计算机英文文献译文

01搜狗翻译搜狗翻译的文档翻译功能有三个优点：第一，可以直接上传文档，流程操作简单化，这才是一键翻译哇，我之前只能说是很多键……；第二，在线阅读翻译结果时，系统可实时提供原文与译文的双屏对照，方便对比查看；第三，译文可直接免费下载，方便进一步研读或分享。

02Google Chrome浏览器假设一个情景，你想在PubMed上找到以清华大学为第一单位的施一公教授的文章，那么，可以在Chrome浏览器上，登上PubMed，搜索格式为Yigong Shi Tsinghua University，即可找到其发表的文章。

接着，看上一篇蛮不错的，点击进去看看，然后，还是全英文。

这时候，你可以试下Chrome自带的网页翻译，真的可以秒翻译，将英文翻译为中文，而且还可以快速转换中/英界面。

03Adobe Acrobat笔者在这里给大伙介绍另一款秒翻译PDF文档的神器（笔者使用的Adobe Acrobat Pro DC，至于具体的下载和安装方式，读者可自行百度）。

但是，需要注意一点，这是Adobe Acrobat，而不是Adobe Reader。

在这里，请应许笔者介绍下开发出Adobe Acrobat的公司——Adobe。

Adobe，在软件界绝对是巨头中巨头的存在。

打个比方，我们常用的PS、PR、AE、In、LR等，无一例外都是领域中的顶尖水平，而且都是Adobe家的。

其中，Adobe家中就有一款几位出色的PDF编辑及处理软件——Adobe Acrobat。

（据说PDF作为国际通用的文件存储格式，也是依它而起）OK，进入主题，Adobe Acrobat是长这个样子的。

它可能干嘛呢？PDF 转word、图片合拼为PDF、编辑PDF等等，可以说，与PDF相关的，它都可以搞定。

那如何使用它来帮助我们翻译文献PDF呢？第一步，用它打开文献PDF文件；第二步，点击使用界面上的“文件”，接着点击“另存为”，选择存储格式为“HTML”，如下图；第三步，PDF文档在导出完成后，会得到两个文件，一是将PDF转为HTML格式的网页文件，另一个则是支持网页文件里面的图片（若删，网页里面的图片显示不出来）第四步，找到网页文件，打开方式选择Google Chrome浏览器，接着，结合Chrome浏览器的网页翻译，即可秒翻。

姓名：刘峻霖班级：通信143班学号：2014101108Computer Language and ProgrammingI. IntroductionProgramming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Simi lar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that the y may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used progra mming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, PASCAL and BASIC fall into this category.II. Language TypesProgramming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer. High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of high-levellanguages are C, C++, PASCAL, and FORTRAN. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine languages and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.1. Machine LanguagesIn machine languages, instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer can understand directly. An instruction in machine language generally tells the computer four things: (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two numbers together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruction to perform. While all executable programs are eventually read by the computer in machine language, they are not all programmed in machine language. It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language because the instructions are sequences of 1s and 0s. A typical instruction in a machine language might read 10010 1100 1011 and mean add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B.2. High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing word s and syntax from human language. They are more similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs. These programming languages allow larger and more complicated programs to be developed faster. However, high-level languages must be translated into machine language by another program called a compiler before a computer can understand them. For this reason, programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language.3. Assembly LanguagesComputer programmers use assembly languages to make machine-language programs easier to write. In an assembly language, each statement corresponds roughly to one machine language instruction. An assembly language statement is composed with the aid of easy to remember commands. The command to add the contents of the storage register A to the contents of storage register B might be written ADD B, A in a typical assembl ylanguage statement. Assembly languages share certain features with machine languages. For instance, it is possible to manipulate specific bits in both assembly and machine languages. Programmers use assemblylanguages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple. Assembly languages are also used when some part of the computer has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer.III. Classification of High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are commonly classified as procedure-oriented, functional, object-oriented, or logic languages. The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, and given a name such as “procedure A.” If the same sequence of oper ations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer back to the procedure. In essence, a procedure is just amini- program. A large program can be constructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks. Procedural languages allow programs to be shorter and easier for the computer to read, but they require the programmer to design each procedure to be general enough to be usedin different situations. Functional languages treat procedures like mathematical functions and allow them to be processed like any other data in a program. This allows a much higher and more rigorous level of program construction. Functional languages also allow variables—symbols for data that can be specified and changed by the user as the program is running—to be given values only once. This simplifies programming by reducing the need to be concerned with the exact order of statement execution, since a variable does not have to be redeclared , or restated, each time it is used in a program statement. Many of the ideas from functional languages have become key parts of many modern procedural languages. Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages. In object-oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed by the program are grouped together into units called objects. Objects are further grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have. A simpleexample of a class is the class Book. Objects within this class might be No vel and Short Story. Objects also have certain functions associated with them, called methods. The computer accesses an object through the use of one of the object’s methods. The method performs some action to the data in the object and returns this value to the computer. Classes of objects can also be further grouped into hierarchies, in which objects of one class can inherit methods from another class. The structure provided in object-oriented languages makes them very useful for complicated programming tasks. Logic languages use logic as their mathematical base. A logic program consists of sets of facts and if-then rules, which specify how one set of facts may be deduced from others, for example: If the statement X is true, then the statement Y is false. In the execution of such a program, an input statement can be logically deduced from other statements in the program. Many artificial intelligence programs are written in such languages.IV. Language Structure and ComponentsProgramming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program. A statement in a program is a basic sentence that expresses a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction. Statements define the types of data allowed, how data are to be manipulated, and the ways that procedures and functions work. Programmers use statements to manipulate common components of programming languages, such as variables and macros (mini-programs within a program). Statements known as data declarations give names and properties to elements of a program called variables. Variables can be assigned different values within the program. The properties variables can have are called types, and they include such things as what possible values might be saved in the variables, how much numerical accuracy is to be used in the values, and how one variable may represent a collection of simpler values in an organized fashion, such as a table or array. In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer. Variables that are pointers do not themselves have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to locate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable. An expression is a piece of a statement that describe s a series of computations to be performed on some of the program’s variables, such as X+Y/Z, in which the variables are X, Y, and Z and the computations are addition and division. An assignment statement assigns a variable a value derived fromsome expression, while conditional statements specify expressions to be tested and then used to select which other statements should be executed next.Procedure and function statements define certain blocks of code as procedures or functions that can then be returned to later in the program. These statements also define the kinds of variables and parameters the programmer can choose and the type of value that the code will return when an expression accesses the procedure or function. Many programming languages also permit mini translation programs called macros. Macros translate segments of code that have been written in a language structure defined by the programmer into statements that the programming language understands.V. HistoryProgramming languages date back almost to the invention of the digital computer in the 1940s. The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of commercial computers. The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s: FORTRAN, created by John Backus, and then COBOL, created by Grace Hopper The first functional language was LISP, written by John McCarthy4 in the late 1950s. Although heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged. Logic languages became well known in the mid 1970swith the introduction of PROLOG6, a language used to program artificial intelligence software. During the 1970s, procedural languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and A d a SMALLTALK was a highly influential object-oriented language that led to the merging ofobject- oriented and procedural languages in C++ and more recently in JAVA10. Although pure logic languages have declined in popularity, variations have become vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern databases, such as SQL.计算机程序一、引言计算机程序是指导计算机执行某个功能或功能组合的一套指令。

单片机英文文献资料及翻译单片机(英文：Microcontroller)Microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit that contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.A microcontroller's processor core is typically a small, low-power computer dedicated to controlling the operation of the device in which it is embedded. It is often designed to provide efficient and reliable control of simple and repetitive tasks, such as switching on and off lights, or monitoring temperature or pressure sensors.MEMORYMicrocontrollers typically have a limited amount of memory, divided into program memory and data memory. The program memory is where the software that controls the device is stored, and is often a type of Read-Only Memory (ROM). The data memory, on the other hand, is used to store data that is used by the program, and is often volatile, meaning that it loses its contents when power is removed.INPUT/OUTPUTMicrocontrollers typically have a number of programmable input/output (I/O) pins that can be used to interface with external sensors, switches, actuators, and other devices. These pins can be programmed to perform specific functions,such as reading a sensor value, controlling a motor, or generating a signal. Many microcontrollers also support communication protocols like serial, parallel, and USB, allowing them to interface with other devices, including other microcontrollers, computers, and smartphones.APPLICATIONSMicrocontrollers are widely used in a variety of applications, including:- Home automation systems- Automotive electronics- Medical devices- Industrial control systems- Consumer electronics- RoboticsCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, microcontrollers are powerful and versatile devices that have become an essential component in many embedded systems. With their small size, low power consumption, and high level of integration, microcontrollers offer an effective and cost-efficient solution for controlling a wide range of devices and applications.。

毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。

C# 编程语言概述外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Barnett M. C# Programming Language Overview [J]Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2016, 3(4):49-59.英文原文C# Programming Language OverviewBarnett M1. History of C, C++, C#The C# programming language is based on the spirit of the C and C++ programming languages. This account has powerful features and an easy-to-learn curve. It cannot be said that C# is the same as C and C++, but because C# is built on both, Microsoft has removed some features that have become more burdensome, such as pointers. This section looks at C and C++ and tracks their development in C#.The C programming language was originally defined in the UNIX operating system. In the past, we often wrote some UNIX applications, including a C compiler, and finally used to write UNIX itself. It is generally accepted that this academic competition extends to the world that contains this business. The original Windows API was defined to work with C using Windows code, and until now at least the core Windows operating system APIS maintains the C compiler.From a defined point of view, C lacks a single detail, like thelanguage Smalltalk does, and the concept of an object. Y ou will learn more about the contents of the object. In Chapter 8, "Write Object-Oriented Code," an object is collected as a data set and some operations are set. The code can be completed by C, but the concept of the object cannot be Forced to appear in this language. If you want to construct your code to make it like an object, that's fine. If you don't want to do this, C will really not mind. The object is not an intrinsic part. Many people in this language did not spend a lot of time in this program example. When the development of object-oriented perspectives began to gain acceptance, think about the code approach. C++ was developed to include this improvement. It is defined to be compatible with C (just as all C programs are also C++ programs and can be compiled by a C++ compiler) The main addition to the C++ language is to provide this new concept. C++ additionally provides a derivative of the class (object template) behavior.The C++ language is a modified version of the C language. Unfamiliar, infrequent languages such as VB, C, and C++ are very low-level and require a lot of coding to make your application run well. Reason and error checking. And C++ can be handled in some very powerful applications, the code works very smoothly. The goal is set to maintain compatibility with C. C++ cannot break the low-level features of C.Microsoft defined C# retains a lot of C and C++ statements. The code can also want to identify the code quickly. A big advantage for C# is that its designers did not make it compatible with C and C++. When this may seem like a wrong treatment, it is actually good news. C# eliminates something that makes C and C++ difficult to work with. Beginning with quirks and defects found in C. C# is starting a clean slate and does not have any compatibility requirements. So it can maintain the strengths of its predecessors and discard weaknesses that make C and C++ programs difficult to survive.2. Introduce C#C#, the new language introduced in the .NET system, is derived from C++. However, C# is a popular, object-oriented (from beginning to end) type-safe language.Language featuresThe following section provides a quick perspective on some of the features of the C# language. If some of them are unfamiliar to you, don't worry, everything will be explained in detail in the following sections. In C#, all code and data must be attached to a class. Y ou cannot define a variable outside the class, nor can you write any code that is not in the class. When a class object is created and run, the class is constructed. When the object of the class is released, the class is destroyed. The class provides single inheritance, and all the classes eventually get from thebase class is the object. Over time, C# provides versioned techniques to help with the formation of your classes to maintain code compatibility when you use code from your earlier classes.Let's look at an example of a class called Family. This class contains two static fields to hold the first and last names of family members. In the same way, there is a way to return the full name of a family member.Class Class1{Public string FirstName;Public string LastName;Public string FullName(){}Return FirstName + LastName;}Note: Single inheritance means that a C# class can only inherit from a base class.C# is a collection that you can package your class into a namespace called the namespace class. And you can help arrange collection of classes on logical aggregations. When you started learning C#, it was clear that all namespaces were related to .NET type systems. Microsoft also chose to include channels that assist in the compatibility of previouscode and APIs. These classes are also included in Microsoft's namespace.Type of dataC# lets you work with two types of data: value types and reference types. The value type holds the actual value. The reference type saves the actual value stored elsewhere in the memory. Raw data types, such as character, integer, float, enumeration, and structure types, are all value types. Objects and array types are treated as reference types. C# predefines reference types (objects and strings) New, Byte, Unsigned Short, Unsigned Integer, Unsigned Long, Float, Double-Float, Boolean, Character, and The value type and reference type of the decimal type will eventually be executed by a primitive type object. C# also allows you to convert a value or a type to another value or a type. Y ou can use an implicit conversion strategy or an explicit conversion strategy. Implicit conversion strategies are always successful and do not lose any information (for example, you can convert an integer to a long integer without losing any information because long integers are longer than integers) Some data is lost because long integers can hold more value than integers. Conversion occurs.Before and after referenceRefer to Chapter 3 "Working with V ariables" to find out more about explicit and implicit conversion strategies.Y ou can use single-dimensional and multidimensional arrays in C#at the same time. Multidimensional arrays can become a matrix. When this matrix has the same area size as a multidimensional array. Or jagged, when some arrays have different sizes.Classes and structures can have data members called attributes and fields. Y ou can define a structure called Employee. For example, there is a field called Name. If you define an Employee type variable called CurrenrEmployee, you can retrieve the employee's name by writing . What should happen after the code assignment? If the employee's name must be read by a database, for example, you can write a code "When some people ask for the value of the name attribute, read the name from the database and return the name with the string type".FunctionA function is a code that can be used at any time, code. An example of a function will appear earlier than the FullName function, in this chapter, in the Family class. A function is usually combined with some code that returns information, and a method usually does not return information. However, for us, we generally attribute them to functions.The function can have four parameters:•The input parameters have values passed into the function, but the function cannot change their values.•The output parameters have no value when they are passed to thefunction, but the function can give them a value and pass the value back to its caller. ,•The reference parameter passes another value by reference. They have a value into the function, and this value can be changed in the function.•The parameter parameter defines an array variable in the list.C# and CLR work together to provide automatic storage management. Or "Leave enough space for this object to use" code like this. The CLR monitors your memory usage and automatically retrieves it when you need it.C# provides a large number of operators that allow you to write a large number of mathematical and bitwise expressions. Many (but not all) of them can be redefined, and you can change the job of these operators.C# provides a long list of reports that you can define through a variety of processing paths through your code. Through the report's operations, using keywords like switch, while, for, break, and continue enables your code to be split into different paths depending on the value of the variable.Classes can contain code and data. Visibility of each member to other objects. C# provides such accessible ranges as public, protected, internal, protected internal, and private.V ariableV ariables can be defined as constants. The constant has a fixed value and cannot be changed during the execution of your code. The value of PI, for example, is a good example of a constant because her value will not be changed while your code is running. The enumeration type defines a specific name for the constant. For example, you can define an enumerated type of planet using Mercury V in your code. If you use a variable to represent the planet, using the names of this enum type can make your code easier to read.C# provides an embedded mechanism to define and handle some events. If you write a class that performs a long operation, you may want to call an event. When the event ends, the client can sign this time and grab the event in their own code, he can let them be notified When you have completed this long budget, this event handling mechanism uses delegates in C#, a variable that references a function.Note: Event processing is a program in your code that determines what action will take place when a time occurs.For example, the user clicks on a button. If your class holds a value, write some code called a protractor that your class can be accessed as if it were an array. Suppose you write a class called Rainbow. For example, it contains a set of colors in this rainbow. Visitors may want some MYRainbow to retrieve the first color in the rainbow. Y ou can write an indexer in your Rainbow class to define what will be returned when thevisitor accesses your class as if it were an array of values.InterfaceC# provides an interface that aggregates properties, methods, and events that describe a set of functions. The class of C# can execute the interface. It tells the user through the interface a set of function files provided by this class. What existing code can have as few compatibility issues as possible. Once there was an interface exposed, it could not be changed, but it could evolve through inheritance. C# classes can perform many interfaces, even if the class can only inherit from a base class.Let's look at an example of a very clear rule in the real world of C# that helps illustrate the interface. Many applications use the additions provided today. There is the ability to read additional items when executed. To do this, this added item must follow some rules. DLL add items must display a function called CEEntry. And you must use CEd as the beginning of the DLL file name. When we run our code, it scans the directories of all the DLLs that are starting with CEd. When it finds one, it is read. Then it uses GetProcAddress to find the CEEntry function in the DLL. This proves that it is necessary for you to obey all the rules to establish an addition. This kind of creating a read addition is necessary because it carries more unnecessary code responsibility. If we use an interface in this example, your DLL additions can be applied to an interface. This ensures that all necessary methods, properties, and eventsappear in the DLL and are specified as files.AttributesThe attribute declares additional information about your class for the CLR. In the past, if you wanted to describe your classes yourself, you would have to use a few decentralized ways to store them in external files, such as IDL or event HTML files. Through your efforts, the property solves this problem. The developer has constrained some information in the class and any kind of information, for example, in the class, defines how it acts when it is used. The possibilities are endless, which is why Microsoft will contain a lot of predefined attributes in the .NET framework.Compile C#Running your C# code generates two important types of information through the C# compiler: code and metadata. The next section describes these two topics and completes a binary review built on .NET code, which is assembly.Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)The code output by the C# compiler is written in an intermediate language called Microsoft. MSIL is your code that is used to construct a detailed set of instructions to guide you on how to perform. It contains instructions for operations, such as initialization of variables, methods for evoking objects, error handling, and declaring something new. C# is notjust a language from the MSIL source code that changes during the writing process. All .NET-compatible languages, including and C++ management, generate MSIL when their source code is compiled. All .NET languages use the same runtime, so code from different languages and different compilers can easily work together.For physical CPUs, MISL is not a set of explicit instructions. It doesn't know anything about your machine's CPU, and your machine doesn't know anything about MSIL. Then, when your CPU can't read MSIL, explain the code. This sinking is called just enough to write, or JIT. The job of the JIT compiler is to translate your universal MSIL code to the machine so that the CPU can execute your code.Y ou may want to know what an extra step is in the process. When a compiler can immediately generate CPU-interpreted code for why MSIL was generated, the compiler does this later. There are many reasons for this. First, MSIL makes it easier for you to write code as it moves to a different piece of hardware. Suppose you have written some C# code and you want it to run on your desktop and handheld devices at the same time. It is very likely that these two devices have different CPUs. If you only have one C# compiler whose goal is a clear CPU, then you need two C# compilers: one with the desktop CPU and the other with the handheld device CPU. Y ou have to compile your code twice to ensure that your correct code is used on the right device. With MSIL, you only write once.The .NET Framework is installed on your desktop and it contains a JIT compiler that translates your MSIL-specific CPU code to your machine. The .NET Framework is installed on your handheld device and it contains a JIT compiler that translates the same MSIL-specific CPU-specific code to your handheld device. To run MSIL code base on any device that has a .NET JIT compiler. Y ou now have only one MSIL basic code that can run on any device that has a .NET JIT compiler. The JIT compiler on these devices can take care of your code and make them run smoothly.Another reason why the compiler uses MSIL is that the settings of the instruction can be easily read by an authenticated proximity. Part of the compiler's job is to verify your code to make it as clear as possible. When properly accessed, these checks ensure that your code does not execute any instructions that can cause your code to crash. The definition of MSIL directives makes this check process easier to understand. CPU-specific instruction settings are optimized for fast code execution. However, they make the code difficult to read and therefore difficult to check. Having a C# compiler that can output CPU-specific code at once can make code inspection difficult or even impossible. Allow the .NET Framework's JIT compiler to verify your code to ensure that your code accesses memory through a buggy path and that the variable types are used correctly.MetadataThe assembly process outputs the same amount of metadata. This is a very important part of the .NET code sharing story. Whether you use C# to build a client application or use C# to build a library that some people use for your application, you will want to take advantage of some compiled .NET code. That code may have been provided by Microsoft as part of the .NET framework, or it may be provided by some online users. The key to using a foreign code is to let the C# compiler know that the class and that variable are in another base code so that it can be found in the precompilation of your work and match the code you write with the source code.Look at the metadata for the directory for your compiled code. The number of bits of source code compiled by C# exists in the compiled code along with the generation of MSIL. The types of methods and variables are completely described in the metadata and are ready to be read by other applications. For example, can read metadata from a .NET library to provide intelligent sensing of all the methods that can be used effectively for a particular class.If you have already worked with COM, you may be familiar with type libraries. The goal of the type library is to provide the same directory functionality to COM objects. However, the type library is provided from a few limitations, and in fact not all data about the target can be put into the type library. Metadata in .NET does not have this disadvantage. Allthe code used to describe the class's information is placed in the metadata.memberSometimes you need to use C# to build a terminal application. These applications are packaged into an executable file and use .EXE as an extension. C# completely supports the creation of .EXE files. However, there are also times when you do not want to be used in other programs. Y ou may want to create some useful C# classes, such as a developer who wants to use your class in a application. In this case, you will not create an application, instead you will build a component. A component is a metadata package. As a unit to configure, these classes will share the same level of version control, security information, and dynamic requirements. Think of a component as a logical DLL. If you are familiar with Microsoft's translation services or COM+, then you can think of components as equivalent to .NET packages.There are two kinds of components: private components and global components. When you build your own component, you don't need to specify whether you want to create a global component or a private component. Y ou can only make your code accessible by a separate application. Y our component is a package similar to a DLL and is installed into the same directory when your application runs it. The application is only executable when it is in the same directory as yourcomponent.If you want to share your code, more global components in more applications. Global components can be used by any system's .NET application regardless of the directory in which it is installed. Microsoft installs components as part of the .NET structure, and each Microsoft component is installed as a global component. The Microsoft Architecture SDK contains the public functionality to install and remove artifacts from global widget storage.C# can be viewed to some extent as a programming language for the .NET Windows-oriented environment. In the past ten years, although VB and C++ have finally become very powerful languages, some of the content has come. For Visual Basic, its main advantage is that it is easy to understand. Many programming tasks are easy to accomplish and basically hide the connotations of the Windows API and the COM component structure. The downside is that Visual Basic has never implemented an early version of object-oriented, real-world (BASIC is primarily intended to make beginners easier to understand than to write large commercial applications), so it cannot really be structured or object-oriented. Programming language.On the other hand, C++ has its own root in the ANSI C++ language definition. It is not fully compatible with ANSI because Microsoft wrote the C++ compiler before the ANSI definition was standardized, but it isalready quite close. Unfortunately, this leads to two problems. First, ANSI C++ was developed under technical conditions more than a decade ago, so it does not support current concepts (such as Unicode strings and generating XML documents), and some of the older grammatical structures were designed for previous compilers ( For example, the declaration and definition of member functions are separate.) Second, Microsoft also tried to evolve C++ into a language for performing high-performance tasks on Windows - avoiding the addition of large numbers of Microsoft-specific keywords and libraries in the language. The result is that in Windows, the language becomes a very messy language. Let a C++ developer talk about how many strings are defined in this way: char*, LPTSTR, (MFC version), CString (WTL version), wchar_t*, OLECHAR*, and so on.Now entering the .NET era - a new environment, it has made new extensions to both languages. Microsoft added many Microsoft-specific keywords to C++ and evolved VB to , retaining some basic VB syntax, but it is completely different in design. From a practical application perspective, is a New language. Here, Visua l C# .NET. Microsoft describes C# as a simple, modern, object-oriented, type-safe, and C and C++-derived programming language. Most in dependent commentators are “derived from C, C++, and Java” from their claims. C# is very similar to C++ and Java. It uses parentheses ({})to mark blocks of code, and semicolons separate lines of statements. The first impression of C# code is that it is very similar to C++ or Java code. But after these seeming similarities, C# is much easier to learn than C++ but harder than Java. Its design and modern development tools are more adaptable than other languages. It also has Visua Basic's ease of use, high performance, and low memory accessibility of C++. C# includes the following features:●Full support for class and object-oriented programming, including interface and inheritance, virtual functions, and operator overloading.●Define a complete, consistent set of basic types.●Built-in support for automatically generating XML document descriptions.●Automatically clean dynamically allocated memory.●Classes or methods can be marked with user-defined properties. This can be used for documentation purposes and has a certain impact on compilation (for example, marking a method to compile only when debugging).●Full access to the .NET base class library and easy access to the Windows API.●Y ou can use pointers and direct memory access, but the C# language can access memory without them.●Supports attributes and events in VB style.●Changing compiler options, ActiveX controls (COM components) are called by other code in the same way. ●C# can be used to write dynamic Web pages and XML Web services.It should be noted that for most of these features, and Managed C++ are also available. But since C# used .NET from the beginning, support for .NET features was not only complete, but also provided a more suitable syntax than other languages. The C# language itself is very similar to Java, but there are some improvements because Java is not designed for use in a .NET environment. Before ending this topic, we must also point out two limitations of C#. One is that the language is not suitable for writing time-critical or very high-performance codes, such as a loop that runs 1000 or 1050 times, and immediately clears the resources they occupy when they are not needed. In this regard, C++ may still be the best of all low-level languages. The second is that C# lacks the key functions needed for very high-performance applications. The parcels guarantee inlining and destructor functions in specific areas of the code. However, such applications are very few.中文译文C# 编程语言概述作者：Barnett M1. C,C++,C#的历史C#程序语言是建立在C 和C++程序语言的精神上的。

