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各论第9章被子植物类生药双子叶植物–菊科主讲教师：丘鹰昆苍术学习目标目标1：掌握苍术的基源目标2：掌握南苍术、北苍术的性状差异目标3：掌握苍术的化学成分与功效苍术(Atractylodis Rhizoma)•基源：菊科植物的干燥根茎茅苍术Atractylodes lancea：“南苍术”北苍术A. chinensis•产地茅苍术：江苏、湖北、河南、安徽等北苍术：华北及西北地区•采制春、秋二季采挖，晒干，撞去须根苍术：洗净，润透，切厚片，干燥麸炒苍术：苍术片，麸炒至表面深黄色1、植物形态•茅苍术多年生草本，具结节状圆柱形根茎茎直立叶互生，革质；上部叶一般不分裂，下部叶多为3-5深裂或半裂头状花序顶生，全为管状花，白色或淡紫色瘦果有柔毛北苍术•叶片较宽，卵形或狭卵形，一般羽状5深裂，茎上部叶3～5羽状浅裂或不裂•头状花序稍宽•呈连珠状或结节状圆柱形•表面灰棕色•质坚实，断面黄白色或灰白色，散有众多棕红色油点，习称“朱砂点”暴露稍久，析出白色毛状结晶，习称“起霜”•香气特异，味微甘、辛、苦2、药材性状-茅苍术•呈疙瘩块状或结节状圆柱形•表面黑棕色•质疏松•断面散有黄棕色油室，无白色毛状结晶•香气较淡，味辛、苦药材性状—北苍术南、北苍术性状区别形状表面质地断面气味南苍术连珠状或结节状圆柱形灰棕色坚实朱砂点起霜香气浓北苍术疙瘩状或结节状圆柱形黑棕色疏松朱砂点不起霜香气淡共同点都有朱砂点茅苍术北苍术1.木栓层2.石细胞层3.皮层4.韧皮部5.形成层6.木质部7.木纤维束8.射线3、显微特征—横切面菊糖草酸钙针晶髓部油室•石细胞单个或成群，类圆形或长方形•木纤维成束，梭状，壁厚•导管网纹或具缘纹孔•草酸钙针晶细小，散在；•油室碎片多见•木栓细胞淡黄色•菊糖结晶成扇状或块状，有放射状纹理显微特征：茅苍术粉末•茅苍术含挥发油5％～9％，油中主成分为苍术酮（atractylon)茅术醇（hinesol ）苍术素（atractylodin ）•北苍术含挥发油约1％～2.5％似茅苍术，以苍术素为主4、化学成分OH H 3C CH CH (C C)2CH CH OO H苍术酮茅术醇苍术素5、药理作用•茅术醇有抗溃疡和镇静、镇痉的作用•苍术烟熏抗菌、抗病毒•煎剂具有降血糖作用6、功效主治•性味与归经辛、苦，温。
苍术的种类有哪些如何进行鉴别苍术的种类有哪些如何进行鉴别？一、苍术的种类图1左为茅苍术，中为北苍术，右为关苍术1、北苍术（别名：津苍术、海苍术）目前市场所见的苍术以北苍术为主，该品种北质较疏松，折断面油点棕黄色，性价比较高，最受市场欢迎。
北苍术分布于秦岭以北的河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、陕西、甘肃等地区，其以河北承德出产的较优。
图2：正品北苍术，断面呈棕黄色。
2、茅苍术（别名：汉苍术、南苍术）茅苍术野生资源主要分布于湖北、安徽宣城、江西武宁和陕西汉中等地区，习惯认为茅苍术质量优于北苍术。
但茅苍术野生货不成量，家种成本高，成品价格也比北苍术高，国内市场没有竞争力，现在基本都是供应出口日本。
茅苍术质坚实，折断面油点为橙黄色或棕红色，习称“朱砂点”，价格略高于北苍术。
图3：正品苍术朱砂点明显3 、关苍术关苍术主要分布在东北地区的黑龙江和吉林大部、辽宁北部、内蒙古的呼伦贝部分地区。
虽国内现行药典未收录关苍术，但日本和韩国的药典却收录了关苍术。
图4：黑龙江省佳木斯产无朱砂点的关苍术。
进入新世纪后，每年我国都有几百吨的关苍术出口到日韩两国。
在鉴别方面，关苍术与北苍术外形相似，但无朱砂点，过去曾掺到北苍术里冒充北苍术销售。
二、快速鉴别方法性状快速鉴别1.北苍术：根茎呈节结状圆柱形，常分歧或呈疙瘩块状，长2～10cm，直径l～3cm。
表面黑褐色，具圆形茎痕及根痕，撞去栓皮者表面黄棕色。
质较疏松，断面纤维形，浅黄白色，可见黄棕色油点散在。
气香，味辛微苦。
2.关苍术：根茎呈节结状圆柱形，长4～12cm，直径l～2.5cm。
表面深棕色。
质较轻，折断面不平坦，纤维性。
气特异，味辛味苦。
3.茅苍术：根茎呈连珠状或节结状圆柱形，多弯曲，长3～10cm，直径0.5～1.5cm。
表面灰褐色，具根痕及短小的须根，并残留茎痕。
质坚实，折断面平坦，黄白色或灰白色，有明显的油点散在，习称“朱砂点。
”断面显露稍久，可析出白色针状结晶。
中药茅苍术研究进展作者：戴红君程金花虞德容来源：《江苏农业科学》2016年第11期摘要：茅苍术是江苏省镇江市茅山地区的道地药材，中医临床使用历史悠久。
近年来由于其优良种质资源的濒危、过度开垦、生存环境遭到破坏，茅苍术野生资源日益枯竭，受到广泛关注。
本文对茅苍术的品种资源、遗传多样性、生物学、理化特性、育种、栽培管理、药理药性等方面的国内外研究进展作简要综述，以期为茅苍术的资源保护、合理栽培、应用提供依据。
关键词：茅苍术；品种资源；遗传多样性；生物学；理化特性；药理药性中图分类号： R282.71 文献标志码： A文章编号：1002-1302（2016）11-0026-03茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.） DC.]系菊科苍术属多年生草本植物，根状茎作苍术入药。
因主产于江苏省镇江市茅山山脉一带，且集散于江苏省南京市，因此其别称南苍术、茅术、京苍术。
国内外关于茅苍术的研究主要涉及品种资源与遗传多样性、生物学与理化特性、育种与栽培管理、药理药性等方面。
本文综述了茅苍术的品种资源、遗传多样性、生物学、理化特性、育种、栽培管理和药理药性等方面的研究进展，以期为茅苍术的资源保护、合理栽培和应用提供依据。
1 茅苍术品种资源与遗传多样性1.1 品种资源据《本草图经》《本草纲目》等记载，茅山地区是茅苍术的道地产地，但茅苍术在中国分布广泛，主产于江苏、浙江、山东、江西、广东、安徽、湖北、四川等地区[1-2]。
