自动化专业英语（第2版）一、引言随着科技的不断进步和全球化的发展，自动化技术已经成为现代工业和日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
自动化专业英语作为自动化领域的重要工具，对于从事该领域工作的专业人士来说，掌握它显得尤为重要。
本教材旨在帮助自动化专业的学生和从业者提高英语水平，更好地适应国际化的工作环境。
二、教材结构1. 自动化基础英语：包括自动化领域的基本词汇、短语和句型，以及自动化原理和技术的介绍。
2. 自动化专业文献阅读：精选自动化领域的英文文献，帮助学生提高阅读理解能力，了解最新的研究成果和技术发展。
3. 自动化专业写作：教授自动化专业英语写作的基本技巧，包括报告、论文、专利申请等文体的写作方法。
4. 自动化专业口语：提供模拟的自动化专业场景，帮助学生提高口语表达能力和跨文化交际能力。
5. 自动化专业听力：精选自动化领域的英文听力材料，帮助学生提高听力理解能力，了解行业动态和专家观点。
三、教学方法本教材采用多样化的教学方法，包括课堂讲解、小组讨论、角色扮演、模拟实验等，旨在提高学生的学习兴趣和参与度。
同时，教材还配有丰富的练习题和案例，帮助学生巩固所学知识，提高实际应用能力。
四、适用对象本教材适用于自动化专业的学生、从业者以及对该领域感兴趣的人员。
无论您是初学者还是有一定基础的学习者，都可以通过本教材提高英语水平，更好地适应自动化领域的工作需求。
五、学习目标通过学习本教材，学生和从业者应能够：1. 掌握自动化领域的基本词汇、短语和句型。
2. 理解自动化原理和技术，了解最新的研究成果和技术发展。
4. 提高口语表达能力和跨文化交际能力，能够与国外同行进行有效沟通。
5. 提高听力理解能力，了解行业动态和专家观点。
本教材旨在帮助自动化专业的学生和从业者提高英语水平，更好地适应国际化的工作环境。
通过学习本教材，学生和从业者将能够掌握自动化领域的基本词汇、短语和句型，理解自动化原理和技术，提高英语写作、口语和听力能力，为未来的职业发展打下坚实的基础。
自动化专业英语Introduction:Automation has become an integral part of various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. As a result, it is crucial for professionals in the field of automation to have a strong command of English, as it is the lingua franca of the global business world. This text aims to provide a comprehensive overview of key terms, concepts, and skills related to automation in the English language.1. Basic Terminology:1.1 Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention.1.2 Control System: A system that manages and regulates the operation of automation equipment.1.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes.1.4 Human-Machine Interface (HMI): A device or software that allows interaction between humans and automation systems.1.5 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): A system that collects and analyzes real-time data from various sensors and devices.2. Automation Systems:2.1 Industrial Automation: The application of automation technology in manufacturing processes to improve productivity and efficiency.2.2 Robotic Automation: The use of robots to perform repetitive tasks in industries such as automotive assembly and packaging.2.3 Process Automation: The automation of chemical, oil, and gas processes to enhance safety and accuracy.2.4 Home Automation: The integration of technology to control and monitor household devices and systems.3. Automation Techniques:3.1 Sensor Technology: Devices that detect and measure physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and proximity.3.2 Actuators: Devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion, such as motors and solenoids.3.3 Feedback Control: A control technique that uses sensors to measure the output ofa system and adjust it accordingly.3.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines to perform tasks autonomously.3.5 Machine Learning: A subset of AI that enables machines to learn from data and improve their performance without explicit programming.4. Industrial Applications:4.1 Automotive Industry: Automation is extensively used in car manufacturing, including assembly line robots and quality control systems.4.2 Pharmaceutical Industry: Automation ensures precise dosage and packaging in pharmaceutical production.4.3 Food and Beverage Industry: Automation optimizes food processing, packaging, and quality control processes.4.4 Energy Sector: Automation is crucial in power plant operations, grid management, and renewable energy systems.4.5 Healthcare Industry: Automation is utilized in medical imaging, patient monitoring, and laboratory analysis.5. Skills for Automation Professionals:5.1 Programming: Proficiency in programming languages such as C++, Python, and ladder logic for PLC programming.5.2 Data Analysis: Ability to analyze and interpret data collected from automation systems using statistical methods and software tools.5.3 Troubleshooting: Expertise in identifying and resolving issues in automation systems, including hardware and software components.5.4 Project Management: Skills to plan, execute, and monitor automation projects, ensuring timely completion and adherence to budget.5.5 Communication: Effective communication skills to collaborate with cross-functional teams and articulate technical concepts to non-technical stakeholders.Conclusion:Automation plays a pivotal role in today's industries, and proficiency in English is essential for professionals in the field. This text has provided a comprehensive overview of key terms, concepts, and skills related to automation in the English language. By mastering these aspects, automation professionals can enhance their communication, expand their knowledge, and contribute to the advancement of automation technology.。
自动化专业常用英语词汇自动化是一门涉及机械、电子、计算机和控制系统等多个领域的学科，它致力于研究和开辟能够自动执行任务的系统和设备。
在自动化专业的学习和工作中，熟悉和掌握常用的英语词汇是非常重要的。
下面是自动化专业常用英语词汇的详细介绍。
