英美文学鉴赏-红字影评

《红字》中文解读赏析-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1红字背后成长的野玫瑰————论海斯特的孤独、痛苦、罪《红字》是美国十九世纪最有影响力的浪漫主义小说家纳撒尼尔••霍桑第一部长篇小说，该小说情节简明，内容深刻，矛盾突出，构思新颖，手法独到，语言生动，心理描写细致入微，使它成为“心理罗曼史”，美国浪漫主义小说和心理分析小说及象征主义小说的开山之作。

该小说讲述了17世纪的波士顿，一个犯了通奸罪的女人（海斯特•普林）和女儿（珍珠）与海斯特情夫（亚瑟•迪梅斯戴尔）、前夫（罗杰•奇林沃思）的爱恨情仇故事。

深受清教思想影响的霍桑在《红字》中反复强调生活中悲观的一面，使读者在读完作品后心中留下三个关键词“孤独”、“痛苦”、“罪”。

女主人公海斯特•普林是一个善良、聪明，美丽的姑娘，因与年轻牧师亚瑟•迪梅斯戴尔先生相爱并产下一女而受到政教合一的当局的责罚，罚她胸前永远带着红A字（英文通奸Adultery的缩写）。

第二章中，海斯特首次亮相便以其庄重的气质和亮丽的外表使众人无不感到惊讶和震撼，仿佛从牢中走出的海斯特是一位高贵淑女，而非一个罪妇。

然而当人们的视线下移，看到她胸前佩戴的闪闪发光的红字时，这红字便即刻产生了一种魔力，使她脱离了一般的人际关系，并自我封闭起来。

自此，孤独，痛苦，罪，便陪伴着海斯特走过了余下的生活。

海斯特是如此孤独，为了不使心爱之人遭受连累，她毅然独自担起了所有罪行的惩罚。

受到众人的唾弃，海斯特便带着孩子住在远离其他居民区的一间小茅屋里，孤立无援，世上没有一个朋友敢亲近她。

由于无法从外界得到解脱，海斯特不得不从内心世界寻求帮助-----她的记忆和想象中的世界。

依靠着坚强，她忍受着众人对于她通奸罪的愤慨。

整个故事中，海斯特一直都保持缄默，接受着清教徒上至大人下到孩子对她的欺凌，这种态度使海斯特散发出一股孤傲的气质，但显然，孤傲是无奈之举，如不孤傲，海斯特早就会被这种奇特而孤独的痛苦生活摧毁。

《红字》对女性形象的重构——析海斯特·白兰的独立与自我
《红字》对女性形象的重构——析海斯特·白兰的独立与自我
［摘要］长久以来，人们对于《红字》这部心灵罗曼司已从各个侧面加以广泛评论过，对女主人公的评论也基本定格。

该篇论文拟运用女性文学批评理论，结合传统的女性形象评论观，对主人公海丝特重新加以审视，以期对作品主题提出新的见解。

［关键词］《红字》；男权社会；女性评论观；女性形象重构；海斯特·白兰
美国“文艺复兴”时期的小说家霍桑生活在美国文学逐渐本土化的十九世纪，他和他同时代的作家一样，都想写出具有美国本土特色的真正属于美国社会的作品，所以，美国“文艺复兴”时期的文学创作比先前的作品更重视人的存在，不仅“重视个人的外部活动，更重视人的内心生活，重视作为个体的人的天性之回归。

”［1］315这种人本主义及对女性的充分尊重的时代精神在霍桑的小说《红字》中得到了充分的体现。

长久以来，对于这部心灵罗曼司，人们已从各个不同的角度，运用各种不同的视角加以评论过了，而笔者拟运用女性文学批评理论，结合传统的女性形象评论观，对小说主人公海丝特·白兰做全新的评价，并尝试对作品主题提出新的见解。

一、传统的女性评论观
西方传统女性观为女性所确立的分工和地位，就是她们是生育的工具并处于附属的地位。

古希腊哲学家色诺芬就认为，女人的最伟大。

浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a great romantic novelist in America in the 19th century. As a great romantic novelist, Hawthorne is outstanding in handling application of symbolism.The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel, which is the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American Literature. And it is this novel that makes Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. In this work, Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillfully that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly. In The Scarlet Letter, symbolism runs through the whole novel. The most important symbol is the scarlet letter itself. Not only does “A” manifest in various forms, but also it has ch anging meanings from “adultery” to“able”, even “a n gelic” in the novel. Besides, the name of the four major characters in the novel: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl also have their own symbolic meanings. Some other objects and natural surroundings that aredescribed in the novel such as the jail, the forest, the rose bush and so on are all endowed with a deep symbolic significance. The author of the thesis will explore the usage of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter from the three aspects mentioned above and analyze Hawthorne’s skillful use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter.Key Words: the scarlet letter；symbolism；Hester Prynne；Pearl摘要纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国伟大的浪漫主义小说家。

