2019年新托福考试海外托福阅读真题三篇

2019 年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析( 2 )托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry 's appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world ' s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia ' spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal 'spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles atthe surface, had to beinstalled Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763 Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills,whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17 ：000 tons, but by 1844 ：with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort 's inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000 ：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A. Wood from Britain 's great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B. A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.C. Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D. What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia 's iron industry in theeighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A. Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B. Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C. Russia 's appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia's energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3. The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reliableB. plentifulC. well-preservedD. existing4. Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain 's energy?A. To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB. To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC. To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD. To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEP：TA. Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B. Both produced steam by burning coal.C. Both were used to operate pumps.D. Both were very inefficient.6. The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. independentB. talentedC. famousD. ambitious7. According toparagraph 4, what was James Watt 's major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B. He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C. He improved theefficiency of Newcomen 's engine by preventing energy from being lost.D. He redesigned Newcomen 's engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8. The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. originalB. necessaryC. magnificentD. popular9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A. The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB. The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC. The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD. The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A. To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB. To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort 's inv entionC. To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD. To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11. The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. advantageousB. essentialC. less costlyD. highly stimulating12. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A. The steam engine 's basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B. Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C. Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D. Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [ ■] that i ndicate wherethe following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy ：its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Woodwas in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry 's appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world 's leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia 's potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions ：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A. The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B. After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C. Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D. James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E. The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F. Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1. B2. BD3. B4. D5. A6. B7. C8. C9. C10. C11. B12. C13. A14. CDF。

2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的托福考试答案已经出炉了，难度到底有多大呢？还在等什么，快来看看2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

R1：insect senses 昆虫有多种感知世界的方式。

用compound eye来感知世界，探测movement，而Simple eyes对光敏感。

Antennae负责一个或多个感官功能，可以感知空气中的性引诱信息素，并起到声音接收器的作用。

R2：地震的测量方法R3：fresco，一种画教堂穹顶的美术形式。

说了米开朗基罗的西斯廷教堂，还有古代作品保护的争议。

R4：英国工商业发展，英国为什么经济领先于欧洲其他国家R5：中美洲阿兹台克的一种农业形式，在湖的浅水地带堆土分层种植。

有一张示意图，每个长方体间都有水渠，人们每年可以在土地上种植至少7种植物，因为可以transplant到别的地方以有效利用土地。

R6：密歇根的一种松树和一种鸟。

为了种植blueberry砍了很多松树，然后砍下来的树枝堆积引发了森林火灾，然后那种鸟增多了，因为烧死的松树适合这种鸟筑巢。

R7：生物进化论对求偶特征的影响。

基因突变导致物种生殖隔离，讲了各种导致生殖隔离的情形，如地理变化形成无法逾越的屏障，还说到当物种被分散成了小的部分就会更容易形成生殖隔离。

R8：昆虫的sense（compound eyes simple eyes 触角）。

R9：美国18世纪钢铁业和交通发展。

R10：一种在墙上painting的方式。

一个是湿涂一个是干涂。

干涂常用于修改，第一段讲了一些特点，然后说M被安排去绘制一个建筑，是一项很大的工程（这里考到了reluctant不情愿的）他完成的很快（有道题问为什么他这么有效）。