有学者采用野外调查、遥感影像、典型取样的方法对茅山、大别山等地区的茅苍术种质资源分布情况进行了调查研究。
例如，孙宇章等利用遥感技术对茅山地区野生中药茅苍术的资源进行了监测[3]；居学锋等对湖北省罗田县野生茅苍术垂直分布进行了调查[4]。
在种质资源保护方面，国内主要采用人工辅助授粉、人工补种、组织快繁等技术或手段来保存或扩繁濒危的品种或种群。
不同品种或产地的茅苍术植物形态、生长特性、化学成分存在很大差异。
苍术栽培技术1、概述：苍术为菊科植物茅苍术［Atractyloces lancea（Thunb．）DC．」或北苍术[A．chinensis （DC.) Koidz．」的干燥根茎，茅苍术别名南苍术、茅术，主产河南、江苏、湖北等省；北苍术别名枪头菜，华苍术，主产河北、山西、陕西等省。
苍术味辛、苦，性温。
有健脾燥湿，祛风辟秽的作用。
2、形态特征：茅苍术为多年生草本，高达80厘米。
根状茎横走，长块状或肥大呈给节状。
茎直立，下部木质化。
叶互生，草质，上部叶一般不分裂，无柄，卵状披针形至椭圆形，有光泽，边缘有刺状锯齿；下部叶不裂或分裂，中央裂片较大，卵形，两侧的小。
头状花序顶生。
下有羽裂的叶状总苞1轮，花多数，全为管状，两性花与单性花多异株，花冠白色；瘦果长圆形，密生灰白色柔毛。
花期8－10月，果期9－10月。
北苍术与茅苍术区别在于：叶片较宽，卵形或狭卵形，一般羽状5深裂，茎上部叶3－5羽状线裂或不裂。
头状花序稍宽。
3、生长习性：两者都喜凉爽气候，耐寒。
北苍术喜昼夜温差较大、光照充足的气候；茅苍术相对较喜湿润的气候，怕强光和高温。
生活力都较强，对土壤要求不严，荒山、坡地、瘠土都可生长，以排水良好、地下水位低、结构疏松、富含腐殖质的砂壤土较好，忌水浸，故低洼地不宜种植。
生长期最适生长温度为15－22℃。
茅苍术自交结实率低，但自然授粉结实率可达60％以上。
种子发芽适温在16一18℃，发芽率在50％左右，如在有足够温度的土壤内，10－13天就可出苗。
种子寿命l－2年。
4、栽培技术4.1选地、整地选择向阳荒山或荒坡地，土壤以疏松、肥沃、排水良好的腐殖土或砂壤土为好，不可选低洼、排水不良的地块。
选好地后，每亩施2000千克农家肥作基肥，进行翻耕，耙细，在干旱的地区作成平畦，如果雨水多的地方则应作成高畦为好，畦宽一般1.3米左右，长度不限。
4.2繁殖方法以种子繁殖为主，也可用分株繁殖。
4.2.1种子繁殖在4月初进行育苗，苗床选择向阳地为好，播种前，施基肥再耕，细耙整平，作成宽1米的畦，进行条播或撒播。
茅苍术生态环境、药材品质及其最佳采收期的研究茅苍术，又称刺姜，是一种常见的中草药材。
它生长在我国南方地区的山坡、丘陵和竹林中，被广泛用于中医药治疗。
然而，由于茅苍术在野外生长，其生态环境、药材品质和最佳采收期的研究相对较少。
因此，本文将对茅苍术进行综合的研究，以揭示其生态环境特点、药材品质及其最佳采收期等相关内容。
首先，茅苍术的生态环境是其生长和发展的重要因素。
茅苍术喜欢温暖、湿润的环境，因此南方地区的气候条件非常适合其生长。
它通常选择山坡、丘陵等相对干燥的地区，对土壤要求不严格，但最好是疏松、排水良好的土壤。
此外，茅苍术的生长与光照、气温、湿度等环境因素密切相关。
在自然环境中，茅苍术的生长周期通常为3-4年。
其次，茅苍术的药材品质对其功效起着重要作用。
研究表明，茅苍术中含有多种有效成分，如萜类化合物、黄酮类物质等。
这些成分具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等药理作用。
茅苍术的品质主要受到生长环境的影响。
例如，茅苍术的生长地海拔较高、湿度较大的地方，其药材品质更佳。
此外，茅苍术的采收时间也对其品质产生影响。
一般而言，茅苍术的药材品质会随着生长时间的延长而提高。
最后，茅苍术的最佳采收期是保证其品质和功效的关键。
根据研究，茅苍术的适宜采收期一般为生长周期的末期，即3-4年生。
在这个时候，茅苍术的根部会累积较多的有效成分，药材的药理活性最高。
此外，茅苍术的采收方法也对药材的品质产生影响。
一般而言，将茅苍术根茎挖掘后晾晒至干燥，然后进行分选、清洗等处理，最后加工成制剂或粉末状药材。
综上所述，茅苍术的生态环境、药材品质及其最佳采收期是重要的研究内容。
揭示茅苍术生态环境特点有助于其合理种植和生产，提高药材产量和质量；研究茅苍术药材品质将有助于准确评估其药理作用和临床应用价值；探究最佳采收期则对于保证药材品质和功效至关重要。
未来可以进一步深入研究茅苍术的栽培技术、药效物质和其作用机制等方面，以更好地推广茅苍术的应用，并为相关产品的开发与生产提供科学依据综上所述，茅苍术是一种具有药理作用的中药材，含有多种药效物质。
·基础研究·△［基金项目］ 中央本级重大增减支项目（２０６０３０２）；朝阳凌源市、龙城区、双塔区中药资源普查项目（２０１８００１）；辽宁省科学技术基金项目（２０１８０５５０８９４）［通信作者］ 尹海波，教授，研究方向：药用植物种质资源评价及ＤＮＡ分子鉴定；Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｙｈｂ０５２８＠ｓｉｎａ ｃｏｍ基于４种序列的辽产苍术属植物ＤＮＡ条形码鉴定△尹海波 ，邓聪，王娜，任雪，陈吉祥辽宁中医药大学药学院，辽宁 大连 １１６６００［摘要］ 目的：采用４种序列对辽宁产苍术属植物进行鉴定，进而选择适合苍术属植物ＤＮＡ条形码鉴定的序列。
方法：使用试剂盒提取辽宁产４种苍术属植物关苍术ＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｉｄｚ ｅｘＫｉｔａｍ、朝鲜苍术Ａ ｃｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ、茅苍术Ａ ｌａｎｃｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ ）ＤＣ 、北苍术Ａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｋｏｉｄｚ 共４３份样品的总ＤＮＡ，进行聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增及产物测序；使用ＤＮＡＭＡＮ８ ０软件对测得的双向序列进行拼接；使用ＭＥＧＡ６ ０软件进行序列比对；使用邻接法构建系统聚类树。