GAO DENG JIAO YU／高等教育语言学视角下英美文学语言特点——以《红字》为例张丽萍英美文学是世界文学殿堂的重要组成，拥有着独特的语言特点和文学意义。

从语言学的角度分析，英美文学作品的语言特点分明，极具研究意义。

本文以优秀英美文学作品《红字》为例，探讨语言学视域下的英美文学语言特点。

一、《红字》简析《红字》是一篇较为典型的浪漫主义英美文学作品。

主要讲述了在北美殖民时期所发生的一段悲剧故事。

女主白兰背负着通奸的罪名，在绞刑架上承受着众人的审判。

最终与其相关的两个男人先后去世。

而白兰也伤心欲绝的带着女儿去往了其他国家度过余生。

整部作品极具讽刺含义，身为奸夫的牧师却还在代表着正义的一方做着审判者的角色。

二、以《红字》分析英美文学的语言特点（一）叙述语言作为一部小说作品《红字》拥有极为丰富的叙述语言。

在故事的开端，主人公白兰身穿带着极为明显的红色的“A”字，抱着婴儿出现在大家面前。

在小说文学中主人公如何出场关系着整部作品的故事发展趋势。

白兰出场时衣服上的红色“A”字与小说名字相互呼应，直接点出了故事的围绕核心。

让人们将关注点集中在主人公身上。

小说所描写的故事也由此引出，逐渐浮出水面。

在《红字》一书中，作者运用了大量的叙述性手法，让阅读者可以更加直观的了解到主人公白兰与她的前夫及情人之间的微妙关系。

让看似错中复杂的人际关系拥有了更为清晰的逻辑脉络。

例如,开篇直接对女主人公的外貌特征和服装特点进行描写，而不是简单记叙了发生过的事。

这样有技巧的推进故事展开更容易让故事情节变得饱满动人。

通过技巧性的叙述方式，故事的发展可以更加生动。

读者也能在第一时间了解到故事中相关人物的具体性格。

《红字》一书中，没有简单直接的描述男女主人公是如何相爱的。

而是对于事件爆发后的刑场和监狱进行了重点描写。

在小说开篇直接点出了故事的重点内容。

（二）象征在《红字》中，作者运用了很多象征手法进行写作。

所谓象征性的手法，就是通过对某一种事务的描写来刻画另一种事物的形象。

Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester inThe Scarlet Letter简析《红字》中红字A在海斯特身上的象征意义摘要《红字》是十九世纪美国浪漫主义小说家霍桑的代表作，红字中字母A在不同人物上有不同的象征意义，本文主要分析了字母A在女主人公海斯特身上的象征意义。

关键字：红字纳撒尼尔霍桑象征意义Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester in TheScarlet LetterAbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is an American romantic novelist in the 19th century; his masterpiece is The Scarlet Letter.The letter A has different meanings in different people, this article mainly analysis the symbolic meaning of letter a on the heroine of Hester.Key words: The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne symbolic meaning Analysis the symbolic meaning of letter A on Hester in TheScarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne is a romantic novelist in the 19th century in America. In the scarlet letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, with meticulous of psychological analysis and profound analysis of the symbolism of the human sin root .the heroine Hester was sent for adultery and she has to wear A scarlet letter in her whole life. Even so she still refuses to name the man responsibly and carries the burden of their sin on herself. However, thro ugh seven years’ punishment, Hester eventually given a new life and finally made the scarlet letter into the symbol of virtue.There are full of symbolic meaning and mysterious through the red word A which almost throughout each of scene in this novel. The Scarlet Letter first appeared in the second chapter of the novel when Hester was pushed to the scaffold by the prison guard on public "on the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A”. At that time, Hester was required to wear a red letter A which means “Adultery”. The Scarlet Letter has become synonymous with "evil". Under the evil, the scarlet letter brings a hot heavy burden on her. However, once time, when Hester talked with the priest in the forest, she took the letter A from her bosom, throw it into a distance among the withered leaves, it suggests that her resistance to the social moral and ethical. “As long as there is a chance she immediately recognized the feeling of hersisters and human”. At that moment, the letter A has become the meaning of “Amazon”. It shows that her resistance against the unfair of the society.For atoning her sin, in the next seven years, she makes a living by make handiwork and brings up Pearl by herself and she usually does social welfare, she came to the people who suffered disaster and enveloped by gloom, not as a guest, but as a relatives to bring them sunlight. In other places that letter is a sign of evil, but in here it has become candlelight for those who needed help. At that time, some people begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the token ,not of that one sin, for which she had borne so long and dreary a penance, but of her many good deeds. Then the symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter is not "evil", but "competent," or even "Angel"(A ngel).Moreover, as the years passed, Hester devoted herself to help others in every possible way so that the scarlet letter is no longer the mark of contempt and irony of shame, but as the symbol of “Awe” (A dm irab le: the sign of admirable).All in all, the author used the symbolic meaning of the letter A on Hester to illustrate good and evil, also, it can shape the theme better, all of these left us a deep expression of this novel.Bibliography[1] Hawthorne,Nathaniel.1994.红字.Oversea Publishing House出版社.[2] Yu Shihua[于世华]，2000，《红字》。

