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2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题We need one hundred more signatures before we take the （）to the governor.问题1选项A.panelB.kernelC.petitionD.paragraph【答案】C【解析】panel仪表板, 陪审员；kernel核心, 要点；petition请愿书, 诉状。
句意:在把请愿书递交给州长之前, 我们还需要100多人的签名。
选项C符合句意。
2.单选题Amy was elected chairman of the committee by a（）vote.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.synonymousC.simultaneousD.unanimous 【答案】D【解析】ambiguous模糊不清的；synonymous同义的； simultaneous同时发生的；unanimous全体一致的。
句意:艾米经全体一致投票当选为委员会主席。
选项D符合句意。
3.单选题Most of us would like to feel we have some influence over what happens around us and to us. Citizens speak out to influence policy on use of nuclear power, conserving the environment and endangered animals, local and state taxes, the appropriate use of funds by organizations of which they are members, proper land use and the nature of education in the public schools, and a host of other issues. Some of these affect the speakers’immediate self-interest; others are attempts to make the social environment conform more closely to their own ideas. To speak on such matters effectively enough to influence the opinions and actions of others is to exercise power.Even in jobs relying on technical specialization, the opportunities and demands for public speaking skills remain more common than many college students realize. The engineer finds that if his career is to advance he must be willing to accept management duties that include speaking to groups of employees, or he must serve as a spokesperson for consultant teams presenting results to agencies outside the company. The certified public accountant finds an opportunity to teach classes in her area of speculation. The dentist has to give speeches as an officer of his dental association.Sometimes you may have to make a speech as part of your duties in your job or organization. Perhaps more frequently you will have opportunities where you speak voluntarily, as when you speak out in a meeting. Some of these speaking situations will be of little consequence; you will feel better if you do the speech well, but it will not really make much difference. In other situations, the speech may be significant for the audience. In these situations, it is comforting to know that you can do at least an adequate job. And you may not be content merely to get through the task adequately. To be able to increase listeners’ understanding or to persuade them is one of the most civilized ways we as individuals have for affecting our environment.Some beginning-speech students are surprised to discover that they can give a public speech at all, much less the skillful and effective ones they will be producing by the end of the course. The primary purposes of a speech course are to expand your understanding of techniques and strategies in public speaking, and to give you some practice so that you will be more confident and effective in more situations. With skill and confidence you develop a power to benefit yourself and the society around you.1.The text intends to show you（）.2.According to the passage, effective speaking ability does benefit people a lot except on （）.3.You need to speak effectively if （）.4.It is implied in the text that（）.5.Sometimes you are not content when you finish your speech because you know （）. 问题1选项A.the importance of speaking before the publicB.the techniques and strategies in public speakingC.the purposes and aims of a speech courseD.the most civilized ways to exert our influences问题2选项A.environmental conservationB.audience awarenessC.technical maintenanceD.career promotion问题3选项A.you are a studentB.you are an engineerC.you want to study wellD.you want to influence others问题4选项A.a good speaker may have greater chance in his careerB.making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerC.speaking at a meeting is often part of one’s dutiesD.people often exercise their power by making speeches问题5选项A.your speech makes little difference to the audienceB.the audience’s better understanding is more essential to youC.making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerD.the speech-making occasion is not important in the least【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:1.结合文章内容可知，本文主要讲的是在公众面前讲话的重要性，选项B，C，D是文中提到的细节，不是本文主旨，所以选项A正确。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题What things in life are you most desirous（） attaining?问题1选项A.toB.forC.withD.of【答案】D【解析】desirous of为固定搭配，意为“想要...渴望...”。
