学习过的知识重复的运用，把学习单词的任务很好地融入了句子中。

因为对于三年级的孩子们来讲，在初始阶段能为他们拓展的实在有限，所以我们就尽可能地利用一切“熟悉”资源。

在学会新单词，掌握I like …Have some …等等句型，教学任务比较重。

所以我在进行教学时，先通过对熟悉的动物的复习引出并学习新的句型，这样过度自然，易于学生接受掌握。

在学习新单词时运用多种形式加以巩固，如歌谣说唱的形式，Look at my mouth, and guess which word？和What is missing?这两个学生普遍喜欢的游戏，使单词的学习生动有趣。

对于教学难点have some…通过师生对话自然引出，也同样通过创编新歌谣的形式加以巩固，学生兴趣很高，掌握得也比较好。

所有单词和句型都学习完后再回到书本对话，让学生带着问题听录音，这样既训练了学生的听力，又检查了教学效果。

整个教学以学生为中心，根据小学生的心理特点设计，发挥了小学生爱说、善于表现的优势，调动了学生学习的积极性，使课堂充满了活力。

但教学中仍存在很多有待完善的地方，如虽然六个单词的教学效果比较好，但我感觉在六个单词的呈现这一环节上形式有些单一，还不够吸引学生。

教学内容的呈现过程很重要，它关系着学生学习的欲望，兴趣。

所以，在今后的教学中，要注意教学内容呈现形式的新颖多样，激发学生学习兴趣。

再如，有的英语教学指令还不够简洁，有些只有个别优秀的学生才能听懂，为了使学生能明白，也只能把这些指令翻译成中文。

这些都是以后需要思索改进的地方。

Unit 8第一部分 Text A【课文译文】卫星通信在20世纪初，有四种远距离传送信息和接收信息的有效方式：印刷、摄影、电报和电话。

到本世纪中叶，无线电和电视作为传送声音和/或图像的方式已经得到确立。

1964年，首次通过卫星传送了东京奥林匹克运动会的节目。

为了通过卫星传送像奥运会这样的事件，先要把电视信号变成无线电波，然后把无线电波从地面站发射到轨道卫星上。

卫星接收到无线电信号并把信号传送回地球，在地球上另一个站接收电波并把电波变成电视信号。

因为任何形式的声音或视觉信息都能转变成无线电波，所以卫星不仅能传送电视广播，而且也能传递电话以及书、杂志一类的印刷物品的信息。

卫星传送信息，电脑储存信息，电视显示信息，这三者的结合将把每一家变成教育和娱乐中心。

从理论上来说，每个人都可以利用无穷数量的信息。

1974年，美国“空中教师”卫星把教育节目传送到了偏远地区的教室，这说明了通信卫星的另一个重要用途。

1975年，很多印度人看到了电视上的农业和健康节目，这是他们第一次看到电视。

卫星也显示了它如何为生活在闭塞、交通不便的地区的人们提供帮助。

例如，闭塞地区的卫生工作者能把病人伤口的图片传送给远处的医生，然后他就能根据医生的指导来治疗那个病人。

然而，通信卫星最普遍的用途是传送电话。

大部分电话经过40 000英里传送到卫星，然后再回到地球。

10年前，一个卫星能同时接收和传送的电话交谈超过33 000个，而现在仅仅一个卫星就能传送100 000个电话交谈以及数百个电视频道的节目——这些都是同步进行的。

远距离通信能使来自世界各地的信息得到快速、便利的使用，但有些人担心这有可能威胁到我们的隐私。

如果个人的信息储存在电脑里，那么它可能会很容易地通过卫星传送给任何一个付得起服务费的人。

另一个担忧是通信系统会使人们互相隔离。

如果人们能在家里购物，不离开家就能存、取款，在电视上能看到任何一部电影，得到他们所需要的信息，那么人与人之间就不会有那么多的接触。

大学英语自学教程(上册)笔记Unit5-1Unit5Text A:Fallacies about FoodWe can’t live without food,so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health,so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food,wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words:1.fallacy:n谬论、谬误2.quality:n质量、素质；quantity;n数量3.deer:n单复数同形。

fish,sheep et.4.savage:a野蛮的；n野人；v残害5.bravery:n英勇、勇敢；brave:adj勇敢的6.eager:adj渴望的，常用短语：be eager to do sth,be eager for sth.eagerly:adv(*)aShe is eager for knowledge.b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.7.civilized:adj文明的，反义词savage;civilize:v使…文明；civilization:n文明（*）cation can help people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a highly civilized society.c.In China,Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.8.magical:adj魔术的、不可思议的；magic:n魔术；magician:n魔术师9.poisonous:adj有毒的；poison:n/v下毒、毒药our children are poisoned by violent TV program.10.overseas:adj/adv海外的、在海外a.There are many overseas students in Britain.b.We are used to living overseas.11.widespread:合成形容词12.digest:v消化，n文摘；digestion:n消化；digestive:adj消化的;digestible:adj易消化的；indigestible:adj不易消化的（*）a.Some foods digest more easily than others.b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer.It was not very digestible.c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible.e.We often read Reader’s Digest.13.foundation:n根据、基础；found:v奠定基础14.mixture:n混合物；mix:v混合15.belief:n信念、信仰；believe:v相信bination:n结合、联合；combine:v combine sth with sth17.protein,carbohydrate,fat,vitamin:食物的主要养分。

