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初中英语功能意念项目表————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2初中英语功能意念项目表功能问候提示回答Hi!Hello!Good morning/ afternoon / evening. How are you?Please say Hello to your parents. Please give my best love /wishes to Lucy.Hi!Hello!Good morning/ afternoon / evening.I’m OK. / fine, thanks. And you?/ very well, thank you.Sure. / all right功能介绍提示回答My name is Jim.I’m a student.I’m from England.This is Mr. / Mrs. /Miss/ Ms Brown. I’d like you to meet Bob.Hello.How do you do?Nice / glad / pleased to meet( see ) you.功能告别提示回答Good bye./ bye / Bye-bye.Good night.See you later/ then / tomorrow/ soon.I am sorry I have to go now.Good bye./ bye / Bye-bye.Good night.See you later/ then / tomorrow/ soon.功能感谢提示回答Thank you (very much). Thanks a lot.Thank you for your help. It’s very kind /nice of youThat’s OK /all right. You’re welcome. It’s a pleasure.3功能道歉提示回答Sorry.I’m sorry.Excuse me, please.I beg your pardon.I’m sorry (that ) I am late.That’s OK.It’s all right. Never mind.It doesn’t matter. It’s nothing.功能邀请提示回答Would you like to go for a walk?May I invite you to dinner?What / how about having a swimming?1.OK.Thank you.Yes, I’d love to.That would be nice.2.no, thank you.It’s very nice of you, but my mom is ill. I’d love to, but I have no time.I’m sorry I can’t .功能请示允许提示回答May I come in?Can / Could I use your telephone? Would /do you mind if I open the window?1.Yes, please.Sure.Certainly.That’s all right.Of course, you can.2.I’m sorry , it’s not allowed. I’m afraid not.You’d better not.功能祝愿和祝贺提示回答Have a good day/ time /journey/ trip. Good luck.Thank you. You, too.4Enjoy yourself.Best wish to you.Happy New Year.Merry christmas.Congratulations.Well done.The same to you.功能提供帮助提示回答Do you want me to clean the room? Can I help you?What can I do for you?Let me take your bag.1.yes, please.Yes, thanks.Thank you. That would be nice/ fine.Than you for your help2.No, thank you/ thanks.Thank you all the same.That’s very kind of you. But I can do it myself.功能约会提示回答Will you be free tomorrow?Do you have time this afternoon? How about tomorrow morning? When / where shall we meet? Could we meet at 4:30?Let’s make it 4；30.1.Yes, I’ll be free then.All right. See you then.2.I’m afraid I have no time then.Sorry , I won’t be free then, but I’ll be free tomorrow.功能打电话提示回答Hello. May I speak to Tom? Hello. I’d like to speak to Mr. Green.Is that kTom speaking?1234567,please.Can I leave a message?I’ll call back later /again.Hello. This is Tom speaking.Hello. Who is this?Hold the line, please.Just a moment, please.Hello. Who’s speaking?Sorry , he/ she isn’t here ri ght now.5I’ll ring him / her up again.Can I take a message?I’m afraid you have the wrong number.