但后来颜料因为建筑外部下雨渗漏和内部candles等等而变黑了，于是就派人去修理，最后讲了有的专家认为修理反而会损害原本的意境。

R11：solar system形成模型。

R12：indo-European语言的发展和影响。

2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。

接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。

生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。

而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。

Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。

后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。

最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。

Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。

墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。

该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。

第二段：风格定性。

艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers andfruit were typically the province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of Philadelphia established thestill life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored, small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting satire and criticalsocial commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and well past mid-century.John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of thePeales' pieces on a larger scale, with greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed suggest a number of unseen guests.The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The arrangement is additive, that is, made up of manydifferent parts, not always compositionally integrated, withall objects of essentially equal importance.About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United Statesfrom Germany and settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers, fruit, or both,often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with fruit and champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail, compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, thebeautifully painted objects carry additional meanings —butterflies or fallen buds suggest the impermanence of life,a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on. Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolizedto many of its citizens.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in theUnited States(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings2. Which of the following is mentioned as acharacteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?(A) simplicity(B) symbolism(C) smooth texture(D) social commentary3. The word "biting尖利的" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) simple(B) sorrowful(C) frequent(D) sharp4. The word "It" in line 13 refers to(A) Luncheon Still Life(B) one of the Peales' pieces(C) a larger scale(D) the number of objects5. The word "heightened" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) complicated(B) directed(C) observed(D) increased6. The word "meticulous" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) careful(B) significant(C) appropriate(D) believable7. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) "repertoire" (line 5)(B) "satire" (line 8)(C) "additive" (line 17)(D) "rendering" (line 23)8. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they(A) are symbolic(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit(C) include brilliant colors(D) are large in size9. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?(A) Fertility(B) Freedom(C) Impermanence(D) AbundanceCADAD ACBD。

2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。

今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。

Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。

由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。

热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。

树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。

所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。

50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。

因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。

紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。

Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。

然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。

最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。

Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。

2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福考试几乎是每个店铺的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

Passage1 Why Paleozoic Insects were So Large？为何古生代昆虫如此之大？（重复2016.12.10）本文共4段。

第1段提出Paleozoic 之前大气含氧量不是很大；第2段讲到Paleozoic 含氧量大大提升，因此 insects 可以吸收更多氧气，所以变得更大。

第3段讲到air got denser 所以更多insects可以飞；第4段讲到为什么insects没有变得像飞机一样大，因为都有limit。

Passage 2 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements美索不达米亚和埃及的定居方式（重复2017.11.18）美索不达米亚和埃及的城市分布情况。

美索不达米亚的城市共用语言、钱币，城市间的精英之间有土和资源的竞争，城市和城市之间会进行资源交换，所以其城市的大小取决于可以从相邻城市所获得的利润的多少。

埃及的城市分布在尼罗河流域，每个地区都可以使用到水资源，并且其贸易很公平，埃及的城市的人口分布非常均匀，所以埃及的城市时间比美索不达米亚的时间长。

Passage 3 The Chaco Roads查科道路（重复2017.02.25）主要讲的是美国有一个地方道路有神秘性，平时没有动物或者推车之类的经过。

对于这个地方有两种不同的说法。

一是这条路还是目的在于交通和运输，另一个说法是除了交通运输的作用，这条道路可能也有着某些宗教性用途，论证的过程中有图片作为证据。

细节描述了几条从Chaco峡谷里的大房子Pueblo Bonito 和大房子Chetro Ketl 延伸出来的狭窄小路向上攀升，攀上了Chaco峡谷的北缘，然后这几条小路汇聚于Pueblo Alto变成一条道路。

2019年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案3The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed "art glass." Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that hadbeen present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved：form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style(C) Production techniques for art glass(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style2. The word "one" in line 4 refers to(A) century(B) development(C) style(D) coloration3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass?(A) The distortion of the glass(B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects(D) The size of the glass objects4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles(B) to give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists(C) to explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United States(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world5. The word "prized" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) valued(B) universal(C) uncommon(D) preserved6. The word "overtaken" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) surpassed 超过，超出(B) inclined(C) expressed(D) applied7. What does the author mean by stating that "function should determine form" (lines 23-24)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered moresignificant than its function.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts beforethe First World War.(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include(A) a flowered design(B) bright colors(C) modern symbols(D) a textured surfaceACBBA ABCBA词汇补充：arena 场地arithmetic 算术armour 盔甲aromatic 芳香的arsenal 军工厂arthritis 关节炎artistry 艺术才能asphalt 沥青assembly line 流水作业线asteroid 小行星astrobleme 损星坑astronaut 宇航员astute 敏锐的auction 拍卖auditorium 礼堂avalanche 雪崩avand-garde 先锋aviation 航空baboon 狒狒baleen 鲸须ballad 民谣。