结果：仅内转录间隔区２（ＩＴＳ２）序列将４种苍术属植物各分为一支，聚类效果较好，ｐｓｂＡ ｔｒｎＨ、ｍａｔＫ、ｒｂｃＬ聚类混乱，物种分离度低。
结论：ＩＴＳ２序列可作为苍术属植物ＤＮＡ条形码鉴定的有效序列片段，苍术野生品和栽培品、叶裂与叶不裂均聚在一起，ＩＴＳ２序列片段不能区分。
［关键词］ 苍术属；ＤＮＡ条形码；鉴定；野生；栽培［中图分类号］ Ｒ２８２ ５ ［文献标识码］ Ａ ［文章编号］ １６７３ ４８９０（２０２０）１１ １８１１ ０６ｄｏｉ：１０ １３３１３ ／ｊ ｉｓｓｎ １６７３ ４８９０ ２０２００５０８００５ＤＮＡＢａｒｃｏｄｉｎｇＩｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｆｒｏｍＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅＢａｓｅｄｏｎＦｏｕｒＳｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓＹＩＮＨａｉ ｂｏ，ＤＥＮＧＣｏｎｇ，ＷＡＮＧＮａ，ＲＥＮＸｕｅ，ＣＨＥＮＪｉ ｘｉａｎｇＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｙ，ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ，Ｄａｌｉａｎ１１６６００，Ｃｈｉｎａ［Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ］ Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ：ＦｏｕｒｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｗｅｒｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｐｌａｎｔｓｏｆＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｆｒｏｍＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｗｅｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ：ＧｅｎｏｍｉｃＤＮＡｓｗｅｒｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍ４３ｓａｍｐｌｅｓｏｆＡ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｉｄｚ ｅｘＫｉｔａｍ，Ａ ｃｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ，Ａ ｌａｎｃｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ ）ＤＣ ａｎｄＡ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｋｏｉｄｚ ，ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ（ＰＣＲ） ＴｈｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｗｅｒｅｓｐｌｉｃｉｎｇａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄｂｉｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｕｓｉｎｇＤＮＡＭＡＮ８ ０ ＭＥＧＡ６ ０ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅｗａｓｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ，ａｎｄａｄｊａｃｅｎｃｙｍｅｔｈｏｄｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｔｒｅｅ Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Ｏｎｌｙｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｓｐａｃｅｒ２（ＩＴＳ２）ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｉｎｔｏｏｎｅｂｒａｎｃｈ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｗａｓｇｏｏｄ ＴｈｅｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇｏｆｐｓｂＡ ｔｒｎＨ，ｍａｔＫａｎｄｒｂｃＬｗａｓｃｈａｏｔｉｃ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｄｅｇｒｅｅｗａｓｌｏｗ Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ：ＩＴＳ２ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｐｌａｎｔｓｂｙＤＮＡｂａｒｃｏｄｉｎｇ ＷｉｌｄａｎｄｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｅｄＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ，ｌｅａｆｃｌｅｆｔａｎｄｌｅａｆｕｎｃｌｅｆｔａｒｅａｌｌｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｅｄｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ，ａｎｄＩＴＳ２ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｓｃａｎｎｏｔｂｅｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｅｄ［Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ］ ＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓＤＣ ；ＤＮＡｂａｒｃｏｄｉｎｇ；ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ；ｗｉｌｄ；ｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ菊科苍术属（ＡｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓＤＣ ）植物为多年生草本，我国境内有５种，辽宁地区有４种，分别为关苍术Ａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａＫｏｉｄｚ ｅｘＫｉｔａｍ、朝鲜苍术Ａ ｃｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ、茅苍术Ａ ｌａｎｃｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ ）ＤＣ ［１］（引种栽培）、北苍术Ａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｋｏｉｄｚ ［２］。
Co mparison of Growth of Four Types of A tractylodes L ancea (Thunb .)DC.S ANG Xiao 2hua 1,WU Yan 2you 23,ZHAO Yu 2guo 2,XU Meng 2yun21.College of Environm ent,J iangsu U niversity,Zhenjiang 2120132.Institute of Agricultural Engineering,J iangsu U niversity,Zhenjiang 212013Abstrac t [O bjecti ve]The research ai m ed t o co mpare the phot osynthetic rates and gr o wth conditi ons of f our ty pes of A tractylodes Lancea (Thunb .)DC ..[M ethod]ncea was divided int o f our ty pes:the sa w 2t ooth 2leaf,the elli p se 2leaf,the l ong 2elli pse 2leaf aswell as the shar p 2leaf,according t o leaf mor 2phol ogy .The phot osynthetic rates of f our ty pes of ncea were deter m ined by the portable phot osynthetic instru ment L I 26400in natural envir on ment .The para meters such as ste m width,ste m height,leaf area of single plant of abovegr ound parts were measured peri odically .[Result]The phot osyntheticrates of four ty pes of ncea were:the sa w 2t ooth 2leaf 20.2μmol/(m 2・s ),the elli pse 2leaf 18.96μmol/(m 2・s ),the l ong 2elli pse 2leaf 15.6μmol/(m 2・s )and the shar p 2leaf 17.6μmol/(m 2・s ),res pectively .The phot osynthetic rate of the sa w 2t ooth 2leaf was higher than the other three ty pes .The gr o wth rate of the sa w 2t ooth 2leaf was the highest in the four ty pes at 0.01level .