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动态激光散射仪操作规程（Wyatt GPC/SEC - MALS）一试验前准备1溶剂准备水相体系准备：超纯水或配制其它盐溶液〜1L,并使用0.22um滤膜过滤（必须含0.02%NaN3抑菌剂）。
有机相体系准备：HPLC级溶剂；建议使用0.22um滤膜过滤（进口试剂视具体情况而定）。
2样品准备浓度配制（定量环lOOuL）:分子量〜lOOOkda ： 0.5 - lmg mL ；分子量〜lOOkda : 1 - 2mg/mL ；分子量〜lOkda : 3・5mg/niL ；分子量〜5kda : 5・lOmg/mL。
3检查仪器电路连接检查仪器电源线是否连接，电源开关、交换机（适用于信号连接通过网线的情形）是否打开。
二仪器系统开机及平衡操作1分别依次打开泵、柱温箱（设定温度）、进样系统（手动/自动进样器）、示差或紫外检测器、粘度检测器、多角度激光光散射检测器电源及计算机。
待仪器正常开机后，打开工作站Astra软件。
2开启泵使用超纯水purge泵〜5min ；关闭purge阀。
冲洗系统。
待系统平衡完毕，使用最新配制的流动相冲洗系统。
（注：有机体系：直接使用流动相冲洗系统）3将其流速调至O.linL/miii （若接入粘度检测器，必须待粘度检测器进入工作界面才能开启泵的流速，且IP&DP处于purgeon）；若系统中未接入GPC/SEC柱，可直接将流速调至0.1- l.OmL/min冲洗系统（无粘度检测器）,示差检测器purge阀必须处于“Purge On"状态。
若系统中已接入GPC/SEC柱，则必须以O.lmVmiii的起始流速.每1-2分钟提高0.1ml 的速度将流速调整至0.4 - 0.5 mL/min,充分平衡系统；（注：为了使系统充分平衡，建议提前一天冲洗和平衡系统；第二天开始试验（水相系统）。
对于有机相体系，一般平衡时间在3 -12h）。
三试验操作及数据采集与处理1待系统充分平衡。
* Specifications and appearance are subject to change without notice.ATAGO products comply with HACCP,GMP,and GLPsystem standards.All ATAGO refractometers are designed and manufactured in Japan.TEL : 1-425-637-2107 *****************************TEL : 91-22-28544915, 40713232 *******************************TEL : 86-20-38108256 ********************TEL : 66-21948727-9 **********************************TEL : 55 16 3913-8400 ********************************TEL : 39 02 36557267 ********************************TEL : 7-812-777-96-96 *********************TEL : 234-707-558-1552 **********************Headquarters: The Front T ower Shiba Koen, 23rd Floor 2-6-3 Shiba-koen, Minato-ku, T okyo 105-0011, JapanTEL : 81-3-3431-1943 FAX : 81-3-3431-1945/******************TEL : 7-727-257-08-95*************************18011500PP Printed in JapanENV .05Copyright © 2017 ATAGO CO., LTD. All rights reserved.Optional AccessoriesCommon SpecificationsMeasurement Scales Viscosity ·Temperature ·Torque%Measurement RangeViscosity A1 50 to 200,000mPa·s, 50 to 200,000cP A2 100 to 600,000mPa·s, 100 to 600,000cP A3 500 to 2,000,000mPa·s, 500 to 2,000,000cP (1mPa·s=1cP)Torque 0.0 to 100.0%(recommended torque : 10.0 to 100.0%)Temperature 0.0 to 100.0°C /32.0 to 212.0°FResolutionViscosity lower than 100mPa·s : 0.01mPa·s100mPa·s or higher lower than 10,000mPa·s : 0.1mPa·s 10,000mPa·s or higher : 1mPa·s TorqueLower than 10% : 0.01% 10% or higher : 0.1%Temperature 0.1°C /0.1°F Measurement Accuracy Viscosity±1% (Full scale)Temperature ±0.2°C /±0.4°FSpeed 0.5 to 250 rpm, Number of speeds : 20SampleTemperature Range 10.0 to 40.0°C /50.0 to 104.0°F Ambient Temperature 10 to 40°C Computer Output Output : USB - PCBattery Life (Approx.)Approx. 7 hours (continuous operation at 60rpm)Power SupplyDC6V (AA alkaline batteries 1.5V ×4)AC adapter : AC100 to 240V, 50/60HzModel VISCO™VISCO™-895Cat.No.68006820MaterialsHousing: SUS, Aluminum · Legs, and stand + screw: SUSHousing, legs, and stand + screw: AluminumDimensions and Weight2×12×20cm, 1.2kg (main unit only), Stand+screw : 0.5kgSmall volume beaker attachment: 0.1kg12×12×20cm, 895g (main unit only), Stand+screw : 275gSmall volume beaker attachment: 0.1kgContents· Main unit 1· Stand:1· S Beaker (15mL) 1· L Beaker (100mL) 1· AC adapter1· Spindles (A1, A2 and A3) one each· Temperature sensor1· Small volume beaker attachment 1· USB Mini-B cable (1m) 1· 1.5V AA alkaline batteries 4· Instruction manual 1· Inspection certificate 1· Spindle stand 1· Protective cap 1· Carrying case1The body, legs and stage of the VISCO™-895 are made from light-weight aluminum.SpecificationsMeasurement range 1 to 350,000,000mPa·s, 1 to 350,000,000cPPart No.Part name < Container >RE-7910015mL Beaker RE-79101100mL BeakerRE-78141Cup Adapter (with 100pcs cups)* 50pcs of paper cups and 50pcs of plastic cups are included.RE-79102Paper Cup (90mL, 100pcs)RE-79103Plastic Cup (90mL, 100pcs)< Ultra Low Adapter (ULA)>RE-77120Ultra Low Adapter (ULA)-Sample Adapter for Low Viscosity Sample • Sample cylinder • Cylinder holder • Hook • Hook holder • UL spindle• UL stand• Extension (threaded tip)RE-77107UL spindle (with fook and fook holder)RE-77121Sample cylinder (with cap and o-ring)RE-77117UL spindle 3pcs (with hook and hook holder)< Temperature sensor >RE-75540Temperature sensorPart No.Part name< Spindle >RE-77104A1 Spindle RE-77105A2 Spindle RE-77106A3 Spindle RE-77114A1 Spindle 5pcs RE-77115A2 Spindle 5pcs RE-77116A3 Spindle 5pcsRE-77100Set of spindles (A1,A2,A3)< Viscosity Standard Liquid >RE-89030Viscosity Standard Liquid 2100mL RE-89031Viscosity Standard Liquid 5100mL RE-89036Viscosity Standard Liquid 200100mL RE-89037Viscosity Standard Liquid 500100mL RE-89038Viscosity Standard Liquid 1000100mL RE-89039Viscosity Standard Liquid 2000100mL* S tandard liquid with JCSS calibration certificates are available (JS2.5 to JS160000). Contact ATAGO for further details.500mL500mL15mLStandard measurement instruments for viscosityVISCOSet-upPreparationMeasurementONE TOUCH ™ONE HAND ™ONE BUTTON ™Measurement can also be taken using paper cups other than those that come with the instrument. A disposable container requires no washing after each measurements.This makes it possible to safely measure even on site where no glassware is allowed.• VISCO Package: Package A• Disposable container can be purchased independently.Compact and Easily Carried with One HandVISCO's sleek dimensions and weight (main unit: 12x12x20cm, 1.2kg) make it compact and easily carried with one hand.The instrument's legs can be folded up, making it further compact and allowing for even greater storage capabilities.Measurement screenLevel adjustment screenOperation requires only one dial button. All operations can be performed with the simple act of "sliding" or "pushing" the dial button. No more accidental operations due to pushing the wrong button.Measurement preparation can easily be done with just one hand. Place the beaker underneath the pre-set area and place the instrument on the stand. No troublesome height adjustment necessary.VISCO is very easy to set-up. The spindle can be attached with just "one touch" —simply insert the spindle in the instrument. Absolutely no complicated set-up required.Uses Only 1/33 of the Standard Sample AmountStandard measurement instruments for viscosity require a large amount of sample (500mL). VISCO is capable of taking measurements with just 15mL of sample. This is roughly 1/33 of the standard sample amount. Measurement can be done with only a small amount of sample, resulting in less waste of valuable sample and a significant reduction in cost.Quick Measurements AnywhereNot only does VISCO run on AC power, but it can also operate on battery power. This allows formeasurements to be taken anywhere, even in places lacking a power source. The instrument can also be placed directly on the beaker, making it possible for quick and simple measurements to be taken.No need to establish a specific location for measurement — with VISCO, you can take measurements anytime, anywhere.Easy to Read,Fully Digital DisplayA fully digital display allows for anyone to quickly and easily read results.The simple display is easily and readily understood.Never Take Any Glassware (on site) Ever AgainATAGO: Creating the Perfect Fusion of Innovation, Technology and SimplicityONE TOUCH ™, ONE HAND ™ and ONE BUTTON ™.Presenting the VISCO, a brand-new way of measuring viscosity with 3 simple “ONE’s.”Roughly331P.4P.8Package APackage BMeasurement MethodsVISCO has several measurement methods.Select the measurement method most suitable for your application and conditions.VISCO APPLICATIONFood and BeverageBeverages (e.g. juice, etc.)Viscosity is critical parameter in beverage manufacturing, from the production phase all the way until the product reaches consumers.MilkIn regards to milk, aside from whole milk (3.25%), there