《大学英语自学教程》英语一 00012 课文电子版大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as mu ch as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language everyday. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’ttranslate-tryto think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play withthe language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to thinkin the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we moveour heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to eachother with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but thatwasn’t food, of course.He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean"keep silent.” When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” andthen "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a m an; it can repeatwhole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. Forthe most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – foodand drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sundayeditions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcementthat something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usuallyonly 15,30,or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you haveto put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message totheir particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costsbefore management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water wasbrought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 yearsto dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from theArctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is sonear to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other timesonly part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon’s surface is not absolutely black;generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be ableto see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The old moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way,the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.”04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that doesnot make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty dayshas September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the followinglist of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them asfollows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam oftenhave this experience. In contrast[zzg1], information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunterfound that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it couldnot remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some ofthem are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is goodbrain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a goodidea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation haveto do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meetsin the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering themtogether with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. Andso of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to knoweither without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisestof them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenright and wrong.06-A. DiamondsDiamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut anyother surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant and animal. Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. It is thoughtthat millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth’s crust. As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed into diamond crystals.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. In the 1600’s, travelers from Europe brought back these。

大学英语自学教程上单词UNIT5[00:02.85]第五单元课文A[00:05.69]fallacy[00:07.42]谬论[00:09.14]quality[00:10.61]质量[00:12.07]deer[00:13.70]鹿[00:15.33]savage[00:17.11]野蛮[00:18.89]tribe[00:20.61]1.种族2.类[00:22.33]bravery[00:24.02]勇敢[00:25.70]man-eating[00:27.68]食人;食人的[00:29.65]eager[00:31.28]热切的[00:32.91]civilized[00:34.94]文明的,开化的[00:36.96]ginger[00:38.48]生姜[00:39.99]root[00:41.72]1.根;2.根[00:43.44]magical[00:45.13]1.魔术的;2.不可思议的[00:46.81]poisonous[00:48.73]有毒的[00:50.65]overseas[00:52.43]在(向)海外;(在)海外的[00:54.20]widespread [00:56.18]分布广的,普遍的[00:58.15]muscle[00:59.73]肌肉[01:01.31]chew[01:02.68]咀嚼[01:04.05]helpful[01:05.74]1.经予帮助的;2.有益的[01:07.42]digestive[01:09.15]消化(食物)的[01:10.87]juice[01:12.29]汁,液[01:13.72]digest[01:15.49]消化[01:17.27]foundation [01:18.96]1.根据;2.基金会. [01:20.64]mixture[01:22.06]混合,混合物[01:23.49]belief[01:25.26]相信[01:27.04]acid[01:28.82]酸性物质[01:30.59]curdle[01:32.07]变成凝乳状[01:33.54]indigestible [01:35.62]难消化的[01:37.70]digestion[01:39.47]消化;吸收[01:41.25]cream[01:42.97]奶油,奶油色[01:44.70]combination [01:46.48]1.结合;2.化合物[01:48.25]protein[01:50.08]蛋白质[01:51.91]carbohydrate [01:53.74]碳水化合物[01:55.57]chiefly[01:57.20]主要[01:58.83]contain[02:00.66]包含[02:02.49]be eager to [02:05.71]渴望要做[02:08.94]substitute for [02:10.86]...的替代物[02:12.78]to have...to do with [02:15.12]与...有关[02:17.46]as a matter of fact [02:19.64]事实上;事实恰恰相反[02:21.82]to think of...as [02:24.00]把...看成[02:26.18]Text B New Words [02:28.52]课文B[02:30.86]insect[02:32.63]昆虫[02:34.41]ant[02:36.17]蚂蚁[02:37.94]hardworking [02:39.86]努力工作的[02:41.78]wrestle[02:43.70]摔交[02:45.62]mock[02:47.09]嘲弄[02:48.57]engage [02:50.15]从事于,参加[02:51.73]sober[02:53.66]1.冷静的;2.认真的[02:55.60]frog[02:57.27]哇[02:58.94]grave[03:00.82]1.严重的;2.严肃的[03:02.70]owl[03:04.42]猫头鹰[03:06.15]nest[03:07.73]巢,窝[03:09.31]beaver[03:10.99]海狸[03:12.68]dam[03:14.00]坝,堤[03:15.32]arrange [03:17.39]1.安排,筹划;2.整理[03:19.47]plaster[03:21.25]1.粘贴;2.灰泥[03:23.02]mud[03:24.70]泥,泥浆[03:26.37]spider[03:27.88]蜘蛛[03:29.40]scarcely [03:31.16]几乎不,几乎没有[03:32.92]creature[03:34.50]1.生物,动物;2.人[03:36.08]imitate[03:37.91]1.模仿;2.仿造[03:39.74]shepherd[03:41.71]牧羊人[03:43.69]improvemnt [03:45.67]改进,增进[03:47.66]fashion[03:49.13]1.方式,样子;2.流行式样[03:50.61]instinct[03:52.19]1.本能,直觉;2.天性[03:53.77]hut[03:55.39]小屋,棚屋[03:57.01]cage[03:58.54]笼[04:00.07]variety[04:01.59]1.变化;2.品种;3.种种. [04:03.12]boot[04:04.81]靴[04:06.49]etc(=et cetera) [04:07.97][缩][拉]以及其他,等等[04:09.44]wit[04:10.87]智力,才智[04:12.29]unlike[04:13.73]不像...,各...不同[04:15.16]a great deal [04:18.40]大量,许多[04:21.64]be true with [04:23.67]对...一样[04:25.69]to engage in[04:27.72]从事,忙于[04:29.74]be true of [04:31.78]对...一样[04:33.82]as if[04:35.79]好像,仿佛[04:37.76]to search for [04:39.78]搜寻,探察[04:41.81]to take care of [04:43.99]1.爱护;2.照顾;3.处理。