2019年6月英语六级真题第3套试题

2019年6月大学英语六级考试真题(三)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket. You can give examples to illustrate your point. Youshould write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)说明：2019年6月六级真题全国共考了两套听力。

本套（即第三套）的听力内容与第二套的完全一样，只是选项的顺序不一样而已，故在本套中不再重复给出。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Millions of Americans are entering their 60s and are more concerned than ever about retirement. They know they need to save, but how much? And what exactly are they saving for—to spend more time 36 the grandkids, go traveling, or start another career? It turns out that husbands and wives may have 37 different ideas about, the subject.The deepest divide is in the way spouses envisage their lifestyle in their later years. Fidelity Investments Inc. found 41 percent of the 500 couples it surveyed 38 on whether both or at least one spouse will work in retirement. Wives are generally right regarding their husbands’ retirement age, but men 39 the age their wives will be when they stop working. And husbands are slightly more 40 about their standard of living than wives are.Busy juggling (穷于应付) careers and families, most couples don’t take the time to sit down,41 or together, and think about what they would like to do 5,10 or 20 years from now. They42 they are on the same page, but the 43 is they have avoided even talking about it.If you are self-employed or in a job that doesn’t have a standard retirement age, you may be more apt to delay thinking about these issues. It is often a 44 retirement date that provides the catalyst (催化剂) to start planning. Getting laid off or accepting an early-retirement 45 can force your hand. But don’t wait until you get a severance (遣散费) check to begin planning.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2019年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三套全）目录2018年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一） (1)快速对答案 (16)2018年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（二） (17)快速对答案 (32)2018年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三） (32)快速对答案 (43)2018年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一）Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions: For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay on the importance of building trust between employers and employees.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.you should write at least150words but no more than200words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2019年6月英语六级真题试卷（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) 【参考范文】Any experienced teacher would seek to motivate his students to learn, and share advice on how to find the approaches to learning that suit them well. This universal consistency among education experts indisputably demonstrates an immutable principle of learning: initiative and correct methods are fundamental to academic success.Highly motivated students find learning pleasant and rewarding, and therefore maintain a strong desire to acquire new knowledge and skills, and enough courage to meet new challenges. Unmotivated students, in contrast, feel like they are forced to learn and get bored easily with this seemingly endless process. In addition, proper methods are a contributing factor in increased efficiency and positive learning outcomes. Top students don't necessarily spend the most amount of t ime on learning, but more often than not have found the right ways to improve their academic performance.It is widely acknowledged that there aren't any shortcuts to learning. But at least, a high level of m otivation and smart strategies make someone a dedicated and efficient learner.【范文译文】任何有经验的老师都会设法激发学生的学习积极性，引导学生寻找适合自己的学习方法。

2019年6月大学英语六级真题试卷（三）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：The Importance of Motivation and Methods in Learning When it comes to learning, there is a famous; Chinese saying which goes “ Learning without thinking leads to confusion; thinking without learning ends in danger. “ Evidently, it is meant to tell us that learning methods are as important as hard work. I totally agree with it. Besides, I insist that in addition to diligence and methods, motivation in learning should also be paid attention to. As for me, motivation is an indispensable! part of learning, because without motivation, you won’t start to learn at all. Even if you have started studying, without motivation that drives you to keep going, you may easily give up when faced with difficulties. With motivation, we also need the right way to learn. In the learning process, hard work is not enough. If we don’t attach importance to learning methods, we may fall into the dilemma of studying mechanically. Instead, with effective learning methods, there will be twice the result with half the effort. In brief, motivation and methods are critical to successful learning. Therefore, only when we are clearly aware of this, can we achieve good learning results by making efforts.解析：这是六级考试中常见的议论文考试形式。

2019年6月大学英语六级真题及答案解析完整版（卷三）Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the imp ortance of team spirit and communication in the workplace. You can cite examples to illustrate your views. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 wor ds.One of the problems both people and corporation face today is self-isolation and information loss, and many feel there is a great need for team spirit and communicat ion. I believe that working together and communicating with each other offer the bes t solution to the world’s pressing matters.Firstly, team spirit and communication help to deal with information loss. A group share information by working together and communication. Among all the touching f acts relating to this topic, the most impressive one is Bill Gates and Allen. Without te amwork and communication, how could it be possible for Microsoft corporation to ac hieve success? Second, team spirit and communication are beneficial to staff who do not have opportunity to speak all day long staring at the PC. Working with others gi ves them a chance to speak and prevent their speaking skills from deteriorate. More i mportantly, team spirit and communication help to create an amicable working atmos phere. By consulting problems with others, the moderate and friendly atmosphere is t hus created.Overall, team spirit and communication is beneficial in that they eliminate barriers to information loss, and improve the relationship between colleagues as well as the w orking atmosphere. Team spirit and communication are therefore an essential measure, the effects of which will be felt far and wide.【解析】本篇作文属于话题类作文，要求我们就团队精神及沟通在工作中的重要性写一篇作文。

2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an advertisement on your campus website to sell a book you used at college. Youradvertisement may include its brand, specifications/features, conditionand price, and your contact information. You should write at least 120words but no more than 180 words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes)（说明：由于2019年12月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现)Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the wordsin the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but also your eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can perk them right up again. During 26 exercise, our muscles tire as they run out of fuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a 27 called “central fatigue,” in which an imbalance in the body’s chemical messengers prevents the central nervous system from directing muscle movements 28 . It was not known, however, whether central fatigue might also affect motor systems not directly 29 in the exercise itself—such as those that move the eyes. To find out, researchers gave 11 volunteers a carbohydrate 30 eitherwith a moderate dose of caffeine—which is known to stimulate the central nervous system—or as a placebo without, during 3 hours of 31 . After exercising, the scientists tested the cyclists with eye-tracking cameras to see how well their brains could still 32 their visual system. The team found that exercise reduced the speed of rapid eye movements by about 8%, 33 their ability to capture new visual information. The caffeine—the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee—was 34 to counteract this effect, with some cyclists even displaying 35 eye movement speeds, the team reports today in Scientific Reports. So it might be a goodSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information isderived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraphis marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Blessing and Curse of the People Who Never ForgetA handful of people can recall almost every day of their lives in enormous detail—and after years of research, neuroscientists are finally beginning to understand how they do it.[A] For most of us, memory is a mess of blurred and faded pictures of our lives. Asmuch as we would like to cling on to our past, even the saddest moments can be washed away with time.[B] Ask Nima Veiseh what he was doing for any day in the past 15 years, however,and he will give you the details of the weather, what he was wearing, or even what side of the train he was sitting on his journey to work. “My memory is like a library of video tapes, walk-throughs of every day of my life from walking to sleeping,” he explains.[C] Veiseh can even put a date on when those tapes started recording: 15 December2000, when he met his first girlfriend at his best friend’s 16th birthday party. He had always had a good memory, but the thrill of young love seems to have shifteda gear in his mind: from now on, he would start recording his whole life in detail.“I could tell you everything about every day after that.”[D] Needless to say, people like Veiseh are of great interest to neuroscientists (神经科学专家) hoping to understand the way the brain records our lives. A couple of recent papers have finally opened a window on these people’s extraordinary minds. And such research might even suggest ways for us all to relive our past with greater clarity.[E] ‘Highly superior autobiographical memory’ (or HSAM for short), first come tolight in the early 2000s, with a young woman named Jill Price. Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day, she claimed that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12. Could he help explain her experiences?[F] McGaugh invited her to his lab, and began to test her: he would give her a dateand ask her to tell him about the world events on that day. True to her word, she was correct almost every time.[G] It didn’t take long for magazines and documentary film-makers to come tounderstand her “total recall”, and thanks to the subsequent media interest, a few dozen other subjects (including Veiseh) have since come forward and contacted the team at the University of California, Irvine.[H] Interestingly, their memories are highly self-centred: although they can remember“autobiographical” life events in extraordinary detail, they seem to be no better than average at recalling impersonal information, such as random (任意选取的) lists of words. Nor are they necessarily better at remembering a round of drinks, say. And although their memories are vast, they are still likely to suffer from “false memories”. Clearly, there is no such thing as a “perfect” memory—their ordinary minds are still using the same flawed tools that the rest of us rely on. The question is, how?[I] Lawrence Patihis at the University of Southern Mississippi recently studied around20 people with HSAM and found that they scored particularly high on twomeasures: fantasy proneness(倾向) and absorption. Fantasy proneness could be considered as a tendency to imagine and daydream, whereas absorption is the tendency to allow your mind to become fully absorbed in an activity—to pay complete attention to the sensations (感受) and the experien ces. “I’m extremely sensitive to sounds, smells and visual detail,” explains Nicole Donohue, who has taken part in many of these studies. “I definitely feel things more strongly than the average person.”[J] The absorption helps them to establish strong foundations for a recollection, says Patihis, and the fantasy proneness means that they revisit those memories again and again in the coming weeks and months. Each time this initial memory trace is “replayed”, it becomes even stronger. In some ways, you pro bably go through that process after a big event like your wedding day—but the difference is that thanks to their other psychological tendencies, the HSAM subjects are doing it day in, day out, for the whole of their lives.[K] Not everyone with a tendency to fantasize will develop HSAM, though, so Patihis suggests that something must have caused them to think so much about their past.“Maybe some experience in their childhood meant that they became obsessed (着迷) with calendars and what happened to them,” says Patihis.[L] The people with HSAM I’ve interviewed would certainly agree that it can be a mixed blessing. On the plus side, it allows you to relive the most transformativeand enriching experiences. Veiseh, for instance, travelled a lot in his youth. In his spare time, he visited the local art galleries, and the paintings are now lodged deep in his autobiographical memories.[M] “Imagine being able to remember every painting, on every wall, in every gall ery space, between nearly 40 countries,” he says. “That’s a big education in art by itself.” With this comprehensive knowledge of the history of art, he has since become a professional painter.[N] Donohue, now a history teacher, agrees that it helped during certain parts of her education: “I can definitely remember what I learned on certain days at school. I could imagine what the teacher was saying or what it looked like in the book.”[O] Not everyone with HSAM has experienced these benefits, however. Viewing the past in high definition can make it very difficult to get over pain and regret. “It can be very hard to forget embarrassing moments,” says Donohue. “You feel the same emotions—it is just as raw, just as fresh… You can’t turn off that stream of m emories, no matter how hard you try.” Veiseh agrees: “It is like having these open wounds—they are just a part of you,” he says.[P] This means they often have to make a special effort to lay the past to rest. Bill, for instance, often gets painful “flashbacks” in which unwanted memories intrude into his consciousness, but overall he has chosen to see it as the best way of avoiding repeating the same mistakes. “Some people are absorbed in the past but not open to new memories, but that’s not the case for m e. I look forward to the each day and experiencing something new.”36. People with HSAM have the same memory as ordinary people when it comes toimpersonal information.37. Fantasy proneness will not necessarily cause people to develop HSAM.38. Veiseh began to remember the details of his everyday experiences after he met hisfirst young love.39. Many more people with HSAM started to contact researchers due to the massmedia.40. People with HSAM often have to make efforts to avoid focusing on the past.41. Most people do not have clear memories of past events.42. HSAM can be both a curse and a blessing.43. A young woman sought explanation from a brain scientist when she noticed herunusual memory.44. Some people with HSAM find it very hard to get rid of unpleasant memories.45. A recent study of people with HSAM reveals that they are liable to fantasy andfull absorption in an activity.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage 1Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The phrase almost completes itself: midlife crisis. It’s the stage in the middle of the journey when people feel youth vanishing, their prospects narrowing and death approaching.There’s only one problem with the cliché (套话). It isn’t true.“In fact, there is almost no hard evidence for midlife crisis other than a few small pilot studies conducted decades ago,” Barbara Hagerty writes in her new book, Life Reimagined. The bulk of the research shows that there may be a pause, or a shifting of gears in the 40s or 50s, but this shift “can’t be exciting, rather than terrifying.”Barbara Hagerty looks at some of the features of people who turn midlife into a rebirth. They break routines, because “autopilot is death.” They choose purpose over happiness–having a clear sense of purpose even reduces the risk of Alzenimer’s disease. They give priority to relationships, as careers often recede (逐渐淡化).Life Reimagined paints a picture of middle age that is far from gloomy. Midlife seems like the second big phase of decision-making. Your identity has been formed, you’ve built up your resources; and now you have the chance to take the big risks precisely because your foundation is already secure.Karl Barth described midlife precisely this way. At middle age, he wrote, “the sowing is behind; now is the time to reap. The run has been taken; now is the time toleap. Preparation has been made; now is th e time for the venture of the work itself.”The middle-aged person, Barth continued, can see death in the distance, but moves with a “measured haste” to get big new things done while there is still time.What Barth wrote decades ago is even truer today. People are healthy and energetic longer. We have presidential candidates running for their first term in office at age 68, 69 and 74. A longer lifespan is changing the narrative structure of life itself. What could have been considered the beginning of a descent is now a potential turning point—the turning point you are most equipped to take full advantage of.46. What does the author think of the phrase “midlife crisis”?A) It has led to a lot of debate.B) It is widely acknowledged.C) It is no longer fashionable.D) It misrepresents real life.47. How does Barbara Hagerty view midlife?A) It may be the beginning of a crisis.B) It can be a new phrase of one’s life.C) It can terrifying for the unprepared.D) It may see old-age diseases approaching.48. How is midlife pictured in the book Life Reimagined?A) It can be quite rosy.B) It can be burdensome.C) It undergoes radical transformation.D) It makes for the best part of one’s life.49. According to Karl Barth, midlife is the time .A) to relaxB) to matureC) to harvestD) to reflect50. What does the author say about midlife today?A) It is more meaningful than other stages of life.B) It is likely to change the narrative of one’s life.C) It is more important toe those with a longer lifespan.D) It is likely to be a critical turning point in one’s life.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter’s end. So it’s no surprise that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg.Some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into Greek Easter breads. Others elevate the egg into a fancy art, like the heavily jewel-covered “eggs” that were favored by the Russians starting in the 19th century.One ancient form of egg art comes to us from Ukraine. For centuries, Ukrainians have been drawing complicated patterns on eggs. Contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the anxieties of our age: Life is precious, and delicate. Eggs are, too.“There’s something about their delicate nature that appeals to me,” says New Yorker cartoonist Roz Chast. Several years ago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional Ukrainian technique to draw her very modern characters. “I’ve broken eggs at every stage of the process—from the very beginning to the very, very end.”But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability. “There’s part of this sickening horror of knowing you’re walking on the edge with this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second.” Chast’s designs, such as worried man alone in a tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness.Traditional Ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. The elaborate patterns were believed to offer protection against evil.“There’s an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not pre vail in the world,” says Joan Brander, a Canadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her Ukrainian relatives.The tradition, dating back to 300 B.C., was later incorporated into the Christian church. The old symbols, however, still endure. A decorated egg with a bird on it, given to a young married couple, is a wish for children. A decorated egg thrown into the field would be a wish for a good harvest.51. Why do people in many cultures prize the egg?A) It is a welcome sign of the coming of spring.B) It is their major source of protein in winter.C) It can easily be made into a work of art.D) It can bring wealth and honor to them.52. What do we learn about the decorated “eggs” in Russia?A) They are shaped like jewel cases.B) They are cherished by the rich.C) They are heavily painted in red.D) They are favored as a form of art.53. Why have contemporary artists continued the egg art tradition?A) Eggs serve as an enduring symbol of new life.B) Eggs have an oval shape appealing to artists.C) Eggs reflect the anxieties of people today.D) Eggs provide a unique surface to paint on.54. Why does Chast enjoy the process of decorating eggs?A) She never knows if the egg will break before the design is completed.B) She can add multiple details to the design to communicate her idea.C) She always derives great pleasure from designing something new.D) She is never sure what the final design will look like until the end.55. What do we learn from the passage about egg-painting?A) It originated in the eastern part of Europe.B) It has a history of over two thousand years.C) It is the most time-honored form of fancy art.D) It is especially favored as a church decoration.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.黄河是亚洲第三、世界第六长的河流。