is reduced fat milk (2%), low-fat milk (1%) and nonfat (skim) milk. In general, nonfat milk has the lowest viscosity.Tomato Juice /PuréeTomato juice or purée must always flow through the production line under a constant, homogenized state.Viscosity management is indispensable to this process.SauceThere are many kinds of sauce. These include (in ascending order of viscosity): Worcestershire sauce,thicker Worcester sauce and pork cutlet sauce. In Japan, there are approximate levels or grades for viscosity determined by JAS.KetchupKetchup, a pseudoplastic fluid, is characterized by its propensity to remain in its bottle even when turnedupside-down. Applying a bit of force (squeezing) to the bottle causes the ketchup to flow out. It is also known for reacting differently at varying temperatures.MayonnaiseMayonnaise also remains in its bottle, even when turned sideways or upside-down and maintains high viscosity. The greater the force applied, the easier it will flow out and the viscosity will decrease.Olive OilThere are many vegetable based oils that are Newtonian fluids (a fluid that does not change viscosity even when force is applied). Olive oil is a Newtonian fluid.HoneyHoney is a Newtonian fluid. Its viscosity is not affected by force and speed. Only temperature can cause a change in viscosity.JamImagine spreading jam on a piece of toast. The jam easily glides across the toast. Viscosity is a crucial factor in making jam spreadable. Managing the viscosity can be quite difficult, as jam contains solids.YogurtNumerous factors throughout the manufacturing process, such as how much fat is left in the yogurt, pasteurization and pH management affect the final product and texture (viscosity).Butter /MargarineButter is a Bingham plastic (a type of non-Newtonian fluid). It can not flow unless some degree of force isapplied, but applying force past a certain degree cause it to become more malleable in proportion to the force.Japanese Curry (curry roux)Thickened curry (roux) is quite mainstream in Japan. Thickened curry is made by applying heat to flour, which changes it into a more paste-like consistency, resulting in an increase in viscosity. Even in the final processing stage of being sealed into a retort pouch, the curry roux must maintain the same viscosity to allow the same amount to extrude every time the same amount of force is applied.Gelatin /AgarViscosity measurements can be used to check and manage the gelling process of gelatin or agar. However, if the gelatin or agar completely solidifies during viscosity measurement, a spindle-shaped gap will form, preventing measurements from being taken.Household EssentialsToothpasteToothpaste with a paste-like consistency is a Bingham plastic. It will not flow out unless the tube is squeezed. It is important for toothpaste to be at optimal viscosity. After applying the appropriate amount onto atoothbrush, toothpaste at just the right viscosity will break cleanly from the tube and retain its shape without flattening.Using a disposable containerPlacing the instrument directly on the included beaker Using the included stand and beaker(Worcestershire sauce, thicker Worcester sauce, pork cutlet sauce, etc.)VISCO PackageUsing disposable containers eliminates the hassle of cleaning after measurement.Package A, which includes a specialized adapter for use with disposable containers such as paper cups, is available at ATAGO.• Cat.No.6810·VISCO™ (main unit)·Cup Adapter (with 100pcs cups*): RE-78141• Cat.No.6830·VISCO™-895 (main unit)·Cup Adapter (with 100pcs cups*): RE-78141* 50pcs of paper cups and 50pcs of plastic cups are included.Cup adapterMeasurement of low viscosity (1 to 2,000 mPa·s) is possible.A package that comes with Ultra Low Adapter (ULA) for measuring low viscosity sample and VISCO (main unit) i s available.