[Conclusi on]The research pr ovided certain theoretic basis f or further research on ncea .Key wo rds Phot osynthetic rate;Logistic;Abovegr ound partsReceived:March 31,2008 Accep ted:Ap ril 15,2008Supported by the Agriculture H igh 2tech Research Pr ogram of J iangsu Pr ovince (BG2006322)and Agriculture Pr ogra m of Zhenjiang City (NY2006045).3Corres ponding author .E 2mail:yanyouwu@ujs .edu .cn A tractylodes Lancea (Thunb .)DC .is a kind of perennial herbs of L iliaceae and its dry rhiz o me can be used as medi 2cines .The book of Chinese Phar m acopeia t ook the rhiz o mes of ncea and A.chinensis as the base res ources of tradi 2tional Chinese medicine atractylodes .The medicinal of ncea has a l ong history,has a very high evaluati on in dy 2nasties medical works and was start recorded in the book of Shen N ong M ateria M edica .Modern researches have sho wn that ncea has many functions such as liver 2p r otection,anti m icr obial,antiviral,center inhibition and gastr ointestinal p r o motion . ncea is distributed mainly in Jiangsu,Hu 2bei and Henan p r ovinces,etc .The Maoshan part of Jiangsu is a p r oducing area of geo 2herbalis m of ncea .G UAN Qiang et al investigated and researched the gr o wth and devel 2opment characteristics of ncea for three years in Luonancounty,Shaanxi [1-4].X U Y ou 2gui et al investigated the gr o wth and devel opment of cultivated ncea in three dif 2ferent envir on ments and the results basically identical .M a te ri a ls and m e tho ds Experi m en t a l loca tionThe research was conducted in Agricultural Science and Technol ogy Park (belongs t o hilly area )of Zhenjiang city,Jiangsu p r ovince . ncea gre w in waste hillside land of half yin and half yang,the shade rate was about 30%.Agri 2cultural Science and Technol ogy Park is situated at 31.7°N and 121°E and altitude is 60m.M ethodsDeter m i n a ti on of photosynthetic ra te A t nutrient gr o wth period,three sunny days at 10:00a m were selected,the phot osynthetic rate of ncea was deter mined by the port 2able phot osynthetic instru ment L I 26400in natural envir on 2ment .Concrete p ractices were:four varieties and each varie 2ty had three individuals were selected rando mly,the full 2de 2veloped leaf at the t op was taken t o deter mine its phot osyn 2thetic rate at 10:00a m,repeated three ti mes and the values were averaged .Because of the ncea leaf was s mall and can not fill leaf cha mber,leaves with gr o wth l ocation identi 2cal,size si m ilar and full 2developed were selected and la 2beled,the area of ncea leaf which was prepared t o put in leaf cha mberwas pre 2deter mined by leaf area meter,the deter 2minati on data was input t o phot osynthetic instru ment,and thenet phot osynthetic rate of leaf [Pn,μmol/(m 2・s )]was de 2ter mined by syste