2019年6月大学英语六级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing （30 minutes）Directions: Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to major in science or humanities at college, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200words.Part II Listening Comprehension （30 minutes）（说明：由于2019年6月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现）Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage throughcarefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please markthe corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Youmay not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Half of your brain stays alert and prepared for danger when you sleep in a new place, a study has revealed. This phenomenon is often 26 to as the “first-night-effect”. Researchers from Brown University found that a network in the left hemisphere of t he brain “remained more active” than the network in the right side of the brain. Playing sounds into the right ears （stimulating the left hemisphere）of 27 was more likely to wake them up than if the noises were played into their left ear.It was 28 observed that the brain was more active during deep sleep. When the researchers repeated the laboratory experiment on the second and third nights they found the left hemisphere could not be stimulated in the same way during deep sleep. The researchers explained that the study demonstrated “when we are i n a 29 environment, the brain partly remains alert so that humans can defend themselves against any 30 danger.”The researchers believe this is the first time that the “first-night-effect” of different brain states has been 31 in humans. It isn’t, however, the first time it has ever been seen. Some animal 32 also display this phenomenon. For example, dolphins, as well as other 33 animals shut down one hemisphere of the brain when they go to sleep. A previous study noted that dolphins always 34 control their breathing. Without keeping the brain active while sleeping, they would probably down. But, as the human study suggest, another reason for dolphins keeping their eyes open during sleep is that they can look out for 35 while asleep. Italso keeps their physiological processes working.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is markedwith a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Price of Oil and the Price of Carbon[A]Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay “low for long”. Notwithstanding important recent progre ss in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies. The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.[B]Policymakers should not allow low energy prices to derail the clean energy transition. Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change. That approach also offers fiscal benefits.[C] Oil prices have dropped by over 60 percent since June 2019. A commonly held view in the oil industry is that “the best cure for low oil prices is low oil prices”. The reasoning behind this saying is that low oil prices discourage investment in new production capacity, eventually shifting the oil supply curve backward and bringing prices back up as existing oil fields—which can be tapped at relatively low marginal cost—are depleted. In fact, in line with past experience, capital expenditure in the oil sector has dropped sharply in many producing countries, including the United States. The dynamic adjustment to low oil prices may, however, be different this time around.[D]Oil prices are expected to remain lower for longer. The advent of new technologies has added about 4.2 million barrels per day to the crude oil market, contributing to a global over-supply. In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand（especially from emerging markets）, the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes. These likely persistent forces, like the growth of shale（页岩）, point to a “low for long” scenario. Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.[E]Natural gas and coal—also fossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived. Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked. The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there. The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina. Coal prices also are low, owing to over-supply and the scaling down of demand, especially from China, which burns half of the world’s coal.[F] Technological innovations have unleashed the power of renewables such as wind, hydro, solar, and geothermal （地热）. Even Africa and the Middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables. For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.[G]Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long. Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas. But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.[H]Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels. There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices. The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.[I] The current low fossil-fuel price environment will thus certainly delay the energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources. Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very long time, if not forever, the planet will likely be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.[J] Some climate impacts may already be discernible. For example, the United Nations Children’s Fund estimates that some 11 million children in Africa face hunger, disease, and water shortages as a result of the strongest ElNiño（厄尔尼诺）weather phenomenon in decades. Many scientists believe that El Niño events, caused by warming in the Pacific, are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.[K]Nations from around the world have gathered in Paris for the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21, with the goal of a universal and potentially legally-binding agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We need very broad participation to address fully the global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world. Moreover, non-participants by nations, if sufficiently widespread, can undermine the political will of participating countries to act.[L]The nations participating at COP 21 are focusing on quantitative emissions-reduction commitments. Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions. The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first. The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions. A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes. In order to maximize global welfare, every country’s carbon pricing should reflect not only th e purely domestic damages from emissions, but also the damages to foreign countries.[M]Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon. By raising relative demand for clean energy sources, a carbon price would also help to align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones. And it would raise the demand for technologies such as carbon capture and storage, spurring their further development. If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy. While alternative estimates of the damages from carbon emissions differ, and it’s especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.[N] Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral（附带的）costs.[O] The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices. Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process. Failure to address comprehensively the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.36. A number of factors are driving down the global oil prices not just for now but in the foreseeable future.37. Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.38. It is estimated that extreme weather conditions have endangered the lives of millions of African children.39. The prices of coal are low as a result of over-supply and decreasing demand.40. Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technology.41. If fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.42. Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today’s world.43. Even major fossil exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.44. Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.45. It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen thecatastrophic effects of climate change.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through thecentre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Tennessee’s technical and community college will not outsource（外包）management of their facilities to a private company, a decision one leader said was bolstered by an analysis of spending at each campus.In an email sent Monday to college presidents in the Tennessee Board of Regents system, outgoing Chancellor John Morgan said an internal analysis showed that each campus’ spending on facilities management fell well below the industry standards identified by the state. Morgan said those findings—which included data from the system’s 13 community colleges, 27 technical colleges and six universities—were part of the decision not to move forward with Governor Bill Haslam’s proposal to privatize management of state buildings in an effort to save money.“While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial,” Morgan wrote to the presidents. “System institutions are operating very efficiently based on this analysis, raising the question of the value of pursing a broad scale outsourcing initiative.”Workers’ advocates have criticized Haslam’s plan, saying it would mean some campus workers would lose their jobs or benefits. Haslam has said colleges would be free to opt in or out of the outsourcing plan, which has not been finalized.Morgan notified that Haslam administration of his decision to opt out in a letter sent last week. That letter, which includes several concerns Morgan has with the plan, was originally obtained by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis.In an email statement from the state’s Office of Customer Focused Government, which is examining the possibility of outsourcing, spokeswoman Michelle R. Martin said officials were still working to analyze the datafrom the Board of Regents. Data on management expenses at the college system and in other state departments will be part of a “business justification” the state will use as officials deliberate the specifics of an outsourcing plan.“The state’s facilities management project team is still in the process of developing its bu siness justification and expects to have that completed and available to the public at the end of February,” Martin said. “At this time there is nothing to take action on since the analysis has yet to be completed.”Morgan’s comments on outsourcing mark th e second time this month that he has come out against one of Haslam’s plans for higher education in Tennessee. Morgan said last week that he would retire at the end of January because of the governor’s proposal to split off six universities of the Board of Regents system and create separate governing boards for each of them. In his resignation letter, Morgan called the reorganization “unworkable”.46. What do we learn about the decision of technical and community colleges in Tennessee?A）It is backed by a campus spending analysis.B）It has been flatly rejected by the governor.C）It has neglected their faculty’s demands.D）It will improve their financial situation.47. What does the campus spending analysis reveal?A）Private companies play a big role in campus management.B）Facilities management by colleges is more cost-effective.C）Facilities management has greatly improved in recent years.D）College exercise full control over their own financial affairs.48. Workers’ supporters argue that Bill Haslam’s prop osal would ______.A）deprive colleges of the right to manage their facilitiesB）make workers less motivated in performing dutiesC）render a number of campus workers joblessD）lead to the privatization of campus facilities49. What do we learn from the stat e spokeswoman’s response to John Morgan’s decision?A）The outsourcing plan is not yet finalized.B）The outsourcing plan will be implemented.C）The state officials are confident about the outsourcing plan.D）The college spending analysis justifies the outsourcing plan.50. Why did John Morgan decide to resign?A）He had lost confidence in the Tennessee state government.B）He disagreed with the governor on higher education policies.C）He thought the state’s outsourcing proposal was simply unworkable.D）He opposed the governor’s plan to reconstruct the college board system.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Macy’s reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Its flagship stores in major U.S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dol lar. Meanwhile, Macy’s has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weat her. “About 80% of our company’s year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls（短缺）in cold-weather goods,” said chief executive Terry Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.However, it’s clear that Macy’s believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration（偏离）off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $400 million in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also plans to offer “voluntary separation” packages to 165 senior executives. It will splash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2019. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain’s stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.Macy’s has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy’s Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T.J. Maxx. It’s also pushing ahead in 2019 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy’s hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in th e category.One relative bright spot for Macy’s during the holiday season was the online channel, where it rang up “double-digit” increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength would be consistent with what was seen in the wider retail industry during the early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.51. What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U.S.?A）It is attributable to the rising value of the U.S. dollar.B）It is a direct result of the global economic recession.C）It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.D）It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U.S.52. What does Macy’s believe about its problems?A）They can be solved with better management.B）They cannot be attributed to weather only.C）They are not as serious in its online stores.D）They call for increased investments.53. In order to cut costs, Macy’s decided to _______.A）cut the salary of senior executivesB）relocate some of its chain storesC）adjust its promotion strategiesD）reduce the size of its staff54. Why does Macy’s plan to expand Bluemercury in 2019?A）To experiment on its new business concept.B）To focus more on beauty products than clothing.C）To promote sales of its products by lowering prices.D）To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.55. What can we learn about Macy’s during the holiday season?A）Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.B）Its retail sales exceeded those of T.J. Maxx.C）It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.D）It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.Part VI Translation （30 minutes）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.明朝统治中国276年，被人们描绘成人类历史上治理有序、社会稳定的最伟大的时代之一。