●Cat.No.6811·VISCO™ (main unit)·Ultra Low Adapter (ULA): RE-77120●Cat.No.6831·VISCO™-895 (main unit) ·Ultra Low Adapter (ULA): RE-77120Cup adapter setup exampleGelatinPre-dysphagia dietPolysaccharides (as thickening agents)Thickening agents Starch AgarDysphagia dietThick (viscous) Food MeasurementVISCO—Thickness MeterIn recent years, Japan has faced an ever increasing, aging population. "Longevity" isn't the only point of discussion — how to extend good health throughout life expectancy and what defines QOL (Quality of Life) have also become hot topics.Food is of course fuel for life. We essentially "eat to live," but food holds greatersignificance. Food can also bring us joy as a source of pleasure in our lives. Food consistency is an important component that impacts the quality of life for individuals that have difficulty in chewing and swallowing (dysphagia). VISCO can assist in managing food consistency, thereby improving the quality of life.The Importance of Thickening FoodA common misconception found among dysphagia diets and care facility diet plans is thickening food /drink (by grinding, pureeing, mashing, chopping, or mincing) makes it easier to swallow.In reality, thickening food reduces the flow of the substance, and on the contrary, it becomes rather difficult to swallow.If this is the case, then just why is it important to thicken food?Individuals with dysphagia (an affliction characterized by the failure in the automatic process of closing the respiratory tract to allow food to pass through the esophagus) need more time when swallowing to allow food to properly pass through the esophagus. Thickening food and beverages is effective in preventing food from accidentally passing through the respiratory tract.Enhancing the Way Food is ExperiencedIn the past, dysphagia diet assessment was based solely on "hardness," but recently, it has become common to assess dysphagia diets based on 3 criteria: hardness, cohesion (ease of clump formation) and adhesion (smoothness).There was also a time when the focus was on determining the best way of intaking food to absorb the most nutrition.Nevertheless, if you don't look forward to your meals or derive any enjoyment from eating in the first place, you may gradually stop eating much of anything. Flavor isn't the only aspect to consider; food texture (mouthfeel) is also regarded with great importance.Until now, from a number of standpoints such as cost, space (installation) and operation, large sized viscosity measurement devices and expensive texture meters were utterly ill-suited for personal use and for small-scale care facilities.VISCO is compact, lightweight and portable, making it ideal for hospitals, care facilities or household use. It can quickly and easily measure and assess the textual properties (thickness) of foods for dysphagia diets and care facility diet plans. Using VISCO, anyone can look forward to savoring and enjoying safe, nutritious food.Dysphagia Diet PyramidShampoo and CoditionerConditioner must have a particularly high viscosity, as it coats every single stand of hair. The components used in shampoo and conditioner may not mix well, but adding viscosity ensures that they are evenly maintained.CosmeticsViscosity measurements and research in the rheological properties of cosmetics is conducted in order to give even slightly viscous cosmetics a smooth, light, easily spreadable quality when applied.Industrial /ChemicalAdhesivesThere are many types of adhesives for different purposes and applications. For example, structural adhesives include general adhesive for temporary bonding, gap-filling adhesive and adhesive used for coating purposes. Gap-filling adhesives: properties, such as bond strength, leveling (smoothness) and ease /difficulty of flow are assessed through viscosity measurements.Water glassWater glass is also commonly known as, "Sodium silicate." It is often used