House of burgesses

Thomas JeffersonIn the thick of（在最激烈的时刻）party conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, "I have sworn upon（=swear on,发誓）the altar（祭坛，圣坛）of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny（暴政）over the mind of man."This powerful advocate（提倡者）of liberty was born in 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia,inheriting from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello.（蒙蒂赛洛，美国地名）Freckled（有雀斑的）andsandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent （口才好的）as a correspondent,（通讯记者）but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he contributed his penrather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the "silent member" of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most notably（尤其），he wrote a bill（法案）establishing religious freedom,enacted（制定，颁布）in 1786. Jefferson succeeded(继承)Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the French Revolution led him into conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary of State in President Washington's Cabinet.（内阁）He resigned in 1793.Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and theDemocratic-Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed leadership of the Republicans, who sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed（支持）the rights of states.As a reluctant（勉强的，不情愿的）candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election. Through a flaw（瑕疵，缺陷）in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent（对手，反对者）ofPresident Adams. In 1800 the defect（缺陷）caused a more seriousproblem. Republican electors（选民）attempting to name both a President and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie（不分胜负，打成平局）vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives （美国众议院）settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election.When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed（削减）Armyand Navy expenditures（开支）, cutthe budget（预算）, eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron（中队，舰队）to fight theBarbary pirates（巴巴里海盗）, whowere harassing（反复袭击）American commerce in the Mediterranean. Further, although the Constitution made noprovision(供给品) for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed(克制，抑制) his qualms （良心之谴责，不安）over constitutionality（符合宪法）when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803.During Jefferson's second term, he was increasingly preoccupied with （沉浸在）keeping the Nation from involvement in the Napoleonic wars, though both England and France interfered with（干涉，妨碍）the neutral rights of American merchantmen（商船，商人）. Jefferson's attempted solution, an embargo upon（实行禁运）American shipping, worked badly and was unpopular.Jefferson retired to Monticello to ponder（考虑）such projects as his grand designs（宏大计划，宏伟设计）for the University of Virginia. A French nobleman observed that he had placed his house and his mind"on an elevated（高尚的）situation, from which he might contemplate the universe."He died on July 4, 1826.。

• As a political philosopher, Jefferson was a man of the Enlightenment, the cofounder and leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, which dominated American politics for 25 years.
Thomas Jefferson, a Brief Biography
Born April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, Virginia; died July 4, 1826, Monticello
Thomas Jefferson -- author of the Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, third president of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia -- voiced the aspirations of a new America as no other individual of his era. As a public official, historian, philosopher, and plantation owner, he served his country for over five decades.
• A polymath博学者, Jefferson achieved distinction as, among other things, a horticulturist, political leader, architect, archaeologist考古 学家, paleontologist古生物学 , inventor, and so on.

美国历届总统：托马斯·杰弗逊2008年10月13日08:42 腾讯文化我要评论(0)第1 2 3 页托马斯·杰弗逊托马斯·杰弗逊（Thomas Jefferson，1743年4月13日─1826年7月4日）为美利坚合众国第三任总统（1801年─1809年）也是美国独立宣言（1776年）主要起草人，及美国开国元勋中最具影响力者之一。

其任期中之重大事件包括路易西安那购地案（Louisiana Purchase, 1803年）、1807年禁运法案（Embargo Act of 1807年）、以及路易斯与克拉克探勘（Lewis and Clark Expediti on, 1804–1806年）。

绰号：长腿汤姆；蒙蒂塞洛圣人；人民之人生卒：1743.4.13~1826.7.4任期：1801.3.4~1809.3.4出身：种植园主学历：大学（威廉-玛丽学院，哲学、文学）职业：律师、公务员、农场主党派：民主共和党（创始人）宗教：唯一神教派职务：弗尼吉亚州州长（第二任）、国务卿（第一任）、美国副总统（第二任）夫人：玛霞·威尔斯·斯克尔顿· 杰弗逊子女：3子3女马萨·华盛顿·杰弗逊 ,简· 伦道夫· 杰弗逊,男婴（夭折）,玛丽·威尔斯· 杰弗逊,露西·伊丽莎白· 杰弗逊一世,露西·伊丽莎白· 杰弗逊二世.著作：《独立宣言》、《弗尼吉亚纪实》、《肯塔基决议案》等名言：人们长期来被剥夺了自治的福址。

现在，就要完全看我们自己如何在安泰与和谐中享受这些福址：用实例表明，人类具有充分的理性管理人类的事务，以及多数人的意志，每个社会的自然规律乃是人类权利唯一的可靠监护者。

身为政治学家，杰弗逊秉持古典自由主义（classical liberalism）与共和主义(repu blicanism)，制定了维吉尼亚宗教自由法（Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1 779, 1786）。

His family
• His father Peter Jefferson was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother Jane Randolph a member of one of Virginia's most distinguished families. Having inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, Jefferson began building Monticello when he was twenty-six years old. Three years later, he married Martha Wayles Skelton, with whom he lived happily for ten years until her death. Their marriage produced six children, but only two survived to adulthood. Jefferson, who never remarried, maintained Monticello as his home throughout his life, always expanding and changing the house.
Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C.
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Statue
Jefferson's gravesite
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His achievement