霍桑《红字》赏析《红字》是19世纪美国浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说，同时也被称为是美国的第一部象征主义小说。

小说以两百多年前的殖民地时期的美洲为背景，围绕着四个主人公之间的爱恨、善恶、惩罚与报复而展开，同时揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代的美国社会法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。

小说的主要内容是女主人公海斯特和丈夫从英国移居当时尚属英殖民地的美国波士顿，中途丈夫被印第安人俘虏，海斯特只身一人到美后，与一青年牧师狄梅斯迪尔相爱并生下一女。

此事，被当地虚伪的清教徒社会视为大逆不道。

当局把海丝特抓起来投入监狱，游街示众，还要终生佩带象征耻辱的红色的A字（Adultery:通奸女犯）。

她失踪的丈夫罗杰出现后，决心查出她的同犯以报此仇。

狄梅斯迪尔牧师由于怯懦而隐瞒罪责，在精神上备受折磨，加上罗杰的迫害，牧师终于登上了示众台上，坦白自己的罪过后，心力交瘁地死在海丝特怀抱中。

罗杰也在一年后郁郁而终。

若干年后，珠儿长大成人，安了家立了业，海丝特却一人再回到波士顿，仍带着那个红色的A字，直到老死。

小说的主人公海丝特以一个饱受舆论、世俗观与宗教谴责唾弃的犯有通奸罪行的少妇出场。

她的不幸的婚姻，加之两年中丈夫音讯皆无，谣传他已葬身海底，这个孤苦夫依的少妇与才貌相当的狄梅斯迪尔牧师的爱情显得合情合理。

事情败露后，她被迫终身佩戴红字，为了爱人的名声，她独自承担了全部罪责与耻辱。

这个勇敢的女性还精心刺绣那红字，着意打扮她的小珠儿，不仅出面捍卫自己教养她的权利，而且尊重孩子狂野的天性，努力培养她成人。

在远离社会，远离人群，受尽屈辱的处境中，海丝特孤苦顽强地生活着，全仗刺绣为生。

她生活中的惟一支柱是抚养掌上明珠般的女儿珠儿。

海丝特虽然含垢忍辱，却敢于面对现实、乐观人生。

她对自己所犯下的错误只有觉悟却毫无后悔。

她的坦然与坚强、勇敢与超脱刻画出了一个超越同类的新殖民地女性的不俗性格。

她的思想中饱含着强烈的反抗与挣扎精神，已表现出鲜明的反清教反世俗的立场。

英语专业毕业论文《红字》赏析全英文（可编辑）浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a great romantic novelist in America in the19th century. As a great romantic novelist, Hawthorne is outstanding in handling application of symbolism.The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel, which is the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American Literature. And it is this novel that makes Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. In this work, Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillfully that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly. In The Scarlet Letter, symbolism runs through the whole novel. The most important symbol is the scarlet letter itself. Not only does “A” manifest in various forms, but also it has changing meanings from “adultery” to “able”, even “angelic” in the novel. Besides, the name of the four major characters in the novel: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl also have their own symbolic meanings. Some other objects and natural surroundings that are described in the novel such as the jail, the forest, the rose bush and so on are all endowed with a deep symbolic significance. The author of the thesis will explore the usage of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter from the t hree aspects mentioned above and analyze Hawthorne’s skillful use ofsymbolism in The Scarlet LetterKey Words: the scarlet letter;symbolism;Hester Prynne;Pearl摘要纳撒尼尔?霍桑是十九世纪美国伟大的浪漫主义小说家。