in soaps and adhesives. It is also used in a wide variety of fields, such as engineering, paper manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Water glass has an extraordinarily high viscosity.Resins /PolymersVarious kinds of resins and polymers have appeared in recent years. In addition to ascertaining their properties, viscosity assessment is also an absolute must.Photopolymers (used in 3D printing)With the spread of 3D printers, photopolymers have suddenly gained traction in the global market. When photopolymers are exposed to light and heat, their viscosity increases and they harden.Paint /Pigment /Varnish /InsulatorsPaint (brush application): good brushability and drip-resistant. Tends to have a low viscosity under a high-shear rate and high structural viscous properties under a low-shear rate.Spray painting (coating): types of spray painting include air spray painting, airless spray painting and electrostatic coating. Most air spray paints have the same structural viscous properties as paint for brush applications. Airless spray painting and electrostatic coating is utilized in applications such as the final coating in automobile painting. As such, great emphasis is placed on the appearance and finish of the paint. Compared to paint for brush applications and air spray paint, most airless spray paints have a low viscosity, with similar properties to Newtonian fluids. The leveling of the paint after it's applied affects the overall appearance of the finished products.Electrodeposition (electrophoretic deposition): used for applying coatings to complex shapes /objects.Through electrodeposition, a film of coating is created on the surface of the target object. The object undergoes a baking or drying process, which makes the surface become smooth. This (leveling) is an extremely critical part of the process. It is necessary to use paint with viscosity sensitive to temperature.GlycerinGlycerin is highly viscous and it's a great moisturizer. It is often added to cosmetics to increase theirmoisturizing properties. It is also used in various food products as a thickening agent and as a humectant in pharmaceuticals.Hydraulic FluidsThe viscosity of hydraulic fluid tends to decrease as the temperature rises. If the viscosity decreases too much, it may lead to deterioration in the lubricating properties of the fluid and adversely affect pump efficiency. Incontrast, viscosity tends to increase as the temperature decreases. this can increase the usual amount of force needed to operate the pump, and may accelerate wear and tear. This is why you must select a hydraulic fluid with the optimal viscosity for your application.LubricantThe viscosity of lubricant is a vital element, of which the life span is affected by the wear and tear of machinery. Depending on the viscosity, if too much heat is generated, the life span of a lubricant may be reduced. Not only does this increase costs, it also shortens the life span of the machinery. This is why managing the viscosity of lubricant is of the utmost importance.Cutting FluidsA lot of heat is generated during machining processes. Cutting fluid has a low viscosity, which makes it well-suited for effectively dissipating heat. Low viscosity is also necessary for facilitating circulation andeliminating impurities. However, to ensure precision and control when spraying or coating, the viscosity must not be too low. Managing the viscosity of cutting oil is essential.Slurry/Ceramic Slurry (ceramic mold casting)"Slurry" indicates a fluid which contains solid, suspended granules. Due to its properties, if it not mixed, it may precipitate. Viscosity management is critical for ensuring a smooth transition.Omoyu gelatin (rice broth based gelatin), Kayu (rice gruel), Gelatin kayu (gelatin based rice gruel), Mochi (Japanese rice cake made of mochigome, a short-grain japonica