功能就餐提示回答Would you like something to eat/ drink?What would you like( to have)?Would you like some more rice?1. yes, I’d like a drink. I’d like rice and chicken.Just a little.Can I have some more soup? It’s so delicious, thank you.2.No, thank you.I’m full, thank you.功能就医提示回答What’s the matter?Do you have a fever?It’s nothing serious.Take the medicine three times a day. You’ll be all right/ well soon.I have a headache /cough /fever.I feel terrible /bad /awful.I don’t feel well.I can’t sleep well.功能购物提示回答Can / may I help you?What can I do for you?How many/ much would you like? What color /size/ kind would you like?What about about this one?I want / I’d like a pair of shoes. How much is it / are they?May I try it on? It’s too big / small.Sorry , it’s to expensive.Do you have any other colors /sizes /kinds? Two and a half kilos /pounds, please. That’s fine. I’ll take it.6功能问路提示回答Excuse me. Where’s the washroom?Can you tell me how to get to the post office? Excuse me. Which bus goes to world park? Excuse me. Which is the way to the bank of china? Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the station, please?How can I get to No.4 middle school?It’s over there.It’s about 400 meters from here. Go down this street until you see thetall red building.Turn right /left at the first/ secondcrossing / corner.You can’t miss it.You can take bus No.3.You’d better take a taxi.2. Sorry, I don’t know, I;m new here.功能谈论天气提示回答What’s the weather like today?How’s the weather in Beijing?What a cold / hot day today! It’s a nice / fine /beautiful day today.It’s sunny/ cloudy/ windy/ rainy/ snowy/foggy.It’s getting cold / hot /warm/ cool.功能时间提示回答What’s the time, please?What time is it?When did you come to China? What time do you get up every day?It’s half past five./ twenty to nine.I came to China in 1998.I get up at 6 o’clock.功能时段提示回答How long have you been in this school? How long does it take you to get to school?When did you live in Beijing?How long have you been ill?I have been in this school for 3 years.It takes me 20 minutes by bike.I lived in Beijing from1996 to 1999.I have been ill since last Monday.7功能频率提示回答How often do you go to movies?I go to the movie once a week.I often go to movies.功能位置提示回答Where is the picture?It’s on /at /above /in /under /beside /near/behindthe table.He sits at the back of the room. The lab is in the center of the school.