选项D符合句意。
2.单选题The team’s efforts to score were（） by the opposing goalkeeper.问题1选项A.surpassedB.doubledC.frustratedD.furthered 【答案】C【解析】句意:球队努力得分, 但由于对方的守门员而惨遭失败。
只有选项C符合句意。
3.单选题Leaks from Edward Snowden, a system’s administrator turned whistleblowe r at the National Security Agency (NSA), America’s signals-intelligence agency, have confirmed that the Internet is insecure, and that modern spy agencies can—and do, on an industrial scale—tap virtually any form of online communication. But perhaps the most acute embarrassment so far has been caused by the revelation that the NSA may have been listening to phone calls made by the leaders of America’s allies,most notably those of the German chancellor, Angela Merkel. But how exactly is it done?A mobile phone is essentially a telephone with a radio attached. Anyone can listen in on the radio waves travelling between a handset and the base station to which it is connected. To prevent casual eavesdropping, phones often (although not always) use encryption, which disarranges the data so that only the intended recipient can make sense of it. But not all encryption is created equal. The encryption used in second-generation (2G) phones—a technology that dates back to 1991一is weak, and readily cracked by modern computers. The 3G standard includes stronger disarranging,although it is still not perfect. 4G, the newest standard, currently being used around the world, likewise offers more competent encryption—although documents leaked by Edward Snowden suggest that the spies are pressuring manufacturers to put secret “back doors” into their products.But getting involved in cryptography isn’t always necessary. Spy agencies can obtain details from telephone companies, either by asking them to cooperate or forcing them to. Another option is to impersonate the mobile network itself, by setting up a fake base-station and persuading the target’s phone to connect to it. At a hacker conference in 2010,a security researcher called Chris Paget gave a detailed demonstration of how this works, using less than $ 2,000 of off-the-shelf equipment (a fake base-station can instruct phones that connect to it to do all sorts of things,such as turn off their encryption). Police forces around the world use a similar gear to silently listen in on calls made by their targets. A recent book describes how the FBI has quietly removed several such fake base-stations- run by foreign embassies—from around Washington,D. C.Nor is it just calls. Text messages can also be snatched. Modern smartphones are general-purpose computers. Users store e-mails on them, fix their position with satellite navigation systems, and even use them for banking, making them very juicy targets indeed. Even if the phones themselves are secure, it is far from clear how secure the behind-the- scenes servers run by Google and Apple, which control the Android and iOS platforms respectively, really are. For the non-spies, there are cheaper, simpler options that often work, too. This week several journalists in Britain are standing trial for hacking the voicemail messages of everyone from serving politicians to murdered schoolchildren. Their methods were low-tech but effective: they smooth-talked employees of mobile-phone companies into handing over thefour-digit pass codes that prote ct their customers’ voicemail accounts. Or else they simplyguessed them, betting that the phone owners either hadn’t changed them from default settings or had chosen easy-to-remember ones, such as 1—2 —3—4. Whether the NSA used low-or high-tech methods to tap Mrs. Merkel’s phone remains a mystery—for now, at least.1.What is the purpose of this passage?2.How can encryption prevent casual eavesdropping?3.According to the context the word “impersonate”(Para. 3)might mean “（）”.4.What is the last paragraph about?