glutinous rice), Negitoro (the fatty flesh of tuna minced to a paste and mixed with chopped green leaves of Welsh onions), Chawanmushi (a cup-steamed egg custard hotchpotch), Foie gras (a food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been specially fattened), Mizuyoukan (a thick, soft jellied dessert made of red bean paste, agar and sugar), Koshian (boiled, mashed sweet red bean paste), Kabocha (Japanese pumpkin; a variety of winter squash of the species Cucurbita maxima), Shiitake (a variety of edible Japanese mushroom), Gomokumame (a Japanese dish consisting of cooked soybeans with various vegetables), Hijiki (a type of edible seaweed; Hizikia fusiforme)。
规格Gallios双激光6色Gallios双激光8色Gallios三激光10色激光器22mW 488nm固态激光22mW 488nm固态激光25mW 638nm固态激光25mW 638nm固态激光40mW 405nm固态激光有效激光功能FS(三种角度)FS(三种角度)FS(三种角度) (检测区域激光功率)SS SS SSFL1-FL6FL1-FL8FL1-FL10光学滤片488nm 638nm488nm 638nm 488nm 638nm 405nm525BP 660BP525BP 660BP525BP 660BP 450BP575BP575BP 725BP575BP 725BP 550BP620BP620BP 755LP620BP 755LP695BP695BP695BP755LP755LP755LP荧光补偿6*68*810*10True View, 6 decade, 可进行离线补偿流动室150*480μm光学收集光胶耦合镜片，18度反射光收集系统，可更换光学滤片FS分辨率可区分0.1μm和0.3μm的颗粒检测灵敏度FITC <20MESFPE <19MESFPECy5 12MESFAPC 28MESF携带污染率<0.1%检测速度50,000/秒数据处理能力40MHz数字化样本采集速率，单一信号采用数字化精度为20bit(1,048,576通道)方式处理检测参数每一检测器可选择5种参数： 积分信号(面积)的线性及对数放大峰值信号(高度)的线性及对数放大TOF(高度)时间(Time)、比率(Ratio)最多可同时选择62个参数数据储存FCS 3.0 单一样本最大储存能力2400万细胞/文件进样方式32管连续进样，88样本/小时，进样前单独混匀Gallios 流式细胞分析仪产品参数：。
美国格瑞斯Alltech 3300ELSD蒸发光散射检测器Alltech ELSD 3300 是Grace公司所生产的用于高效液相色谱系统的蒸发光散射检测器，能分析任何挥发性低于流动相的化合物。
ELSD 的分析应用领域包括：碳水化合物，药物，脂类，甘油三脂，未衍生的脂肪酸和氨基酸，聚合物，表面活化剂，营养滋补品，及组合分子库等。
ELSD 3300 提供当今最先进的蒸发光散射检测技术。
它能提供纳克级范围的灵敏度。
直接基于Windows的软件界面可提供一系列直观的菜单选?项来执行检测器的操作，包括用于简化方法开发过程的方法优化向导、多种语言和诊断测试及故障排除功能。
ELSD 3300还有紧凑、易于摆放的特征，能将其很容易的放置在有限的试验室空间。
报价：150000元奥泰的市场占有率比较高，不错，有800、2000、2000ES、3000的，还有惠泽的和英国PL 的经济些灵敏噪音低，有极好的基线稳定性检测限可低至纳克级简单一步一步的方法指导可以帮您"傻瓜式"的建立检测器设置参数可以很方便的取出需要清洁或维护的部件小巧小巧的体积设计占有最小的空间位置ELSD的检测过程3300ELSD技术指标光源配有平行光路校正的激光二极管，650nm，30mV输出，IIIB级别检测器元件硅光电二极管加热温度范围室温~120℃，步进1℃雾化气体首选氮气；校正至4.0L/min输入压力60-80psig典型的操作范围 1.0-2.0L/min气流控制数字式质量流量控制通入流动相流速不大于3.0mL/min模拟输出满量程为1V或10mV通讯输入端：TTL/接触关闭为自动归零、关闭气体、启动和待命输出端：接触关闭为错误条件和常规事件下关闭泵数据端口：USB,RS232，以太网（Ethernet）用户界面全色、基于Microsoft Windows ?的图式LCD（液晶显示器），带有数字键盘电源120/240V,50/60Hz尺寸29.5cm高×26.2cm宽×49.5cm深重量16KgIEC/FDA分级级别1激光产品，符合21 CFR Subpart J生产标准满足所有适用安全性和EMC标准，经CE,UL和CSA认证操作控制安装驱动后可由Agilent Chemstation和EZChrom Elite/EZ Start控制SEDEX 85 LT-ELSD低温型蒸发光散射检测器产品详细信息SEDEX 85 LT-ELSD低温型蒸发光散射检测器技术参数光源：LED（470nm）检测元件：高灵敏度光电倍增管,数字信号处理检测限：100pg（十二醇聚氧乙烯醚 C12EO8 micro-H PLC）典型定量检测量：0.5 - 5ug蒸发温度：室温到100ºC，调节精度1ºC蒸发温度：两种基本设定，即可满足绝大多数要求流动相流量：100uL/min-5mL/min可选喷雾头种类：4种（HPLC，CC，Micro，UPLC）气体消耗量：<3.0L/min气体要求：>5L/min的氮气或空气，2 - 4.5Bar基线噪音：水相低于1毫伏/小时，非水相低于3毫伏/小时（GAIN）信号输出：0 - 1VGAIN值：1 - 12（2'' 2048）数据传输：100Hz计算机接口：RS-232软件控制：可选，控制所有参数，可编程Agilent驱动软件：可选触发信号控制：零点，自动关机，定时关机GLP规范：审核、密码、管理模式操作参数显示：内置微处理器，通过面板控制，LCD显示安全保护：全内置，无需额外辅助保护载气流速调节：无需，已最优化设计维护：自动清洗功能，可视，方便操作分析技术：HPLC，LC/MS，制备色谱检测样品范围：半挥发性物质、不挥发性物质、热不稳定化合物典型应用：高灵敏度，方法开发和优化体积和重量：250 x 480 x 550 mm，18.5 Kg （40lbs）电源：230V/50Hz 1.7A特点：改进的光学设计，大大提供灵敏度。
激光测速枪的原理雷达测速枪自上世纪50年度应用至今有60年历史了。
但从上世纪末,在欧美越来越多的交警开始采用激光测速枪来代替雷达测速枪。
激光测速枪向汽车发射一束激光,然后测算物体将激光返回的时间,从而计算出物体与发射点的距离。
与雷达测试枪不同的是,激光测速枪不是通过测速发射回来的波形频率的变化来计算速度。
激光测速枪在极短的时间内,发射出很多束激光,然后测算出不同激光束反射回来的时间,来计算汽车的距离变化。
由于激光枪在极短时间内将(毫秒级)即可以测算出几百次,因此,对汽车移动的速度计算非常准确。
传统的雷达测速枪比较容易被雷达测速预警仪(电子狗)探测到。
一套简单的测速预警仪就是一套雷达信号接收装置,就好像收音机接收FM和AM无线信号一样。
我们身处的空气中充满了无线信号。
从电视广播信号、电台信号、自动门探测器等等。
不同的信号接收器能有选择性的接收到不同的信号。
无线收音机接收AM 和FM信号,而雷达测速预警仪(电子狗)探测警察的测速雷达信号。
与无线广播不同的是,无线电台的频率不会轻易调整,但是,交警部门将不定期的调整其雷达测速枪的频率,而预警仪厂家也在不停的发明新的预警仪以对付警察叔叔的挑战。
如果交警叔叔跟在你的车后面用雷达测试仪抓捕你,一台普通的雷达测速预警仪(电子狗)就帮不了你的忙了。
在这种情形下,当你的预警仪发现雷达信号时,警察已经锁定了你的车速。
当然,大部分的情况是,一台与时俱进的雷达测速预警仪(电子狗),能在交警抓捕你之前提醒你雷达测试枪正在瞄准你。
因为,一般来讲,交警会长时间的将雷达测速枪打开,等待你的落网,而不是看到你的时候、他才跟在你后面瞬时开启雷达测速枪。
到目前为此,全世界的交警部门拥有了多达几十种雷达测速设备。