B1201030 潘菲《红字》赏析电影《红字》是根据霍桑名著改编的一部电影，讲述了一个凄美的婚外情故事，可它又不仅仅是一部爱情悲剧。

虽然影片相对于原著有些出入，但所传达出的思想大致是相同的，都是揭示了当时17世纪宗教制度对人性的迫害，尤其是对女性的压迫。

影片中的故事发生在两百年前的波士顿。

女主角海斯特由阿姆斯特丹移居波士顿，途中，她丈夫被掳失踪，在寡居生活中，她与一位牧师丁梅斯代尔相爱。

但是，海斯特肚子的隆起暴露了他们的奸情，她拒绝说出情夫的名字，于是，政教合一的加尔文教权让她胸前戴着象征不贞洁和耻辱的红色标志“A”作为惩戒。

后来丈夫归来，查出了奸夫，开始疯狂的报复。

片尾，牧师最终站了出来。

当牧师终于站在众人面前说出“我爱这个女人”的时刻，带着羞耻的红字也被赋予了新的意义。

最终，牧师带着女主和他们的女儿离开了这个地方。

《红字》被改拍过很多次，不可否认，此次的改编挺成功的，但结尾处的大团圆剧情稍显突兀，原著中他们最终并没能厮守终身。

影片基本上是继承了原著的精神的，通过女主人公的遭遇，批判了旧制度的冷酷无情与愚昧，揭露与讽刺了对人权、人性的压迫，具有很深的现实意义。

相对于原著来讲，影片中海斯特的戏份被明显的减少了，相应地，海斯特与牧师丁梅斯代尔的爱情戏份增加了。

这也是挺吸引我的一点。

他们的爱情很艰辛。

从影片一开场我们就可以看出海斯特是个坚强有个性的女性，后面她对爱情的勇于追求毫无疑问的印证了这一点。

原著中海斯特是迷茫的，电影中的海斯特相对而言更加的坚定。

她从来不觉得自己是有罪的。

在被教会惩戒之后，她丝毫不以胸前鲜红的“A”为耻。

相反地，通过自己的种种行为，海斯特逐渐被众人接受，她把红色的“A”变成了她对爱情坚贞的表现。

原作者霍桑本身就是迷茫的，他既对两人之间的爱情持肯定态度，又认定通奸是有罪的。

原著讨论的主要也是人的罪恶，即人皆有罪。

相比较，影片的导演显然是将两人的爱情放在第一位的。

这种观点的不同大概也与时代不同有关吧。

英语专业毕业论文《红字》赏析全英文浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a great romantic novelist in America in the 19th century. As a great romantic novelist, Hawthorne is outstanding in handling application of symbolism.The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel, which is the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American Literature. And it is this novel that makes Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. In this work, Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillfully that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly. In The Scarlet Letter, symbolism runs through the whole novel. The most important symbol is the scarlet letter itsel f. Not only does “A” manifest in various forms, but also it has changing meanings from “adultery” to“able”, even “a n gelic” in the novel. Besides, the name of the four major characters in the novel: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl also have their own symbolic meanings. Some other objects and natural surroundings that are described in the novel such as the jail, the forest, the rose bush and so on are all endowed with a deep symbolic significance. The author of the thesis will explore the usage of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter from the three aspectsmentioned abo ve and analyze Hawthorne’s skillful use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter.Key Words: the scarlet letter；symbolism；Hester Prynne；Pearl摘要纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国伟大的浪漫主义小说家。

《红字》：人性之谜的深度探索《红字》是19世纪美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的一部经典小说，该作品以深邃的主题、奇妙的叙事方式和细腻的描绘手法赢得了读者和评论家的高度赞誉。

在这篇读后感中，我将探讨这部小说的主要主题，分享我的观感和思考，同时也会分析一些具有代表性的段落。

首先，我们必须认识到，《红字》是一部深入探讨人性、道德、罪恶和救赎的小说。

霍桑巧妙地通过富有想象力的情节，把读者带入一个充满矛盾和复杂情感的世界。

这部作品揭示了人性的双重性，即人的内心既包含着罪恶，也蕴含着对善的追求。

小说的主人公海丝特·白兰就是一个典型的例子，她一方面背负着通奸的罪恶，另一方面又显现出坚韧和善良的特质。

在《红字》中，霍桑巧妙地运用了象征主义，使得故事具有更深的含义。

例如，红色的A字不仅仅是一个简单的符号，它既代表了通奸（Adultery）的罪恶，也是海丝特坚强（Adversity）和勇敢（Bravery）的象征。

这种象征主义的运用使得文本更加丰富多元，同时也揭示了作者对人性的深刻理解。

当谈到霍桑的描绘手法，我不禁想起他在小说中对环境和人物的描绘。

霍桑以其精细入微的描绘手法，生动地再现了17世纪美国殖民地的生活场景。

在描述海丝特和她的女儿珠儿在森林中的生活时，霍桑的描绘不仅具有强烈的视觉效果，同时也透露出一种神秘和原始的气息。

此外，霍桑在《红字》中的人物塑造也极具特色。

不论是海丝特、珠儿还是丁梅斯代尔，他们都是极富个性且深刻的人物。

他们的行为、动机和情感都反映了人性的多样性，让我们对人性有了更深入的认识。

当我读到丁梅斯代尔在痛苦中挣扎的时候，我不得不思考是什么驱使他选择了自我毁灭的道路。

他是一个充满矛盾的角色，既是虔诚的教士，也是伪善者。

他的内心斗争和痛苦无疑为这个角色增添了更深的层次和更强的戏剧性。

另一方面，珠儿是小说中的另一个重要角色，她具有一种野性和难以捉摸的美。

她既象征着自由和激情，也是海丝特和丁梅斯代尔之间关系的纽带。

学习美国文学学会鉴赏作品选修课论文美国文学作品赏析——《红字》主要人物及中心简单赏析摘要：作为19世纪前半期美国最伟大的浪漫主义小说家，纳撒尼尔•霍桑。

而其代表作《红字》更已成为世界文学经典，引人深思，向人们展示了一场北美殖民地时期的恋爱悲剧，主人公海兰丝白兰、牧师丁梅斯代尔以及他们的女儿珠儿、医生奇灵渥斯，在他们之间展开的故事体现了当时法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和充满罪恶的社会。