功能方向提示回答Which is the way to the station? Where is the train / bus going?Where are you going?Go down this street, and turn left /right at thefirst turning /crossing.The train is going to Xi’an.I’m going to the railway station.I’m leaving for Shanghai.功能距离提示回答How for is your school from here?It’s about 40 minutes by bike. It’s about 6 kilometers /miles away.功能存在提示回答Is there a bird in the tree? Are there any apples on the tree?What’s in the tree?Yes, there is /are .There’s a bird in the tree. There are many /a lot of birds in the tree.功能形状8提示回答What does it look like?It looks like a cat. It’s long /tall /short.功能颜色提示回答What color is the bag?It’s green / red /blue.功能形状提示回答What’s the table made of? What’s the wine made from?It’s made of wood. It’s made from grapes.功能价格提示回答How much is the dicionary?How much is it?How much are they?Is it cheap / expensive?It’s $25.They are $25.It costs me $25. It’s cheap/ expensive.功能规格提示回答What size is your sweater? What size shoes do you wear?The size of my sweater is XXL.It’s too big / small for me.功能形状提示回答How old are you? How old is he /she?I’m 18.He /she is 6 years old.功能长度提示回答9How long is the bridge?It’s about 400 meters /feet long.功能宽度提示回答How wide is the river?It’s about 200 meters wide.功能高度提示回答How tall /high is the building?It’s 130 meters tall/ high功能数量提示回答How many students are there in your class? How much water do you drink every day?There are 40 in our class.I drink 5 glasses of water every day.功能工作提示回答What do you do?What’s your job? What are you going to be?I’m a teacher /doctor/ worker/farmer. I’m going to be a scientist/ an engineer.功能原因提示回答Why are you late for school?Because I got up late this morning.功能工作单位提示回答Where do you work?I’m teaching in a high school.10。
高考英语功能意念项目表一It’s my pleasure.“这是我的荣幸/不客气。
”用于别人对你表示感谢时的回答。
（=My pleasure.）With pleasure.“我很乐意（帮你）。
”表示同意对方的请求，并且自己将付出行动。
Help yourself.“自便！/自己来吧。
”表示同意对方的请求，但让对方行动。
二Yes, please!“请！”。
表示允许对方做请求之事。
Go ahead.“请。
”表示同意并鼓励对方去做请求之事。
Go on.“继续（做正在进行或谈论的事）。
”三Come on!“来吧！”。
鼓励对方参与某事。
Hurry up!“赶紧，快点！”。
催促对方快点行动。
Good luck!“祝你好运！”，是当双方参加某项活动，如考试、比赛等时，向对方表示的祝福语。
四Congratulations!“祝贺你（们）！”当对方做某事取得了成功或结婚、生子、晋升等时候的用语。
Have fun!“玩得开心点！”。
表示允许对方去吃喝玩乐。
Best wishes!一般用于信的结尾处，表示对对方的祝愿。
（注：当对方外出旅游时常说Good/Nice trip t o you!“祝你旅途愉快！”）五Guess what?“猜猜看？”What else?“还有别的吗？”What’s going on?“怎么了？/这里发生什么事了？/有什么节目？/上演什么电影？”（询问情况）。
六What’s for?表目的和用途，一般翻译成“为了什么？/用来做什么？/干嘛？”（注：why? 询问原因，一般都要用because 来回答。
）What’s up?“怎么了？/有什么事吗？”What’s up? 口语中使用广泛，如有人叫住你或登门访问，而你不明白对方的来意时就可以说“What’s up?”（有什么事？/有何贵干？）年轻人也常说“What’s up?”来打招呼。
比如John 碰到一个朋友Tom说“Hey, John!”John 则回答“Hi, Tom! “What’s up?”表示“你最近怎么样啊？/有什么事吗？”What if …?=What will or would happen if …？“如果（假如）……将会怎么样？”七So what?“那又怎么样呢？”表示出无所谓的样子。
《英语口语》课程教学大纲一、课程性质及与其它课程的分工与联系1、课程性质本课程属专业基础课程，是《商务英语交际》和《商务英语口译》课程的先开课程。
2、先修课程《英语语音技巧》、《英语语法》、《英语听力》二、课程目标与基本要求1、课程目标本课程的教学目的是通过大量的口语练习和实践，逐步培养提高学生的口头交际能力，使学生不仅能听懂日常和商务英语会话，能以准确的语调进行英语会话，自由地表达自己的思想和观点，而且能逐步养成用符合特定场合的得体语言回答或者提出各种问题的习惯，为今后工作做好充分的准备。
2、基本要求本课程教学安排为两学年，共128课时，分四个学期完成。
第一学年着重培养学生在日常生活中的交际能力和叙述能力。
第二学年着重培养学生就社会生活和商务话题进行交谈和连贯表达的能力。
对学生在各个学期的口语能力具体要求如下：1）通过第一学期的学习，学生应能运用简单的日常英语进行对话，并能就所听、读的材料回答问题及复述，做到语音、语调、语法基本正确。
2）通过第二学期的学习，学生应能就一般日常生活话题进行简单的交谈；能就熟悉的话题经一定的准备后,作1-2分钟的连贯性发言。
3）通过第三学期的学习，学生应能经一定准备后, 就一般日常生活和社会生活话题作3-5分钟的连贯性发言和交谈。
4）通过第四学期的学习，学生应能就熟悉的话题略作准备后作3-5分钟的连贯性发言；能就日常生活和社会生活和商务话题同英语国家人士交谈；能比较准确地表达思想，语言基本得体。
三、教学内容与体系本课程采用高等教育出版社出版的《新编商务英语口语》，共四册。
教材第一册主要为各种日常对话，对话的地点在国内，背景则是中国学生所熟悉的各种口语交际场所。
内容主要涉及介绍相识、打电话、谈论天气、邀请聚会、用餐、购物、看病、吉庆假日、娱乐和体育运动等日常领域中的用语。
从第二册起，部分对话的地点和背景将移向国外。
这种结构安排使学生对背景知识从“熟悉”到“不熟悉”，从而使英语学习得以循序渐进。
《考试大纲》附录3功能意念项目表(11项68个）1. 社会交往(Social Communications)（1）问候Greetings（2）介绍Introductions（3）告别Farewells B1U3（4）感谢Thanks B1U4 / B3U1（5）道歉Apologies（6）邀请Invitation B3U1（7）请求允许Asking for permission B3U3（8）祝愿和祝贺Good wishes & congratulations B1U3/B7U1（9）提供帮助Offering help（10）接受和拒绝Acceptance & refuse B8U2（11）约会Making an appointment B5U4（12）打电话Making calls B3U1/B8U3（13）就餐Having meals B3U3（14）就医Seeing the doctor B3U2（15）购物Shopping B3U3（16）问路Asking the way B4U5（17）谈论天气Talking about the weather（18）语言交际困难Language difficulties in communicationB1U2/ B5U2 B8U1(encouraging others to speak)（19）提醒注意Reminding（20）警告和禁止Warning & Prohibition B4U4/B6U3（21）劝告Advice B4U2 Persuasion（22）建议Suggestions B2U5/B3U2 /B8U52. 态度(Attitudes)（23）同意和不同意Agreement & disagreement B1U1/B3U2/B6U4（24）喜欢和不喜欢Likes & dislikes B2U2/B7U5（25）肯定和不肯定Certainty & uncertainty（26）可能和不可能Possibility & impossibility B7U5（27）能够和不能够Ability and inability（28）偏爱和优先选择Preference B2U5/B6U1（29）意愿和打算Intentions & plans B1U3 / B6U2（30）希望和愿望Hopes & wishes B1U3（31）表扬和鼓励Praise & encouragement B8U2（32）责备和抱怨Blame & complaint B6U4/B7U3（33）冷淡Indifference（34）判断与评价Judgment and evaluation B8U43. 情感(Emotions) B3U5 / B4U3/ B6U5 / B8U4（35）高兴Pleasure B6U5（36）惊奇Surprise B6U5（37）忧虑Anxiety B6U5（38）安慰Comforts（39）满意Satisfaction（40）遗憾Regret（41）同情Sympathy（42）恐惧Fears B6U5（43）愤怒Angers4. 时间(Time)(44) 时刻Point of time(45) 时段Duration (46) 频度Frequency(47) 时序Sequence B7U45. 空间(Space)(48) 位置Position B3U5 / B5U2 (49)方向Direction B3U5/ B5U2(50) 距离Distance B5U26. 存在(Existence)(51) 存在与不存在（Existence and Non-existence）7. 特征(Features) B8U5(52) 形状Shape (53) 颜色Colour (54) 材料Material (55) 价格Price (56) 规格Size (57) 年龄Age8. 