其频率范围跨度很大,大致包括X频10.250GHZ:±150MHZ、KU 频12.270±150MHZ、K 频23.6GHZ ～24.3GHZ、KA 频34.1GHZ ～35.9GHZ。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 欧盟OMCL仪器确认附件1-HPLC确认BEIJING GELEG SCI.-TECH.CO.LTDOMCL Network of the Council of Europe QUALITY MANAGEMENT DOCUMENT PA/PH/OMCL (11) 04 QUALIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT 仪器确认 ANNEX 1: QUALIFICATION OF HPLC EQUIPMENT 附件 1：HPLC 仪器的确认 Full document title and reference 文件全名和索引号 Qualification of Equipment Annex 1: Qualification of HPLC equipment PA/PH/OMCL (11) 04 Document type 文件类型 Legislative basis 立法基础 Guideline 指南 The present document was also accepted by EA as recommendation document to be used in the context of Quality Management System audits of OMCLs Date of first adoption 首次发行日期 Date of original entry into force 首次执行日期 Date of entry into force of revised document 修订后执行日期Previous titles/other references 原文件名/其它索引号Custodian Organisation 保管机构Concerned Network 相关网络This document replaces document PA/PH/OMCL (07) 17 DEF The present document was elaborated by the OMCL Network/ EDQM of the Council of Europe GEON 1st July 2011 June 2005 May 20051/ 32BEIJING GELEG SCI.-TECH.CO.LTDANNEX 1 OF THE OMCL NETWORK GUIDELIN E “QUALIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT” OMCL 网络指南“仪器的确认”之附件 1 QUALIFICATION OF HPLC EQUIPMENT HPLC 仪器的确认 Introduction 概述 The present document is the first Annex of the core document “Qualification of Equipment”, and it should be used in combination with it when planning, performing and documenting the HPLC equipment qualification process. 本文件是核心文件“仪器的确认”第 1 个附件，在计划、实施和记录HPLC 仪器的确认过程时，应将本文件与核心文件一起使用。
激光测速的原理激光测速是一种常见的测量目标速度的技术。
它通过发射激光束，测量激光束的反射时间来计算目标的速度。
激光测速器通常使用激光二极管或半导体激光器作为光源，通过使用光电探测器来检测激光束的反射。
激光测速器的原理可以分为两个步骤：激光发射和激光接收。
在激光发射过程中，激光测速器通过向目标物体发射激光束。
激光束的发射是由激光二极管或半导体激光器产生的。
这些激光器产生的激光束是单一波长的，能够聚焦成一束精确的光束。
激光束的波长越短，测量的精确度越高。
在激光接收过程中，激光测速器通过使用光电探测器检测激光束的反射。
光电探测器位于射出激光束的同一位置，接收目标物体反射的激光束。
光电探测器可以将光信号转换为电信号，这使得电子设备可以对接收的激光信号进行处理和分析。
激光测速器使用了激光的时间测量原理。
当激光束射到目标物体上时，激光束会反射回到激光测速器的光电探测器上。
激光的速度是已知的，通常为光速的速度。
所以当激光束射回到激光测速器上时，可以测量到从激光发射到接收的时间差，也就是激光的往返时间。
通过测量激光的往返时间，可以计算目标的速度。
计算公式为：速度=距离/时间。
在激光测速器中，距离是已知的，即激光束射到目标和射回到激光测速器之间的距离。
而时间是通过测量激光往返时间得到的。
通过将已知的距离除以测得的时间差，可以得到目标的速度。
在实际应用中，激光测速器通常用于交通执法和测速仪器。
在交通执法中，激光测速器可以用来测量车辆的速度，以确保车辆在规定的速度范围内行驶。
激光测速器还可以用于测量飞机、火车和船只的速度。
激光测速具有许多优点。
首先，激光测速器可以非常精确地测量目标的速度。
其次，它可以在不接触目标的情况下进行测量，因此减少了对目标的干扰。
此外，激光测速器体积小巧，操作简便，适用于各种环境和场合。
然而，激光测速器也存在一些限制。
首先，它对目标的表面材质和颜色敏感。
仅当目标的表面对激光具有一定的反射能力时，激光才能被正确地反射回测速器。
ICP常出现的问题以及对策一、用ICP中的两条谱线测汞，得到的结果相差很远，194测定的结果为0.9ppm，而253的测定结果则为10PPM，不知道怎么会这样？1. 先查一下有什么共存元素，194.23nm, V干扰；253.65nm，Fe 干扰。
2. 仪器上一般回有提示吧。
如果是全谱直读的多换几条线好了。
3. 这与样品的基体，其它的分析条件是不是都是两条谱线的最佳条件都会关系。
此外194线易被空气吸收，所以要具较好的真空或充氦等条件。
4. 用icp测汞结果不好，用测汞仪好5. ICP测定Hg最好用184和194nm,184谱线需要驱除整个光路的空气，194没有关系，他们是Hg元素的灵敏线。
253nm是Hg灯的强线（Hg灯不能发射远紫外谱线）。
结果的误差可能与253线的灵敏度不够有关，有4可能是Hg灯的光干扰引起。
测定Hg元素时要充分重视Hg的残留效应，因此建议你用尽量低浓度的高标（如0.1ppm),考虑用20%HNO3来清洗。
同时注意谱线位置正确。
二、谁有好的方法处理矩管上和垢？用浓硫酸浸泡并在电炉上加热冒烟半小时三、法国Jobin Yvon Division公司的JY38ICP光谱仪。
开主机电源时，R.F.OFF灯应该亮的未亮，按下开关R.F.ON，也无反应。
调节旋钮PUISSANCE和ICP IGNITE,功率表的指针无变化，无法点火。
不知是什么原因？1.1,可能是P1上的电子点火接头掉了.也可能门,气,水保护.1.2,发生器部分损坏. 麻烦大了2. 不会是保险丝坏了吧四、本人在研究用ICP-AES测定催化剂中钙含量时发现钙（315 317nm）的绝对强度有不断增强的趋势，工作曲线斜率（灵敏度）变化较大，但标样（5点）线性保持良好，经反复实验同一样液中钙的绝对强度随仪器灵敏度的变化也发生相应的变化，但与标样变化差异较大，导致测定结果离散性较大，但同步测定的其他元素如铁、镍、钒离散性却较小。
R max = 供电电压 -5 VI max 芬兰赛创VCT 系列光学浓度计，浓度测量范围为0~12%（强光型测量范围为0—16%），它适用各类纸浆：可应用于机械制浆工艺SWG、TMP、PWG和CTMP等，同时也能被广泛运用在其他造纸和纸浆厂。
赛创VCT能够提供准确可靠的浓度测量，常规无需定期维护，特殊的结构设计可以做到不停机状态下的维护检查。
技术规格 测量量程及范围见选型手册零点和量程调整零点：可根据需求，在指定范围内自由选择校准。
可通过按键（有显示仪选项）或HART®275/375通讯终端实现对零点和量程的调整。
阻尼时间常数从0.01至60s连续可调重复性- 0.01% Cs温度范围 环境温度： -30 ～ +80 °C 工作温度： 0 ～+ 140 °C 运输和储存温度：-40 ～+80 °C输出两个电流输出，二线制或三线制(功率3W） 4-20 mA配防护箱的仪表显示单元 代码 K：防护箱材质304不锈钢，EN1.4301(AISI304)出厂标定调整标定到客户指定的测量范围和最小阻尼。
（如果客户未指定，变送器默认标定调整到最大测量范围。
）电气接口配插拔电气接口的变送器本体，代码H0S:接口代码AF,形式为方形赫斯曼接口DIN 43650；电缆用PG9密封套；导线截面0.5 到1.5 mm 2。
配圆形M12快插电气接口的变送器本体，代码H0T:接口形式为圆形M12航空插拔插头。