问题1选项A.To reveal how Angela Merkel is tapped.B.To narrate the story of leaks from Edward Snowden.C.To explain how phones can be bugged.D.To show the advancement of high technology.问题2选项A.By stopping the usual radio waves.B.By disconnecting a telephone to a radio.C.By making the information incomprehensible.D.By creating equal code pages.问题3选项A.empowerB.designC.personifyD.copy 问题4选项A.Other illegal means to obtain personal information.B.Process of snatching text messages.C.The trial of several British journalists.D.Advice of how to use smartphones in proper ways.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.结合文章内容可知,文章由第一段爱德华•斯诺登泄密的故事引出手机窃听,主要目的是为了说明手机是如何被窃听的,所以选项C正确。
湖北省考博英语-试卷3（总分：96. 00，做题时间：90分钟）一、Reading Comprehension（总题数：5,分数：40. 00）The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the Government, it is not a rich Government department. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings of Britain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest. The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian, who left his great seventeenth-century house to the Trust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's "Country House Scheme”. Und er this scheme, with the help of the Government and the general public, the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old houses. Last year about one and three quarters of a million people paid to visit these historic houses, usually at a very small charge. In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills, nature reserves, five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand five hundred cottages or small village houses, as well as some complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build, develop or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline, woodland, and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbances of any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace, beauty and wildlife. So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organization and an essential and respected part of national life, preserving all that is of great natural beauty and of historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.（分数：8. 00）（1）. The National Trust is dedicated to.（分数：2.00）A.preserving the best public enjoymentB.providing the public with free access to historic buildingsC.offering better services to visitors home and abroadD.protecting the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings V解析：解析：细节题。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖北省联考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ （）. 问题1选项mandB.convictionC.consentpromise【答案】C【解析】根据句意可知，这里指男孩未经父母的允许，consent指同意，赞成，答应；选项C符合句意。
2.单选题The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) earnestly attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy,safe and prosperous life in the years ahead. Its quality-of-life index（1） the results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys — how happy people say they are — to （2） determinants of the quality of life across countries. Being rich helps more than （3） else,but it is not all that （4） ; things like crime, trust in public institutions and the health of family life matter too.