关键字：原罪；救赎；罪恶；宗教；人性对于作者霍桑本人，他被评为一个生活的旁观者，而这一人生态度，决定了他对人的内心、心理活动的兴趣和洞察力。

他深受“原罪”思想的影响，而且“原罪”代代相传，因而倡导人们以善行来洗刷罪恶，净化心灵。

他自由性格孤高自许，顾虑多疑，童年的不幸和生活氛围使他内心有一种“痛苦的孤独感”，幼年丧父的他寄养在他笃信基督教的清教的外公家，宗教的狂热和宗教的教条所带来的人性的摧残、对人尊严的践踏，都对霍桑产生了深远影响。

他对社会改革毫无兴趣，对资本主义经济迅速发展也无法理解。

因此他的绝大部分作品是以殖民地时期残酷的宗教统治为背景，描写了人们的精神世界、思想意识矛盾和宗教主义压迫下的悲惨遭遇。

他自始至终都没有放弃改造社会、改造人心的企图。

他的大部分小说都有着比较明显的一个倾向，即对人类灵魂深处执着的探索和由此而产生的深沉的忧思。

他更关心的是造成罪恶现实的根本原因①。

霍桑的代表作《红字》的开篇一章《狱门》，映入眼帘的一句话：“新殖民地的开拓者们，不管他们的头脑中起初有什么关于人类品德和幸福的美妙理解，总要在各种实际需要的草创之中，忘不了划出一片未开垦的处女地充当墓地，再划出另一片土地来修建监狱。

”这表明了霍桑的基本态度：人人皆有罪，罪恶与人类如影相随。

从小说中塑造的人物形象来看，也证实了这一点：无论是海丝特·白兰这样的殉道者，还是像罗杰·齐灵渥斯那样畸形毒辣的人；无论是身处要职的州长、受人尊敬的牧师丁梅斯代尔，还是刑台前的普通看客，几乎每个人都是有罪的。

《红字》：枷锁下的爱情、罪恶与救赎《红字》是美国作家霍桑创作的长篇小说，发表于1850年。

小说以十七世纪北美清教殖民统治下的新英格兰为背景，取材于1642年至1649年在波士顿发生的一场爱情悲剧。

女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给一个畸形的年老学者。

婚后两人决定移居马赛诸塞的波士顿。

途中，丈夫有事留下，妻子先行来到波士顿，与丈夫失去联系。

在独居生活中，女主人公与当地牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔相爱，并生下一名名为珠儿的女婴。

而后，她因犯下基督教“十戒”中的通奸罪，被投入监狱。

当局一再逼供，要她说出通奸的从犯，但她断然拒绝。

判决的这天，她抱着孩子站在波士顿当地的刑台上，却意外认出了刚刚赶到的丈夫。

当时，牧师阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔也在场。

最后，她被要求戴上标志“通奸（adultery）”的字母A。

为了隐藏他们的夫妻关系，丈夫更名为罗杰·齐灵渥斯。

他与白兰在监狱会面，要她保证不透露自己的身份，并决心要追查出她的共犯以报仇雪恨……作为美国心理分析小说的开创者，美国19世纪最伟大的浪漫主义小说家霍桑出生于美国马塞诸塞州的小镇塞勒姆。

他幼年丧父，与母亲相依为命。

在童年的种种不幸的裹挟下，他成为了一个拥有“可恶的孤寂独处的习惯”的成年人。

浸润在狂热的清教徒猖獗之地——塞勒姆的环境里，他也逐渐受到了清教的影响。

从大学毕业之后，他回到了小镇塞勒姆，潜心钻研创作。

在这一时期，他仔细研读了殖民地时期的历史，将自己的亲身经历和感受融入进了自己的短篇小说创作，成为了美国历史上首位短篇小说作家。

他所写就的《古屋青苔》得到了高度的赞扬，甚至有人将他与英国文学中地位举足轻重的莎士比亚相比。

在长达十二年的隐居生活结束之后，迫于经济和现实的压力，他在朋友的帮助下谋求了一份海关的职位。

这一时期的经历促使他写成日后《红字》一书的序文《海关》。

据称，最早的《红字》本是一本短篇小说集。

但在出版商詹姆斯的劝说下，为了更高的收入，霍桑将它改成了一部长篇小说，并以他自己写下的《海关》一文作为全书的序言。

有关长篇小说《红字》的赏析作者：许畅来源：《文艺生活·文海艺苑》2012年第10期摘要：纳撒尼尔·霍桑，19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家。

