7
Methods of import-license importdistribution
Import-license auction The government gets (almost all of) area c, in the form of auction revenues. Fixed favoritism In this case the importers lucky enough to receive the import licenses will get area c. Resource-using application With resource-using procedures, some or all of area c is turned into a loss to society by wasting productive resources.
CHAPTER 8
NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO IMPORTS AND PUSHING EXPORTS
Import quotas
The import quota specifies that only a certain physical amount of the good will be allowed into the country during the time period, usually one year.
VERs is a barrier in which the importing country government coerces the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country. The export restraint usually requires that foreign exporting firms act like a cartel, restricting sales and raising prices.