计量(Measurement)(58) 长度Length (59) 宽度width (60) 高度Height (61) 数量Number 9. 比较(Comparison)(62) 同级比较Equal comparison(63) 差别比较Comparative and superlative(64) 相似和差别Similarity and difference10. 逻辑关系(Logical relations) B7U4；B2U3 Reasoning(65) 原因和结果Cause and effect (66) 目的Purpose B2U4 Intentions and purposes 11. 职业(Occupations)(67)工作Jobs B5U1 (68)单位Employer增加的功能意念项目：1. 谈论过去经历：B1U3 Talking about past experiences2. 指令：B3U4 / B5U5 instructions3. 描述人或地方：B4U1 / B5U1 Describing people；B8U1 Describing a place4. 决断和坚持Determination, decision and insistence B2U35. 职责Obligation B4U46. 预见、猜测和相信Prediction, conjecture and belief B5U3；B8U4 conjecture (推测和猜想) B8U5 assumption （假定和设想）；B7U2 Supposition and belief7. 观点：B1U5 / B2U1 Asking for opinions / Giving opinions B7U1 expressing ideas8. 许诺Promises B6U3(permission)未涉及到的功能意念项目：问候；介绍；道歉；提供帮助；谈论天气；提醒注意；肯定和不肯定；能够和不能够；冷淡；安慰；满意；遗憾；同情；愤怒；时刻；时段；频度；存在与不存在；长度；宽度；高度；数量；同级比较；差别比较；相似和差别听力考试和写作考试中涉及到的功能意念项目：时间、日期和应答Asking the time, date and responses；求助求救；欢迎；推荐他人……。
功能意念【知识梳理】《英语课程标准》中有关“功能意念”共包括社会交往、态度、情感、时间、存在、特征、计量、比较、逻辑关系和职业等11个项目、66个方面。
本专题结合近年中考热点和难会May I introduce ...?告别Good-bye/Bye?Bye-bye.Good night.See you later/then/tomorrow/soon.I’m sorry I have to go now.Good-bye/Bye?Bye-bye.Good night. /See you.See you later/then/tomorrow/soon.感谢Thank you (very much).Thanks a lot.Thank you for your help.It’s very kind/nice of you.It’s a pleasure. / My pleasure.That’s OK/all right.You’re welcome.Don’t mention it.会交餐Would you like some more fish?Help yourself to some fish.Which do you prefer, ... or ...?What would you like to drink?Can I have some more soup?It’s so delicious. Thank you.I prefer ... to .... / I like green tea.No, thank you. I’ve had enough. / I’m full.It’s very delicious, but I can’t eat any more.就What’s the matter? / What seems to be thetrouble? / What’s wrong with ...? / Do youhave a fever?How long have you felt/been like this?I have a headache/cough/fever.I feel terrible/bad/horrible/awful.I don’t feel well.I’ve got a pain here. / It hurts here.度愿望表扬和鼓励Very good! / Well done! / Wonderful! /Excellent! / You speak English very well. /Your dress is beautiful! / Come on! / Keeptrying! / You can do it!Thank you.OK. I’ll try it again.责备和抱怨What do you mean by doing so? / How could you cheat your teacher? / Why didn’t you tell methe truth? / I’m sorry to have said that, but .... / Why don’t you do something about it?冷淡I don’t care. / It doesn’t matter to me. / I don’t mind if you .... / It’s none of my business.高How wonderful/nice! / That’s lovely/great/wonderful! / I’m so happy. / It’s well done. / I’m1. —Come back quickly, Tom. —Sure, Mum. _______.A. Please go aheadB. It won’t be longC. I’ll say it againD. Good idea (2010菏泽市) 赏析：本题综合考查“劝告”和“同意”的交际用语。