他的短篇小说集《古宅青苔》、《重讲一遍的故事》，长篇小说《红字》、《带七个尖顶的阁楼》、《福谷传奇》、《玉石人像》都给世人留下了不可磨灭的印象。

而其代表作《红字》更是省人深思，向人们展示了一场北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧，而且让人们深入骨髓的记住了女主人公胸前那亦正亦邪的字母“A”字以及殖民地时期那伪善的社会与宗教教条。

关键词：清教徒；海丝特·白兰；丁梅斯代尔牧师；珠儿；“A”中图分类号：I106 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5312（2012）30-0064-01在《红字》这部小说的社会背景中，清教徒文化即加尔文教一直处于凌驾于一切的地位，这种教条在当时充当着上帝的使者的身份，约束着人们的自由，给人们的灵魂套上了枷锁。

它严惩了犯有通奸罪的海斯特，而它的忠实信奉者丁梅斯代尔牧师却带着伪善的面具免受其罚，它令人们疏远善良的海斯特，令恶人齐灵渥斯肆意复仇。

而霍桑在文中字里行间都向人们透漏着他对这种教条的不满。

事实上，不仅在《红字》中，在现实生活中，霍桑本身也对清教徒文化有一定程度的排斥。

讽刺的是，最初的清教徒不仅仅是一种派别，更是一种价值观。

他们原本反对神甫集团的专横、腐败和繁文缛节。

他们崇尚纯洁，忠贞、简单、上帝面前人人平等。

作为《红字》中的女主人公，海斯特被清教徒判定犯有通奸罪，在当时的社会环境下，她被人们视为是人类罪恶的代表。

但是这却不影响她的坚强隐忍，善良大度留给我的震撼。

她深深地爱着丁梅斯代尔牧师，所以她在严刑逼供下一直不肯说出与她共犯通奸罪的人正是这个在众人面前逼问她的伪善的牧师。

她坚强的承受着红色“A”字带给她的侮辱，她默默的忍受着人们对她的疏远与嘲讽。

她在那些曾对她恶言相向的人遇到困难的时候选择宽容的原谅并力所能及的提供力量，她生下本不应该出现在这个世界上的珠儿，她甚至愿意原谅那个懦弱，虚伪的丁梅斯代尔牧师，想与他远走高飞。

浅析《红字》的含混美霍桑的《红字》自1850年问世至今，吸引了读者和评论家的广泛关注。

本文运用英美新批评理论，从小说文本本身的含混特征入手，探析《红字》的神秘魅力。

“含混”是英美“新批评”派用以解释文学特征的一个关键术语，语出新批评派的代表人物燕卜逊。

所谓含混，是指意义的模糊性、歧义性，它“常常是故意采用的一种表达方式，以便产生多种可能的解释，从而丰富作者所要表达的意义，加强戏剧性效果和审美效果”。

就《红字》这一文本，关于含混的特征，我们可以从以下几个层面得以说明：一小说性质的含混《红字》这部小说不同程度地体现出了浪漫主义文学、现实主义文学、象征主义文学的特征。