m according t o the leaf area .Determ i na ti on of each parameter of aboveground parts Fr o m the Beginning Day of Sp ring,the gr o wth of n 2cea was investigated,and the gr o wth incre ment of abovegr ound parts were measured after seedling e mergence,ste m height,ste m width,the maxi mu m width and length of leaf were measured on a fixed day in each week until the gr o wth basically ended,at last the research data was statisti 2cal analyzed .Five individual p lants of each leaf shape of ncea were selected rando mly and periodically measured .First measured on March 15,then every t wo weeks measured one ti me,and last measured on June 21.Ste m width was meas 2ured by vernier caliper,the measure positi on was selected at neutral of second caudex which de wed to gr ound;ste m height was measured by measuring tape,the stem height was the height fr o m gr ound surface to the vertical height of t op leaf ;leaf area of average p lant was measured by vernier cali per,the maxi m u m width and length of many kinds of leaves of si m ilar shape and size were measured,then the real area was calculated according t o the leaf areas of four ty pes,and the leaf areas of different shapes and sizes were added and then averaged .Re sults and ana l ysisCo mparison of photosyntheti c ra te Photosynthesis is theAgri cu ltura l Sc i ence &Techno l o gy,2008,9(1):125-127Copyri gh t κ2008,I nfo r m a ti o n I n stitute of HAAS.A ll ri gh ts re se rved.M ed i c i na l P l an tessence of the p r oducti on of green p lant and the basis of en2 ergy and food to bios phere.90%-95%dry material is p r o2 duced by photosynthesis of green p lant,only5%-10%nu2 triti on is co me fr o m r oot abs orbance.Therefore,phot osynthe2 sis is an i mportant factor to deter mine the yield[6].The re2 search on photosynthesis is an i mportant method to analyze the influences of envir on ment on gr o wth and metabolis m of p lant.The photosynthetic rates of four ty pes of ncea at 10:00a m were:the sa w2t ooth2leaf20.2μmol/(m2・s),the ellip se2leaf18.96μmol/(m2・s),the long2ellip se2leaf15.6μmol/(m2・s)and the shar p2leaf17.6μmol/(m2・s),re2 s pectively.The four ty pes of ncea can be ranked as the sa w2t ooth2leaf,the elli p se2leaf,the l ong2elli p se2leaf and the shar p2leaf according to the photosynthetic rate.Co mpar ison of parameters of aboveground partsW eekly growth ga i n Table1sho wed the multi p le co mpar2 is on results of weekly gr o wth gain in a gr o wth cycle.The sa w2t ooth2leaf was significantly different fr o m the other three ty