功能意念项目表（一）社会交往(Social Communications）(1）问候(Greetings）Please say hello to your parents.Please give my love / best wishes to Lucy。
（2)介绍(Introduction）This is Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms Brown。
（3）告别（Farewells ）A.See you later / then / tomorrow / soon。
I am sorry I have to go now.I am afraid I must be leaving now.(4）感谢（Thanks ）A。
Thank you for your help.It's very kind / nice of you。
I appreciate your help.B。
It’s a pleasure.My pleasure.That’s OK/ all right。
You're welcome。
Don’ t mention it。
(5）道歉(Apologies)A. Sorry。
I'm sorry.Excuse me，please.I beg your pardon.I’ m sorry for losing your book.I’m sorry to interrupt you.I’m sorry (that) I'm late。
B。
That's OK.That t’s all right。
Never mind。
It doesn’t matter.It's nothing.Forget it.(6）邀请(Invitation)A. Would you like to go for a walk?You must come to dinner with us。
第六章 ESP教材的选编和评价教材是教学的主要手段之一，是教学大纲和教学内容的具体体现，在一定程度上左右着教学效果。
教材既包括教师用的材料，又包括学生用的材料，是教师、学生和专业的联系者。
一套完备的教材除课本外，往往还有与之配套的练习册、教师用书、自学辅导手册、录音磁带、录像带等。
第一节 ESP教材的原则要求一结合专业的原则ESP目标情景明确，ESP教材的内容必须与既定的目标情景密切相关，教材的内容与学生的专业相联系，这样才能够激发学生的学习动力和学习兴趣。
但结合专业的深度宜适可而止，太浅了没有挑战性，引不起学生的学习激情，太深了又会影响教和学的顺利进行，同样会挫伤学生学习的积极性，达不到预期的目的。
二激励学习的原则好的教材应该是课文内容富有知识性、趣味性；所配备的练习和所设计的交际活动形式多样、有一定的深度、能启迪思维；提供有一些让学生使用他们已有的知识和技能的机会。
这样的教材就能够引起和保持学生学习的积极性。
三便于教学的原则教材的编排既要便于老师教又要便于学生学。
整本教材可采用章节形式或单元形式，把必须教的语言内容分成一个一个大致相等的小部分，以便在大致相等的课时内处理完这些项目。
这样既便于老师安排教学，又能让学生清楚地看到所取得的进步和成就。
同时，也要有一定的灵活性，练习形式、课堂活动要有多样性。
四体现语言、语言教学和语言学习规律的原则ESP教材并不是专业教材，不能完全按该专业的体系来编写教材，更不能随便拿一本关于该专业的书籍或教材来当作ESP教材，而应该在结合专业的同时按语言、语言教学和语言学习的规律来编写。
比如语言的目的和作用是交际，语言教学的目的是培养学生的交际能力，在ESP教材中就应该设计一些接近实际交际场合的情景，提供在这些情景下进行交际的范例、句型、短语和词汇，设计一些接近实际的交际活动。
教材所提供的语言材料应具有通用性、恰当性，在语体、选词造句诸方面应尽量接近实际交际语言。
同时还应根据目的需要安排知识项目，常用的先学、多学，不太常用的后学、少学。
功能意念项目1．社会交往（1）问候早上好/中午/晚上。
你好吗（4种表达）？我很好，谢谢，你好吗？非常好，谢谢。
（2）介绍我的名字是……。
我是学生。
我来自英国。
这位是布朗先生/小姐。
我希望你去见……你是做什么的（2种表达）？你的职业是什么？我是教师/医生/农民/生意人/经理。
你在哪工作？我在农场/办公室/医院工作。
你到你非常高兴。
（3）告别再见（3种表达）。
晚安。
一会儿见/明天见。
非常抱歉，我现在得走了。
（4）感谢谢谢（非常感谢）。
非常感谢。
谢谢你的帮助。
你真好，但我能……不客气。
没关系。
非常感谢你的帮助/是我的荣幸。
（5）道歉对不起。
/我道歉。
没关系。
别介意。
别再提了，没关系。
（6）邀请你愿意一起散散步吗？游泳怎么样？是的，我愿意。
我很愿意，但恐怕……（7）请求允许我可以进来吗？我能用下电话吗？你介意我打开窗户吗？不介意，打开吧。
不介意（4种表达）。
恐怕不行。
最好别那么做。
（8）祝愿和祝贺玩得愉快/旅行愉快！祝贺你好运（2种表达）！玩得愉快！新年好！/你也是。
祝你生日快乐！祝贺你！（9）请求与提供帮助有什么能帮助你的吗？我能帮助你吗？/你能帮我一下吗？不，谢谢。
（10）约会明天有空吗？今天下午有空吗？我们什么时候（在哪儿）见面？4：30见面。
好的。
（11）打电话我能找……讲话吗？是……在讲话吗？谁在讲话？你好！我是……。
请等一会儿。
对不起，我听不清楚。
线路不通。
（12）就餐可以点菜了吗？你想吃什么？这是菜单。
你想吃/喝点什么？吃点鱼。
你想要什么样的果汁？味道非常好。
我付帐。
（13）就医你怎么了？你发烧了？你这种症状有多久了？一天吃三次这个药。