2019年6⽉英语六级真题第三套2019年6⽉⼤学英语六级考试（卷三）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A(听⼒部分同卷⼆)Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.A) Why Roman Holiday was more famous than Breakfast at Tiffany's.B)Why Audrey Hepburn had more female fans than male ones.C)Why the woman wanted to be like Audrey Hepburn.D)Why so many girls adored Audrey Hepburn.2.A)Her unique personality. B)Her physical condition.C)Her shift of i nterest to performing arts. D)Her family's suspension of financial aid.3.A) She was not an outgoing person. B)She was easy-going on the whole.C)She was modest and hardworking D)She was usually not very optimistic.4.A)She was i nfluenced by the roles she played in the films.B)Her parents taught her to symbolize with the needy.C)She learned t o v olunteer when s he w as a c hild.D)Her family benifited from other people's help.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5.A) Give a presentation. B)Rise some questions.C)Start a n ew company. D)Attend a board meeting.6.A) It will cut production costs. B)It will raise productivity.C)No staff will be dismissed. D)No new staff will be hired.7.A) The timeline of r estructuring. B) The reasons for restructuring.C) The communication channels. D) The company's new missions.8.A) By consulting their own department managers.B)By emailing questions to the man or the woman.C)By exploring various channels of communication.D)By visiting the company's own computer network.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter o n Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A) It helps passengers to take care of their pet animals.B)It has animals to help passengers carry their language.C)It uses therapy animals to soothe nervous passengers.D)It allows passengers to have animal travel with them.IO.A) Avoiding possible dangers.B)Finding their way around.C)Identifying drug smugglers.D)Looking after sick passengers.I I.A) Schedule their flights around the animal visits.B)Photograph the therapy animals at the airport.C)Keep some animals for therapeutic purposes.D)Bring their animals on board their plane.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.I2.A) Beside a beautifully painted wall in Arles.B)Beside the gate of an ancient Roman city.C)At the site of an ancient Roman mansion.D)At the entrance to a reception hall in Rome.13.A) A number of different images. B) A number of mythological heroes.C) Various musical instruments. D) Paintings by famous French artists.14.A) The originality and expertise shown. B) The worldly sophistication displayed.C)The stunning images vividly depicted. D) The impressive skills and costly dyes.15.A) His artistic taste is superb. B) His identity remains unclear.D)He was a collector of antiques. D) He was a rich Italian merchant.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A) They encourage international cooperation.B)They lay stress on basic scientific research.C)They place great emphasis on empirical studies.D)They favour scientists from its member countries.17.A) Many of them wish to win international recognition.B)They believe that more hands will make light work.C)They want to follow closely the international trend.D)Many of their projects have become complicated.18.A) It requires mathematicians to work independently.B)It is faced with many unprecedented challenges.C)It lags behind other disciplines in collaboration.D)It calls for more research funding to catch up.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A) Scientists tried to send a balloon to Venus.B)Scientists discovered water on Venus.C)Scientists found Venus had atmosphere.D)Scientists observed Venus f rom a s pace v ehicle.20.A) It resembles Earth in many aspects.B)It is the same as fiction has portrayed.C)I t is a paradise of romance for alien life.D)I t undergoes geological changes like Earth.21.A) It might have been hotter than it is today.B)It might have been a cozy habitat for life.C)I t used to have more water than Earth.D)I t used to be covered with rainforests.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22.A) Causes of sleeplessness.C)Cultural psychology.23.A) They attach great importance to s leep.B)They often have trouble falling asleep.C)They pay more attention to sleep efficiency.B)Cross-cultural communication.D)Motivation and positive feelings.D)They generally sleep l onger than E ast A sians.24.A) By asking people to report their sleep habits.B)By observing people's sleep patterns in labs.C)B y having people wear motion-detecting watches.D)B y videotaping people's daily sleeping processes.25.A) It has made remarkable progress in the past few decades.B)It has not yet explored the cross-cultural aspect of s leep.C)It has not yet produced anything conclusive.D)It has attached attention all over the world.Part mSection AReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than onceSteel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become brittle (脆的）at temperatures below about -25 unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness —without the need for expensive 28.Steel's fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed ( ⽤鱼雷攻击）numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap-and-cheerful"Liberty ships"was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sankBrittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 . Rather than adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is 33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.Kimura's team ends to use its tempfomed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job and their weight—by repl aci ng solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridgesSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2The future of personal satellite technology is here_are we ready for it?A)Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach ordinary people. Just like drones (⽆⼈机） before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our headsB)A s a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites holdtremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However,as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is nolonger"Can we?"but"Should we?"What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as"professionals"? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 yearsC)H aving your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats The"Cube"here simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a I0cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit m a launch vehicle's formerly"wasted space."Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex m1ss10ns than could be achieved by one CubeSat aloneD)D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communicationsreceivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.E)D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communicationsreceivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.F)The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR's Sputnik (前苏联的⼈造卫星）. Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats There arc more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymoreG)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISSH)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, includingI)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and thetraining of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including J)In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts' (业余⽆线电爱好者) participation in space research and communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR- a U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT wasputting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility.K)H ere, open.source development has been a central principle, Within the organization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there s no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form of“self-governance”is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?L)Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. They're still constrained by funders, launch providers and a series of regulations - all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone - we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised (临时制作的) explosive devices at the other.M)This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important - not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the'evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible, actually is. Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists, and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.36.Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse ofsatellites.37.A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks .38.The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks oftheir irresponsible use39.Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.40.AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking oftheir satellites.41.NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42.Even with constraint, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes43.While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards to other space vehicles .44.Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45.AMSAT operates on the principle of h aving all its technical data accessible to its members,preventing the abuse ofamateur satellites.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centrePassage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”.It’s a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also thepreferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort.As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning (产出）.The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we're primed to compare ourselves to each other in what 1s an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than friends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predominance can bolster individuals' sense of self-worth.Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None ofthat might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway46.What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?A)Making new friends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipatedB)Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.C)Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.D)Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected47.What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?A)Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivityB)Harmonious relationships are what many companies s aim to cultivateC)Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product qualityD)Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere48.What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?A)They should be cultivatedB)They are virtually irrelevantC)They are vital to corporate cultureD)They should be reasonably intimate49.What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?A)They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactionsB)They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleaguesC)They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain Workplace r elationshipsD)They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues50.What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?A)They provide fun at workB)They help control emotionsC)They help resolve differencesD)They improve work efficiencyPassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an "irrational" responseOne of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google’s self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 krn, and required human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomous driving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go ( 围棋）took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a computer beat one of the world's lea⼩ng professional Go players. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He'll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple questionWhat's so special about us? It can't be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness. Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful rational assistants. So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we can still be the most creative. Because if we aren’t,we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.51.What is the author's greatest concern about the use of AI?A)Computers are perfoming lots of creative tasksB)Many abilities will cease to be unique to human bemgsC)Computers may become more rational than humansD)Many human skills are fast becoming outdated52.What impresses the author most in the field of AI?A)Google's experimental driverless cars require little human interventionB)Google's cars have surpassed his driving ability in j ust a single yearC)Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short timeD)Google has become a world leader in the field of a utonomous driving53.What do we learn from the passage about creativity?A)It is rat10nalB)It is predictableC)It is human specificD)It is yet to be emulated by AI54.What should schools help children do in the era of AI?A)Cultivate original thinkingB)Learn to work independentlyC)Compete with smart machinesD)Understand how AI works55.How can we humans justify our future existence?A)By constantly outsmarting computersB)By adopting a l ong-term perspectiveC)By r ationally c ompromising w ith A ID)By providing value with our creativityPart IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage f rom Chinese into English. Y ou should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2成语(Chinese idioms) 是汉语中的⼀种独特的表达⽅式，⼤多由四个汉字组成。