Validation and Testing of Design Hardening for Single Event Effects Using the 8051 MicrocontrollerAbstractWith the dearth of dedicated radiation hardened foundries, new and novel techniques are being developed for hardening designs using non-dedicated foundry services. In this paper, we will discuss the implications of validating these methods for the single event effects (SEE) in the space environment. Topics include the types of tests that are required and the design coverage (i.e., design libraries: do they need validating for each application?). Finally, an 8051 microcontroller core from NASA Institute of Advanced Microelectronics (IAμE) CMOS Ultra Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) design is evaluated for SEE mitigative techniques against two commercial 8051 devices.Index TermsSingle Event Effects, Hardened-By-Design, microcontroller, radiation effects.I. INTRODUCTIONNASA constantly strives to provide the best capture of science while operating in a space radiation environment using a minimum of resources [1,2]. With a relatively limited selection of radiation-hardened microelectronic devices that are often two or more generations of performance behind commercialstate-ofthe-art technologies, NASA’s performance of this task is quite challenging. One method of alleviating this is by the use of commercial foundry alternatives with no or minimally invasive design techniques for hardening. This is often called hardened-by-design (HBD).Building custom-type HBD devices using design libraries and automated design tools may provide NASA the solution it needs to meet stringent science performance specifications in a timely,cost-effective, and reliable manner.However, one question still exists: traditional radiation-hardened devices have lot and/or wafer radiation qualification tests performed; what types of tests are required for HBD validation?II. TESTING HBD DEVICES CONSIDERATIONSTest methodologies in the United States exist to qualify individual devices through standards and organizations such as ASTM, JEDEC, and MIL-STD- 883. Typically, TID (Co-60) and SEE (heavy ion and/or proton) are required for device validation. So what is unique to HBD devices?As opposed to a “regular” commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) device or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) where no hardening has been performed, one needs to determine how validated is the design library as opposed to determining the device hardness. That is, by using test chips, can we “qualify” a future device using the same library?Consider if Vendor A has designed a new HBD library portable to foundries B and C. A test chip is designed, tested, and deemed acceptable. Nine months later a NASA flight project enters the mix by designing a new device using Vendor A’s library. Does this device require complete radiation qualification testing? To answer this, other questions must be asked.How complete was the test chip? Was there sufficient statistical coverage of all library elements to validate each cell? If the new NASA design uses a partially or insufficiently characterized portion of the design library, full testing might be required. Of course, if part of the HBD was relying on inherent radiation hardness of a process, some of the tests (like SEL in the earlier example) may be waived.Other considerations include speed of operation and operating voltage. For example, if the test chip was tested statically for SEE at a power supply voltage of 3.3V, is the data applicable to a 100 MHz operating frequency at 2.5V? Dynamic considerations (i.e., nonstatic operation) include the propagated effects of Single Event Transients (SETs). These can be a greater concern at higher frequencies.The point of the considerations is that the design library must be known, the coverage used during testing is known, the test application must be thoroughly understood and the characteristics of the foundry must be known. If all these are applicable or have been validated by the test chip, then no testing may be necessary. A task within NASA’s Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program was performed to explore these types of considerations.III. HBD TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION USING THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLERWith their increasing capabilities and lower power consumption, microcontrollers are increasingly being used in NASA and DOD system designs. There are existing NASA and DoD programs that are doing technology development to provide HBD. Microcontrollers are one such vehicle that is being investigated to quantify the radiation hardness improvement. Examples of these programs are the 8051 microcontroller being developed by Mission Research Corporation (MRC) and the IAμE (the focus of this study). As these HBD technologies become available, validation of the technology, in the natural space radiation environment, for NASA’s use in spaceflight systems is required.The 8051 microcontroller is an industry standard architecture that has broad acceptance, wide-ranging applications and development tools available. There are numerous commercial vendors that supply this controller or have it integrated into some type of system-on-a-chip structure. Both MRC and IAμE chose this device to demonstrate two distinctly different technologies for hardening. The MRC example of this is to use temporal latches that require specific timing to ensure that single event effects are minimized. The IAμE technology uses ultra low power, and layout and architecture HBD design rules to achieve their results. These are fundamentally different than the approach by Aeroflex-United Technologies Microelectronics Center (UTMC), the commercial vendor of a radiation–hardened 8051, that built their 8051 microcontroller using radiationhardened processes. This broad range of technology within one device structure makes the 8051an ideal vehicle for performing this technology evaluation.The objective of this work is the technology evaluation of the CULPRiT process [3] from IAμE. The process has been baselined against two other processes, the standard 8051 commercial device from Intel and a version using state-of-the-art processing from Dallas Semiconductor. By performing this side-by-side comparison, the cost benefit, performance, and reliability trade study can be done.In the performance of the technology evaluation, this task developed hardware and software for testing microcontrollers. A thorough process was done to optimize the test process to obtain as complete an evaluation as possible. This included taking advantage of the available hardware and writing software that exercised the microcontroller such that all substructures of the processor were evaluated. This process is also leading to a more complete understanding of how to test complex structures, such as microcontrollers, and how to more efficiently test these structures in the future.IV. TEST DEVICESThree devices were used in this test evaluation. The first is the NASA CULPRiT device, which is the primary device to be evaluated. The other two devices are two versions of a commercial 8051, manufactured by Intel and Dallas Semiconductor, respectively.The Intel devices are the ROMless, CMOS version of the classic 8052 MCS-51 microcontroller. They are rated for operation at +5V, over a temperature range of 0 to 70 °C and at a clock speeds of 3.5 MHz to 24 MHz. They are manufactured in Intel’s P629.0 CHMOS III-E process.The Dallas Semiconductor devices are similar in that they are ROMless 8052 microcontrollers, but they are enhanced in various ways. They are rated for operation from 4.25 to 5.5 Volts over 0 to 70 °C at clock speeds up to 25 MHz. They have a second full serial port built in, seven additional interrupts, a watchdog timer, a power fail reset, dual data pointers and variable speed peripheral access. In addition, the core is redesigned so that the machine cycle is shortened for most instructions, resulting in an effective processing ability that is roughly 2.5 times greater (faster) than the standard 8052 device. None of these features, other than those inherent in the device operation, were utilized in order to maximize the similarity between the Dallas and Intel test codes.The CULPRiT technology device is a version of the MSC-51 family compatible C8051 HDL core licensed from the Ultra Low Power (ULP) process foundry. The CULPRiT technology C8051 device is designed to operate at a supply voltage of 500 mV and includes an on-chip input/output signal level-shifting interface with conventional higher voltage parts. The CULPRiT C8051 device requires two separate supply voltages; the 500 mV and the desired interface voltage. The CULPRiT C8051 is ROMless and is intended to be instruction set compatible with the MSC-51 family.V. TEST HARDWAREThe 8051 Device Under Test (DUT) was tested as a component of a functional computer. Aside from DUT itself, the other componentsof the DUT computer were removed from the immediate area of the irradiation beam.A small card (one per DUT package type) with a unique hard-wired identifier byte contained the DUT, its crystal, and bypass capacitors (and voltage level shifters for the CULPRiT DUTs). This "DUT Board" was connected to the "Main Board" by a short 60-conductor ribbon cable. The Main Board had all other components required to complete the DUT Computer, including some which nominally are not necessary in some designs (such as external RAM, external ROM and address latch). The DUT Computer and the Test Control Computer were connected via a serial cable and communications were established between the two by the Controller (that runs custom designed serial interface software). This Controller software allowed for commanding of the DUT, downloading DUT Code to the DUT, and real-time error collection from the DUT during and post irradiation. A 1 Hz signal source provided an external watchdog timing signal to the DUT, whose watchdog output was monitored via an oscilloscope. The power supply was monitored to provide indication of latchup.VI. TEST SOFTWAREThe 8051 test software concept is straightforward. It was designed to be a modular series of small test programs each exercising a specific part of the DUT. Since each test was stand alone, they were loaded independently of each other for execution on the DUT. This ensured that only the desired portion of the 8051 DUT was exercised during the test and helped pinpoint location of errors that occur during testing. All test programs resided on the controller PC until loaded via the serial interface to the DUT computer. In this way, individual tests could have been modified at any time without the necessity of burning PROMs. Additional tests could have also been developed and added without impacting the overall test design. The only permanent code, which was resident on the DUT, was the boot code and serial code loader routines that established communications between the controller PC and the DUT.All test programs implemented:• An external Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit device (UART) for transmission of error information and communication to controller computer.• An external real-time clock for data error tag.•A watchdog routine designed to provide visual verification of 8051 health and restart test code if necessary.• A "foul-up" routine to reset program counter if it wanders out of code space.• An external telemetry data storage memory to provide backup of data in the event of an interruption in data transmission.The brief description of each of the software tests used is given below. It should be noted that for each test, the returned telemetry (including time tag) was sent to both the test controller and the telemetry memory, giving the highest reliability that all data is captured.Interrupt –This test used 4 of 6 available interrupt vectors (Serial, External, Timer0 Overflow, and Timer1 Overflow) to trigger routines that sequentially modified a value in the accumulator which was periodically compared to a known value. Unexpected values were transmitted with register information.Logic –This test performed a series of logic and math computations and provided three types of error identifications: 1) addition/subtraction, 2) logic and 3) multiplication/division. All miscompares of computations and expected results were transmitted with other relevant register information.Memory – This test loaded internal data memory at locations D:0x20 through D:0xff (or D:0x20 through D:0x080 for the CULPRiT DUT), indirectly, with an 0x55 pattern. Compares were performed continuously and miscompares were corrected while error information and register values were transmitted.Program Counter -The program counter was used to continuously fetch constants at various offsets in the code. Constants were compared with known values and miscompares were transmitted along with relevant register information. Registers – This test loaded each of four (0,1,2,3) banks of general-purpose registers with either 0xAA (for banks 0 and 2) or 0x55 (for banks 1 and 3). The pattern was alternated in order to test the Program Status Word (PSW) special function register, which controls general-purpose register bank selection. General-purpose register banks were then compared with their expected values. All miscompares were corrected and error information was transmitted.Special Function Registers (SFR) – This test used learned static values of 12 out 21 available SFRs and then constantly compared the learned value with the current one. Miscompares were reloaded with learned value and error information was transmitted.Stack – This test performed arithmetic by pushing and popping operands on the stack. Unexpected results were attributed to errors on the stack or to the stack pointer itself and were transmitted with relevant register information.VII. TEST METHODOLOGYThe DUT Computer booted by executing the instruction code located at address 0x0000. Initially, the device at this location was an EPROM previously loaded with "Boot/Serial Loader" code. This code initialized the DUT Computer and interface through a serial connection to the controlling computer, the "Test Controller". The DUT Computer downloaded Test Code and put it into Program Code RAM (located on the Main Board of the DUT Computer). It then activated a circuit which simultaneously performed two functions: held the DUT reset line active for some time (~10 ms); and, remapped the Test Code residing in the Program Code RAM to locate it to address 0x0000 (the EPROM will no longer be accessible in the DUT Computer's memory space). Upon awaking from the reset, the DUT computer again booted by executing the instruction code at address 0x0000, except this time that code was not be the Boot/Serial Loader code but the Test Code.The Test Control Computer always retained the ability to force the reset/remap function, regardless of the DUT Computer's functionality. Thus, if the test ran without a Single Event Functional Interrupt (SEFI) either the DUT Computer itselfor the Test Controller could have terminated the test and allowed the post-test functions to be executed. If a SEFI occurred, the Test Controller forced a reboot into Boot/Serial Loader code and then executed the post-test functions. During any test of the DUT, the DUT exercised a portion of its functionality (e.g., Register operations or Internal RAM check, or Timer operations) at the highest utilization possible, while making a minimal periodic report to the Test Control Computer to convey that the DUT Computer was still functional. If this reportceased, the Test Controller knew that a SEFI had occurred. This periodic data was called "telemetry". If the DUT encountered an error that was not interrupting the functionality (e.g., a data register miscompare) it sent a more lengthy report through the serial port describing that error, and continued with the test.VIII.DISCUSSIONA. Single Event LatchupThe main argument for why latchup is not an issue for the CULPRiT devices is that the operating voltage of 0.5 volts should be below the holding voltage required for latchup to occur. In addition to this, the cell library used also incorporates the heavy dual guard-barring scheme [4]. This scheme has been demonstrated multiple times to be very effective in rendering CMOS circuits completely immune to SEL up to test limits of 120 MeV-cm2/mg. This is true in circuits operating at 5, 3.3, and 2.5 Volts, as well as the 0.5 Volt CULPRiT circuits. In one case, a 5 Volt circuit fabricated on noncircuits wafers even exhibited such SEL immunity.B. Single Event UpsetThe primary structure of the storage unit used in the CULPRiT devices is the Single Event Resistant Topology (SERT) [5]. Given the SERT cell topology and a single upset node assumption, it is expected that the SERT cell will be completely immune to SEUs occurring internal to the memory cell itself. Obviously there are other things going on. The CULPRiT 8051 results reported here are quite similar to some resultsobtained with a CULPRiT CCSDS lossless compression chip (USES) [6]. The CULPRiT USES was synthesized using exactly the same tools and library as the CULPRiT 8051.With the CULPRiT USES, the SEU cross section data [7] was taken as a function of frequency at two LET values, 37.6 and 58.5 MeV-cm2/mg. In both cases the data fit well to a linear model where cross section is proportional to clock. In the LET 37.6 case, the zero frequency intercept occurred essentially at the zero cross section point, indicating that virtually all of these SEUs are captured SETs from the combinational logic. The LET 58.5 data indicated that the SET (frequency dependent) component is sitting on top of a "dc-bias" component –presumably a second upset mechanism is occurring internal to the SERT cells only at a second, higher LET threshold.The SET mitigation scheme used in the CULPRiT devices is based on the SERT cell's fault tolerant input property when redundant input data is provided to separate storage nodes. The idea is that the redundant input data is provided through a total duplication of combinational logic (referred to as “dual rail design”) such that a simple SET on one rail cannot produce an upset. Therefore, some other upset mechanism must be happening. It is possible that a single particle strike is placing an SET on both halves of the logic streams, allowing an SET to produce an upset. Care was taken to separate the dual sensitive nodes in the SERT cell layouts but the automated place-and-route of the combinatorial logic paths may have placed dual sensitive nodes close enough.At this point, the theory for the CULPRiT SEU response is that at about an LET of 20, the energy deposition is sufficiently wide enough (and in the right locations) to produce an SET in both halves of the combinatorial logic streams. Increasing LET allows for more regions to be sensitive to this effect, yielding a larger cross section. Further, the second SEU mechanism that starts at an LET of about 40-60 has to do with when the charge collection disturbance cloud gets large enough to effectively upset multiples of the redundant storage nodes within the SERT cell itself. In this 0.35 μm library, the node separation is several microns. However, since it takes less charge to upset a node operating at 0.5 Volts, with transistors having effective thresholds around 70 mV, this is likely the effect being observed. Also the fact that the per-bit memory upset cross section for the CULPRiT devices and the commercial technologies are approximately equal, as shown in Figure 9, indicates that the cell itself has become sensitive to upset.IX. SUMMARYA detailed comparison of the SEE sensitivity of a HBD technology (CULPRiT) utilizing the 8051 microcontroller as a test vehicle has been completed. This paper discusses the test methodology used and presents a comparison of the commercial versus CULPRiT technologies based on the data taken. The CULPRiT devices consistently show significantly higher threshold LETs and an immunity to latchup. In all but the memory test at the highest LETs, the cross section curves for all upset events is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the commercial devices. Additionally, theory is presented, based on the CULPRiT technology, that explain these results.This paper also demonstrates the test methodology for quantifying the level of hardness designed into a HBD technology. By using the HBD technology in a real-world device structure (i.e., not just a test chip), and comparing results to equivalent commercial devices, one can have confidence in the level of hardness that would be available from that HBD technology in any circuit application.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors of this paper would like to acknowledge the sponsors of this work. These are the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program (NEPP), NASA Flight Programs, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).。

