国际法双语课件8.Outer Space Law

Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting ,
《各国利用人造卫星进行国际直接电视广播所应遵守的原则》 3.1986 Principles relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space 《关于从外层空间遥感地球的原则》
《关于在外层空间使用核动力源的原则》 《关于开展探索和利用外层空间的国际合作，促进所有国家的福 利和利益，并特别要考虑到发展中国家的需要的宣言》， 简称 “1999年《外空国际合作宣言》”） 《空间千年：关于空间和人的发展的维也纳宣言》，对于促进空 间科技服务于和平目的，增进外空领域的国际合作，推动各国的经 济和社会可持续的发展，将产生积极的影响
Chapter 7
1.General
The origin of space law can be traced to the launching on 4 October 1957 of Sputnik I, the first artificial Earth satellite. Since that time the legal regulation of outer-space activities has been largely centered in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Satellites now control communications and observation networks, while landings have been made on the moon and information-seeking space probes dispatched to survey planets like Venus and Saturn. The research material gathered upon such diverse matters as earth resources, ionospheric activities, solar radiation, cosmic rays and the general structure of space and planet formations has stimulated further efforts to understand the nature of space and the cosmos.
Chapter 7
1.General
4.1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear
Power Sources in Outer Space 5.1999 Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries 6.1999 The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development
of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space 1972 Liability Convention - Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects 1976 Registration Convention - Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space 1984 Moon Agreement - Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies
Chapter 7
1.General
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1. 外层空间条 约 Treaties 2. 营救协定 1967 Outer Space Treaty -Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration 3. 国际责任公 约 and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: forms the basis of international 4. 登记公约 5. 月球协定 space law 1968 Rescue Agreement - Agreement on the Rescue
Chapter 7
2.Basic Principals and Institutions
一、Basic Principals of Outer Space Law (1) Principle of common benefit. Outer space, including the celestial bodies，is considered to be the common heritage of mankind and all States shall have the right to explore and use outer space. (2) Principle of non-appropriation. No state is allowed to claim sovereignty over outer space or the celestial bodies like moon and other planets. (3) Principle of demilitarization. No State is allowed to use outer space for military purposes. such as construction of military bases fortress, carrying out military exercises or positioning weapons of mass destruction. (4) Principle of rescuing astronauts. Astronauts are seen as the envoys of mankind and all the Contracting States shall be under an obligation to rescue the astronauts in deneral
一、 Definition of outer space often simply called space，comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace and terrestrial locations. 二、Boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space there was no clear boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the density of the atmosphere gradually decreases as the altitude increases. Nevertheless, several boundaries have been set, namely:
Chapter 7
1.General
自然科学上，外层空间一般是指地球表面大气层以外的 整个宇宙空间；在法律上，外层空间是指国家主权管辖 范围以外的整个空间及天体。 空间论：以空间的某种高度(物理特征和大气层空气分 布情况)作为标准来确定空气空间与外层空间的界限。 （1）空气构成说，有空气领域为“领空”，无空气为 外空 （2）地心吸力终止说，航天器进入太阳引力范围 （3）Kármán line ，altitude of 100 kilometers， Germanic Physicist ，established by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale，随技术变化而变化。 （4）地球静止轨道说，赤道平面垂直上空离地面约 36,000公里的环绕地球的圆形轨道 （5）有效控制说，国家的主权管辖范围以有效控制能 力为限 （6）航空器飞行的最高限度说 （7）人造卫星运行的最低限度说，空间论中赞成者最 多 功能论： 根据航天器和航空器的不同功能，确定所适 用的法律制度。
Chapter 7
1.General
Beginning in 1957, nations began discussing systems to ensure the peaceful use of outer space. Bilateral discussions between the United States and USSR in 1958 resulted in the presentation of issues to the UN for debate. In 1959 the UN created the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).COPUOS in turn created two subcommittees, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and the Legal Subcommittee. The COPUOS Legal Subcommittee has been a primary forum for discussion and negotiation of international agreements relating to outer space. 和平利用外层空间委员会 - COPUOS