英语六级真题和答案听力Passage 1At some 2300 miles in length, the Mississippi is the longest river in the United States. At some 1000 miles, the Mackenzie is the longest river in Canada. But these waterways seem minute in comparison to the world’s 2 lengthies t rivers: the Nile and the Amazon.The Nile which begins in central Africa and flows over 4100 miles north into the Mediterranean hosted one of the world’s great ancient civilizations along its shores. Calm and peaceful for most of the year, the Nile used to flood annually, thereby creating, irrigating and carrying new topsoil to the nearby farmland on which ancient Egypt depended for livelihood. As a means of transportation, the river carried various vessels up and down its length.A journey through the unobstructed part of this waterway today would pass by the splendid valley of the Kings, where the tombs of many of these ancient monarchs have stood for over 3000 years. Great civilizations and intensive settlement are hardly associated with the Amazon, yet this 4000 mile-long south American river carries about 20% of the world’s fresh water more than the Mississippi, Nile and Yangtze combined. Other statistics are equally astonishing. The Amazon is so wide at some points that from its center neither shore can be seen. Each second, the Amazon pours some 55 million gallons of water into the Atlantic. There, at its mouth stands one island larger than Switzerland. Most important of all, the Amazon irrigates the largest tropical rain forest on earth.Passage 19. What can be found in the valley of the Kings?10. In what way is the Amazon different from other big rivers?11. What does the speaker say about the Amazon?Recording 2Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the third in our cities of business seminars in the program “Doing Business Abroad”. (Q19) Today, we are going to look at the intercultural awareness, that is the fact that not everyone is British, not everyone speaks English and not everyone does business in a British way. And, why should they? (Q19) If overseas business people are selling to us, then they will make every effort to speak English and to respect our traditions and methods. It is only polite for us to do the same when we visit them. It is not only polite, it is a central, if we want to sell British products overseas. First, a short quiz. Let’s see how interculturally-aware you are. Question 1: where must you not drink alcohol on the first and seventh of every month. Question 2: where should you never admire your host’s possessions. Question 3: how should you attract the waiter during a business lunch in Bangkok. Question 4: where should you try to make all your appointments either before 2 or after 5:30 pm. OK,everyone had a chance to make some notes. Right! Here are the answers. Although I am sure that the information could equally well apply to countries other than those I have chosen. No.1: (Q20) you must not drink alcohol on the first and seventh of the month in India. In international hotels, you may find it served, but if you are having a meal with an India colleague, remember to avoid asking for a beer. If you are an arrival, coincide with one of those tips. No.2: in Arab countries, the politeness and generosity of the people is without parallel. If you admi re your colleague’s beautiful belt and bowls, you may well find yourself being presented with them as a present. This is not a cheap way to do your shopping, however, as your host will quite correctly expect you to respond by presenting him with a gift of equal worth and beauty. In Thailand, clicking the fingers, clapping your hands or just shouting “Waiter” will embarrass your hosts, fellow diners, the waiter himself and, most of all, you. Place your palm downward and make an inconspicuous waving gesture, which will produce instant and satisfying results. And finally, (Q21) in Spain, some businesses maintain the pattern of working until about 2 o’clock and then returning to the office from 5:30 to 8, 9 or 10 in the evening.Q19: What should you do when doing business with foreigners?Q20: What must you avoid doing with your Indian colleague?Q21: What do we learn about some Spanish people?选词填空儿歌Did Sarah Josepha Hale write “Mary’s Little Lamb,” the eternal nursery rhyme（儿歌）about girl named Mar y with a stubborn lamb? This is still disputed, but it’s clear that the woman 26 reputed for writing it was one of America’s most fascinating 27 characters. In honor of the poem publication on May 24,1830, here’s more about the 28 supposed author’s life.Hale wasn’t just a writer, she was also a 29 fierce social advocate, and she was particularly 30 obsessed with an ideal New England, which she associated with abundant Thanksgivinx xg meals that she claimed had “a deep moral influence,” she began a natio nwide 31 campaign to have a national holiday declared that would bring families together while celebrating the 32 traditional festivals. In 1863, after 17 years of advocacy including letters to five presidents, Hale got it. President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, issued a 33 proclamation setting aside the last Thursday in November for the holiday.The true authorship of “Mary’s Little Lamb” is disputed. According to New England Historical Society, Hale wrote only one part of the poem, but claimed authorship. Regardless of the author, it seems that the poem was 34 inspired by a real event. When young Mary Sawyer was followed to school by a lamb in 1816, it caused some problems. A bystander named John Roulstone wrote a poem about the event, then, at some point, Hale herself seems to have helped write it. However, ifa 1916 piece by her great-niece is to be trusted, Hale claimed for the 35 rest of her life that “Some other people pretended that someone else wrote the poem”.A）campaignB）careerC）charactersD）featuresE）fierceF）inspiredG）latterH）obsessedI）proclamationJ）rectifiedK）reputedL）restM）supposedN）traditionalO）versatile金字塔Scientists scanning and mapping the Giza pyramids say they've discovered that the Great Pyramid of Giza is not exactly even. But really not by much. This pyramid is the oldest of the world’s Seven Wonders. The pyramid’s exact size has 26 puzzled experts for centuries, as the "more than 21 acres of hard, white casing stones" that originally covered it were 27 removed long ago.Reporting in the most recent issue of the newsletter "AERAGRAM," which 28 chronicles the work of the Ancient Egypt Research Associates, engineer Glen Dash says that by using a new measuring approach that involved finding any surviving 29 remnants of the casing in order to determine where the original edge was. They found the east side of the pyramid to be a 30 maximum of 5.55 inches shorter than the west side.The question that most 31 fascinates him, however, isn't how the Egyptians who designed and built the pyramid got it wrong 4,500 years ago, but how they got it so close to 32 perfect. "We can only speculate as to how the Egyptians could have laid out these lines with such 33 precision using only the tools they had," Dash writes. He says his 34 hypothesis is that the Egyptians laid out their design on a grid, noting that the great pyramid is oriented only 35 slightly away from the cardinal directions (its north-south axis runs 3 minutes 54 seconds west of due north, while its east-west axis runs 3 minutes 51 seconds north of due east)—an amount that's "tiny, but similar," Atlas Obscura points out.chroniclesestablishedfascinateshypothesismaximummomentummysteriouslyperfectprecisionpuzzledremnantsremovedrevelationsslightly家用机器人When Elon Musk says, as he did this week, that his new priority is using artificial intelligence to build domestic robots, we should not only take note, but look forward to the day we can put our legs up in admiration.Mr. Musk is a guy who gets things done. The founder of two “moonshot” tech companies, Tesla Motors and SpaceX, is bringing electric vehicles to mass market and 26 humans to live on other planets. Lest this strike the amateur techie—not that readers of The Independent would ever count among them—as so much hot air, you can be reassured that the near $13bn (£8.8bn) fortune this entrepreneur has 27 comes from practical achievements rather than hypothetical ones.A lot of clever people are 28 about artificial intelligence, fearing that robots will one day become so 29 they’ll murder all of us. These fears are mostly30 : as with hysteria about genetic modification, we humans are generally wise enough to manage these problems with alacrity and care.And just think of how wonderful it would be if you had a live-in robot. It could —31 — be like having a babysitter and masseuse rolled into one —or, if that required 32 intelligence beyond the ken of Mr. Musk’s imagined machine, at least some one t o chop the carrots, wash the car and mow the lawn. Once purchased and trained, this would allow the 33 user to save money and time, freeing up 34 space in our busy lives to, for instance, read The Independent.That is why we welcome Mr. Musk’s l atest 35 , and wish him well. As long as robots add to the sum of human happiness, reduce suffering or cumbersome activity, and create time to read world-class journalism, The Independent will be their fans. Especially since journalism is one job robots will never do.B) casualC) emotionalD) enablingE) eventuallyF) exaggeratedG) extravagantH) generouslyI) misleadingJ) preciousK) rewardL) smartM) sphereN) terrifiedO) venture答案：26. D enabling27. A amassed28. N terrified29. L smart30. F exaggerated31. E eventually32. C emotional33. B casual34. J precious35. O venture阅读Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The Ebro Delta, in Spain, famous as a battleground during the Spanish Civil War, is now the setting for a different contest, one that is pitting rice farmers against two enemies: the rice-eating giant apple snail, and rising sea levels. What happens here will have a bearing on the future of European rice production and the overall health of southern European wetlands.Located on the Mediterranean just two hours south of Barcelona, the Ebro Delta produces 120 million kilograms of rice a year, making it one of the continent’s most important rice-growing areas. As the sea creeps into these fresh-water marshes, however, rising salinity（盐分）is hampering rice production. At the same time, this sea-water also kills off the greedy giant applesnail, an introduced pest that feeds on young rice plants. The most promising strategy has become to harness one foe against the other.The battle is currently being waged on land, in greenhouses at the University of Barcelona. Scientists working under the banner “Project Neurice” are seeking varieties of rice that can withstand the increasing salinity without losing the absorbency that makes European rice ideal for traditional Spanish and Italian dishes.“The project has two sides,” says Xavier Serrat, Neurice project manager and researcher at the University of Barcelona. “the short-term fight against the snail, and a mid- to long-term fight against climate change. But the snail has given the project greater urgency.”Originally from South America, the snails were accidentally introduced into the Ebro Delta by Global Aquatic Tecnologies, a company that raised the snails for fresh-water aquariums（水族馆）, but failed to prevent their escape. For now, the giant apple snail’s presence in Europe is limited to the Ebro Delta. But the snail continues its march to new territory, says Serrat. “The question is not if it will reach other rice-growing areas of Europe, but when.”Over the next year and a half investigators will test the various strains of salt-tolerant rice they’ve bred. In 2018, farmers will plant the varieties with the most promi se in the Ebro Delta and Europe’s other two main rice-growing regions—along the Po in Italy, and France’s Rhône. A season in the field will help determine which, if any, of the varieties are ready for commercialization.As an EU-funded effort, the search for salt-tolerant varieties of rice is taking place in all three countries. Each team is crossbreeding a local European short-grain rice with a long-grain Asian variety that carries the salt-resistant gene. The scientists are breeding successive generations to arrive at varieties that incorporate salt tolerance but retain about 97 percent of the European rice genome（基因组）.46.Why does the author mention the Spanish Civil War at the beginning of the passage?A. It had great impact on the life of Spanish rice farmers.B. It is of great significance in the records of Spanish history.C. Rice farmers in the Ebro Delta are waging a battle of similar importance.D. Rice farmers in the Ebro Delta are experiencing as hard a time as in the war.47.What may be the most effective strategy for rice farmers to employ in fighting their enemies?A. Striking the weaker enemy firstB. Killing two birds with one stoneC. Eliminating the enemy one by oneD. Using one evil to combat the other48. What do we learn about “Project Neurice”?A. Its goals will have to be realized at a cost.B. It aims to increase the yield of Spanish rice.C. Its immediate priority is to bring the pest under control.D. It tries to kill the snails with the help of climate change.49. What does Neurice project manager say about the giant apple snail?A. It can survive only on southern European wetlands.B. It will invade other rice-growing regions of Europe.C. It multiplies at a speed beyond human imagination.D. It was introduced into the rice fields on purpose.50. What is the ultimate goal of the EU-funded program?A. Cultivating ideal salt-resistant rice varieties.B. Increasing the absorbency of the Spanish rice.C. Introducing Spanish rice to the rest of Europe.D. Popularizing the rice crossbreeding technology.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life's greatest milestones. Now, the only apparent cost to taking infinite photos of something as common as a meal is the space on your hard drive and your dining companion's patience.But is there another cost, a deeper cost, to documenting a life experience instead of simply enjoying it? "You hear that you shouldn't take all these photos and interrupt the experience, and it's bad for you, and we're not living in the present moment," says Kristin Diehl, associate professor of marketing at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing people's enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera. The results, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them. Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they're doing more, not less."What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because you're looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto," Diehl explains. "That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend to enjoy it more."Take sightseeing. In one experiment, nearly 200 participants boarded a double-decker bus for a tour of Philadelphia. Both bus tours forbade the use of cell phones but one tour provided digital cameras and encouraged people to take photos. The people who took photos enjoyed the experience significantly more, and said they were more engaged, than those who didn't.Snapping a photo directs attention, which heightens the pleasure you get from whatever you're looking at, Diehl says. It works for things as boring as archaeological（考古的）museums, wherepeople were given eye-tracking glasses and instructed either to take photos or not. "People look longer at things they want to photograph," Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too.To the relief of Instagrammers（Instagram用户）everywhere, it can even makes meals more enjoyable. When people were encouraged to take at least three photos while they ate lunch, they were more immersed in their meals than those who weren't told to take photos.Was it the satisfying click of the camera? The physical act of the snap? No, they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—had the same joy-boosting effect. "If you want to take mental photos, that works the same way," Diehl says. "Thinking about what you would want to photograph also gets you more engaged."51.What does the author say about photo-taking in the past?A. It was a painstaking effort for recording life’s major events.B. It was a luxury that only a few wealthy people could enjoy.C. It was a good way to preserve one’s precious images.D. It was a skill that required lots of practice to master.52.Kristin Diehl conducted a series of experiments on photo-taking to find out __________.A. what kind of pleasure it would actually bring to photo-takersB. whether people enjoyed it when they did sightseeingC. how it could help to enrich people’s life experiencesD. Whether it prevented people enjoying what they were doing53.What do the results of Diehl’s experiments show that people taking photos?A. They are distracted from what they are doing.B. They can better remember what they see or do.C. They are more absorbed in what catches their eye.D. They can have a better understanding of the world.54.What is found about museum visitors with the aid of eye-tracking glasses?A. They come out with better photographs of the exhibits.B. They focus more on the exhibits when taking pictures.C. They have a better view of what are on display.D. They follow the historical events more easily.55.What do we learn from the last paragraph?A. It is better to make plans before taking photos.B. Mental photos can be as beautiful as snapshots.C. Photographers can derive great joy from the click of the camera.D. Even the very thought of taking a photo can have a positive effect.翻译自行车自行车曾经是中国城乡最主要的交通工具，中国一度被称为“自行车王国”。

Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on th e importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)说明：由于2019年6月六级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are require d to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making yo ur choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throug h the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of ste el __26__ become brittle（脆的）at temperatures below about -25℃ unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists __27__ at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness—with out the need for expensive __28__.Steel's fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed （用鱼雷攻击）numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap- and-cheerful "Liberty ships" was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the __29__ British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships __30__ in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold condition s, such as oil rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have __31__ to find a solution b y mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical __32__. Rather th an adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as t empforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toug hness that is __33__ to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy cont ent and, therefore, very expensive.Kimura's team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strengt h parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of __34__ need ed in a construction job and their weight—by replacing solid supports with _ _35__ tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to m ake everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.A）abruptlyB）additivesC）approachD）ardentlyE）besiegedF）channelG）comparableH）componentsI）crackedJ）fracturesK）hollowL）relevantM）reshuffledN）strivedO）violentSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statemen ts attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the pa ragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a le tter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sh eet 2.The future of personal satellite technology is here—are we ready for it?A）Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealt hy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach of ordinary people. Just like drones （无人机）before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.B）As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these sa tellites hold tremendous potential for making satellite-based science more a ccessible than ever before. However, as the cost of getting your own satellit e in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question he re is no longer "Can we?" but "Should we?" What are the potential downside s of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as "professionals" ? And what would the responsible a nd beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Som e of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been buildi ng and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 years.C）Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea str aight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats. The "Cube" here simpl y refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly "wasted space." Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved by one CubeSat alone.D）Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensor s and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study E arth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed fo r Low Earth Orbit （LEO）—an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above E arth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station （ISS） hang out. But they can attain more dista nt orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads （to the moon and Mars especially） to carry CubeSats.E）Because they're so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubSat into Ear th's orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance,a r esearch group here at Arizona State University recently claimed their develop mental small CubeSats could cost as little as $3,000 to put in orbit. This decre ase in cost allows researchers, hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the I SS.F）The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s,as a way of enabling Stanfor d graduate students to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR's Sputnik （前苏联的人造卫星）.Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing h ave all launched and operated CubeSats. There are more than 130 currently i n operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which o ffers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open t o U. S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.G）The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-free. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris—pieces of "j unk" that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISS.H）Currently, there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely. Yet as LE O opens up to more amateur satellites, they may pose an increasing threat. As the report authors point out, even near-misses might lead to the "creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect the future disposition of science CubeSats."I）CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected an d unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access t o their own small slice of space. In an era when you can simply buy a CubeS at kit off the shelf, how can we trust the satellites over our heads were devel oped with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing? Some " expert amateurs" in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for ho w to proceed responsibly.J）In 1969.the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation （AMSAT） was created in or der to foster ham radio enthusiasts' （业余无线电爱好者）participation in space research and communication. It continued the effort s, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR—a U. S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was pu tting "amateur" satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility. Here, open-source development has been a central principle. Within the or ganization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything—making tec hnical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the te am responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there's no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amate ur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation. K）However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers , as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack an d take control of their satellites. This form of "self-governance" is possible wi thin long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members,as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots wit hin the existing culture?L）Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. They're still constrained by fi mders, launch providers and a series of regulations—all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-equipp ed to think through potential unintended consequences. What these uninten ded consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovat ors can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected dire ctions. Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone—we have m icrofinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, an d improvised（临时制作的）explosive devices at the other.M）This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes imp ortant-not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious co nsequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the evidence fro m AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsib le amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur community c onsiders to be responsible, actually is. Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and sc ientific communities to include students, hobbyists，and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSa t technology.36. Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to pr event misuse of satellites.37. A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more comple x tasks.38. The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irres ponsible use.39. Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowe red launching cost.40. is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites.41. NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and resear ch purposes.42. Even with constraints, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.43. While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may po se hazards to other space vehicles.44. Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45. AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessi ble to its members, preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by s ome questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four ch oices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and ma rk the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the c entre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn't until I ente red the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with col leagues didn't emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consid er the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the i mportance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much re search has explored the way in which collegial （同事的）ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, unde rmining, anger, and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-a nd-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decad e, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of "indifferent rela tionships". It's a simple term that encapsulates （概括） the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutab le.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited resea rch conducted thus far indicates they're especially dominant among those w ho value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontati on. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially la zy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, t oo much effort .As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficienc y. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and（产出）.The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we're primed to compare ourselv es to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, w e look down on acquaintances more so than Mends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predo minance can bolster individuals' sense of self-worth.Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferen t relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strength en one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable inf ormation. None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway.46. What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world? A） Making new Mends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticip ated.B） Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.C） Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than s elf-employment.D） Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had ejected.47. What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?A） Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivity. B） Harmonious relationships are what many companies aim to cultivate. C） Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product quality. D） Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere.48. What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic ana lysis?A） They should be cultivated.B） They are virtually irrelevant.C） They are vital to corporate culture.D） They should be reasonably intimate.49. What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?A） They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions.B） They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleagues.C） They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain workplace relationships. D） They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issu es.60. What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?A） They provide fun at work.B） They help control emotions.C） They help resolve differences.D） They improve work efficiency.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abiliti es that we believe make us special. This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an "irrational" response.One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google's self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 km, and required human interv ention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autono mous driving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year : human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google's cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, t oo. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The boar d game Go（围棋）took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a comp uter beat one of the world's leading professional Go players. With computer s conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the fu ture to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place bе i n a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He'll never calc ulate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple question： What's so special about us? It can't be skill s like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a p retty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, well soo n have helpful rational assistants. So we must aim to complement the rati onality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we shoul d foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated ma chines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart comp uters to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep th e long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, w e can still be the most creative. Because if we aren't, we won't be providing much value in future ecosystems，and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.51. What is the author's greatest concern about the use of AI?A） Computers are performing lots of creative tasks.B） Many abilities will cease to be unique to human beings.C） Computers may become more rational than humans.D） Many human skills are fast becoming outdated.52. What impresses the author most in the field of AI?A） Google's experimental driverless cars require little human intervention. B） Google's cars have surpassed his driving ability in just a single year.C） Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short time. D） Google has become a world leader in the field of autonomous driving. 53. What do we learn from the passage about creativity?A） It is rational.B） It is predictable.C） It is human specific.D） It is yet to be emulated by AI.54. What should schools help children do in the era of AI?A） Cultivate original thinking.B） Learn to work independently.C） Compete with smart machines.D） Understand how AI works.55. How can we humans justify our future existence?A） By constantly outsmarting computers.B） By adopting a long-term perspective.C） By rationally compromising with AI.D） By providing value with our creativity.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage f rom Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.成语（Chinese idioms）是汉语中的一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。