附件四英文文献原文Artificial Intelligence"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification, face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.Safety problemsArtificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.The definition of artificial intelligenceDefinition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the more extensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From theview of thinking, artificial intelligence is not limited to logical thinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.A brief history of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.The computer era1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.The beginning of AIAlthough the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmentaltemperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener: all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AIresearch.Large programAfter years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed，such as teach userslearn TVC expert system of the operating system.From the lab to daily lifePeople began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application softwaresuch as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic, AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ，Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.附件三英文文献译文人工智能“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。

英文文献及中文翻译 Overview is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of is part of the .NET Framework, and when coding applications you have access to classes in the .NET Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime (CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#. These languages enable you to develop applications that benefit from the common language runtime, type safety, inheritance, and so on.If you want to try , you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer, which is a free tool that makes it simple to download, install, and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express, Internet Information Services (IIS), SQL Server Express, and the .NET Framework. All of these are tools that you use to create Web applications. You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source and PHP Web applications.Visual Web DeveloperVisual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating Web applications. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting site. Using the development tools in Visual Web Developer, you can develop Web pages on your own computer. Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug Web pages, without requiring Internet Information Services (IIS) to be installed.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sitesand then publish them to a hosting site. Using the development tools in Visual Web Developer, you can develop Web pages on your own computer. Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug Web pages, without requiring Internet Information Services (IIS) to be installed.When your site is ready, you can publish it to the host computer using the built-in Copy Web tool, which transfers your files when you are ready to share them with others. Alternatively, you can precompile and deploy a Web site by using the Build Web Site command. The Build Web Sitecommand runs the compiler over the entire Web site (not just the code files) and produces a Web site layout that you can deploy to a production server.Finally, you can take advantage of the built-in support for File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Using the FTP capabilities of Visual Web Developer, you can connect directly to the host computer and then create and edit files on the server. Web Sites and Web Application ProjectsUsing Visual Studio tools, you can create different types of projects, which includes Web sites, Web applications, Web services, and AJAX server controls.There is a difference between Web site projects and Web application projects. Some features work only with Web application projects, such as MVC and certain tools for automating Web deployment. Other features, such as Dynamic Data, work with both Web sites and Web application projects.Page and Controls FrameworkThe page and controls framework is a programming framework that runs on a Web server to dynamically produce and render Web pages. Web pages can be requested from any browser or client device, and renders markup (such as HTML) to the requesting browser. As a rule, you can use the samepage for multiple browsers, because renders the appropriate markup for the browser making the request. However, you can design your Web page to target a specific browser and take advantage of the features of that browser. Web pages are completely object-oriented. Within Web pages you can work with HTML elements using properties, methods, and events. The page framework removes the implementation details of the separation of client and server inherent in Web-based applications by presenting a unified model for responding to client events in code that runs at the server. The framework also automatically maintains the state of a page and the controls on that page during the page processing life cycle.The page and controls framework also enables you to encapsulate common UI functionality in easy-to-use, reusable controls. Controls are written once, can be used in many pages, and are integrated into the Web page that they are placed in during rendering.The page and controls framework also provides features to control the overall look and feel of your Web site via themes and skins. You can define themes and skins and then apply them at a page level or at a control level.In addition to themes, you can define master pages that you use to create a consistent layout for the pages in your application. A single master page defines the layout and standard behavior that you want for all the pages (or a group of pages) in your application. You can then create individual content pages that contain the page-specific content you want to display. When users request the content pages, they merge with the master page to produce output that combines the layout of the master page with the content from the content page. The page framework also enables you to define the pattern for URLs that will be used in your site. This helps with search engine optimization (SEO) and makes URLs more user-friendly.The page and control framework is designed to generate HTML thatconforms to accessibility guidelines. CompilerAll code is compiled, which enables strong typing, performance optimizations, and early binding, among other benefits. Once the code has been compiled, the common language runtime further compiles code to native code, providing improved performance. includes a compiler that will compile all your application components including pages and controls into an assembly that the hosting environment can then use to service user requests.Security InfrastructureIn addition to the security features of .NET, provides an advanced security infrastructure for authenticating and authorizing user access as well as performing other security-related tasks. You can authenticate users using Windows authentication supplied by IIS, or you can manage authentication using your own user database using forms authentication and membership. Additionally, you can manage the authorization to the capabilities and information of your Web application using Windows groups or your own custom role database using roles. You can easily remove, add to, or replace these schemes depending upon the needs of your application. always runs with a particular Windows identity so you can secure your application using Windows capabilities such as NTFS Access Control Lists (ACLs),database permissions, and so on.State-Management Facilities provides intrinsic state management functionality that enables you to store information between page requests, such as customer information or the contents of a shopping cart. You can save and manage application-specific, session-specific, page-specific, user-specific, and developer-defined information. This information can beindependent of any controls on the page. offers distributed state facilities, which enable you to manage state information across multiple instances of the same application on one computer or on several computers. 概述是一个统一的Web开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的各种服务。

届毕业设计（论文）英文参考文献英文文献1：Efficiency of standard software architectures for Java-based access to remote databases文献出处，年，Vol.卷(期) Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informatica, University of Padua, Padua, Italy Accepted 14 December 1998作者：N. Zingirian M.Maresca S. Nalin英文文献2：Performance comparison of dynamic web platforms文献出处，年，Vol.卷(期) Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, IndiaAT&T Labs, 200 Laurel Ave, Middletown, NJ 07748, USA Received7 August 2002; accepted 7 August 2002作者：Varsha Apte Tony Hansen Paul Reeser学生院系专业名称学生班级学生姓名学生学号学生层次英文文献1译文：基于Java的访问远程数据库的高效的标准软件体系结构摘要：新颖的客户端服务器体系结构利用WEB技术越来越有利于远程数据库存取，其结构是在客户端采取WEB浏览器作为图形用户界面，在服务器端采取传统的SQL数据库管理系统(DBMSs)。

目前，在标准浏览器和具体DBMSs之间的活动是由一定数量的基于上一代浏览器中的Java 虚拟机的软件结构支持。

这些软件结构, 从开放性和灵活性问题看似乎很好, 但在数据库存取方面却存在不足。

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学学 院：专指导教师：2014 年 6 月软件学院 软件工程Thinking in JavaAlthough it is based on C++, Java is more of a “pure” object-oriented C++ and Java are hybrid languages, but in Java the designers felt that the hybridization was not as important as it was in C++. A hybrid language allows multiple programming styles; the reason C++ is hybrid is to support backward compatibility with the C language. Because C++ is a superset of the C language, it includes many of that language’s undesirable features, which can make some aspects of C++ overly complicated. The Java language assumes that you want to do only object-oriented programming. This means that before you can begin you must shift your mindset into an object-oriented world (unless it’s already there). The benefit of this initial effort is the ability to program in a language that is simpler to learn and to use than many other OOP languages. In this chapter we’ll see the basic components of a Java program and we’ll learn that everything in Java is an object, even a Java program.Each programming language has its own means of manipulating data. Sometimes the programmer must be constantly aware of what type of manipulation is going on. Are you manipulating the object directly, or are you dealing with some kind of indirect representation (a pointer in C or C++) that must be treated with a special syntax?All this is simplified in Java. You treat everything as an object, using a single consistent syntax. Although you treat everything as an object, the identifier you manipulate is actually a “reference” to an object. You might imagine this scene as a television (the object) with your remote control (the reference). As long as you’re holding this reference, you have a connection to the television, but when someone says “change the channel” or “lower the volume,” what you’re manipulating is the reference, which in turn modifies the object. If you want to move around the room and still control the television, you take the remote/reference with you, not the television.Also, the remote control can stand on its own, with no television. That is, just because you have a reference doesn’t mean there’s necessarily an object connected to it. So if you want to hold a word or sentence, you create a String reference:But here you’ve created only the reference, not an object. If you decided to send a message to s at this point, you’ll get an error (at run time) because s isn’t actually attached to anything (there’s no television). A safer practice, then, is always to initialize a reference when you create it.However, this uses a special Java feature: strings can be initialized with quoted text. Normally, you must use a more general type of initialization for objectsWhen you create a reference, you want to connect it with a new object. You do so, in general, with the new keyword. The keyword new says, “Make me a new one of these objects.” So in the preceding example, you can say:Not only does this mean “Make me a new String,” but it also gives information about how to make the String by supplying an initial character string.Of course, String is not the only type that exists. Java comes with a plethora of ready-made types. What’s more important is that you can create your own types. In fact, that’s the fundamental activity in Java programming, and it’s what you’ll b e learning about in the rest of this bookIt’s useful to visualize some aspects of how things are laid out while the program is running—in particular how memory is arranged. There are six different places to store data: Registers. This is the fastest storage because it exists in a place different from that of other storage: inside the processor. However, the number of registers is severely limited, so registers are allocated by the compiler according to its needs. You don’t have direct control, nor do you see any evidence in your programs that registers even exist.The stack. This lives in the general random-access memory (RAM) area, but has direct support from the processor via its stack pointer. The stack pointer is moved down to create new memory and moved up to release that memory. This is an extremely fast and efficient way to allocate storage, second only to registers. The Java compiler must know, while it is creating the program, the exact size and lifetime of all the data that is stored on the stack, because it must generate the code to move the stack pointer up and down. This constraint places limits on the flexibility of your programs, so while some Java storage exists on the stack—in particular, object references—Java objects themselves are not placed on the stack. The heap. This is a general-purpose pool of memory (also in the RAM area) where all Java objects live. The nice thing about the heap is that, unlike the stack, the compiler doesn’t need to know how much storage it needs to allocate from the heap or how long that storage must stay on the heap. Thus, there’s a great deal of flexibility in using storage on the heap. Whenever you need to create an object, you simply write the code to create it by using new, and the storage is allocated on th e heap when that code is executed. Of course there’s a priceyou pay for this flexibility. It takes more time to allocate heap storage than it does to allocate stack storage (if you even could create objects on the stack in Java, as you can in C++). Static storage. “Static” is used here in the sense of “in a fixed location” (although it’s also in RAM). Static storage contains data that is available for the entire time a program is running. You can use the static keyword to specify that a particular element of an object is static, but Java objects themselves are never placed in static storage.Constant storage. Constant values are often placed directly in the program code, which is safe since they can never change. Sometimes constants are cordoned off by themselves so that they can be optionally placed in read-only memory (ROM), in embedded systems.Non-RAM storage. If data lives completely outside a program, it can exist while the program is not running, outside the control of the program. The two primary examples of this are streamed objects, in which objects are turned into streams of bytes, generally to be sent to another machine, and persistent objects, in which the objects are placed on disk so they will hold their state even when the program is terminated. The trick with these types of storage is turning the objects into something that can exist on the other medium, and yet can be resurrected into a regular RAM-based object when necessary. Java provides support for lightweight persistence, and future versions of Java might provide more complete solutions for persistenceOne group of types, which you’ll use quite often in your programming, gets special treatment. You can think of these as “primitive” types. The reason for the special treatment is that to create an object with new—especially a small, simple variable—isn’t very efficient, because new places objects on the heap. For these types Java falls back on the approach taken by C and C++. That is, instead of creating the variable by using new, an “automatic” variable is created that is not a reference. The variable holds the value, and it’s placed on the stack, so it’s much more efficient.Java determines the size of each primitive type. These sizes don’t change from one machine architecture to another as they do in most languages. This size invariance is one reason Java programs are portableJava编程思想“尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文大容量存储器由于计算机主存储器的易失性和容量的限制, 大多数的计算机都有附加的称为大容量存储系统的存储设备, 包括有磁盘、CD 和磁带。