1. Automation - 自动化Automation refers to the use of technology to control and operate a system or process without human intervention. It involves the use of various control systems, such as computers and robots, to perform tasks automatically.2. Control system - 控制系统A control system is a set of devices or software that manages and regulates the behavior of a system. It includes sensors, actuators, controllers, and communication networks that work together to maintain the desired performance of the system.3. Robotics - 机器人技术Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, and operation of robots. It involves the use of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering principles to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with human assistance.4. Sensor - 传感器A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical inputs, such as light, temperature, pressure, or motion. It converts these inputs into electrical signals that can be processed by a control system.5. Actuator - 执行器An actuator is a device that converts electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into mechanical motion. It is used to control or move a mechanism or system, such as opening or closing a valve or moving a robotic arm.6. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) - 可编程逻辑控制器A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control and automate industrial processes. It is programmable and can be easily reconfigured to adapt to different tasks or requirements.7. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) - 人机界面The human-machine interface (HMI) is the user interface through which an operator interacts with a control system. It typically consists of a graphical display, buttons, and other input/output devices that allow the operator to monitor and control the system.8. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - 监控与数据采集系统Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a system used to monitor and control industrial processes. It collects real-time data from various sensors and devices and provides a graphical interface for operators to monitor and control the system.9. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - 工业物联网The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the use of internet-connected devices and sensors in industrial settings to collect and exchange data. It enables real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of industrial processes, leading to improved efficiency and productivity.10. Machine Learning - 机器学习Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that allow computers to learn and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. It is widely used in automation to improve system performance and decision-making.11. Control loop - 控制回路A control loop is a closed-loop system that continuously monitors and adjusts the output of a process to maintain a desired setpoint. It typically consists of a sensor, controller, and actuator that work together to regulate the system.12. Feedback - 反馈Feedback is the process of returning a portion of the output of a system back to the input for comparison and adjustment. It is used in control systems to continuously monitor and correct deviations from the desired performance.13. PID controller - 比例-积分-微分控制器A PID controller is a type of control algorithm that uses proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a system. It is widely used in automation to achieve accurate and stable control of processes.14. Fault diagnosis - 故障诊断Fault diagnosis is the process of identifying and diagnosing faults or malfunctions in a system. It involves analyzing sensor data, system behavior, and performance to determine the cause of the problem and take appropriate corrective actions.15. Safety system - 安全系统A safety system is a set of measures and devices designed to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. It includes emergency stop buttons, safety interlocks, and protective barriers to minimize the risk of injury or damage.以上是自动化专业常用英语词汇的详细介绍。
PART2 Control TheoryUNIT3The Frequency Response Methods:Nyquist DiagramsIntroductionThere are times when it is necessary or advantageous to work in the frequency domain rather than in the Laplace domain of the root locus.For system analysis, the root locus method requires a transfer function,which may be difficult or even impossible to obtain for certain components,subsystems.In many of these cases,the frequency response can be determined experimentally for sinusoidal test inputs of known frequency and amplitude.The nature of the input also influences the choice of techniques to be used for system analysis and design.Many command inputs merely instruct asystem, to move from one steady-state condition to a second steady-state condition.This type of input can be described adequately by suitable steps in position,velocity,and acceleration,and the Laplace domain is appropriate for this purpose.If,however,the interval between such step inputs is decreased so that the system never has time to reach the corresponding steady state,the step representation and Laplace domain are no longer adequate.Such rapidly varying command inputs (or disturbance) may be periodic （adj.周期性的）,random （adj.随机性的）,or a combination thereof.The wind loading of a tracking radar antenna,for example,results from a mean velocity component that varies with plus superimposed random gusts. If the frequency distribution of these inputs can be calculated, measured, or even estimated, the frequency response can be used to determine their effects upon the system output. The frequency response is a steady-state response .Although some information can be obtained about the transient response, it is only approximate and is subject to misinterpretation(n.曲解，误议).The Frequency Transfer FunctionIt is necessary to develop （v.