教育最新2019版高考英语一轮复习精细化学通语法第二讲冠词讲义

专题二名词和冠词一、名词[全国卷考情分析]题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1.(2021·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend ,... ,has had someunintended side effects(effect) such as overweightand heart disease－the very thing the medicalcommunity was trying to fight.2．(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was onlypossible with the introduction(introduce) ofelectric­powered engines and lifts.1.给知名词提示词 ,考查名词的数；2．给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词 ,填写名词；3．名词的固定搭配 .短文改错1.(2021·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeatingthe word→words , "Speed up !〞 "Slow down !〞【导学号：33220217】2．(2021·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides ,they often get someuseful informations→information from theInternet.1.可数名词单复数的错用；2．混淆名词的可数与不可数 .(对应学生用书第174页)名词的数Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2021·四川 (高|考 ))Any smell might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.2．(2021·淄博二模)He lost all his keys(key) to the doors ,so he had to get them opened by force.Ⅱ.单句改错Though we are now out of danger ,the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a[再解读要点]名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词 .普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词 .可数名词有单数和复数之分 , 不可数名词没有单复数之分 .1．可数名词复数的变化规那么(1)名词复数的规那么变化①单复数同形：deer ,sheep ,Chinese ,means(方式 , 方法) ,series ,species②词形变化：man →men ,woman →women ,child →children ,tooth →teeth ,foot →feet ,mouse →mice ,ox →oxen③合成名词的复数：passer­by →passers­by ,looker ­on →lookers ­on ,grown ­up →grown ­ups ,stand ­by →stand ­bys④名词前有man 或woman 修饰 ,变复数时 ,作定语的man/woman 和中|心词都要变为复数形式 .如：woman doctor →women doctors ,man waiter →men waiters(3)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks ,congratulations ,trousers ,works(著作；工厂) ,manners(礼貌) ,spirits(情绪) ,instructions(操作说明) ,directions(用法说明) ,papers(试卷 , 文件) ,times(时代)等 .2．抽象名词具体化⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧experience[U]经验an experience[C]一次经历 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧surprise[U]惊奇a surprise[C]一个/次令人吃惊的人或事 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧pleasure[U]愉快a pleasure[C]一件乐事 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧success[U]成功a success[C]一个 (件 )成功的人或事⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧comfort[U]抚慰a comfort[C]一个 (件 )令人抚慰的人或事名词的固定搭配Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I have no hesitation(hesitate) in recommending her for the job.2．(江西 (高|考 ))Whenever I made mistakes(mistake) ,the teacher pointed them outwith patience.Ⅱ.单句改错Many parents in China always attach too much important to words ,ordering their children to do this or that.important →importance【导学号：33220218】[再解读要点]名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类： "动词＋名词＋介词〞和 "介词＋名词〞 .常考的高频短语：1．介词＋名词with patience 耐心地by chance/accident 偶然at a loss 不知所措in advance 提前in favor of 支持 , 赞成 on purpose 成心地beyond recognition 无法识别in great demand 需求量很大2．动词＋名词＋介词have/gain access to 可以获得take advantage of 利用 , 趁……之机make use of 利用find fault with 挑……的错keep pace with 与……同步put an end to 结束……take notice of 注意到catch sight of 看见do damage to 损害……attach importance to 重视……take the place of 取代 , 代替take pride in以……自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为……做准备make contributions to对……做出奉献[技法点拨]二、冠词[全国卷考情分析]far from the school ,and it takes them about a→an/one hour and a half to go to work every day.2．(2021·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in 错误! picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments. 2．不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the 的错用；3．单数可数名词前冠词的缺失；4．冠词的多余；5．常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余 .(对应学生用书第176页)不定冠词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2021·重庆一中月考) "The match between these two teams is great ,〞 said Jim ,andI hope to see a second.2．(2021·四川 (高|考 ))Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to bea Beethoven.【导学号：33220219】Ⅱ.单句改错(2021·山东临沭一中月考)In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.在第二个car前加a[再解读要点]不定冠词用于表示泛指 ,一般修饰单数可数名词 ,有a和an两种形式 .当紧跟冠词的名词的第|一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时 ,用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第|一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时 ,用不定冠词an .1．不定冠词的根本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前 ,泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个 .It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗 .(2)用在专有名词前表示 "某一个〞相当于a certain .-Excuse me ,would you please give the iPad to John?- -打搅一下 ,请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗 ?-Sorry ,but I don't think there's a John in our class. - -对不起 ,但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的 .(3)用在 "be＋of＋a/an＋名词〞结构中 ,表示 "同一 ,相同〞时 ,相当于of thesame＋名词 .The two plants look different ,but they are of a kind (＝of the same kind)．这两种植物看上去不同 ,但属于同一类 .2．不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前 ,表示 "又一 ,再一〞 .(北京 (高|考 ))First impressions are the most lasting.After all ,you neverget a second chance to make a first impression.