（5） ,the index takes 11 statistically significant indicators into（6） . They are a mixed bunch: some are （7） factors,such as geography; others change only very slowly （8） time; and some factors depend on policies and the state of the world （9） .Despite the global economic crisis,times have in certain respects （10） been so good. Output growth rates have been（11） across the world,but income levels are at or near （12） highs. Life expectancy continues to（13） steadily and political freedoms have spread across the （14） . In other ways, however, the crisis has （15） a deep imprint on unemployment and personal（16） . After crunching its numbers, the EIU has Switzerland comfortably in the top spot, with Australia second. Small economies （17） the top ten, half of which are European. The Nordic countries shine, （18） the crisis-ridden south of Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) lags behind. The（19） European economies (Germany, France and Britain) do not do particularly well. America（20） back in 16th place. Despite their economic dynamism, none of the BRIC countries ( Brazil, Russia, India and China) scores impressively. Among the 80 countries covered, Nigeria comes last: it is the worst place for a baby to enter the world in 2013.问题1选项A.relegatesB.addsC.abdicatesD.links问题2选项A.prejudicedB.objectiveC.fairD.neutral问题3选项A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything问题4选项A.countsB.imploresC.diminishedD.wavers问题5选项A.In turnB.In retrospectC.In allD.In progress问题6选项A.calculationB.accountC.implementationD.discount问题7选项A.settledB.fixedC.controlledD.weighted 问题8选项A.onB.inC.forD.over问题9选项A.atmosphereB.environmentC.economyD.wellbeing问题10选项A.neverB.alreadyC.everD.yet问题11选项A.acceleratingB.decliningC.recoveringD.withdrawing问题12选项A.classicB.histrionicC.cubicD.historic问题13选项A.increaseB.expandC.thriveD.expend问题14选项A.spaceB.countryC.globeD.continent问题15选项A.made B.engravedC.createdD.left问题16选项A.securityB.identityC.invectiveD.scourge问题17选项A.stipulateB.distributeC.refuteD.dominate问题18选项A.whereasB.untilC.whereD.unless问题19选项A.highestrgestC.greatestD.richest问题20选项A.recedesB.trailsnguishesD.twists【答案】第1题:第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:B第8题:D第9题:C第10题:A第11题:B第12题:D第13题:A第14题:C第15题:D第16题:A第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）根据原文可知,这里是将生活满意度调查结果与各国生活质量的决定因素联系起来。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
2010年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题fellow citizens同胞们；公民同胞intolerable [in'tɔlərəbl] adj. 无法忍受的；难耐的boredom ['bɔ:dəm] n. 厌倦；令人厌烦的事物frustration [frʌs'treiʃən] n. 挫折humiliation[hju:,mili'eiʃən] n. 丢脸，耻辱；蒙羞；谦卑counsel ['kaunsəl] n. 法律顾问；忠告；商议；决策vt. 建议；劝告vi. 商讨；提出忠告foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl] adj. 可预知的；能预测的inequality [,ini'kwɔləti] n. 不平等；不同；不平均glaring [ɡlεəriŋ] adj. 耀眼的；瞪视的；炯炯的decent['di:sənt] adj. 正派的；得体的；相当好的humane [hju:'mein] adj. 仁慈的，人道的；高尚的engage [in'ɡeidʒ] vi. 从事；保证；交战；啮合vt.使参加；雇佣；使订婚；预定justifiably ['dʒʌstifaiəbli] adv. 无可非议地；言之有理地alienated from…和…不和；和…疏远；alienated ['eiljəneitid] v. 使疏离（alienate的过去式）interfere with…干扰，干涉；妨碍；触动或弄坏；与……抵触uniqueness [ju:'ni:knis] n. 独特性；独一无二；单值性contradictory [,kɔntrə'diktəri]n. 对立物；矛盾因素adj. 矛盾的；反对的；反驳的counter ['kauntə] adv. 相反地v. 反击；反对adj. 相反的n. 计数器；柜台；计算者enlightenment [in'laitənmənt] n. 启迪；启蒙运动；教化liberalism ['libərəlizəm] n. 自由主义；开明的思想或见解break of v. 放弃；改掉（习惯）Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，美国总统（1913-1921）Leninist ideology列宁主义的意识形态Bolshevik Revolution布尔什维克革命；十月革命authoritarian [ɔ:,θɔri'tεəriən] adj. 独裁主义的；权力主义的n. 权力主义者；独裁主义者restrain [ri'strein] vt. 抑制，控制；约束；制止democratic value system民主价值体系dominate by通过…控制，为…所左右：；被俯视：hierarchy ['haiə,rɑ:ki] n. 层级；等级制度；统治阶层rationalism ['ræʃənəlizəm] n. 理性主义；唯理主义misinterpret [,misin'tə:prit] vt. 曲解，误解distorted [dis'tɔ:tid] v. 扭曲（过去式和过去分词）adj. 歪曲的；受到曲解的individualistic ['indi,vidʒu 'listik] adj. 个人主义的；利己主义的humanistic [,hju:mə'nistik] adj. 人文主义的；人道主义的egoistic [,i:ɡəu'istik] adj. 自私自利的，自我中心的；只顾自己；唯我独尊；自私自利的materialistic [mə,tiəriə'listik] adj. 唯物主义的，唯物论的；物质主义的consciously ['kɔnʃəsli] adv. 自觉地；有意识地rejected v. 拒绝，驳回，反对（reject的过去分词形式）adj. 被拒的；不合格的Confucianism [kən'fju:ʃjənizəm] n. 孔子学说；儒家思想leftovers ['leftəuvə] n. 遗留；剩余物；吃剩的食物（leftover的复数形式）political party政党oyabun-kobun亲子关系patron ['peitrən] n. 赞助人；保护人；主顾reinforce[,ri:in'fɔ:s] vt. 加强，补充vi. 求援；给予更多的支持n. 加强；加固材料allegiance [ə'li:dʒəns] n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞***willingness ['wiliŋnis] n. 