第一套Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of team spirit and communication in the workplace. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)听力音频MP3文件在压缩包里Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) A six-month-long negotiation.B) Preparations for the party.C) A project with a troublesome client.D) Gift wrapping for the colleagues.2. A) Take wedding photos.B) Advertise her company.C) Start a small business.D) Throw a celebration party.3. A) Hesitant.B) Nervous.C) Flattered.D) Surprised.4. A) Start her own bakery.B) Improve her baking skill.C) Share her cooking experience.D) Prepare for the wedding.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) They have to spend more time studying.B) They have to participate in club activities.C) They have to be more responsible for what they do.D) They have to choose a specific academic discipline.6. A) Get ready for a career.B) Make a lot of friends.C) Set a long-term goal.D) Behave like adults7. A) Those who share her academic interests.B) Those who respect her student commitments.C) Those who can help her when she is in need.D) Those who go to the same clubs as she does.8. A) Those helpful for tapping their potential.B) Those conducive to improving their social skills.C) Those helpful for cultivating individual interests.D) Those conducive to their academic studies.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They break away from traditional ways of thinking.B) They are prepared to work harder than anyone else.C) They are good at refining old formulas.D) They bring their potential into full play.10. A) They contributed to the popularity of skiing worldwide.B) They resulted in a brand-new style of skiing technique.C) They promoted the scientific use of skiing poles.D) They made explosive news in the sports world.11. A) He was recognized as a genius in the world of sports.B) He competed in all major skiing events in the world.C) He won three gold medals in one Winter Olympics.D) He broke three world skiing records in three years.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) They appear restless.B) They lose consciousness.C) They become upset.D) They die almost instantly.13. A) It has an instant effect on your body chemistry.B) It keeps returning to you every now and then.C) It leaves you with a long lasting impression.D) It contributes to the shaping of your mind.14. A) To succeed while feeling irritated.B) To feel happy without good health.C) To be free from frustration and failure.D) To enjoy good health while in dark moods15. A) They are closely connected.B) They function in a similar way.C) They are too complex to understand.D) They reinforce each other constantly.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) They differ in their appreciation of music.B) They focus their attention on different things.C) They finger the piano keys in different ways.D) They choose different pieces of music to play.17. A) They manage to cooperate well with their teammates.B) They use effective tactics to defeat their competitors.C) They try hard to meet the spectators’ expectations.D) They attach great importance to high performance.18. A) It marks a breakthrough in behavioral science.B) It adopts a conventional approach to research.C) It supports a piece of conventional wisdom.D) It gives rise to controversy among experts.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) People’s envy of slim models.B) People’s craze for good health.C) The increasing range of fancy products.D) The great variety of slimming products.20. A) They appear vigorous.B) They appear strange.C) They look charming.D) They look unhealthy.21. A) Culture and upbringing.B) Wealth and social status.C) Peer pressure.D) Media influence.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) The relation between hair and skin.B) The growing interest in skin studies.C) The color of human skin.D) The need of skin protection.23. A) The necessity to save energy.B) Adaptation to the hot environment.C) The need to breathe with ease.D) Dramatic climate changes on earth.24. A) Leaves and grass.B) Man-made shelter.C) Their skin coloring.D) Hair on their skin.25. A) Their genetic makeup began to change.B) Their communities began to grow steadily.C) Their children began to mix with each other.D) Their pace of evolution began to quicken.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Pasta is no longer off the menu, after a new review of studies suggested that the carbohydrate can form part of a healthy diet, and even help people lose weight. For years, nutritionists have recommended that pasta be kept to a__ 26__, to cut calories, prevent fat build-up and stop blood sugar__ 27__ up.The low-carbohydrate food movement gave birth to such diets as the Atkins, Paleo and Keto, which advised swapping foods like bread, pasta and potatoes for vegetable, fish and meat. More recently the trend of swapping spaghetti for vegetables has been__ 28__ by clean-eating experts.But now a__ 29__ review and analysis of 30 studies by Canadian researchers found that not only does pasta not cause weight gain, but three meals a week can help people drop more than half a kilogram over four months. The reviewers found that pasta had been unfairly demonized (妖魔化)because it had been__ 30__ in with other, more fat-promoting carbohydrates."The study found that pasta didn't__ 31__ to weight gain or increase in body fat," said lead author Dr John Sievenpiper. "In__ 32__ the evidence, we can now say with some confidence that pasta does not have an__ 33__ effect on body weight outcomes when it is consumed as part of a healthy dietary pattern." In fact, analysis actually showed a small weight loss. So__ 34__ to concerns, perhaps pasta can be part of a healthy diet.Those involved in the__ 35__ trials on average ate 3.3 servings of pasta a week instead of other carbohydrates, one serving equaling around half a cup. They lost around half a kilogram over an average follow-up of 12 weeks.A) adverse B) championed C) clinical D) contract E) contribute F) intimate G) lumped H) magnified I) minimum J) radiating K) ration L) shooting M) subscribe N) systematic O) weighingSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The best Retailers Combine Bricks and ClicksA) Retail profits are falling sharply. Stores are closing. Malls are emptying. The depressing stories just keep coming. Reading the earnings announcements of large retail stores like Macy's, Nordstorm, and Target is about as uplifting as a tour of an intensive care unit. The internet is apparently taking down yet another industry. Brick and mortar stores (实体店) seem to be going the way of the yellow pages. Sure enough, the Census Bureau just released data showing that online retail sales surged 15.2 percent between the first quarter of 2015 and the first quarter of 2016.B) But before you dump all of your retail stocks, there are more facts you should consider. Looking only at that 15.2 percent "surge" would be misleading. It was an increase that was on a small base of 6.9 percent. Even when a tiny number grows by a large percentage terms, it is often still tiny.C) More than 20 years after the internet was opened to commerce, the Census Bureau tells us that brick and mortar sales accounted for 92.3 percent of retail sales in the first quarter of 2016. Their data show that only 0.8 percent of retail sales shifted from offline to online between the beginning of 2015 and 2016.D) So, despite all the talk about drone (无人机) deliveries to your doorstep, all the retailexecutives expressing anxiety over consumers going online, and even a Presidential candidate exclaiming that Amazon has a "huge antitrust problem," the Census data suggest that physical retail is thriving. Of course, the closed stores, depressed executives, and sinking stocks suggest otherwise. What's the real story?E) Many firms operating brick and mortar stores are in trouble. The retail industry is getting "reinvented," as we describe in our new book Matchmarkers. It's standing in the path of what Schumpeter called a gale (大风) of creative destruction. That storm has been brewing for some time, and as it has reached gale force, most large retailers are searching for a response. As the CFO of Macy's put it recently, "We're frankly scratching our heads."F) But it's not happening as experts predicted. In the peak of the dot. com bubble, brick and mortar retail was one of these industries the internet was going to kill—and quickly. The dot. com bust discredited most predictions of that sort and in the years that followed, conventional retailers' confidence in the future increased as Census continued do report weak online sales. And then the gale hit.G) It is becoming increasingly clear that retail reinvention isn't a simple battle to the death between bricks and clicks. It is about devising retail models that work for people who are making increasing use of a growing array of internet-connected tools to change how they search, shop, and buy. Creative retailers are using the new technologies to innovate just about everything stores do from managing inventory, to marketing, to getting paid.H) More than drones dropping a new supply of underwear on your doorstep, Apple's massively successful brick-and-mortar-and-glass retail stores and Amazon's small steps in the same direction are what should keep old-fashioned retailers awake at night. Not to mention the large number of creative new retailers, like Bonobos, that are blending online and offline experiences in creative ways.I) Retail reinvention is not a simple process, and it's also not happening on what used to be called "Internet Time." Some internet-driven changes have happened quickly, of course. Craigslist quickly overtook newspaper classified ads and turned newspaper economics upside down. But many widely anticipated changes weren't quick, and some haven't really started. With the benefit of hindsight (后见之明), it looks like the internet will transform the economy at something like the pace of other great inventions like electricity. B2B commerce, for example, didn't move mainly online by 2005 as many had predicted in 2000, nor even by 2016, but that doesn't mean it won't do so over the next few decades.J) But the gale is still blowing. The sudden decline in foot traffic in recent years, even though it hasn't been accompanied by a massive decline in physical sales, is a critical warning. People can shop more efficiently online and therefore don't need to go to as many stores to find what they want. There's a surplus of physical shopping space for the crowds, which is one reason why stores are downsizing and closing.K) The rise of the mobile phone has recently added a new level of complexity to the process of retail reinvention. Even five years ago most people faced a choice. Sit at your computer, probably at home or at the office, search and browse, and buy. Or head out to the mall, or Main Street, look and shop, and buy. Now, just about everyone has a smartphone, connected to the internet almost everywhere almost all the time. Even when a retailer gets a customer to walk in the store, she can easily see if there's a better deal online or at another store nearby.L) So far, the main thing many large retailers have done in response to all this is to open online stores, so people will come to them directly rather than to Amazon and its smaller online rivals. Many are having the same problem that newspapers have had. Even if they get online traffic, they struggle to make enough money online to compensate for what they are losing offline.M) A few seem to be making this work. Among large traditional retailers, Walmart recently reported the best results, leading its stock price to surge, while Macy's, Target, and Nordstorm's dropped. Yet Walmart's year-over-year online sales only grew 7 percent, leading its CEO to lament (哀叹), "Growth here is to slow." Part of the problem is that almost two decades after Amazon field the one-click patent, the online retail shopping and buying experience is filled with frictions. A recent study graded more than 600 internet retailers on how easy it was for consumers to shop, buy, and pay. Almost half of the sites didn't get a passing grade and only 18 percent got an A or B.N) The turmoil on the ground in physical retail is hard to square with the Census data. Unfortunately, part of the explanation is that the Census retail data are unreliable. Our deep look into those data and their preparation revealed serious problems. It seems likely that Census simply misclassifies a large chunk of online sales. It is certain that the Census procedures, which lump the online sales of major traditional retailers like Walmart with "non-store retailers" like food trucks, can mask major changes in individual retail categories. The bureau could easily present their data in more useful ways, but they have chosen not to.O) Despite the turmoil, brick and mortar won't disappear any time soon. The big questions are which, if any, of the large traditional retailers will still be on the scene in a decade or two because they have successfully reinvented themselves, which new players will operate busy stores on Main Streets and maybe even in shopping malls, and how the shopping and buying experience will have changed in each retail category. Investors shouldn't write off brick and mortar. Whether they should bet on the traditional players who run those stores now is another matter.36. Although online retailing has existed for some twenty years, nearly half of the internet retailers still fail to receive satisfactory feedback from consumers, according to a recent survey. 37. Innovative retailers integrate internet technologies with conventional retailing to create new retail models.38. Despite what the Census data suggest, the value of physical retail's stocks has been dropping.39. Internet-driven changes in the retail industry didn't take place as quickly as widely anticipated.40. Statistics indicate that brick and mortar sales still made up the lion's share of the retailbusiness.41. Companies that successfully combine online and offline business models may prove to be a big concern for traditional retailers.42. Brick and mortar retailers' faith in their business was strengthened when the dot. com bubble burst.43. Despite the tremendous challenges from online retailing, traditional retailing will be here to stay for quite some time.44. With the rise of online commerce, physical retail stores are like to suffer the same fate as the yellow pages.45. The wide use of smartphone has made it more complex for traditional retailers to reinvent their business.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Professor Stephen Hawking has warned that the creation of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) will be "either the best, or the worst thing, ever to happen to humanity", and praised the creation of an academic institute dedicated to researching the future of intelligence as "crucial to the future of our civilisation and our species".Hawking was speaking at the opening of the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Inteelgence (LCFI) at Cambridge University, a multi-disciplinary institute that will attempt to tackle some of the open-ended questions raised by the rapid pace of development in AI research. "We spend a great deal of time studying history," Hawking said, "which, let's face it, is mostly the history of stupidity. So it's a welcome change that people are studying instead the future of intelligence."While the world-renowned physicist has often been cautious about AI, rising concerns that humanity could be the architect of its own destruction if it creates a super-intelligence with a will of its own, he was also quick to highlight the positives that AI research can bring. "The potential benefits of creating intelligence are huge," he said. "We cannot predict what we might achieve when our own minds are amplified by AI. Perhaps with the tools of this new technological revolution, we will be able to undo some of the damage done to the natural world by the last one—industrialisation. And surely we will aim to finally eradicate disease and poverty. And every aspect of our lives will be transformed. In short, success in creating AI could be the biggest event in the history of our civilisation."Huw Price, the centre's academic director and the Bertrand Russell professor of philosophy at Cambridge University, where Hawking is also an academic, said that the centre came about partially as a result of the university's Centre for Existential Risk. That institute examined a wider range of potential problems for humanity, while the LCFI has a narrow focus.AI pioneer Margaret Boden, professor of cognitive science at the University of Sussex, praised the progress of such discussions. As recently as 2009, she said, the topic wasn't taken seriously, even among AI researchers. "AI is hugely exciting," she said, "but it has limitations, which present grave dangers given uncritical use."The academic community is not alone in warning about the potential dangers of AI as well as the potential benefits. A number of pioneers from the technology industry, most famously the entrepreneur Elon Musk, have also expressed their concerns about the damage that a super-intelligent AI could do to humanity.46. What did Stephen Hawking think of artificial intelligence?A) It would be vital to the progress of human civilisation.B) It might be a blessing or a disaster in the making.C) It might present challenges as well as opportunities.D) It would be a significant expansion of human intelligence.47. What did Hawking say about the creation of the LCFI?A) It would accelerate the progress of AI research.B) It would mark a step forward in the AI industry.C) It was extremely important to the destiny of humankind.D) It was an achievement of multi-disciplinary collaboration.48. What did Hawking say was a welcome change in AI research?A) The shift of research focus from the past to the future.B) The shift of research from theory to implementation.C) The greater emphasis on the negative impact of AI.D) The increasing awareness of mankind's past stupidity.49. What concerns did Hawking raise about AI?A) It may exceed human intelligence sooner or later.B) It may ultimately over-amplify the human mind.C) Super-intelligence may cause its own destruction.D) Super-intelligence may eventually ruin mankind.50. What do we learn about some entrepreneurs from the technology industry?A) They are much influenced by the academic community.B) They are most likely to benefit from AI development.C) They share the same concerns about AI as academics.D) They believe they can keep AI under human control.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The market for products designed specifically for older adults could reach $30 billion by next year, and startups (初创公司) want in on the action. What they sometimes lack is feedback from the people who they hope will use their products. So Brookdale, the country's largest owner of retirement communities, has been inviting a few select entrepreneurs just to move in for a few days, show off their products and hear what the residents have to say.That's what brought Dayle Rodriguez, 28, all the way from England to the dining room of Brookdale South Bay in Torrance, California. Rodriguez is the community and marketing manager for a company called Sentab. The startup's product, SentabTV, enables older adults who may not be comfortable with computers to access email, video chat and social media using just their televisions and a remote control."It's nothing new, it's nothing too complicated and it's natural because lots of people have TV remotes," says Rodriguez.But none of that is the topic of conversation in the Brookdale dining room. Instead, Rodriguez solicits residents' advice on what he should get on his cheeseburger and how he should spend the afternoon. Playing cards was on the agenda, as well as learning to play mahjong (麻将).Rodriguez says it's important that residents here don't feel like he's selling them something. "I've had more feedback in a passive approach," he says. "Playing pool, playing cards, having dinner, having lunch," all work better "than going through a survey of question. When they get to know me and to trust me, knowing for sure I'm not selling them something—there'll be more honest feedback from them."Rodriguez is just the seventh entrepreneur to move into one of Brookdale's 1, 100 senior living communities. Other new products in the program have included a kind of full-blow dryer and specially designed clothing that allows people with disabilities to dress and undress themselves.Mary Lou Busch, 93, agree to try the Sentab system. She tells Rodriguez that it might be good for someone, but not for her."I have the computer and FaceTime, which I talk with my family on," she explains. She also has an iPad and a smartphone. "So I do pretty much everything I need to do."To be fair, if Rodriguez had wanted feedback from some more technophobic (害怕技术的) seniors, he might have ended up in the wrong Brookdale community. This one is located in the heart of Southern California's aerospace corridor. Many residents have backgrounds in engineering, business and academic circles.But Rodriguez says he's still learning something important by moving into this Brookdale community: "People are more tech-proficient than we thought."And besides, where else would he learn to play mahjong?51. What does the passage say about the startups?A) They never lose time in upgrading products for seniors.B) They want to have a share of the seniors' goods market.C) They invite seniors to their companies to try their products.D) They try to profit from promoting digital products to seniors.52. Some entrepreneurs have been invited to Brookdale to ______.A) have an interview with potential customersB) conduct a survey of retirement communitiesC) collect residents' feedback on their productsD) show senior residents how to use IT products53. What do we know about SentabTV?A) It is a TV program catering to the interest of the elderly.B) It is a digital TV which enjoys popularity among seniors.C) It is a TV specially designed for seniors to view programs.D) It is a communication system via TV instead of a computer.54. What does Rodriguez say is important in promoting products?A) Winning trust from prospective customers.B) Knowing the likes and dislikes of customers.C) Demonstrating their superiority on the spot.D) Responding promptly to customer feedback.55. What do we learn about the seniors in the Brookdale community?A) Most of them are interested in using the Sentab.B) They are quite at ease with high-tech products.C) They have much in common with seniors elsewhere.D) Most of them enjoy a longer life than average people.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on AnswerSheet 2.中国幅员辽阔，人口众多，很多地方人们都说自己的方言。