最||初的印象最||持久 .毕竟 , 你不可能有时机给别人再留下一个第|一印象 .(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前 ,常考的具体化的抽象名词：success ,failure ,surprise ,pleasure ,beauty ,pity ,danger ,comfort ,honour等 .(山东 (高|考 ))Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those toughtimes.在艰苦的时期 ,能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事 .(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge ,collection ,understanding等后面加of...时 ,前面需用不定冠词a/an .have a (good) knowledge of... "精通……〞；have a(clear/good) understanding of... "了解……〞 .(2021·烟台模拟)If you don't have a good knowledge of English ,it's out ofthe question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.如果你不精通英语 ,那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢 !3．用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措；困惑 pay a visit to参观；拜访be/go on a diet节食 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生 a waste of...浪费once in a while偶尔 keep an eye on 留意；留神have a gift for在……方面有天赋have a word with与……谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此定冠词Ⅰ.单句改错(2021·江西南昌联考)They only eat what they like and never touch food they don't like even if they really need it for their health.food前加theⅡ.单句语法填空1．(2021·山东寿光现代中学月考)The unsuccessful person ,on the other hand ,works little and just waits to see them pass by.2．比较应用①Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.②Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come fora second time.[再解读要点]1．定冠词的根本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物 ,或特指的人或物的名词前 .(2021·重庆 (高|考 ))I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed bya gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了 .(2)用于某些形容词或分词前 ,表示一类人 .(2021·四川 (高|考 ))We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人奉献自己的一切 .(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最||高级||以及形容词only ,very ,same前 ,以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级||前 .(陕西 (高|考 ))As is known to all ,the People's Republic of China is the,中华人民共和国是世|界上最||大的开展中国|家 .This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本 .易错警示a与most连用 ,位于形容词前时 ,most是表示程度的副词 ,意为 "非常〞；the与most连用 ,位于形容词或副词前时 ,most是最||高级||的标志 ,意为 "最||……的〞 ."按……计算〞 .但size ,weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词 .He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore ,thatis ,by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖 ,也就是说是按公斤来卖的 .(5)用于 "动词(hit ,strike ,pull ,take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋表示身体部位的名词〞结构中 , 其中的the不可用物主代词代替 .hit sb.on the head 打某人的头y the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face打某人的脸2．用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻 ,目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路 in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯；切题 take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有……的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时零冠词单句改错1．(2021·四川成都外国语学校月考)I told him I could not go to the college becauseI did not want to study anymore.去掉the2．(2021·福建福州十三中期中)How are you ?Today I've got a wonderful news to tell you.去掉a3．Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.去掉manager前的the[再解读要点]1．零冠词的根本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前 .(2021·福建 (高|考 ))Human life is regarded as part of nature and ,as such ,the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一局部 ,因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处 .(江西 (高|考 ))The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels ,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆 ,但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天 .(2)名词前已有this ,that ,my ,your ,some ,each ,no ,any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词 .Each student must hand in his(her) exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交作业本 .(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时 , 其前通常用零冠词 .(四川 (高|考 ))Dr.Peter Spence ,headmaster of the school ,told us , "A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.〞这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说 , "这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习 .〞(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词 ,及球类、棋类和学科名词前 .Of all the subjects ,I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中 ,我最||喜欢历史 ,因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识 .2．用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧 in history在历史上under repair在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对……有害 on purpose成心地in place在正确位置 in danger在危险中in return作为回报 at present 目前ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前lose heart 灰心 out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为……让出空间3．有无冠词意义不同的搭配⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧at table 在吃饭at the table 在桌子旁 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧at school 在上学at the school 在学校 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院里 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧in charge of 掌管in the charge of 在……掌管之中 ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能 [技法点拨][核心考点针对练]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2021·安徽六校联考)As a businessman ,Mr.Green is a complete failure.Being lazy may well be one of the disadvantages(disadvantage) to his failure.2．(2021·哈师大附中月考)As far as I am concerned ,my suggestion(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese­English dictionary within easy reach.3．(2021·安徽宿州期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.4．(2021·山东寿光现代中学月考)I considered myself very lucky because I was the only one of my friends who had their dads around.5．(2021·河北邯郸模拟)The experiment took us five months and turned out a greatdisappointment.6．(2021·宁波段考)My grandparents like to live in the countryside where they can enjoy a leisurely walk on the country road and feel the warmth of the sun on their faces.7．What if your first choice is wrong ?If so ,just give yourself a second chance. 8．You are working too hard.You'd better keep a balance between work and relaxation. 9．Yesterday the firemen(fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.【导学号：33220210】10．For many young people ,going to university is one of the most important stages(stage) of their lives.Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2021·天津 (高|考 ))The dictionary is out of the date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.去掉date前的the2．(2021·江西省重点中学联考)I don't think the experiment is a failure.At least we have gained an experience for future success.去掉experience前的an3．(2021·合肥八中段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.minute→minutes4． -How can I take the medicine ,sir?-Just follow the direction on the bottle.direction→directions5．You should follow the doctor's advices and give up smoking.advices→advice[ (高|考 )题型综合练]Ⅰ.语法填空(2021·河北省石家庄市质检二)Felicity Miller ,a 32­year­old British woman , 1 has a Chinese husband ,still remembers the 2 (excite) when she first learned to use the "red packet〞 function on WeChat in 2021.She sent and grabbed some red packets in her Chinese family's group.The rule in her family was that the person who grabbed the 3 (high) amount sent the next.Attracted by the unique way of communicating ,many foreigners 4 ,the money in each packet is random.Thus the amount of money one can grab 5 (large) depends on his or her luck ,from 0.01 yuan to less than 200 yuan.Many foreigners get more familiar 6 Chinese culture through "red packets〞．Two years ago ,when FelicityMiller was sent 5.20 or 8.88 yuan red packets ,she had no clue about the 7 ,she has not only known about them ,but also has sent a few.However ,the popularity of virtual red packets doesn't stop people sending paper red packets 8 (contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.It 9 (call) lucky money.In Chinese tradition ,people take giving children lucky money as 10 blessing.【语篇解读】许多外国人通过 "微信红包〞更加熟悉中国文化 .但是真正的纸质红包并未被替代 ,在春节时人们给孩子压岁钱以表示对孩子的祝福 .1．who[考查定语从句 .分析本句结构可知 ,空处引导非限制性定语从句 ,在从句中作主语 ,先行词为a 32­year­old British woman ,故用who引导该定语从句 .]2．excitement[考查名词 .根据空前的定冠词the可知 ,空处用名词形式 .]3．highest[考查最||高级|| .根据语境并结合常识可知 ,抢到红包金额最||高的人要发下一个红包 ,故用最||高级|| .]4．have joined[考查动词的时态 .根据该句中的 "so far〞可知 ,到目前为止 ,已经有许多外国人被 "微信红包〞这一特殊的交流方式吸引 ,并参与了抢红包和发红包 .据此可知 ,本句用现在完成时 .]5．largely[考查副词 .空处修饰动词短语 "depends on〞 ,故用副词形式 .]6．with[考查固定搭配 .许多外国人通过 "微信红包〞更加熟悉中国文化 .get familiar with为固定搭配 ,意为 "熟悉……〞 .]7．hidden[考查形容词 .Felicity Miller不知道这两个数字后的隐藏意义 .根据空前的冠词the和空后的名词meanings可知 ,此处应用形容词作定语 ,故填hidden .]8．c ontaining[考查现在分词 .paper red packets和动词contain之间是主谓关系且contain与句子谓语之间无连词 ,故用现在分词短语作名词paper red packets的后置定语 .]9．is called[考查动词的时态和语态 .这种纸质的红包被称为 "压岁钱〞 .根据句意可知 ,主语 "It〞和动词call之间为动宾关系 ,故用被动语态；本句陈述的是一般现象 ,故用一般现在时 .]10．a[考查不定冠词 .人们将给孩子压岁钱作为一种祝福 .此处泛指 "一种祝福〞 ,故用不定冠词 .]【导学号：33220211】Ⅱ.短文改错(2021·湖北七市联考)I have met many teachers since I begin my schooling.Of all my teachers ,Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50 ,she looks very young at her paring with other teachers ,Mrs.Green pays more attentionto her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly.In her opinion ,we will not only know "what 〞 but also understand "why 〞．So instead of giving us answer immediately ,she encourages us to think carefully every time when she puts forward questions.With her help ,we have learned how to analyze and settled problems.What the amazing world of "why 〞 she leads us! She is such a learned person that we all admire him very much.【答案】I have met many teachers since I begin beganmy schooling.Of all my teachersreen is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50 ,she looks very youngat for her paring Comparedwith other teachers ,Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly interesting.In her opinion ,we will not only know "what 〞 but also understand "why 〞．So instead ofgiving us answer answersimmediately ,she encourages us to think carefully every time ﹨when she puts forward questions.With her help ,we have learned how to analyze and settled settleproblems.What the anamazing world of "why 〞 she leads us ∧to ! She is such a learned person that we all admire him her very much.。