2019年1月7日托福阅读答案解析>>>免费试听：【四科联报】托福听说读写临考预测班(针对1月考)第一篇： Electric Lighting and the American Homes内容回忆：本文共6段第一段，讲到19世纪末，20世纪初美国工业和交通用电在白天达到顶峰。

电力供应在夜里有剩余，电力企业在寻求会在夜里消费电力的新领域。

虽然线路铺的普及，电网建设成本下降。

家庭用电开始兴起。

但局限于小范围的富余家庭。

第二段，电力改变了美国的家庭(统领全文主旨句)。

介绍家庭用电普及之前，美国的家庭主要靠燃烧汽灯照明。

例举了汽灯的诸多弊端，如，光线昏暗，燃烧放出烟，放出有毒气体。

然后讲到了美国家庭的房屋特点，为适合汽灯照明，一般空间较大，房间较多。

然后电力输送成本下降后，逐渐开始有家庭用电来照明，电力照明带来诸多好处，如光线改善，没有有毒气体等等。

第三段，建造师们观察到了家庭用电带来的变化，开始设计新的房屋格局，以便适合电力照明。

虽然成本有下降，但是电力照明的成本相对汽灯还是偏高。

所以建筑师们开始设计出缩小了的房屋空间，比如设计出了类似于我们今天的客厅，餐厅，厨房，跟以前比，也缩小了尺寸。

合并了一些以前房屋的生活空间。

第四段，讲到家庭用电成本的降低，电力企业发现了家庭用电是个新的市场，增大了投入，随着电网的普及，用电成本下降，使得家庭用电越来越普及。

第五段，例举了美国的bungalow这种房屋，即单层*房。

从1900年到1920，这种单层*房数列骤增到700多万。

因为空间较以前的多层大房子小，用电量相对较少。

节约了用电量，被大多美国数家庭接受。

第六段，家庭用电还改变了美国人的生活，尤其是在阅读方面。

因为照明条件的改善，越来越堵的美国人喜欢花更多的时间来阅读，成年人也能够花更多的时间陪孩子们阅读，增进了家庭沟通。

美国家庭阅读量的增加，从图书馆借出的书籍数量得到了证实。

词汇题：1. properties = characteristics2. substantially = significantly3. allegedly = supposedly4. apparent = obvious第二篇：Extinction of the Mammoths内容回忆：本文共8段第一段，介绍Mammoths(猛犸象)生活的时间，和灭绝的时间。

2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着店铺来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

概述Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。

P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。

）Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。

2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。

2019年托福考试专项培训测试题及答案三The sculptural legacy that the new United Statesinherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentationsfor furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors" in today's use of the word.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian image of King George III that was created in New York in 1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few marble memorials with carved busts, urns, or other decorations were produced in England and brought to the colonies to be set in the walls of churches — as in King's Chapel in Boston. But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the varioustechnical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed, for many years thereafter, the United States had two groups from which to choose — either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of European sculptors.The eighteenth century was not one in which powered sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans — originally trained as stonemasons, carpenters, or cabinetmakers — attacked the medium from which they sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.1. What is the main idea of the passage ?(A) There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.(B) Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770's.(C) Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.(D) American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials.2. The word "motifs" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tools(B) prints(C) signatures 签名(D) designs3. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds?(A) European sculptors(B) Carpenters(C) Stone carves(D) Cabinetmakers4. The word "others" in line 6 refers to(A) craftspeople(B) decorations(C) ornamentations(D) shop signs5. The word "distinct" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) separate(B) assembled(C) notable(D) inferior6. The word "rare" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) festive(B) infrequent(C) delightful(D) unexpected7. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13?(A) He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.(B) He was well known for his wood carvings(C) He produced sculpture for churches.(D) He settled in the United States in 1776.8. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England?(A) Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import(B) Such sculpture was not available in the United States.(C) Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.(D) The materials found abroad were superior.9. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors?(A) It was less time-consuming(B) It was more dangerous.(C) It was more expensive.(D) It was less refined.BDCAA BABD。