pes(P<0.01).But the differences a mong the shar p2leaf, the l ong2elli p se2leaf and the ellip se2leaf were not significant. The results indicated that the ste m height,ste m width and leaf area of average p lant of the sa w2tooth2leaf were higher than the other three ty pes of ncea.Da ily growth ga i n Taking the accu mulative days after the Beginning Day of Sp ring as independent variable and ste m height,ste m width and leaf area of average p lant of n2 cea as dependent variable,fitted by Logistic equati on Y=(1/u+b0b1x)-1,the Logistic model para meters of gr o wth ofevery abovegr ound part were obtained.Fr o m the results we can see the fitting g oodness R2of each model was g ood and indicated that the deter mined materials were in accordance with Logistic model.The Logistic curve fitting equati ons(N=15)of ste m width of each ty pe were as follo ws:①the shar p2leaf.Y= [0.3704+35.861(0.9)x]-1,R2=0.979;②the l ong2el2 lip se2leaf.Y=[0.3846+33.017(0.896)x]-1,R2=0.94;③the ellip se2leaf.Y=[0.4167+26.356(0.911)x]-1, R2=0.953;④the sa w2t ooth2leaf.Y=[0.2703+9.88 (0.932)x]-1,R2=0.97.The Logistic curve fitting equations(N=15)of ste m height of each ty pe were as follo ws:①the shar p2leaf.Y= [0.01887+1.345(0.932)x]-1,R2=0.984;②the l ong2 elli p se2leaf.Y=[0.017094+1.476(0.923)x]-1,R2= 0.992;③the ellip se2leaf.Y=[0.016807+1.472 (0.929)x]-1,R2=0.988;④the sa w2tooth2leaf.Y= [0.011364+1.221(0.922)x]-1,R2=0.956.The Logistic curve fitting equations(N=14)of leaf are2 a of average p lant of each ty pe were as foll o ws:①the shar p2 leaf.Y=[0.006579+5.329(0.91)x]-1,R2=0.993;②the long2ellip se2leaf.Y=[0.006579+2.12(0.922)x]-1, R2=0.95;③the ellip se2leaf.Y=[0.005556+1.478 (0.924)x]-1,R2=0.961;④the sa w2tooth2leaf.Y= [0.003509+1.185(0.911)x]-1,R2=0.96.According t o the fitting equati on,the accu mulati on a2 mounts of ste m height,ste m width and leaf area of average p lant of ncea in one day were obtained.Taking one week of l ogarith mic gr o wth phase(71-77),the bi oaccu mu2 lati on a mounts of abovegr ound parts were sho wed by Table1.Table1sho wed that each index of the sa w2t ooth2leaf was significantly different fr o m the other three ty pes (P<0.01),and the differences a mong the shar p2leaf,the l ong2elli p se2leaf and the ellip se2leaf were not significant. The results indicated that the daily gr o wth gains of ste m height,stem width and leaf area of average p lant of the sa w2 t ooth2leaf were higher than the other three ty pes of ncea and in accordance with the weekly gr o wth gains.Table1 M ulti ple co