乐意；心甘情愿；自动自发；愿意；自动自发；积极肯干qualification [,kwɔlifi'keiʃən] n. 资格；条件；限制；赋予资格external relation外在关系；[管理] 对外关系mobility [məu'biləti] n. 移动性；机动性；[电子] 迁移率so long as adv. 只要；既然；假如superior in在…方面优越take precedence over优先于；地位高于；比…重要as a consequence因此，结果folk wisdom民间智慧in the form of以…的形式competing [kəm'pi:tiŋ] adj. 相互矛盾的；抵触的v. 竞赛（compete的ing形式）permanent memories 永久记忆superfluous [sju'pə:fluəs] adj. 多余的；不必要的；奢侈的flush away冲去painstaking['peinz,teikiŋ] adj. 艰苦的；勤勉的；小心的n. 辛苦；勤勉Liege University比利时列日大学Belgium ['beldʒəm] n. 比利时（西欧国家，首都布鲁塞尔Brussels）manage to do挣扎做某事；设法完成某事rapid eye movement快速眼动（睡梦中眼球的快速转动）heart rate[生理] 心率eyelids n. 眼睑；眼皮（eyelid的复数）brainwave ['breinweiv] n. 脑电波；灵感resemble [ri'zembl] vt. 类似，像装配assemble [ə'sembl]vt. 集合，聚集；装配；收集vi. 集合，聚集wakefulness ['weikfulnis] n. [生理] 觉醒；不眠relive [ri:'liv] vt. 再体验vi. 复活；再生in response to响应；回答；对…有反应appearance [ə'piərəns] n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面be referred to as被称为…experimental subject实验对象；实验主题as opposed to与…截然相反；对照on the eve of在…的前夜reactivation[ri(:)ækti'veiʃən] n. [物化] 再活化；再生；复能的情况；[核] 重激活in the knowledge that在知道…的情况下incoherent [,inkəu'hiərənt] adj. 语无伦次的；不连贯的；不合逻辑的without hesitation adj. 毫不犹豫的；毫不迟疑；不假思索close attention密切关注，密切注意固定搭配：pore over sth.集中精神地阅读；注视；审查；审视She was pring over the old map of the area. 她正在仔细地查阅该地区的旧地图。
湖北联考考博英语历年试题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
1、考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
2、考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
湖北考博英语真题答案解析湖北考博英语真题是备考考博英语的重要参考材料之一。
通过分析和解析真题，考生可以更好地了解考试的出题规律和要求，提高备考效率和准确度。
本文将对湖北考博英语真题答案进行解析，帮助考生更好地备考。
一、阅读理解题阅读理解题是考博英语中的重点和难点之一。
针对每篇阅读理解文章，考生需要理解文章主题和主旨，抓住关键信息，并根据文章内容回答问题。
下面是一道典型的湖北考博英语阅读理解题。
Passage 1Evolution, in the broadest sense, is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations. The Latin word evolutio means to unfold, meaning the unfolding of something complex into something more simple or primitive. In simple terms, it is the process of gradual change in species over time, resulting in the formation of new species.Question 1: What is the main topic of the passage?A. The process of evolutionB. The meaning of the word "evolution"C. The formation of new speciesD. The word origin of "evolution"根据文章内容可知，文章主要讨论的是进化的过程，所以正确答案为A。
二、完形填空题完形填空题也是考博英语中常见的题型。
2009年湖北博士入学考试英语湖北联考真题笔记Part I Reading Comprehension (30 % ) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts；yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets(木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The workers and employees are anxious，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally andintellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subodinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again——by psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century" free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason ——are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is A.A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly in comparison with与…比较，同…比较起来B. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that B.A.they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they couldD.A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this compititive world4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should C.A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realties for granted5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the B.A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.toleranceQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human beings.