2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

A map of the Levant with Natufianregions across present-day Israel，Palestinian territories，and a long armextending into Lebanon and SyriaClimate Change and the NatufianPeople（14年6月15日考题）Did Sauropods live in Swamps？（重复15年9月17日，17年12月16日和19年4月14日考题；腕龙是否生活在沼泽里？最大的蜥脚类动物，一直认为它生活在沼泽中，依靠水中浮力支撑庞大体重，身体构造也适合在水中，比如长脖子让鼻孔露在水面呼吸；反驳观点认为它无法承受巨大的水压，胸腔无法承受无法正常呼吸，并且它的腿脚可以承受巨大的体重；长脖子的用处并不是用于吃更高处的植物，因为计算机模拟发现脖子的运动幅度只能吃地面2-3米高的植物）Life In the Desert（重复16年10月16日考题）Towns in the High Middle Ages（重复16年9月11日和17年4月1日考题；中世纪欧洲主要是农业社会，城镇的特点有：人口密度大；劳动分工；以市场贸易为基础，被地主控制，商人们为此和地主之间有竞争。

）The Qualities of a Good TroutStream（16年12月3日，17年4月15日和18年12月1日考题；trout 鲑鳟鱼）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复17年11月18日，18年12月8日和19年5月4日考题；恐龙是否是温血动物，灭绝是否跟环境巨变有关）Extinction of the Mammoths（重复17年10月28日和1月7日考题；冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性）1968混乱年（重复18年3月24日，7月14日，19年1月5日和6月16日考题；the mostturbulent year，战后反对集权统治，要求自由平等，媒体力量大，带来变革，影响了社会，宗教等）Optimal Foraging Among Primates（18年1月13日和19年5月11日考题，猿类使用工具，最大化获得的营养，最小化消耗的能量）The role of the Horse inTransportation埃及的发展钢材对于美国工业发展的重要意义美国某种A开头的公路，从不被接受到被接受，讲了这类公路的好处第一次工业革命促进了德国城镇发展，经济上走向统一某种海洋植物，长度可达50米，从海底长到接近海面，形成海洋森林，具有两种不同的繁殖季且后代会有不同的基因，可以形成生态圈sea otter的生存情况和其对kelp生长的影响（吃它的根部），也讲了人类对于sea otter的影响，猎捕其皮毛。

托福阅读真题3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes- not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black incoiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo baskets from baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 4The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth- century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as the representative American art. Theolder painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition in New York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it was hardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized inNew York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varyingfrequency. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long served as the principal route toother sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Academy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of American artists in European academies2. Before 1870, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?(A) Figural painting(B) Landscape painting(C) Impressionistic painting(D) Historical painting3. The word "struggle" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. The word "monopolized" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for the painters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word "it" in line 12 refers to(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. The word "factions" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. The word "flattering" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks(C) In Vermont(D) In New Hampshire答案：PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CAPASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA。