配显示功能的变送器本体，代码N0S: 其电气接口类型为代码为AF的方形赫斯曼接口DIN 43650;电缆用PG9密封套；导线截面0.5 到1.5 mm 2配显示功能的变送器本体，代码N0T: 其电气接口类型为圆形M12航空插头。
配防护箱的仪表显示仪，代码K: - 配PG13.5防水电气接口,3 个- 配连接传感器信号的圆形M12航空插拔接头电流范围 3.5….23mA出厂设置 4...20 mA最大负载见右边的图片 通道最大隔离电压 100VDC工艺过程连接 - G1管螺纹连接防护等级不同防护等级详见选型手册 重量配圆形M12快插电气接口的变送器本体（代码H0T）: 1.3 kg配显示功能的变送器本体(代码N0S 或N0T) 1.7kg配防护罩的仪表显示仪(代码L) 远传型传感器(代码R) 2.9 kg配防护箱的仪表显示仪(代码K) 6.2 kg供电电压和负载- 24 VDC, -10 %, + 15 %, 100 mA - 115/230 VAC, -15% ... +10% (此为防护箱仪表显示仪选项)湿度范围 0-100 % RHEMC 标准2004/108/EC - EN 61326-1:2005变送器部件材质传感元件1）：316L不锈钢（EN1.4404），奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢（EN.14462,耐腐蚀高强度不锈钢），哈氏合金C276(EN.2.4819)，钛合金Gr2，萨菲尔玻璃连接件1)：316L不锈钢(EN.1.4404)，奥氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢（EN.1.4462，耐腐蚀高强度不锈钢）哈氏合金C276(EN.2.4819)， 钛合金Gr2压力等级： - PN25配显示的变送器本体 代码 N0S & N0T:壳体材质：303/316不锈钢 密封：丁腈橡胶和氟化橡胶 铭牌：聚酯纤维配M12电气接口的仪表本体 代码 H0T:壳体材质：303/316不锈钢 密封：丁腈橡胶和氟化橡胶远传型传感器和配防护罩的仪表显示仪,代码 R和 L:二者间连接线缆：PUR普通信号线缆或带PTFE/AISI316防护套的线缆输入/输出信号 数字量输出信号1-3一端子接负载，另一端子为COM端. 最大电压 35 V 最大电流 50 mA 最大漏电电流 10 uA 数字量输入信号1-3 一端子缺省，另一端子接输入，输入信号范围0...2 V ，具体见接线图数字量输入信号最小感应信号：电压 16V 电流 4 mA 漏电电流 1 mA 模拟量信号电流输出1电流范围 3.5…23mA最大负荷 600 Ω 出厂设置 4...20 mA 模拟量信号电流输出2 内部电源供电：电流输出2与数字量信号共用相同的低电平接线端子COM电流范围 3.5…23mA最大负荷 400 Ω 出厂设置 4...20 mA 外部电源供电：电流输出2采用了单独隔离的回路设计 最大供电电压 35VDC2.9kg I max = 20,5 mA I max = 22,5 mA(当启用22.5mA报警电流时)1) 与工艺介质接触的部件电流输出2 外部供电负载曲线 使用HART®通讯时最小功耗250 W上海浓金自动化设备有公司适用于 VCT最小测量范围 浓度范围 1% Cs0...12% Cs过程温度界限N常规版 0 ...+140 °C输出接触介质部位材料S4-20mA DC/HART®传感器本体镜头2 镜头密封 23 6 8 316L 不锈钢 哈氏合金C 钛合金 双相不锈钢蓝宝石1 2 3 4 EPDM 三元乙丙橡胶 FPM 氟化橡胶 FFPM 全氟橡胶 PTFE 聚四氟乙烯仪表结构形式NH L带显示面板和按键(只能匹配远传型传感器R) 不带显示器(只有一路电流输出) 带装有显示器的远程电子箱体 测量电极类型0 R非远传传感器有远程功能传感器 IP68 连接类型T U VM12, IP67M12 & USB (仅支持N 型), IP67 PG9 (仅支持L型), IP66 线缆防护0 1 2 3 4不选, 与既无L又无R的组合对应 PUR 电缆316L不锈钢和PTFE编织护套 不锈钢网丝编织护套PUR线缆 PVC 电缆 电缆长度0 2与既无L又无R的选项对应 15 米 光源7 880nm 9 High IR 工艺连接B1 G1A球阀，球阀延长短管外径 ø 24mm防护 K远程电子显示单元安装在防护箱内电源115/230 V, IP66.只有带远传功能的传感器R和L型仪表带有显示器文件校准证明AE 英语 安装与操作说明书 IE 英语 IF 芬兰语 FR 法语 材质证明 0 无MC1 接液金属材质声明资料，符合SFS-EN 10204-2.1 (DIN 50049-2.1) 标准MC2 接液金属材质测试证明资料，符合SFS-EN 10204-2.2 (DIN 50049-2.2) 标准MC3 接液金属材质测试证明资料，欧盟认证机构授权由生产商签发，符合SFS-EN 10204-3.1 B (DIN 50049-3.1 B) 标准上海浓金自动化设备有公司C 定制波长D 定制High IR。
仪器技术参数技术规格1.仪器应用要求1.1本仪器要求能适用于应用领域广泛的各种样品的元素分析、同位素分析和元素形态分析任务,满足环保、食品、地质、金属、生物样品、化工材料分析等等。
2.仪器工作环境2.1工作环境温度：15-30°C.2.2工作环境湿度:<80%（无冷凝）2.3电源:单相200-240V,50Hz3.仪器规格要求：3.1仪器硬件;3.1.1雾化器:高效率PFA同心雾化器，提供最佳的雾化效率。
3.1.2雾化室:小体积旋流型雾化室,死体积小,低记忆效应,带半导体制冷装置，对雾化室制冷控温范围-10~20C，用于精确控制雾化室温度，消除由于实验室条件的波动所引起的任何漂移，并提升仪器长期的稳定性。
*3.1.3等离子体可视系统:具有PlasmaTV功能，可以实时监控等离子体状态。
3.1.4接口:拥有两种不同类型的接口技术,接口采用耐高盐设计,截取锥口径范围0.5~0.75mm,保证长期分析高盐样品的稳定性，满足高通量分析与大进样量的要求。
3.1.5仪器主机ICP部分,配置质量流量计:包括等离子体气，辅助气,雾化气3路质量流量计。
*3.1.6离子源：自激式全固态RF发生器，频率为27.12MHz,采用变频技术快速匹配,适用乙腈等有机试剂直接进样。
*3.1.7真空系统:要求从大气压开始抽至可工作的真空度的时间小于15分钟。
滑动阀关闭后，静态真空度维持在＜6X10-8mbar（滑阀关闭）。
*3.1.8离子光学:低背景的90度偏转加离轴偏转透镜或双离轴偏转透镜设计。
3.1.9四极杆材料:纯Mo材料四极杆。
3.1.10偏转透镜、碰撞反应池和四极杆质量分析器均为免拆洗维护。
3.1.11脉冲模拟双模式同时型电子倍增器,必须可以在一次进样过程中同时完成扫描和跳1峰分析（定性和定量分析）,同时可以自动在模拟和脉冲模式之间实现切换。
3.1.12等离子体炬位调整：由计算机控制步进电机进行三维（X,Y,Z方向）位置控制,参数存储于计算机软件中。
吸入麻醉药物浓度监测近年来研制出的许多吸入麻醉药，如恩氟烷、异氟烷、七氟烷、地氟烷等具有麻醉效能强、易于控制等优点，但吸入麻醉药气体浓度监测极为重要。
（一）吸入麻醉药物气体浓度监测仪器1.红外线气体分析仪红外线气体分析仪是临床最为常用的吸入麻醉药监测设备，其工作原理如下：在结构中具有两种或两种以上原子的气体或蒸汽分子对红外线具有独特的吸收光谱，即不同气体和蒸汽对某特定波长的红外线吸收能力最强，如卤族吸入麻醉药通常对3.3μm波长的红外线吸收最强，而二氧化碳则主要吸收4.3μm波长的红外线。
以特定波长红外光照射待测气体时，透过的红外光强度与被测物质浓度成反比，当其被红外光检测器检测到并与已知参比气体比较后即可计算出被测物质百分比浓度。
红外线气体分析仪分为主流型和旁流型，目前主流型只能测定二氧化碳和氧气浓度，而旁流型可测定所有常用挥发性吸入麻醉药及氧气、二氧化碳和氧化亚氮浓度。
旁流型分析仪需借助采气泵以恒定流速将样气送入检测室（一般为150ml/min），使用该仪器时要注意：吸入氧化亚氮麻醉时可以起二氧化碳测量值偏高，另外，水蒸气可吸收多种波长红外光，从而干扰二氧化碳及吸入麻醉药的测量，因此监测仪上常安装可透过水蒸气的采样管、集水器、过滤器或疏水膜等装置以减少水蒸气对测定结果的干扰。
2.质谱仪质谱法是通过将样品转化为运动的气态离子并按质荷比大小进行分离并记录其信息的分析方法。
所得结果以图谱表达，即所谓的质谱图（亦称质谱，mass spectrum）。
根据质谱图提供的信息可以进行多种物质的定性和定量分析。
质谱仪可测定包括氧气、二氧化碳、氮气、氧化亚氮、挥发性麻醉药及氙气等气体成分。
质谱仪分为两种，即共享型和单一型。
前者可置于中央室，经管道系统与若干周围站相连，使用轮流阀在不同时间采集不同患者的呼吸气体满足同时监测若干个患者的要求。
单一型体积小，便于移动可置于某一患者旁进行监测。
3.气相色谱仪凡是以气相作为流动相的色谱技术，通称为气相色谱。