2019年6月英语六级真题试卷（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) 【参考范文】Any experienced teacher would seek to motivate his students to learn, and share advice on how to find the approaches to learning that suit them well. This universal consistency among education experts indisputably demonstrates an immutable principle of learning: initiative and correct methods are fundamental to academic success.Highly motivated students find learning pleasant and rewarding, and therefore maintain a strong desire to acquire new knowledge and skills, and enough courage to meet new challenges. Unmotivated students, in contrast, feel like they are forced to learn and get bored easily with this seemingly endless process. In addition, proper methods are a contributing factor in increased efficiency and positive learning outcomes. Top students don't necessarily spend the most amount of t ime on learning, but more often than not have found the right ways to improve their academic performance.It is widely acknowledged that there aren't any shortcuts to learning. But at least, a high level of m otivation and smart strategies make someone a dedicated and efficient learner.【范文译文】任何有经验的老师都会设法激发学生的学习积极性，引导学生寻找适合自己的学习方法。

2019年6月大学英语六级考试（卷三）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A(听力部分同卷二)Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.A) Why Roman Holiday was more famous than Breakfast at Tiffany's.B)Why Audrey Hepburn had more female fans than male ones.C)Why the woman wanted to be like Audrey Hepburn.D)Why so many girls adored Audrey Hepburn.2.A)Her unique personality. B)Her physical condition.C)Her shift of i nterest to performing arts. D)Her family's suspension of financial aid.3.A) She was not an outgoing person. B)She was easy-going on the whole.C)She was modest and hardworking D)She was usually not very optimistic.4.A)She was i nfluenced by the roles she played in the films.B)Her parents taught her to symbolize with the needy.C)She learned t o v olunteer when s he w as a c hild.D)Her family benifited from other people's help.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5.A) Give a presentation. B)Rise some questions.C)Start a n ew company. D)Attend a board meeting.6.A) It will cut production costs. B)It will raise productivity.C)No staff will be dismissed. D)No new staff will be hired.7.A) The timeline of r estructuring. B) The reasons for restructuring.C) The communication channels. D) The company's new missions.8.A) By consulting their own department managers.B)By emailing questions to the man or the woman.C)By exploring various channels of communication.D)By visiting the company's own computer network.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter o n Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A) It helps passengers to take care of their pet animals.B)It has animals to help passengers carry their language.C)It uses therapy animals to soothe nervous passengers.D)It allows passengers to have animal travel with them.IO.A) Avoiding possible dangers.B)Finding their way around.C)Identifying drug smugglers.D)Looking after sick passengers.I I.A) Schedule their flights around the animal visits.B)Photograph the therapy animals at the airport.C)Keep some animals for therapeutic purposes.D)Bring their animals on board their plane.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.I2.A) Beside a beautifully painted wall in Arles.B)Beside the gate of an ancient Roman city.C)At the site of an ancient Roman mansion.D)At the entrance to a reception hall in Rome.13.A) A number of different images. B) A number of mythological heroes.C) Various musical instruments. D) Paintings by famous French artists.14.A) The originality and expertise shown. B) The worldly sophistication displayed.C)The stunning images vividly depicted. D) The impressive skills and costly dyes.15.A) His artistic taste is superb. B) His identity remains unclear.D)He was a collector of antiques. D) He was a rich Italian merchant.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A) They encourage international cooperation.B)They lay stress on basic scientific research.C)They place great emphasis on empirical studies.D)They favour scientists from its member countries.17.A) Many of them wish to win international recognition.B)They believe that more hands will make light work.C)They want to follow closely the international trend.D)Many of their projects have become complicated.18.A) It requires mathematicians to work independently.B)It is faced with many unprecedented challenges.C)It lags behind other disciplines in collaboration.D)It calls for more research funding to catch up.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A) Scientists tried to send a balloon to Venus.B)Scientists discovered water on Venus.C)Scientists found Venus had atmosphere.D)Scientists observed Venus f rom a s pace v ehicle.20.A) It resembles Earth in many aspects.B)It is the same as fiction has portrayed.C)I t is a paradise of romance for alien life.D)I t undergoes geological changes like Earth.21.A) It might have been hotter than it is today.B)It might have been a cozy habitat for life.C)I t used to have more water than Earth.D)I t used to be covered with rainforests.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22.A) Causes of sleeplessness.C)Cultural psychology.23.A) They attach great importance to s leep.B)They often have trouble falling asleep.C)They pay more attention to sleep efficiency.B)Cross-cultural communication.D)Motivation and positive feelings.D)They generally sleep l onger than E ast A sians.24.A) By asking people to report their sleep habits.B)By observing people's sleep patterns in labs.C)B y having people wear motion-detecting watches.D)B y videotaping people's daily sleeping processes.25.A) It has made remarkable progress in the past few decades.B)It has not yet explored the cross-cultural aspect of s leep.C)It has not yet produced anything conclusive.D)It has attached attention all over the world.Part mSection AReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than onceSteel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become brittle (脆的）at temperatures below about -25 unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness —without the need for expensive 28.Steel's fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed ( 用鱼雷攻击）numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap-and-cheerful"Liberty ships"was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sankBrittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 . Rather than adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is 33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.Kimura's team ends to use its tempfomed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job and their weight—by repl aci ng solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridgesSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2The future of personal satellite technology is here_are we ready for it?A)Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach ordinary people. Just like drones (无人机） before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our headsB)A s a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites holdtremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However,as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is no longer"Can we?"but"Should we?"What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as"professionals"? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 yearsC)H aving your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats The"Cube"here simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a I0cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit m a launch vehicle's formerly"wasted space."Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex m1ss10ns than could be achieved by one CubeSat aloneD)D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.E)D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) - an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.F)The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR's Sputnik (前苏联的人造卫星）. Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats There arc more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymoreG)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISSH)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, includingI)The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and thetraining of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris - pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including J)In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts' (业余无线电爱好者) participation in space research and communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR- a U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was putting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility.K)H ere, open.source development has been a central principle, Within the organization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there s no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form of“self-governance”is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?L)Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. They're still constrained by funders, launch providers and a series of regulations - all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone - we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised (临时制作的) explosive devices at the other.M)This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important - not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the'evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible, actually is. Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists, and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.36.Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse ofsatellites.37.A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks .38.The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks oftheir irresponsible use39.Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.40.AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking oftheir satellites.41.NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42.Even with constraint, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes43.While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards to other space vehicles .44.Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45.AMSAT operates on the principle of h aving all its technical data accessible to its members,preventing the abuse ofamateur satellites.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centrePassage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”.It’s a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort.As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning (产出）.The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we're primed to compare ourselves to each other in what 1s an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than friends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predominance can bolster individuals' sense of self-worth.Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one's focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None ofthat might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I'll take it anyway46.What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?A)Making new friends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipatedB)Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.C)Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.D)Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected47.What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?A)Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivityB)Harmonious relationships are what many companies s aim to cultivateC)Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product qualityD)Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere48.What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?A)They should be cultivatedB)They are virtually irrelevantC)They are vital to corporate cultureD)They should be reasonably intimate49.What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?A)They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactionsB)They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleaguesC)They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain Workplace r elationshipsD)They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues50.What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?A)They provide fun at workB)They help control emotionsC)They help resolve differencesD)They improve work efficiencyPassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an "irrational" responseOne of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google’s self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 krn, and required human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomous driving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go ( 围棋）took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a computer beat one of the world's lea小ng professional Go players. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He'll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple questionWhat's so special about us? It can't be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful rational assistants. So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we can still be the most creative. Because if we aren’t,we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.51.What is the author's greatest concern about the use of AI?A)Computers are perfoming lots of creative tasksB)Many abilities will cease to be unique to human bemgsC)Computers may become more rational than humansD)Many human skills are fast becoming outdated52.What impresses the author most in the field of AI?A)Google's experimental driverless cars require little human interventionB)Google's cars have surpassed his driving ability in j ust a single yearC)Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short timeD)Google has become a world leader in the field of a utonomous driving53.What do we learn from the passage about creativity?A)It is rat10nalB)It is predictableC)It is human specificD)It is yet to be emulated by AI54.What should schools help children do in the era of AI?A)Cultivate original thinkingB)Learn to work independentlyC)Compete with smart machinesD)Understand how AI works55.How can we humans justify our future existence?A)By constantly outsmarting computersB)By adopting a l ong-term perspectiveC)By r ationally c ompromising w ith A ID)By providing value with our creativityPart IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage f rom Chinese into English. Y ou should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2成语(Chinese idioms) 是汉语中的一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。