相对于主存储器，大的容量储存系统的优点是易失性小，容量大，低成本, 并且在许多情况下, 为了归档的需要可以把储存介质从计算机上移开。

术语联机和脱机通常分别用于描述连接于和没有连接于计算机的设备。

联机意味着，设备或信息已经与计算机连接，计算机不需要人的干预，脱机意味着设备或信息与机器相连前需要人的干预，或许需要将这个设备接通电源，或许包含有该信息的介质需要插到某机械装置里。

大量储存器系统的主要缺点是他们典型地需要机械的运动因此需要较多的时间，因为主存储器的所有工作都由电子器件实现。

1. 磁盘今天，我们使用得最多的一种大量存储器是磁盘，在那里有薄的可以旋转的盘片，盘片上有磁介质以储存数据。

盘片的上面和（或）下面安装有读/写磁头，当盘片旋转时，每个磁头都遍历一圈，它被叫作磁道，围绕着磁盘的上下两个表面。

通过重新定位的读/写磁头，不同的同心圆磁道可以被访问。

通常，一个磁盘存储系统由若干个安装在同一根轴上的盘片组成，盘片之间有足够的距离，使得磁头可以在盘片之间滑动。

在一个磁盘中，所有的磁头是一起移动的。

因此，当磁头移动到新的位置时，新的一组磁道可以存取了。

每一组磁道称为一个柱面。

因为一个磁道能包含的信息可能比我们一次操作所需要得多，所以每个磁道划分成若干个弧区，称为扇区，记录在每个扇区上的信息是连续的二进制位串。

传统的磁盘上每个磁道分为同样数目的扇区，而每个扇区也包含同样数目的二进制位。

（所以，盘片中心的储存的二进制位的密度要比靠近盘片边缘的大）。

因此，一个磁盘存储器系统有许多个别的磁区, 每个扇区都可以作为独立的二进制位串存取，盘片表面上的磁道数目和每个磁道上的扇区数目对于不同的磁盘系统可能都不相同。

磁区大小一般是不超过几个KB; 512 个字节或1024 个字节。

人工智能英文文献原文及译文附件四英文文献原文Artificial Intelligence"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification,face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.Safety problemsArtificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.The definition of artificial intelligenceDefinition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the moreextensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From the view of thinking, artificial intelligence is notlimited to logical thinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.A brief history of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.The computer era1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.The beginning of AIAlthough the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmental temperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener:all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AI research.Large programAfter years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed，such as teach users learn TVC expert system of the operating system.From the lab to daily lifePeople began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application software such as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic,AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ，Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.附件三英文文献译文人工智能“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。

英文参考文献原文专业：自动化姓名：张学超学号：120410116指导教师：王书强完成日期2016 年 4 月Integrated Substation Automation System AnalysisAbstractIn recent years, as computers and digital communication technology, secondary substation equipment is basically a computer-based. Computer protection, computer monitoring device in the substation have been widely used, which greatly raised the level of automation in power system reliability and operation, has achieved a lot of unmanned substations. However, due to differences in professional standards, different manufacturers used in the design of substation automation programs are not the same, thus leaving the majority of users at a loss.Substation relay protection, fault recorder, local and remote monitoring not only of different functions, and the realization of the principles and techniques are also different. Thus, the long-standing expertise in different technologies and the corresponding management departments. With the microprocessor-based protection, computer control and remote computer devices, such as widely used, it was noted that despite the different functions of these devices, the hardware configuration is the same, the collection and to control many of the same object. Thus, it appears from the overall situation to consider the idea of substation automation. However, in substation automation technologies, the implementation process of the relay, measure, control, remote features, as well as the relationship between them, are still some problems worthy of our study.Keywords: substation automationThe following currently used for many domestic substation automation design practical, from the secondary system analysis and comparison of several aspects.1 System structureThe whole system level by the station management, industrial bus network layer and spacing layer is composed of three parts, the system of all monitoring, protective equipment are modular units of the structural design, according to the voltage substation level, the size can be flexible and user requirements. Because of the centralized system is no longer used, it is no longer here, the following describes only the structure of distributed systems.1.1 Function-oriented distributed systemsA function of each unit completed, the system functions can be divided into: AC and DC measurement unit, remote acquisition unit, remote control and operation unit, pulse energy collection units, such as the protection unit. The advantages of such systems is the functional unit with the communication bus between the complete separation of the electrical, any fault on the system unit has no effect on the rest of the system. The disadvantage is that multi-screen group, the relative complexity of the second wiring, poor scalability, decentralized units can not be installed.1.2 Interval-oriented distributed systemPower transmission line to substation is divided into a number of intervals, such as into the line spacing, transformer spacing, round layout. Relatively independent of the spacing of equipment, only through the Internet communication network stations with station-level computers to communicate. Interval of each layer by telemetry, remote, remote control, the protection of the distribution of multi-CPU configuration, and the introduction of computers in the design of local area network technology, the distribution function, as far as possible the principle of decentralization, which, though greatly improved the reliability of, any interval failure will not affect the other partitions, but the reliability of each interval is relatively low, if any interval a fault will affect the whole interval.1.3 Object-Oriented Distributed SystemsThat is, a unit of an object into each line, each round, each transformer, capacitors can be targeted. This is a true full-distributed substation automation system, which broke the original limits of the functions of the second device, in accordance with the requirements of substation automation reorganization. This object-oriented distributed systems in line with the International Electrotechnical Commission's technical specifications, is the future direction of development. It has the following features: greatly improved system reliability, partial failure does not affect the system; relatively independent modules, each affected small; data sharing good; system efficiency; multi-function integrated control approach, making the operation of equipment management very simple, low maintenance; anti-interference ability; good scalability; stations needed the Second cable greatly reduced, saving investment.2 Dual-bus network and a single network structureStand-level management and monitoring layer to protect the data and commands between the transmission network can be double or single network structure. Hub for the 110kV substation, a dual network structure to facilitate a large flow of data to ensure rapid delivery when all kinds of signals, and to improve its reliability.Dual-network approach, usually an independent group to monitor and protect the network, in the transmission line or electrical equipment fault protection actions, the network can be used to protect the rapid transmission of recorded wave data. Substation 110kV and below, as a result of a smaller scale, data throughput, 110kV and below a single network substation can well meet the requirements of data transmission.3 integration of monitoring and protectionSince the technology level of the special status of protection and management system problems, long-term protection and monitoring has been separated. However, with the electricity sector, the gradual changes in management and computer and digital communication technology's rapid development, low-voltage level (eg, 35kV, 10kV) substation, in order to reduce the investment cost, ease of operation and management and improve the level of automation, control and protection of suitable integration unit, which is characterized by: monitoring and protection together to protect the independence of TA and TA to monitor access, this is to ensure the accuracy of measurements, but also improves the reliability. Hardware standardization, the same as the unit of hardware, software is different from the same template can be interchangeable, the measurement accuracy is not affected after the s help users maintain and master. Object-oriented design, a complete sampling. The main protection and back-up protection of a strict separation of the main transformer protection and high and low pressure side of the back-up protection is a small unit, and backup protection for each side of the design, the same unit within the strict separation of the protection of exports. Flexible configuration unit may focus on group screen, the installation can also be dispersed. There are configuration functions, a variety of ways to protect the flexibility to access and removal.This structure has not been widely used at present because of: the professional management of the current power grids are separated from the protection and remote, using this structure to change the management system, operation and maintenancepersonnel at the same time demands a higher level. Reliable operation of such systems is one of the keys to the hardware unit to monitor the protection must adapt to poor working conditions, need to have a strong anti-jamming, anti-vibration capabilities, able to adapt to high temperature and high humidity of the working environment; second is to have a efficient and reliable fast data communications networks. Due to the design of the reasons, the integration of monitoring the protection of unit failure, there is no monitoring and the protection of a clear interface, it is difficult to find and distinguish the scope of failure.4 RS485 or CAN field bus networkDistributed system of communication there are serial communication bus mode and network mode, which is the most typical RS485, the latter applies to more typical substation environment Controller Area Network CAN.4.1 RS485 busRS2485 bus used in earlier substation integrated automation system, is still used in many systems, its shortcomings are: For smaller systems, there is sufficient transmission rate, real-time guaranteed, but with the system expansion to quickly lower the system performance. And safety of anti-poor and usually only suitable for internal use in the control room, can not be used to switch and switch between games, that does not apply to the installation of decentralized distributed systems. From the structure of the network there can be only one master node, and the rest are from the node, the I / O unit must be horizontal communication station-level computers, the system poor flexibility. Data communication is in response to type the command, the node only after receiving the master node in order to respond to the order, a number of important changes on a timely bit of information is not sent, real-time low. Error Detection and Correction feature no. Communication protocol by the manufacturers own, different systems difficult to interconnect devices.4.2 CAN bus networkThe use of a short frame transmission, and each frame has CRC error checking and other measures, anti-interference ability, just the use of low-cost twisted-pair transmission can guarantee BER ≤ 10-11.Farthest away from direct communication network up to 10km, at this time for the transfer rate 5kbit / s, and when the transmission distance of 40m, the transfer rate of up to 1Mbit / s.By multi-master mode, a network node can be found in the office any time to the network to send messages to other nodes, but also by point-to-point,point-to-multipoint broadcasting and global transmission of information, flexible means of communication.Node on the network can be configured to different priority levels, and the use of non-destructive decision-bus technology, when there are two nodes at the same time to send information to the network, the low-priority node will send its own moratorium, but the high-priority nodes continue to send it will not be affected, thus greatly saving time bus ruling conflict in order to ensure real-time nature of the whole system.Abnormal nodes on a network, a self-closing function of the bus and cut off the node and bus links, to ensure that other operations will not be affected bus.CAN network technical specifications in line with ISO11898, has good hardware support and an open environment.5 operating system backgroundSystem platforms and network operating system there are two major categories of WindowsNT and SCOUNIX, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.5.1 WindowsNT operating systemUpward compatibility of hardware, and do not need to manually optimize the allocation of hardware.Support software, and portability, and easy expansion of the secondary development and function. There are all-round multi-functional configuration of the system configuration, including system configuration, graphics, reports, curve, such as incident handling, allowing the system to generate modified very fast, flexible and convenient; a variety of configurations to generate and output statements, all of Excel-based electronic statements, easy to manage and interface with other tools;standard large-scale data systems SQLServer or Sybase as the real-time and historical database, the system capacity to ensure the data integrity and consistency, and easy to maintain seamless connectivity with other systems.Intuitive interface, high universality, the user generally will be used to reduce the workload of training. The stability of the system slightly worse, and sometimes more prone to occur as a result of the mandate of Death. Security is not high, susceptible to the intrusion of computer viruses. Based on the operating system, application software has some identifier, from the point of view of the confidentiality restrictions on the scope of its use.5.2 SCOUNIX systemMore stringent hardware compatibility, PC-general in the graphics card is not compatible with environment, even if compatible, and its lower resolution, most of ≤ 1024 × 768.Need to optimize the system configuration, this work could not do the general user. Less support software, application software, system configuration will have to prepare. English operating system environment, for domestic users is more difficult to master. More time to perfect the operation of experience and improvements in stability, safety, military, financial and other industries requiring high reliability of commonly used network.6 ConclusionSubstation automation is a complex systematic project, the need for various kinds of professionals with more than only a few aspects of the second system application in practice to analyze the feelings of comparison, the substation automation system is the development of rural power grid construction in the city transformation work, regardless of their technical, importance, and tasks to invest a considerable amount of both the status of a very broad market prospects, high-tech applications and on-site organic combination of the actual requirements will be integrated substation automation technology to promote betterReferences:[1] Chong-Lin Wang, Ming Zou: 《Power Supply》, Coal Industry Press, 1997[2] Chang Shih-lin,Qu wenying: 《Electrical Engineering Handbook》, Petroleum Industry Press, 1990 (as amended)[3] the national standard GB50059 -1992: 《3-110KV Substation Design Code》, Standards Press of China, in 1992[4], such as Prince afternoon: 《commonly used for manual selection of power distribution equipment》，the third and fourth volumes, Coal Industry Press, In 1998[5] SDJ2-79: 《Technical Specification for Substation Design》,In 1979.[6] the Northwest, Northeast Electric Power Design Institute: 《Electric Power Engineering Handbook》3, the Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984[7] Huang purified for Ge Shaoyun. Factory power supply. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2001.6[8] Liu referred to editor . Concise Design Manual power plant. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1993.8[9] Yi editor. industrial enterprises in power. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1985.9[10] Mr Fan Pu. power plant electrical part (the second edition of ). Beijing: Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 1995.6[11] Electric Power Engineering Design Manual (1), (2). Beijing: Water Conservancy and Hydropower Publishing House .1989[12] Liu boqing. the power system and electrical equipment Introduction . Wuhan: Wuhan University Press。