导出，引入） an input-output relationship that can be used in the frequency domain, i.e., a frequency transfer function. Consider a linear system with a known transfer function G(s) and apply the sinusoidal inputr (t)=0γsin 0ωt or R(s)=02200ωγω+swhere 0γ is the amplitude and 0ω the input or forcing frequency （强制频率） .The transformed output is C(s)=G(s)02200ωγω+sThe partial fraction expansion （部分分式展开式）of C(s) yieldsC(s)=01ωj s C - +02ωj s C ++13γ+s C +243γ+s C +…Where -1γ,-2γ, … are the roots of the characteristic equation of the transfer function.The inverse transform isc(t)=t j e C 01ω+ t j e C 02ω-+t r e C 13-+t r e C 24-+...where the first two terms represent an undamped oscillation resulting from the sinusoidal input, and the transient response. If the system is stable, the transient response will disappear with time, leaving as the steady-state responset j ss e C c 01ω=+t j e C 02ω-The coefficients 1C and 2C are evaluated by the Heaviside expansion theorem asj j G s s G j s C j s 2)(])()([0002200010γωωγωωω=+-=+=; jj G s s G j s C j s 2)(])()([0020200020γωωγωωω--=+-=-= With these values for 1C and 2C ,Eq.(2-3B-1) becomest j t j ss e j G jr e j G j c 00)(2)(20000ωωωωγ---= Since they are complex functions,φωωj e j G G j G j G )(Im Re )(00=+=;φωωj e j G G j G j G -=-=-)(Im Re )(00Where the angle φ is the argument of )(0ωj G and is equal to arctg(ImG/ReG).Eq.(2-3B-2) can now be written as)2()(0000je e j G r c tj t j ss ωωω--= Since the bracketed （v.加括号） terms are equal to )sin(0φω+t ,the steady-state response can be written as)sin()(000φωω+=t c j c ss where 000)(r j G c ω=From these equations we see that sinusoidal input to a linear stable system produces a steady-state response that is also sinusoidal, having the same frequency as the inputbut displaced through a phase angle Φ and having an amplitude that may be different. This steady-state sinusoidal response is called the frequency response of the system. Since the phase angle is the angle associated with the complex function )(0ωj G and the amplitude ratio （c 0/r 0） is the magnitude of )(0ωj G , knowledge of )(0ωj G specifies the steady-state input-output relationship in the frequency domain. )(0ωj G is called the frequency transfer function and can be obtained from the transfer function G(s) by replacing the Laplace variable s by j ω0 . Consequently, if )(0ωj G can be determined from experimental data, G(s) can also be found by replacing j ω0 by s.For a given system, the frequency response is completely specified if the amplitude ratio and phase angle are known for the rage of input frequencies from 0 to +∞ radians per unit time. Consider the stable first-order system of Fig. 2-3B-1 with a transfer function G(s) =1/(τs+1), the frequency transfer function is )1/(1)(+=ωτωj j G , where ω can be arbitrary(n.任意的) frequency. The amplitude ratio is1)(1)()(200+===ωτωωj G r c j M and the phase angle is ωτωτωωφcot )1(1)()(-=+∠-∠=∠=j j G jAs input frequency ω is increased from 0to +∞, we can draw the plot of M and φ, and a polar plot （极坐标图） that traces the tip （n.顶端） of the vector representing the frequency transfer function. Polar plots and M and φ versus (prep …对...) ω plots are used to represent different types of complex functions in the frequency domain. Notice that the constant term in each factor is set equal to unity when working in the frequency domain for convenience, whereas in the Laplace domain the coefficient of the highest power of s is set equal to unity.The Nyquist Stability CriterionIn the frequency domain, the theory of residues （余数定理） can be used to detect any roots in the right half of a plane. As with the root locus method, the characteristic function in the form 1+ KZ(s)/P(s) is used, where again the function KZ (s)/P(s) may or may not be the open-loop transfer function. To develop the Nyquist criterion , the characteristic function itself is written as a ratio of polynomials so that D(s)=1+0)...)(()...)((')()()()()(2121=++++=+=p s p s r s r s K s P s KZ s P s P s Z K Comparing the identities （n.一致性，等式）of Eq.(2-3A-2), we see that 1r -,2r -,…are the rootsof the characteristic equation and that 1p -,2p -,…are the poles of both the characteristic function and KZ(s)/P(s).Poles and roots at the origin have been omitted （v.省略）in the interests of simplicity （n.简单）. In many cases, however, it is difficult to factor the denominator polynomial of lose-loop transfer function D(s) to find the location of poles in the s-plane.To prove stability for D(s), it is necessary and sufficient to show that no zeros (for the closed-loop transfer function is poles) i r - are inside the right half of the s-plane. We introduce the Nyquist contour （n.轮廓，外形） D shown in Fig.2-3B-2, which encloses （v.围绕） the entire right half of the s-plane. D consists of the imaginary axis from ∞-j to ∞+j and a semicircle （n.半圆形）of radius （n.半径） R ∞→. In principle, stability analysis is based on plotting[1+KZ(s)/P(s)] in a complex plane as s travels once clockwise around the closed contour D. The factors (s+i r ) and (s+i p ) are vectors from i r - and i p - to s, and for any value of s the magnitude and phase of [1+KZ(s)/P(s)] can be determined graphically by measuring the vector lengths and angles in Fig.2-3B-2, if the i r were known.Note that on the imaginary axis ωj s =. The plot of [1+KZ(s)/P(s)] for s traveling up the imaginary axis from +=0ω to ∞→ω is effect just the polar plot of the frequency response function [1+KZ(ωj )/P(ωj )]. Hence frequency response function indicated in Fig.2-3B-3 by measurement from the pole-zero pattern.Fig.2-3B-2 shows that if s moves once clockwise around D, vectors (s+i r ) and (s+i p ) rotate 360。