浪漫主义特色首先体现于浓厚的宗教神秘色彩：小说穿插引用《圣经》故事，巧妙借用《圣经》原型。

在“小鬼和牧师”一章中，讽刺贝灵汉总督的脑袋像“托盘中的洗礼者约翰的头颅”；在人物设置上，众多人物可与圣经人物一一对应。

从结构上来说，《红字》发展的脉络大致与《圣经》的U形模式相似，两位主人公都经历了乐园――犯罪――受难――忏悔――得救的过程。

其次，细致的心理描写是小说浪漫主义的又一突出特征。

刑台示众一节表现了海斯特内心的痛苦，也体现了丁默斯代尔心中的矛盾和苦恼。

由此，《红字》被多数评论家定位为美国19世纪浪漫主义小说的典型文本。

但是，霍桑在《红字》中，也塑造出了血肉丰满的人物形象：既勇敢叛逆又自责单纯的海斯特；充当牧师与情人双重角色、在内心的真实与现实的虚伪中挣扎的丁默斯代尔。

这种性格复杂丰富的“圆形人物”，明显地区别于大多数浪漫主义小说中塑造的性格一成不变的扁平人物。

另外，《红字》中提到的安妮・哈钦逊、约翰・威尔逊牧师等人物，都与新英格兰历史事件相关。

有评论者因此认为，《红字》是一部明显的现实主义小说，展示了新英格兰历史的细节和意义。

霍桑善于挖掘事物表象中所代表的更高层次的真理，象征是他常用的艺术手法。

《红字》中运用了大量的意象，与罪恶息息相关的监狱，暗喻腐败的社会和陈腐的教规；傲然挺立的野玫瑰，则象征着美和生命热情。

The Scarlet LetterAuthor: Nathaniel HawthorneSymbolism：The Scarlet Letter, A symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulteress, the “A” eventually comes to stand for “Able.”The Meteor , to Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The meteor is interpreted differently by the rest of the community, which thinks that it stands for “Angel” and marks Governor Winthrop’s entry into heavenThe Rosebush, Next to the Prison Door .The narrator chooses to begin his story with the image of the rosebush beside the prison door. The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man’s activities.Pearl is a sort of living version of her mother’s scarlet letter. She is the physical consequence of sexual sin and the indicator of a transgression (evildoing). Upward American spiritCharacter analysis:Hester: disloyalty, betrayal, deception, sexual desire, adultery. Face, correct, redeem, purify. Praise, content, conformability.Dimmesdale: adultery, cowardice, hypocrisy, dishonesty, selfishness, too coward to confess, tortured by his conscience. Sympathetic, disfavor his hesitation, indecisiveness and cowardice. Chillingworth: revenge. Tortured by the desire of revenge, twisted and reduced to nothing. disgusted, think he committed greater crime.Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan background: setting, events, characters, thoughts, behaviors.Puritan doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.NatureThe declaration of TranscendentalismAnalysis of “Nature”A long essay which has eight parts: the opening, commodity, beauty, language, discipline, Idealism, spirit and prospects. Our selection is taken from the opening. Taken as a whole, “Nature” expresses Emerson’s philosophy in a more systematic fashion than any other work of his.Meanings of natureI BeautyNature is beautiful. : the complete, mysterious, useful and moral beauty of nature. First, nature’s beauty lies in its completeness. Second, nature’s beauty lies in its mystery. cannot be manipulated. Only when he holds a sincere respect for nature, can man feel the mysterious beauty of nature. Third, nature’s beauty lies in its usefulness. Nature provides man without any benefitII Nature Is Divine●Nature is divine and has the eternal order which should not be violated. Influenced in a way byChinese ancient philosophy, Emerson believes that all the things in the world come from the same root---the Oversoul.●Emerson believes that man can find God in his own heart by direct contact with nature●Nature has permeated (penetrate) all aspects of human life. Spirit embodied in nature hasinfluence upon us. Nature inspires man and gives him\her power. Man should find the truth,goodness and beauty in his own soul and bring into play his potentiality as human being. Then, he will become himself “All that Adam had, all that Caesar could, you have and can do".For Emerson, the individual is potentially the most divine and any organization or existing idea can not limit the development of individual.III Nature Is ChangingEverything in nature is in a process---growing, withdrawing and falling into the ground. The flowing of nature comes from a force which impels it to develop. For instance, a river is always in constantly flowing. It originates from mountains, flows along great plains and ultimately converges into the sea. Transcendental philosophyNature symbolizes freedom, independence and change. These are Individualism elements which attend to significance of common life. Therefore Emerson's nature is the theoretical base of American Individualism---one of the characteristics of American culture. As the symbol of Spirit, nature helps to prove that man's soul is beautiful, divine and fluid. Man should pursue spiritual fulfillmentExcerpt from Nature: in Nature Emerson puts forward every phenomenon of the nature there was the spirit of the spirit of the nature.Here from this paragraph we could see that emerson found the beauty in the wildness nature rather than the village or something. “in the wildness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.” In the wildness of the nature, emerson can transcend physical body to the spirit of the God and he can become one part of the spirit.He emerges into the nature, and then he goes into the Oversoul. “I am part or particle of God.” “I am nothing; I see all”. This sentence clearly shows that emerson merges into the sporit. And in the nature we could get the eternal beauty.2.Self-Reliance①“The Confidence”. a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas.②“The Independence”. A man should keep himself firmly ; not be easily influenced by environment.③Keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles.④“Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” shows that why the poor are poor is mainly due to their backward thinking. Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them.Comment: In Self-reliance, Emerson expressed the romantic idea of individualism, with an emphasis on being self-sufficient. He promoted relying on oneself rather than on established society. Emerson was known for his repeated use of phrase “trust thyself”. “Self-reliance” is his explanation---both systematic and passionate of what he meant by this, and why he was moved to make it his catchphrase. Every individual possesses a unique genius, Emerson argues, that can only be revealed when that individual has the courage to trust his or her own thoughts, attitudes, and inclinations against all public disapproval.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1. A Psalm of Life①Love of nature, love for the past ②Trochaic tetrameter③constant theme for poets: The relationship of life and death. ④He expresses his pertinent interpretation to that by warning us that though life is hard and everybody must die, time flies and life is short, yet, human beings ought to be hold “to act,” to face the reality straightly so as to make otherwise meaningless life significant.2. My Lost YouthⅤ. Terms 10’New England PoetsThe new England poets were the representatives of imitation, authors like Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Henry wadsworth Longfellow etc. tried to imitate the forms and themes of their English brothers, such as Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, wordsworth and so on.Rip van winkleThis is one story in Washington Irving’s Sketch Book. It tells a story of a kind but hen-pecked man rip van winkle. The protagonist does not take care of his own family very well and just wants to live idly. But his wife does not want him to live the life like that and keeps talking to him. Unhappy at home, he enters in the mountain with his gun and dog. One afternoon, he meets some strangers looking people playing at nine pins. Out of curiosity, he drinks the wine and falls into sleep. When he wakes up, he finds his dog missing and his gun rusted. He has to go back to the village again. But can not recognize the village and the folks. Later his surprise, he has been slept for 20 years. And his wife has been dead and his children grow up. At the end of story, his daughter takes him home and he still lives the life as he was used to.Ⅵ.Comment 20’1. Comment on Moby Dick:a. Although the narrator sees insanity in Ahab, Melville’s emotional sympathy is with the deficient Ahab. He begins with a noble intention to crush evil, but in taking this to the extreme, he becomes evil himself. He is destroyed by his consuming desire to root out evil.b. Moby Dick is a symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of nature. Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity & thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse. In this way, the author constructs a complicated statement about American view of nature.2. Compare: Emily Dickinson with Walt Whitman in their writing style.Similarities①Along with Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman stands as one of the two giants of American poetry in the nineteenth century.②Pioneers of imagism③Part of American Renaissance④Influenced by transcendentalism⑤Thematically, they both extolled in their different ways and emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”⑥Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they are pioneers in American poetry.Differences①Whitman seems to keep his eyes on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.②Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook. Dickinson is “regional”③Whitman has the “catalogue techniques”, all-inclusive catalogue. Whereas Dickinson’s concise, direct, simple diction and syntax。