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[一积词汇见多识广][课内单词回扣]（一)阅读词汇写其义1．character n．人物；性格；汉字 2.astronaut n．宇航员3．disaster n．灾难_ 4。

atmosphere n．大气；气氛_5．revolution n．革命_ 6.republic n．共和国7．march vi.＆n。

_游行示威；行军_ 8。

champion n．冠军9．commit vt.犯（错误)，做(坏事) 10.brilliant adj.卓越的_（二）表达词汇写其形1．calm adj。

镇静的，沉着的2。

peacefully adv.和平地，平静地3．reporter n．记者,通讯员4。

wave_vi.挥手示意,致意5．found vt.建立,创立6。

opinion n．意见,看法，主张7．struggle n．斗争,拼搏8。

event n．竞赛；事件9．quality n．质量;品质10.unusual adj.不平常的11．promote vt.促进，提升12。

disabled adj.残疾的(三）拓展词汇灵活用1。

react vi.反应→reaction n．反应＊2.violent adj.暴力的→violently adv。

第2讲冠词和介词[全国卷考情分析]考点一不定冠词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·日照联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is outstanding and old­fashioned museum.an[考查冠词。

根据句意可知，此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词；又因为空后单词“outstanding〞的发音以元音音素开头，故用冠词an。

]2．(2019·某某长郡中学检测)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and the wedding ceremony very often ends with unique banquet.a[考查冠词。

空后的banquet为可数名词，表示泛指，且unique的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。

]3．(2019·某某第一次教学质量检测)The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area made up of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley is very popular filming and tourist destination.a[考查冠词。

destination为可数名词，且在此表示泛指，故填a。

]4．(2019·某某五个一名校联盟第二次考试)As you know, science playsvery important role in our education.a[考查冠词。

play an important role in...为固定搭配，意为“在……中扮演重要角色(发挥重要作用)〞，因为空后有发音以辅音音素开头的very，故填冠词a。

【2019年高考考纲解读】冠词的考查几乎每年都有一两道题，而且基本都设两空。

一般情况下，试题的情景较为曲折，句式以复合句为主。

另外，在短文改错和语法填空中也常常涉及冠词的考查。

考查要点主要包括：1．考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。

2．考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法。

抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。

3．考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。

4．考查零冠词的运用。

另外，还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。

复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则：(1)单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指；(2)复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不加冠词；(3)无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指时，其前都要加定冠词the。

【重点、难点剖析】一、定冠词1．表示特指。

Pass me the magazine on the desk.请把桌上的杂志递给我。

二、不定冠词1．泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。

A teacher shouldn't talk like that.教师不应当那样讲话。

2．用于序数词前表示“又一”“再一”。

用于形容词最高级前意为“很，非常”。

We'll have to do it a second time.我们得再做一次。

He is a most wise man.他是一个十分明智的人。

3．用于具体化了的抽象名词前。

He was a success in business.他是事业成功人士。

4．在专有名词前表示“某一个”“类似的一个”。

A Mr. Smith wants to see you.一位史密斯先生想见你。

5．用于of短语中表示“同一”(＝the same)。

Tom and Kate are of an age.汤姆与凯特同岁。

三、零冠词1．用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。

Knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。