2019年6月英语六级真题试卷（第三套）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.You should write at least150words but no more than200words.PartⅡListening Comprehension(30minutes)特别说明：由于2019年6月六级考试全国共考了2套听力，第三套真题听力试题与第1套或第2套内容一致，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。

PartⅢminutes)Section ADirections:In select one word for each blank the passage through carefully by a letter. Please mark the a single line through theQuestions26toSteel is steel26become brittle(脆的)at metals.Now, though,a novel temperatures, while retaining itsSteel's Second World War.After fleet of cheap-and-cheerful“Liberty ships”was introduced to replace the lost vessels,providing a lifeline for the29British.But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships30in the icy north Atlantic,and12broke in half and sank.Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions,such as oil rigs in the Arctic.So scientists have31to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical32Rather than adding other metals,they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation,known as tempforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and,therefore,very expensive.Kimura's team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts,such as bolts.They hope to reduce both the number of34needed in a construction job and their weight—by replacing solid supports with35tubes,for example.This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.A)abruptly I)crackedB)additives J)fracturesC)approach K)hollowD)ardently L)relevantE)besieged M)reshuffledF)channel N)strivedG)comparable O)violentH)componentsSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.The future of personal satellite technology is here—are we ready for it?[A]Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations.But increasingly,as space becomes more democratized,they are coming within reach of ordinary people.Just like drones(无人机)before them,miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.[B]As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights,these satellites hold tremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However,as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply,the risks of irresponsible use grow.The question here is no longer“Can we?”but“Should we?”What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as“professionals”?And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like?Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly50years.[C]Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction.But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill:CubeSats.The“Cube”here simply refers to the satellite's shape.The most common CubeSat is a10cm cube,so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk.These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly“wasted space.”Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved by one CubeSat alone.[D]Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space,as well as space around Earth.They're primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit(LEO)-an easily accessible region of space from around200to800miles above Earth,where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station(ISS)hang out.But they can attainmore distant orbits;NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads(to the moon and Mars especially)to carry CubeSats.[E]Because they're so small and light,it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earth's orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite.For instance,a research group here at Arizona State University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as $3,000to put in orbit.This decrease in cost a11ows researchers,hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS.[F]The first CubeSat was created in the early2000s,as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design,build,test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR's Sputnik(前苏联的人造卫星).Since then,NASA,the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats.There arc more than130currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program,which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions,is now open to U.S.nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly,satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.[G]The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats'importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers.Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn't risk-flee.The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris-pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth,with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units,including the ISS.[H]Currently,there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely.Yet as LEO opens up to more amateur satellites,they may pose an increasing threat.As the report authors point out, even near-misses might lead to the“creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect the future disposition of science CubeSats.”[I]CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space.In an era when you can simply buy a CubeSat kit off the shelf,how can we trust the satellites over our heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing?Some “expert amateurs”in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed responsibly.[J]In1969,the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation(AMSAT)was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts'(业余无线电爱好者)participation in space research and communication.It continued the efforts,begun in1961,by Project OSCAR-a U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik.As an organization of volunteers,AMSAT was putting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze.And over time,its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility.Here, open.source development has been a central principle,Within the organization,AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization,and when possible,the public.According to a member of the team responsible for FOX1-A,AMSAT's first CubeSat,this means that there s no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.[K]However,they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers,as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites.This form of“self-governance”is possible within long-standing amateur organizationsthat,over time,are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members,as well as society in general.But what happens when new players emerge,who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?[L]Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment.They're still constrained by funders,launch providers and a series of regulations-all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do.But there's a danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences.What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear.Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions.Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone-we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum,and improvised(临时制作的)explosive devices at the other.[M]This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important-not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized,but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology.This is not an easy task. Yet the'evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies.The challenge here,of course,is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible,actually is.Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students,hobbyists,and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.36.Given the easier accessibility to space,it is time to think about how to prevent misuse of satellites.37.A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks.38.The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use.39.Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.40.AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites.41.NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42.Even with constraints,it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.43.While making significant contributions to space science,CubeSats may pose hazards to other space vehicles.44.Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45.AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to its members,preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment,there was one thing I was looking forward to the most:the opportunity to have work friends once again.It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized,for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a priority at all.This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work.So much research has explored the way in which collegial(同事的)ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict,jealousy,undermining, anger,and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches,water-cooler gossip and caring,deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment.Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade,I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of“indifferent relationships”.It’s a simple term that encapsulates(概括)the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential,unimportant and even,dare I say it,disposable or substitutable.Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative.The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation,and harmony over confrontation.Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy.Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort.For some of us,too much effort.As noted above,indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work.But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits.One of those is efficiency.Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning(产出).The other is self-esteem.As human beings,we’re primed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon.Apparently,we look down on acquaintances more so than friends.Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships,their predominance can bolster individuals’sense of self-worth.Ego aside,a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation,to strengthen one’s focus on task resolution,and to gain greater access to valuable information.None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey,I’ll take it anyway.46.What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?A)Making new friends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipated.B)Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.C)Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.D)Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected.47.What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?A)Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivity.B)Harmonious relationships are what many companies aim to cultivate.C)Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product quality.D)Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere.48.What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?A)They should be cultivated.B)They are virtually irrelevant.C)They are vital to corporate culture.D)They should be reasonably intimate.49.What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?A)They feel Uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions.B)They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleagues.C)They are Unwilling to make efforts to maintain Workplace relationships.D)They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues.50.What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?A)They provide fun at Work.B)They help control emotions.C)They help resolve differences.D)They improve Work efficiency.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.In a few decades,artificial intelligence(AI)will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special.This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an“irrational”response.One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early2017was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality.According to a report,Google’s self-driving cars clocked1,023,330km,and required human intervention124times.That is one intervention about every8,047km of autonomous driving.But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year:human interventions fell from0.8times per thousand miles to0.2,a400%improvement. With such progress,Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.Driving once seemed to be a very human skill.But we said that about chess,too.Then a computer beat the human world champion,repeatedly.The board game Go(围棋)took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in2016,when a computer beat one of the world’s leading professional Go players.With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks,what will it mean in the future to be human?I worry about my six-year-old son.What will his place bein a world where machines beat us in one area after another?He’ll never calculate faster,never drive better,or even fly more safely.Actually,it all comes down to a fairly simple question: What’s so special about us?It can’t be skills like arithmetic,which machines already excel in.So far,machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity,arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer,and yet more than simple randomness.Perhaps,if we continue to improve information-processing machines,we’ll soon have helpful rational assistants.So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine,rather than to compete with it.If I'm right,we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine.Unfortunately,however,our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality.Indeed,our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality,and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines.We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making.But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind:that even if computers will outsmart us,we can still be the most creative.Because if we aren’t,we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems,and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.51.What is the author’s greatest concern about the use of AI?A)Computers are performing lots of creative tasks.B)Many abilities will cease to be unique to human beings.C)Computers may become more rational than humans.D)Many human skills are fast becoming outdated.52.What impresses the author most in the field of AI?A)Google’s experimental driverless cars require little human intervention.B)Google’s cars have surpassed his driving ability in just a single year.C)Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short time.D)Google has become a world leader in the field of autonomous driving.53.What do we learn from the passage about creativity?A)It is rational.B)It is predictable.C)It is human specific.D)It is yet to be emulated by AI.54.What should schools help children do in the era of AI?A)Cultivate original thinking.B)Learn to work independently.C)Compete with smart machines.D)Understand how AI works.55.How can we humans justify our future existence?A)By constantly outsmarting computers.B)By adopting a long-term perspective.C)By rationally compromising with AI.D)By providing value with our creativity.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes) Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.汉语现在是世界上用作本族语人数最多的语言。

目录2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一） (1)答案 (15)2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（二） (16)答案 (29)2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三） (30)答案 (40)2016年12月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一） (40)答案 (54)2016年12月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（二） (54)答案 (69)2016年12月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三） (70)答案 (79)2016年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一） (80)答案 (94)2016年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（二） (95)答案 (110)2016年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（三） (110)答案 (120)2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案（一）Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to attend a vocational college or a university, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。