TheScarletletter《红字》文学评论论文The Symbolism in The Scarlet LetterAbstractNathaniel Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of The Scarlet Letter. It is a representative one of his ideal and artistic style and is regarded as the first American symbolic fiction and is one of the few books that is remarkable, because it deals with alienation, sin, punishment, and guilt, or the emotions that will continue to be felt by every generation. The scarlet letter “A”, which covers through the whole novel, was given a variety of symbolic meanings. He expressed his feelings, emotions, will and concept through the scarlet letter” A”, some natural scenery, and some of the major characters. The use of symbolism gives romantic thoughts and great subjective ideals to readers. This paper researches the symbolism in the novel from the following aspects: the changing symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter “A”, the colors, prison, the forest, the names of the major characters described in the novel to make the symbolism clear to the reader.Key words: The Scarlet Letter, symbolism, sin摘要霍桑创作象征主义小说的独特天赋触及人类的道德的最深根源，其代表作是《红字》。

The Symbo‎l ism in The Scarl‎e t Lette‎rAbstr‎a ctNatha‎n iel Hawth‎o rne’s uniqu‎e gift was for the creat‎i on of stron‎g ly symbo‎l ic stori‎e s which‎touch‎the deepe‎s t roots‎ of man’s moral‎n atur‎e. The fines‎t examp‎l e is the recre‎ation‎of The Scarl‎e t Lette‎r. It is a repre‎s enta‎tive one of his ideal‎ and artis‎tic style‎and is regar‎d ed as the first‎ Ameri‎c an symbo‎lic ficti‎o n and is one of the few books‎that is remar‎kable‎, becau‎s e it deals‎with alien‎a tion‎, sin, punis‎h ment‎, and guilt‎, or the emoti‎o ns that will conti‎n ue to be felt by every‎gener‎a tion‎.The scarl‎e t lette‎r“A”, which‎cover‎s throu‎g h the whole‎n ovel‎,was given‎ a varie‎ty of symbo‎l ic meani‎n g s. He expre‎s sed his feeli‎n g s, emoti‎o n s, will and conce‎p t throu‎g h the scarl‎e t lette‎r”‎A”, some natur‎a l scene‎ry, and some of the major‎chara‎c ters‎.The use of symbo‎lism gives‎roman‎tic thoug‎h ts and great‎ subje‎ctive‎ideal‎s to reade‎r s. This paper‎resea‎r ches‎the symbo‎l ism in the novel‎f rom the follo‎wing aspec‎t s: the chang‎i ng symbo‎lic meani‎n g of the scarl‎e t lette‎r“A”, the col or‎s, priso‎n, the fores‎t, the names‎of the major‎chara‎c ters‎descr‎i bed in the novel‎ to make the symbo‎lism clear‎to the reade‎r.Key words‎:The Scarl‎e t Lette‎r, symbo‎l ism, sin摘要霍桑创作象‎征主义小说‎的独特天赋‎触及人类的‎道德的最深‎根源，其代表作是‎《红字》。