我头痛/咳嗽/发烧。
我脖子痛。
腿受伤了。
（14）购物能为你做点什么？我在寻找。
你喜欢什么颜色/尺码？我可以试穿吗？穿在你身上很好看。
你要多大尺码？S码。
好的，我买下了。
（15）问路打扰一下。
这是哪？你能告诉我去……怎么走吗？哪条路是去……？离这里大约400米。
武汉英语中考功能意念项目考点（较少见）1.社会交往问候：Please say hello to your parents. /Please give my love/best wishes to Lucy.告别：I am sorry I have to go now .道歉：I beg your pardon. ./ I’m sorry to interrupt you.邀请：That would be nice. / I’m sorry I can’t . What about another time?请求允许：I wonder if I could smoke here. ./I’m sorry, it’s not allowed./ Y ou’d better not.祝愿祝贺：Well done!提供帮助：Thank you all the same. / That’s very kind of you , but I can manage it myself.约会：Let’s make it 4:30.打电话：Extension six two two six, please. /Hold the line, please. /Sorry , I can’t hear you. /I can’t get through./ The line is bad(busy).购物：Just have a look. /Well, I’ll think about it.问路：Excuse me , which bus goes to the World Park?语言交际困难：I beg your pardon?/Sorry , I can’t follow you.提醒注意：Mind your head/step./ Wet floor. /Don’t touch.劝告：Y ou’d better/should/need…/Don’t rush.建议：Let’s / What about/ Why don’t you/Why not…?2. 态度：同意和不同意：No way.可能和不可能：It’s not likely to snow soon.意愿和打算：I’ll/I’m going to /I’d like/ I plan to / I want to /I hope to…希望和愿望：I hope so./ I hope not.表扬和鼓励：Keep trying. / Y ou can do it.责备和抱怨：What do you mean by doing so?/ Why don’t you do something about it?冷淡：I don’t care./ It doesn’t matter to me.3. 情感：高兴：It’s well done!安慰：There, there.满意：Well done!遗憾：It’s a great pity./ What a shame./ That is too bad.同情：Please accept my deep sympathy.4. 时间：时序：Finally we found our way out.5. 特征：形状：What’s the shape of the clouds?/ It is a circle/square./ It’s a U-shape road.6. 比较：差别比较：I can’t run so far as you can .7. 逻辑关系：目的：I came here to see you off.。
英语功能意念概述与⼩学英语功能交际教学（专家讲座）(2015-08-15 10:19:34)⼀、英语功能意念教学概述语⾔是⼈们进⾏交际的⼯具，交际功能是语⾔最本质的功能。
因⽽功能交际教学是⼩学英语中⾮常重要的内容。
那么在⼩学阶段，功能交际教学的⽬标定位应该是怎样的？现在很多⼩学英语教材都是依据功能——意念教学⼤纲（⼜称意念⼤纲、交际⼤纲）编写的。
虽然功能和意念已经成为语⾔教学领域的两个基本概念，但是很多⼀线教师还是觉得这两个概念很陌⽣。
因此我们先来共同探讨⼀下什么是功能和意念。
（⼀）什么是功能和意念？Penny Ur 认为，功能是⼀种交际⾏为，是使⽤语⾔去达到某种⽬的，通常涉及⾄少两⼈的互动，例如：提建议、承诺或约定、致歉、打招呼。
⽽意念是⼀种概念，它可以是⼗分具体的，在这种情况下，它事实上就等同于词汇（⽐如：狗、房⼦）；或者它也可以⼗分概括——时间、尺⼨、情感、运动。
通俗地讲，功能功能就是语⾔使⽤的⽬的，⽐如问候、致谢、道歉、询问天⽓、同意、反对、意念就是⽤语⾔表达的概念和意义，⽐如时间、空间、⽅位、频率、尺⼨、数值、建议等等。
意念形状等等。
《义务教育英语课程标准（2011 年版）》指出：“学⽣在义务教育阶段应该学习和掌握的英语语⾔基础知识包括语⾳、词汇、语法以及⽤于表达常见话题和功能的语⾔形式等。
语⾔知识是语⾔运⽤能⼒的重要组成部分，是发展语⾔技能的重要基础。
”（⼆）课程标准对⼩学阶段语⾔功能的要求《义务教育英语课程标准（2011 年版）》在⼆级⽬标描述中对“语⾔功能”的要求进⼀步明确为“理解和运⽤有关下列功能的语⾔表达形式：问候、介绍、告别、请求、邀请、致谢、道歉、情感、喜好、建议、祝愿等。
”进⼀步为⼩学教学明确了需要学习的语⾔功能的内容，便于教材编写、教师教学和评价测试。