2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习及答案解析三托福阅读原文Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe PugetSound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest ofthe UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; itisnow restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lowerColumbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar,hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. Theearlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in theearly 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned thelack of this succulent game animal. Famousexplorers of thenorth American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and notuntil the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his firstvisit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates：" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deerwas to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that"since the early1940s, the state has had more deer than atany other time in its history, thewinter populationfluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any ageannually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound areconsequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves,cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation hasbeen insured by limiting times forand types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increaseof suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, foundquality of browse in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing istrue of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.B.it is more closely related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditionsA.cause some deer to hibernateB.make food unavailable in the highlandsfor deerC.make it easier for deer to locateunderstory plantsD.prevent deer from migrating during thewinter3.The word "inhibits" in thepassage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.consists ofbinesC.restrictsD.establishes4.The phrase "in the same breath"in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.impatientlyB.humorouslyC.continuouslyD.immediately5.The author tells the story of theexplorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustratewhich of thefollowing points?A.The number of deer within the Puget Soundregion has varied over time.B.Most of the explorers who came to thePuget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C.There was more game for hunting in theEast of the United States than in the West.D.Individual explorers were not assuccessful at locating games as were the trading companies.6.According to paragraph 3, how had FortVancouver changed by the time David Douglas returnedin 1832?A.The fort had become the headquarters forthe Hudson's Bay Company.B.Deer had begun populating the meadowsaround the fort.C.Deer populations near the fort had beendestroyed.D.Crop yields in the area around the forthad decreased.7.Why does the author ask readers to recall“the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” (paragraph 4) in the discussionof changes in the wilderness landscape?A.To provide support for the idea thathabitat destruction would lead to population declineB.To compare how two species of deer causedbiotic changes in the wilderness environmentC.To provide an example of a species ofdeer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD.To argue that some deer species must begiven a protected status8.The phrase “indefinite period” in thepassage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to periodA.whose end has not been determinedB.that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD.whose importance remains unknown9.Which of the following statements aboutdeer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A.Deer populations reached their highestpoint during the 1940s and then began to decline.B.The activities of settlers contributed inunexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C.The cleaning of wilderness land forconstruction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer populationhas never recovered.D.Since the 1940s the winter populations ofdeer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.10.The word “rebound” in the passage(paragraph 5) s closest in meaning toA.declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD.movement11.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) ? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime f amily withthe Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had anincrease insuitable browse.B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforestedfeeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it isimportant to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer toinhabit.D.According to Einarsen, huckleberry andvine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition ofdeer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.12.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A.A reduction in the number of predatorsB.Restrictions on huntingC.The effects of logging and firews that protected feeding grounds ofdeer13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Therefoodis available and accessible throughout the winter.Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. █【A】Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. █【B】Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed;also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.█【C】The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry ofEuropeans into Puget Sound country. █【D】The earlyexplorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorersof the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of theColumbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They hadexperienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until thesecond of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of thelowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than facepossible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deerpopulations continued to fluctuate. DavidDouglas, Scottish botanical explorerof the 1830s, founda disturbing change in the animal life around the fortduring the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact withthe fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states：" The deer which oncepicturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted toextermination in order to protect the crops."Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions： An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideasthat not presentedin the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a widevariety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the PugetSound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer nowoutnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, butearlysettlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C. In the long term, black-tailed deer inthe Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through theelimination of their natural predators, and more andbetter food in deforestedareas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it wasand still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living atany one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that humansettlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer todecrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlifebiologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may createnutritional deficiencies for deer.托福阅读答案1.以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句，说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活准确，其他的都没说2.以winter condition做关键词，没有，但最后一句有windand snow on the ground，就是指冬天了，读这句话，说understory会暴露，understory指的是林下植被，而且还说风会把blabla吹开，所以既然挡在上面的东西都被吹走了，结果是林下植被露出地面，前文又说any plant of林下植被都是鹿的食物，所以答案C准确。

2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周末完成了最新一期的托福考试，大家一定很想知道自己考得怎么样？来和看看2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案。

阅读篇章Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum ofNatural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.The Decline in the Population（重复11年4月9日考题；文章主要讲英国伦敦在罗马时期的人口衰退，原因有四。