英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)The increasing complexity of design resources in a net-based collaborative XXX common systems。

design resources can be organized in n with design activities。

A task is formed by a set of activities and resources linked by logical ns。

XXX managementof all design resources and activities via a Task Management System (TMS)。

which is designed to break down tasks and assign resources to task nodes。

This XXX。

2 Task Management System (TMS)TMS is a system designed to manage the tasks and resources involved in a design project。

It poses tasks into smaller subtasks。

XXX management of all design resources and activities。

TMS assigns resources to task nodes。

XXX。

3 Collaborative DesignCollaborative design is a process that XXX a common goal。

In a net-based collaborative design environment。

n XXX n for all design resources and activities。

外文文献翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师原文：Visual Basic language and arithmeticThe summary of Microsoft Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Basic (abbreviate VB) as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform. No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient. So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner." Visual" mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface (GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,; " Basic" means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development; Make web page use more VBScript script language sub collection of VB too at present.Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part. Utilize ActiveX(TM) technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft,, Word of Microsoft,, Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.Integrated development environmentsIntegrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, engineering management devicewindow, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window bodyoverall arrangement, etc. of designing etc.. Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc .In VB, the application program calls the project too. When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program. One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally. The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote . System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.Visual Basic language brief introductionsBasic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most. Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC. As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So the body is popular. Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner. But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems. But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above (such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure. VB has stipulated the form ofsentences and function.Grammar:The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence. All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a certain specific function the procedure. Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.VB application program code window write in" code editing machine" generally. " editing machine of code" is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there aremany easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In" code editing machine" code that window written.“Editing machine of code” windowDevelop the application program with Visual BasicUse VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows:Establish application program interfaceThe interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset. with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish. Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.2. Design by each attributes of target in interfaceDemand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name,, size of targeted. according to interface of planning.Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already, Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code. Have the targets respond programming by procedure code3. Respond procedure code of programming targetInterface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through" code editing machine" soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc. after accepting external message, Add code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task.4. Keep projectOne VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called. Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time. For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded andbeing called. Frm sum. In the window body of foxfire. At the time of opening a project( file), this project relevant files load at the same time.5. Operate and debugged by procedureOperate the procedure thoroughpin operate" selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug" within operate" menus too.6. Can produce by executive programFor make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through" file"" producing project 1.exe" of menu but executive program (eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this. In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.Visual Basic algorithmIn computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality. Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve. In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize. Therefore, the algorithm design and the analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method. In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method. The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question; Second, programming technical question. Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship. The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specifictype question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description. Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time. To algorithm study including five aspect contents:①Design algorithm. The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;② Expresses the algorithm. The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm. The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity. The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④ Parsing algorithm. The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis. The parsing algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤Confirmation algorithm. With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes:① Determinism. Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;②Effectiveness. Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;③ Input. An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④Output. Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤ Has poor. An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis. The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher; Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has division time complexity and the spatial complexity.The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time. The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation. The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered. Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow. Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.外文文献中文翻译学生姓名：周千琪论文题目：基于的图书管理系统指导教师：武新丽技术职称：讲师译文：Visual Basic 语言与算法Visual Basic的概述Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。