mparison of each i n dex growth of four types of A.L anceaLeaf ty peW eekly gr owth gainSte m width∥mm Ste m height∥c m Leaf area∥c m2Daily gr o wth gainSte m width∥mm Ste m height∥c m Leaf area∥c m2The shar p2leaf0.1719B6.0579B11.4300B0.0136BC0.7594C3.7524BThe l ong2elli p se2leaf0.1701B3.8927B9.7394B0.0116C0.7007C2.7248BThe li p se2leaf0.1512B3.9524B12.6146B0.0170B0.8974B3.3270BThe sa w2t ooth2leaf0.2393A6.0579A21.6402A0.0368A1.1292A5.2953A Duncan’s shortest significant ranges(SS R)was e mp l oyed t o test the differences of the data fr o m the ex peri m ents.The different letters mean significant differ2 ence(P<0.01).Co ncl usi o n and discussi o nAccording to the photosynthetic rate which was deter2 mined at10:00,the phot osynthetic rate of the sa w2tooth2leaf was the highest a mong four ty pes.Gr o wth of abovegr ound parts:the daily gr o wth gains and weekly gr o wth gains of ste m height,ste m width and leaf area of average p lant of the sa w2 tooth2leaf were the highest a mong four ty pes.These further p r oved that the relati onshi p bet w een phot osynthesis and bio2 mass of abovegr ound parts.This research sho wed that the gr o wth of the sa w2tooth2leaf of ncea was the best and p r ovided theoretical basis for breeding ncea.R e fe rence s[1]Z HANG QC,X U L M,CHE N G,et al.Research pr ogress and pr oble ms ofA tractylodes lancea[J].L ishizhen Medicine and Maieria Medical Re2search,2004,15(11):781.(in Chinese).[2]F U MH,WANG JH,Z HANG Y,et al.Deter minati on ofβ2eudes mol in rhi2z o me of A tractylodes lancea by RP2HP LC[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica,2000,25(11):680.(in Chinese).[3]KI S O YT,H I K H.Antihepat o t oxic princi ples of A tractylodes r hizo m es[J].J Nat Pr od,1983,46(5):651-653.[4]Y ANG L,OUY ANG Z,HAN L,et al.Co mparative study on different extrac2ti on methods on essential oil of A tr actylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.[J].Lishizhen Medicine andMateria Medica Research,2007,18(5):1078.(in Chinese).[5]L I U DJ,LU T.A tr actylodisa r hizo m a[M].Beijing:China Press of Tradi2ti onal Chinese Medicine,2001:16.(in Chinese).[6]F U XJ,Z HU S L,L IBQ,et al.Applicati on of Li26400portable phot osyn2thesis syste m in s oybean breeding f or high phot osynthetic efficiency[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences,2005,6:473-473.(in Chi2 nese).621Agricultural Science&Technol ogy Vol.9,No.1,20084种类型茅苍术生长的比较桑小花1,吴沿友23,赵玉国2,许梦云2 (1.江苏大学环境学院,江苏镇江212013,2.江苏大学农业工程研究院,江苏镇江212013)基金项目 江苏省农业高技术研究项目(BG2006322);镇江市农业项目(NY2006045)。