伦敦一场大火，造成人口下降。

苏格兰什么政策。

货物在本地生产，贸易人员流动少。

战争时期因为英国士兵把一些瘟疫带了回来，造成大量人口死亡。

）讨论恐龙是否被孵化（文章内容可以参考15年2月1日和18年8月26日考题Dinosaurs and Parental Care）Domestication（重复15年10月31日考题）The Postwar Economic Boom（重复16年1月24日考题）The Development of Agriculture（重复16年11月21日和18年5月19日考题）The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）The Evolution of Grass andHerbivores（17年2月18日，7月2日和11月11日，19年2月24日考题；植物防御技能的进化演变）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复18年12月8日，19年5月4日和10月26日考题；恒温还是变温）Greece Emerges from the Dark Ages （重复18年7月14日考题）Irrigation and Early Civilizations（重复18年3月31日和19年4月14日考题）Amphibian Distribution andAbundance（新题）Calcium Carbonate in the Ocean（新题）石头对考古的重要性厄尔尼诺（可以参考TPO43-3）罗马供水系统The molars（磨牙，臼齿）ofthree species of elephant illustrate their different feedingpreferences （l-asian elephant，c-african elephant， r-Mastodonginganteum）篇章详解The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）第1段：The green revolution can date as far back to 1930s。

2019年托福阅读真题解析：鸟类配偶选择今天阅读三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。

分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。

三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。

下面，给出今天第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。

第三篇 Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)第1段：与雌鸟相比，雄鸟在羽毛(plumage)和体型上彼此差别很大(引出话题)。

达尔文认为这是雄鸟针对雌鸟的配偶竞争(mate competition)导致的。

伴随着繁殖成功，这些导致繁殖成功的特定性状(specific traits)也流传于后代，如硕大体型、花哨俏丽的羽毛(fancy plumage)、复杂婉转的歌声(intricate songs)和惊艳的表演(striking displays)。

虽然达尔文对于雄鸟配偶竞争的理论被认可，但现实中雄鸟的竞争，雌鸟对于雄鸟的选择，以及配偶之外的资源竞争以更加错综复杂的关系相连。

第2段：配偶对象之间的相互评估(mutual assessment)对求偶成功起着重要作用。

雄性的装饰炫耀(the ornaments and displays)能够表明它所处的优越状态，进而吸引雌性选择自己作为伴侣。

雌性钟爱能够长时间表演的雄性，这说明它们有更多的脂肪储备，所以有水平和自己产下更多的后代(descendant/offspring)。

第3段：为什么雌性会选择羽毛鲜艳和长时间表演的雄性?科学家提出优秀基因假说(good-genes hypotheses)解释这个现象。

2019年12月17日托福真题：托福阅读真题第一篇： Ancient Amazonian Agriculture本文共4段。

第1段讲了亚马逊西部盆地的土壤贫瘠，却能支撑数量庞大的人口在当地生存，仅仅是Swiden agriculture不足以解释其原因。

第2段总说古代亚马逊人有三种生存策略。

第一种是flood agriculture，它的优势是土壤很肥沃以及农民每年能够收获两种作物。

第3段分说第二种策略。

两千年前，当地的人将animalbones,shellfish和一些其它的human trash掩埋进土壤，以此形成了deep,fertile and dark soil。

第4段分说第三种策略，当地人依赖树生存，种了很多rubber tree, palm tree等待，以此来获取fruit, oil, timber, rubber和fiber等。

词汇题：1. explicable = mysterious2. engaged in = practiced3. intentional= plan4. profusely =abundant第二篇： The Origin of Flight in Birds第1段介绍出土了一种叫做Archeopteryx的动物骨骼，这种动物有着现代鸟类的羽毛 modern flight feather,同时又有爬行动物的特征reptile animals feature，比如说有牙齿。

第2段提出有些观点认为鸟类的翅膀是为了飞行儿进化，有些观点认为鸟类的翅膀是为了隔热和给身体保暖而进化。

第3段介绍了关于鸟的翅膀起源的第一个理论，即tree-down-theory。

第4段介绍了第二个理论，即ground-up-theory。

词汇题：1. repetitive = happen many times2. elaborate =developed3. retention = keeping第三篇： Transport of Sediment by River第1段介绍了stream的定义，以及指出stream沉淀沉积物有三种方式，即 dissolve, suspending和river bed。