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms，particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats.Relatively little has been said，however，about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms ofrichness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant，most distinctive feature——the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away，it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface.Given thattwo-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean，the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk ofspecies.One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest.While every species is different from every other species，their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteritics with 750,000 species ofinsectsgreatest diversify of life is unquestionably the sea.Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea ，it helps to think small . Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopics and animals ，including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more .6.What is the main point of the passage?CA .Humans are destroying thousands of species .B .There are thousands of insect species .C .The sea is even richer in life than the mrlforests .D .Coral reefs are similar to rain forests . 7.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests(para. 1)?DA . They share many similar species .B . They are approximately the same size .C .Most of their inhabitants require water .D . Both have many different forms of life . 8.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are A .A .insectsB .bacteriaC .mammalsD .birds 9.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rainforest because B .A .there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions B. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories D.marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage? A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality ，orthe relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air.In psychology and other sciences，the word "cause" is often replaced by the term “independent variable”.This term implies that the experimenter is often "free" to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example，the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term “dependent variable”replaces the word"effect"，and this term is used because the effect，depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle).The conventions of science demand that both independent and dependent variables be observable events，as is the case in the ping-pong example.In the case of biorhythm theory，the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a person's date of birth and some test day.Thedepedent variable is the person's level of performance on some specified task on the test. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual，persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables，many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly.To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball，Newtonian physics relies on anumber of intervening variables；including force，mass，air resistance，and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods.It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables，and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax，or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured，and that specify the relationships among independent variables，intervening variables，anddependent variables.It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a person's birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles.The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable，performance，by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels.To summarize，the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories：independent variables，dependent variables，intervening variables，and syntax.11. Based on the passage，causality may have the meaning that B.A. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events12. According to biorhythm theory，A.A. one's behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birthday TB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individual's performance is irrelevant to hisor her birthday FD. a person's level of performance varies according to the test date T13. Many theories for predicting the relation ship between cause and effect .A. testify their complete conformity with general scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent，independent，and intervening variablesC.