NET-BASED TASK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMHector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer WisdomABSTRACTIn net-based collaborative design environment, design resources become more and more varied and complex. Besides common information management systems, design resources can be organized in connection with design activities.A set of activities and resources linked by logic relations can form a task. A task has at least one objective and can be broken down into smaller ones. So a design project can be separated into many subtasks forming a hierarchical structure.Task Management System (TMS) is designed to break down these tasks and assign certain resources to its task nodes．As a result of decomposition.al1 design resources and activities could be managed via this system.KEY WORDS：Collaborative Design, Task Management System (TMS), Task Decomposition, Information Management System1 IntroductionAlong with the rapid upgrade of request for advanced design methods, more and more design tool appeared to support new design methods and forms. Design in a web environment with multi-partners being involved requires a more powerful and efficient management system .Design partners can be located everywhere over the net with their own organizations. They could be mutually independent experts or teams of tens of employees. This article discusses a task management system (TMS) which manages design activities and resources by breaking down design objectives and re-organizing design resources in connection with the activities. Comparing with common information management systems (IMS) like product data management system and document management system, TMS can manage the whole design process. It has two tiers which make it much more f1exible in structure.The 1ower tier consists of traditional common IMSS and the upper one fulfillslogic activity management through controlling a tree-like structure, allocating design resources and making decisions about how to carry out a design project. Its functioning paradigm varies in differe nt projects depending on the project’s scale and purpose. As a result of this structure, TMS can separate its data model from its logic mode1.It could bring about structure optimization and efficiency improvement, especially in a large scale project.2 Task Management in Net-Based Collaborative Design Environment2.1 Evolution of the Design EnvironmentDuring a net-based collaborative design process, designers transform their working environment from a single PC desktop to LAN, and even extend to WAN. Each design partner can be a single expert or a combination of many teams of several subjects, even if they are far away from each other geographically. In the net-based collaborative design environment, people from every terminal of the net can exchange their information interactively with each other and send data to authorized roles via their design tools. The Co Design Space is such an environment which provides a set of these tools to help design partners communicate and obtain design information. Code sign Space aims at improving the efficiency of collaborative work, making enterprises increase its sensitivity to markets and optimize the configuration of resource.2.2 Management of Resources and Activities in Net-Based Collaborative EnvironmentThe expansion of design environment also caused a new problem of how to organize the resources and design activities in that environment. As the number of design partners increases, resources also increase in direct proportion. But relations between resources increase in square ratio. To organize these resources and their relations needs an integrated management system which can recognize them and provide to designers in case of they are needed.One solution is to use special information management system (IMS).An IMS can provide database, file systems and in/out interfaces to manage a given resource. Forexample there are several IMS tools in Co Design Space such as Product Data Management System, Document Management System and so on. These systems can provide its special information which design users want.But the structure of design activities is much more complicated than these IM S could manage, because even a simple design project may involve different design resources such as documents, drafts and equipments. Not only product data or documents, design activities also need the support of organizations in design processes. This article puts forward a new design system which attempts to integrate different resources into the related design activities. That is task management system (TMS).3 Task Breakdown Model3.1 Basis of Task BreakdownWhen people set out to accomplish a project, they usually separate it into a sequence of tasks and finish them one by one. Each design project can be regarded as an aggregate of activities, roles and data. Here we define a task as a set of activities and resources and also having at least one objective. Because large tasks can be separated into small ones, if we separate a project target into several lower—level objectives, we define that the project is broken down into subtasks and each objective maps to a subtask. Obviously if each subtask is accomplished, the project is surely finished. So TMS integrates design activities and resources through planning these tasks.Net-based collaborative design mostly aims at products development. Project managers (PM) assign subtasks to designers or design teams who may locate in other cities. The designers and teams execute their own tasks under the constraints which are defined by the PM and negotiated with each other via the collaborative design environment. So the designers and teams are independent collaborative partners and have incompact coupling relationships. They are driven together only by theft design tasks. After the PM have finished decomposing the project, each designer or team leader who has been assigned with a subtask become a 1ow-class PM of his own task. And he can do the same thing as his PM done to him, re-breaking down and re-assigning tasks.So we put forward two rules for Task Breakdown in a net-based environment, incompact coupling and object-driven. Incompact coupling means the less relationshipbetween two tasks. When two subtasks were coupled too tightly, the requirement for communication between their designers will increase a lot. Too much communication wil1 not only waste time and reduce efficiency, but also bring errors. It will become much more difficult to manage project process than usually in this situation. On the other hand every task has its own objective. From the view point of PM of a superior task each subtask could be a black box and how to execute these subtasks is unknown. The PM concerns only the results and constraints of these subtasks, and may never concern what will happen inside it.3.2 Task Breakdown MethodAccording to the above basis, a project can be separated into several subtasks. And when this separating continues, it will finally be decomposed into a task tree. Except the root of the tree is a project, all eaves and branches are subtasks. Since a design project can be separated into a task tree, all its resources can be added to it depending on their relationship. For example, a Small-Sized-Satellite.Design (3SD) project can be broken down into two design objectives as Satellite Hardware. Design (SHD) and Satellite-Software-Exploit (SSE). And it also has two teams. Design team A and design team B which we regard as design resources. When A is assigned to SSE and B to SHD. We break down the project as shown in Fig 1.It is alike to manage other resources in a project in this way. So when we define a collaborative design project’s task model, we should first claim the project’s targets. These targets include functional goals, performance goals, and quality goals and so on. Then we could confirm how to execute this project. Next we can go on to break down it. The project can be separated into two or more subtasks since there are at 1east two partners in a collaborative project. Either we could separate the project into stepwise tasks, which have time sequence relationships in case of some more complex projects and then break down the stepwise tasks according to their phase-to-phase goals.There is also another trouble in executing a task breakdown. When a task is broken into severa1 subtasks; it is not merely “a simple sum motion” of other tasks. In most cases their subtasks could have more complex relations.To solve this problem we use constraints. There are time sequence constraint (TSC) and logic constraint (LC). The time sequence constraint defines the time relationships among subtasks. The TSC has four different types, FF, FS, SF and SS. Fmeans finish and S presents start. If we say Tabb is FS and lag four days, it means Tb should start no later than four days after Ta is finished.The logic constraint is much more complicated. It defines logic relationship among multiple tasks.Here is given an example:“Task TA is separated into three subtasks, Ta, T b and Tc. But there are two more rules.Tb and Tc can not be executed until Ta is finished.Tb and Tc can not be executed both，that means if Tb was executed, Tc should not be executed, and vice versa. This depends on the result of Ta.”So we say Tb and Tc have a logic constraint. After finishing breaking down the tasks, we can get a task tree as Fig, 2 illustrates.4 TMS Realization4.1 TMS StructureAccording to our discussion about task tree model and task breakdown basis, we can develop a Task Management System (TMS) based on Co Design Space using Java language, JSP technology and Microsoft SQL 2000. The task management system’s structure is shown in Fig. 3.TMS has four main modules namely Task Breakdown, Role Management, Statistics and Query and Data Integration. The Task Breakdown module helps users to work out task tree. Role Management module performs authentication and authorization of access control. Statistics and Query module is an extra tool for users to find more information about their task. The last Data Integration Module provides in/out interface for TMS with its peripheral environment.4.2 Key Points in System Realization4.2.1 Integration with Co Design SpaceCo Design Space is an integrated information management system which stores, shares and processes design data and provides a series of tools to support users. These tools can share all information in the database because they have a universal DataMode1. Which is defined in an XML (extensible Markup Language) file, and has a hierarchical structure. Based on this XML structure the TMS h data mode1 definition is organized as following.<?xml version= 1.0 encoding= UTF-8’?><!--comment：Common Resource Definitions Above．The Followingare Task Design--><!ELEMENT ProductProcessResource (Prcses?, History?，AsBuiltProduct*，ItemsObj?, Changes?, ManufacturerParts?，SupplierParts?，AttachmentsObj? ，Contacts?，PartLibrary?，AdditionalAttributes*)><!ELEMENT Prcses (Prcs+) ><!ELEMENT Prcs (Prcses，PrcsNotes?，PrcsArc*，Contacts?，AdditionalAttributes*，Attachments?)><!ELEM ENT PrcsArc EMPTY><!ELEMENT PrcsNotes(PrcsNote*)><!ELEMENT PrcsNote EMPTY>Notes: Element “Pros” is a task node ob ject, and “Process” is a task set object which contains subtask objects and is belongs to a higher class task object. One task object can have no more than one “Presses” objects. According to this definition, “Prcs” objects are organized in a tree-formation process. The other objects are resources, such as task link object (“Presage”), task notes (“Pros Notes”), and task documents (“Attachments”) .These resources are shared in Co Design database.文章出处：计算机智能研究[J],47卷，2007：647-703基于网络的任务管理系统摘要在网络与设计协同化的环境下，设计资源变得越来越多样化和复杂化。

附录：英文技术资料翻译英文原文：PowerBuilder Brief IntroductionPowerBuilder is a popular database application development tool manufacturer which is called PowerSoft introduced product （PowerSoft has been purchased by the database manufacturer called Sybase）, it entirely designed in accordance with the client / server architecture, in the client / server architecture, it uses the client, as a database application development tool to exist. Because of using object-oriented and visualization technologies, providing visual application development environment in PowerBuilder, allows us to be developing data and database management system database applications in the background server easily and quickly.At present, network technology is developing rapidly, with the development of the OLE, OCX, cross-platform technology, and in the latest version of PowerBuilder provides the full support of these technologies. In a word, in the database development tools, PowerBuilder is a very good product of them, we can use it to develop powerful database applications.PowerBuilder provides support in most of the current popular relation database management systems, because in PowerBuilder applications for database access part of the general international standard database query language SQL, makes using PowerBuilder development of the application can be used in different background of database management systems without revision or do a small amount of revision. That is to say, with PowerBuilder development of the application server is independent of the database management system.As the most of the windows application procedures, PowerBuilder is also event driven of the method to work. In this work method, programfor the operation has no fixed processes, the code in the program is also possible programmed for the preparation of the events, when the program began running, it can be accepted the events that are from the system, users or other applications trigger, and then execute the relevant code. Event driven methods of work is closely related to the object-oriented technology. In the PowerBuilder application, acceptance of the events is often the various visual interface object in the program.PowerBuilder is an object-oriented development tool, various common application windows, menus, and other controls in Windows are one and one targets in PowerBuilder. We can also create own user object in PowerBuilder. We should point out that the PowerBuilder provides object-oriented method of comprehensive technical support, we can make use of object-oriented methods in the object of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and other features make the our development applications have great reusability and scalability, which is on the application in the process of the important goals in software engineering.At present, due to the development of network technology, and many different types of operating system platforms are using on the internet at the same time, this is a higher request for the development of the cross-platform application, and PowerBuilder provides a good cross-platform, for example, in PowerBuilder, using Windows platform for the development of all kinds of objects can be easily applied to the UNIX platform, because PowerBuilder supports cross-platform object. This allows the applications from one platform to another platform to become not complicated.In order to provide the user all aspects of supports, PowerBuilder has its own programming language which is called power script, in addition to providing the basic flow control statements, but also toprovide hundreds of functions to manipulate objects and all kinds of information supports such as DDE, OLE, and other aspects in this language . Furthermore, we can also define our own functions and deal with specific incidents. When we learn PowerBuilder, a part of the time is to understand and familiar with the functions in PowerBuilder.In PowerBuilder, a great feature is to propose the concept of data window. Data window object is one of the objects in PowerBuilder, it is different from other objects, because data window is specifically targeted to visit background database services, in the data window, we define data sources and data display style, so that we will be able to concentrate fully on the operation of process control procedures in application procedures, and couldn’t concern about data sources, because we have been well defined data sources in the data window. If you need to use different data in the database as long as the data is revised target window on it. In particular, we should point out that the PowerBuilder provides a wealth of data display mode in data window object, and this can meet a variety of needs.In a new version of PowerBuilder, it provides a foundation class library PFC, it provides many reusable predefined classes and objects for application procedures of development, using the basic class library PFC can enable the rapid development of high-quality reuse of good application procedures. It is really rolling power of object-oriented programming.Finally we should point out that the there are three different versions: desktop type, professional type, and enterprise type. Desktop type is for personal using of the desktop applications, where you can use the built-in PowerBuilder database management system Sybase SQL anywhere to create and use of local databases, the application for personal services; professional type of PowerBuilder most important point is to provide the support of Microsoft ODBC （databaseconnectivity standard interface）,in professional version of PowerBuilder, we can use the inheritance, polymorphism and more features; in the enterprise versions of the most important point is to provide for the development of large-scale database applications and comprehensive support, the development of large-scale applications of the many auxiliary tools, such as C++, class builder and so on.Database front-end development tool and the background database management system in a way is a very important issue. PowerBuilder provides two ways to visit the background database, the one way is standard interface through ODBC, and the second is through a dedicated interface with the database linked to the background.ODBC is called Open Database Connectivity in Chinese, it is the database connectivity standards which is proposed by Microsoft, the use of ODBC database connectivity of the first step is creating data sources, for example, we can use windows control panel under the "32 BIT ODBC" election of the drive to create a database of data sources, after finishing creating data sources, we will be able to use computers in the local definition of good background data source to access to the data in the database.We can also link to the background through a dedicated interface with the database, because dedicated interface is designed against the background of a specific database management system, by this way to access to data faster than using ODBC way to access to data. If our application is only for specific types of background database, of course, using a special interface to background information will be more faster.中文译文：PowerBuilder简要介绍PowerBuilder是著名的数据库应用开发工具生产厂商PowerSoft公司推出的产品（PowerSoft现已被数据库厂商Sybase所收购），它完全按照客户机/服务器体系结构研制设计，在客户机/服务器结构中，它使用在客户机中，作为数据库应用程序的开发工具而存在。