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsistent with conventions of science14. The example of the ping-pong ball used to C.A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a person’s performanceC.prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables15. The word “syntax”used in the last paragraph refers to theB.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceFB. principles defining the connections among different variables TC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on one's behavior FD. criteria measuring a person's performance levels with biorhythm FQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes，entertainers，and entrepreneurs，not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education——not to pursue knowledge for thesake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance. ”Ravitch's latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject thelife of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically，to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others，they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path，says writer Earl Shorris，“we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege，”writeshistorian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life，a Pulitzer Prize winnig book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics，religion，and education. From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.(Q17A)Practicality，common sense，and nativeintelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.“人们很憎恨知识被看做一种能力或特权。
2011年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题笔记characteristics [,kærəktə'ristiks] n. 特性，特征；特色（characteristic的复数）；特质personality [,pə:sə'næləti] n. 个性；品格；名人；性格；人格；人物temperamental [,tempərə'mentəl] adj. 喜怒无常的；性情的；易兴奋的specific[spi'sifik] adj. 特殊的；明确的；详细的；[药] 具有特效的n. 特性；细节；特效药rate as (被)评价为；(被)列入等级described as说成是；被描述为；真可谓live through度过；经受过irritable ['iritəbl] adj. 过敏的；急躁的；易怒的coping with积极应对adapt to使自己适应于in general总之，通常；一般而言likelihood ['laiklihud] n. 可能性，可能Self-blame自责confusion [kən'fju:ʒən] n. 混淆，混乱；困惑self-reflection ['selfriflekʃən] n. 反省nature ['neitʃə] n. 自然；性质；本性；种类initially [i'niʃəli]adv. 最初，首先；开头aggressive [ə'ɡresiv] adj. 侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；强有力的，坚持己见的（褒义）compliant [kəm'plaiənt] adj. 顺从的；服从的；应允的interpersonal relationship人际关系social control社会控制exhibit [iɡ'zibit] vt. 展览；提出（证据等）n. 展览品；证据；vi. 展出；开展览会noticeable ['nəutisəbl] adj. 显而易见的，显著的；值得注意的internalize [in'tə:nəlaiz] vt. 使（习俗等经吸收同化而）内在化；使藏在心底surface ['sə:fis]vi. vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面n. 表面；外观adj. 表面的，肤浅的noncompliance [,nɔnkəm'plaiəns] n. 不顺从，不服从disciplinarian [disipli'nεəriən] n. 厉行纪律的人；严格的人adj. 纪律的；训练的breakup ['breikʌp] n. 解体；分裂；崩溃；馏分组成；停止self-disciplined ['self'disiplaind] adj. 有自我约束力的；能律己的result from起因于…；由…造成group way组织方式maintain [mein'tein] vt. 维持；继续；维修；主张；供养clan [klæn] n. 宗族；部落；集团institution [,insti'tju:ʃən] n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗derive from源出，来自，得自；衍生于political authority政权regulations n. 条例；规程（regulation的复数）；章则outgrowth ['autɡrəuθ] n. 结果；副产物；自然的发展effectiveness [ə'fektivnis] n. 效力coerce [kəu'ə:s] vt. 强制，迫使willingness ['wiliŋnis] n. 乐意；心甘情愿；自动自发discrepancy [dis'krepənsi] n. 不符；矛盾；相差lawless ['lɔ:lis] adj. 非法的；无法律的lawlessness ['lɔ:lisnis] n. 违法；不服从法律；不受法律制约portion ['pɔ:ʃən] n. 部分；一份；命运vt. 分配；给嫁妆social institution社会制度punitive ['pju:nitiv]adj. 惩罚性的；刑罚的commitment [kə'mitmənt] n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身legitimate power合法权力rightfully ['raitfəli] adv. 正当地；正直地legitimacy [li'dʒitiməsi] n. 合法；合理；正统；合法性；正当性；正统性from within从里面，从的内部emanate from v. 放射；发源于；出自gently curves 徐徐地弯弯曲曲的Northumberland [nɔ:'θʌmbələnd] n. 诺森伯兰郡（英国）estuary ['estjuəri] n. 河口；江口；湖港区；河口；入海口riverTees [ti:z]蒂诗尔河sea coal [英国古语]海运煤effortlessly ['efətlisli] adv. 轻松地；毫不费劲地typical of是的典型特征coarse powder粗粉brilliant ['briljənt] adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的bear [bεə] n. 熊vi. 承受；结果实vt. 忍受；具有；支撑resemblance[ri'zembləns] n. 相似；相似之处；相似物；肖像filthy['filθi] adj. 肮脏的；污秽的；猥亵的；污浊；矿内气体at high tide处于高潮中gather up收集起；蜷缩；概括local community本地社区；区域群落glittering ['glitəriŋ] adj. 闪闪发光的v. 闪闪发光（glitter的ing形式）spot[spɔt] adj. 现场的；现货买卖的n. 地点；斑点vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射adv. 准确地；恰好vi. 沾上污渍；满是斑点lumps [lʌmps] n. 肿块（复数）；金丝鸟病；块煤v. 结块；成团；笨重地行走（单三）northeast [,nɔ:θ'i:st] adj. 东北的；向东北的；来自东北的n. 东北adv. 向东北；来自东北expedition [,ekspi'diʃən] n. 远征；探险队；迅速sea-coaling开采海煤assortment [ə'sɔ:tmənt] n. 分类；混合物entire [in'taiə] adj. 全部的，整个的；全体的sacks [sæks]麻布袋be essential to对必不可少的；对必要的wooden ['wudən] adj. 木制的；僵硬的，呆板的wooden rake木耙子hold in抑制；约束shovel ['ʃʌvəl] vi. 铲n. 铁铲；一铲的量；铲车vt. 铲除；用铲挖；把胡乱塞入gear [ɡiə] n. 齿轮；装置，工具；传动装置adj. 好极了vt. 开动；搭上齿轮；使适合；使准备好vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；开始工作item ['aitəm] n. 条款，项目；一则rusty ['rʌsti] adj. 生锈的，腐蚀的；铁锈色的，锈色的；迟钝的striped [straipt, 'straipid] adj. 有条纹的；有斑纹的v. 被剥去（strip的过去分词）craft [krɑ:ft, kræft] n. 工艺；手艺；太空船vt. 精巧地制作crossbar ['krɔ:s,bɑ:] n. 闩，横木；球门的横木；自行车三脚架的横杠slung [slʌŋ] v. 投掷，悬挂（sling的过去分词）sling [sliŋ] n. [机] 吊索；投石器；抛掷vt. 用投石器投掷；吊起grain [ɡrein] n. 粮食；颗粒；[作物] 谷物；纹理vt. 使成谷粒vi. 成谷粒spring to突然向…跳去，涌向：；弹回关上，突然关上：Leonardo da Vinci列奥纳多·达·芬奇genius ['dʒi:njəs] n. 天才，天赋；精神talent ['tælənt] n. 才能；天才；天资Pablo Picasso巴勃罗·毕加索，当代西方最有创造性和影响最深远的艺术家exceptionally [ik'sepʃənəli] adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地rare [rεə] adj. 稀有的；珍稀的；半熟的；稀薄的adv. 非常；极其vi. 用后腿站起；渴望select [si'lekt]adj. 精选的；挑选出来的；极好的n. 被挑选者；精萃vt. 挑选vi. 挑选gifted ['ɡiftid] adj. 有天赋的；有才华的v. 给予（gift的过去分词）unconventional [,ʌnkən'venʃənəl] adj. 非常规的；非传统的；不依惯例的comparison [kəm'pærisən] n. 比较；对照；比喻；比较关系drawing ['drɔ:iŋ] v. 绘画；吸引（draw的ing形式）；拖曳n. 图画；牵引；素描术draw [drɔ:] n. 平局；抽签vi. 拉；拖vt. 画；拉；吸引combination [,kɔmbi'neiʃən] n. 结合；组合；联合；[化学] 化合intellectual curiosity求知欲sort out挑选出combine [kəm'bain] n. 联合收割机；联合企业vt. 使化合；使联合vi. 联合，结合；化合concerned about关心；担忧identity [ai'dentəti] n. 身份；同一性；特性；恒等式pin down确定；使受约束；阻止in accordance with依照；与…一致ideological [,aidiəu'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 思想的；意识形态的scientific discovery 科学发现exception [ik'sepʃən] n. 例外；异议ideological revolutions思想革命be considered as被认为是…；被看作…immutable[i'mju:təbl] adj. 不变的；不可变的；不能变的genetics [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学evolve [i'vɔlv] vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成vt. 发展，进化；使逐步形成；推断出beyond dispute无疑地；没有争论余地；无可争议；不容争议的；没有争论余地的respective [ri'spektiv] adj. 分别的，各自的in some cases在某些情况下；有时候dualism ['dju:əlizəm] n. 二元论；双重性；二神教hierachical adj. 僧侣统治的；等级制度的；天使的appeal for vt. 恳求，请求；要求since the dawn of自从……开始以来the dawn of time曙光uncompromising [,ʌn'kɔmprəmaiziŋ] adj. 不妥协的，不让步的；坚定的；毫不调和justification [,dʒʌstifi'keiʃən] n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪alleged [ə'ledʒd] v. 宣称（过去式和过去分词）；断言adj. 所谓的；声称的；被断言的world order世界秩序rest on停留在；依靠；被搁在；信赖divergence [dai'və:dʒəns] n. 分歧；分离，背离，偏差time-honored ['taim,ɔnəd] adj. 历史悠久的；因古老而受到尊重的；久享盛名的confusion [kən'fju:ʒən] n. 混淆，混乱；困惑deviation [,di:vi'eiʃən] n. 偏差；误差；背离were determined accordiriing to…由…决定first and foremost首先；首要的是dichotomy [dai'kɔtəmi] n. 二分法；两分；分裂；双歧分枝give rise to引起了，造成了confer on vt. 授给（授予）sequestered [si'kwestəd] adj. 隐退的；偏僻的；幽静的v. 扣押（sequester的过去分词）；使…隐退；使…分开nurture ['nə:tʃə] vt. 养育；鼓励；培植n. 养育；教养；营养物fulfillment [ful'filmənt]n. 履行；实行；自我实现感；自我实现；满足；成就感domestic [dəu'mestik] adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的n. 国货；佣人isolation ['aisə'leiʃən] n. 隔离；孤立；[电] 绝缘；[化学] 离析invariably [in'vɛəriəbli] adv. 总是；不变地；一定地connect with连接；与…联系PartII Cloze (10 %)The mass media is a big part of our culture，yet it can also be a helper，adviser and teacher to our younggeneration. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a ( an) 21 substitute for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way，it22fulfillsa variety of functions in human life.大众传媒是我们文化中的一大部分，对年轻一代来说，大众传媒可能是帮手、顾问和老师。