1．社会交往（ Social Communications ）（ 1 ）问候（ Greetings ）（ 2 ）介绍（ Introduction ）（ 3 ）告别（ Farewells ）（ 4 ）致谢（ Thanks ）（ 5 ）道歉（ Apologies ）（ 6 ）邀请（ Invitation ）（ 7 ）请求允许（ Asking for permission ）（ 8 ）祝愿和祝贺（ Expressing wishes and congratulations ）（ 9 ）请求与提供帮助（ Asking for and offering help ）（ 10 ）建议（ Suggestions ）（ 11 ）接受与拒绝（ Acceptance and Refusal ）2．态度（ Attitudes ）（ 12 ）喜欢和不喜欢（ Likes and dislikes ）3．情感（ Emotions ）（ 13 ）⾼兴（ Happiness ）（ 14 ）惊奇（ Surprise ）（ 15 ）关切（ Concern ）（ 16 ）安慰（ Reassurance ）（ 17 ）满意（ Satisfaction ）（ 18 ）遗憾（ Regret ）课程标准中没有明确⼩学阶段需要和学习的意念项⽬，但在各个版本的⼩学英语教材和教学中，实际已包括了以下的意念项⽬：时间、⽅位、频率、尺⼨、数值、形状等等。
作者： 张瑛[1]
作者机构： [1]合肥工业大学外语系,安徽合肥230039
出版物刊名： 安庆师范学院学报:社会科学版
页码： 94-97页
主题词： 言语;功能;意念;大学;英语;听力
摘要：功能意念是人们通过言语所反映的行为和思想,是对语言本身字面含义的补充,具有重要的交际价值。
我国大学生英语听力理解能力不佳的原因之一就是在听力教学中,忽视了功能意念方面的训练。
因此,要正确处理语汇听力和听力技能教学之间的关系,利用功能意念教学法,加强对学生理解句子和话语交际价值能力的培养,提高学生的听力技能。
功能意念Unit 52 0ffer 提供1.Making an offer of something and response2.Making an offer of help and its response3.Malting an of fret of something4.Declining an offer of something5.Accepting an offer of helpConversation Practice 查看中文翻译Making an offer of something and response(1) Would you like another orange?A: Thank you very much, Mrs. Brown.B: Have another orange, Alan.A: No, thank you, Mrs. Brown. I've had enough.B: Cliff? Would you like another?C: Yes, please. Thank you.(2) Can I get you something?A: Hello, Betty. Come on in.B: Hello, Alan. Can I introduce Mr. Carter? You know, the friend I was talking about yesterday.A: Pleased to meet you.C: How do you do?A: Can I get you something? A drink perhaps...C: Can I just have a cup of coffee?A: Of course. What about you, Betty?B: Have you got any brandy?A: Sorry, only whisky.B: VII have a whisky, then.A: Here we are: coffee and your whisky, Betty.B/C: Thanks.(3) Do you want one?A: I've got some chocolates. Do you want one?B: Yes, please.A: Here you are.B: Thanks very much.(4) Here's a gift for you.A: Mr. Smith, here's a gift for you from us.B: Oh, thank you.A: It's a portable computer. We hope you like it.B: It's great. Thank you so much. 提供某物及其回答(1)你要不要再吃个槽子?A：多谢，布朗夫人。
B：再来个橘子，艾伦。
A：不，谢谢，布朗夫人，我够了。
B：克利夫?你要不要再来个?C: 好的，谢谢。
(2)要点什么吧?A：好，贝蒂。
请进来。
B：你好，艾伦。
我能介绍一下卡特先生吗?你知道的，我昨天谈起的那个朋友。
A: 很高兴同你见面。
C：你好。
A：要点什么吧?或许喝一杯……C：我能不能就要一杯咖啡?A: 当然，可以。
你呢?贝蒂?B：有白兰地酒吗?A：对不起，只有威士忌酒。
B：那么我要一杯威士忌。
A：来了，咖啡，还有贝蒂你的威士忌。
B／C：多谢。
(3)你要不要来一块?A：我有些巧克力，你要不要来一块?B：好的。
A：给你。
B：多谢了。
(4)这是给你的礼物。
A：史密斯先生，这是我们送你的礼物。
B：嗅，谢谢。
A：这是一只手提式电脑。
希望你喜欢。
B：太好了，真是太感谢你们了。
Conversation Practice 查看中文翻译Making an offer of help and its response 提供帮助及其回答(1) Can I help you?A: Can I help you?B: Yes, please. I'm trying to find the dictionaries.A: They're over there, by the window.B: Oh, thanks very much.A: Can I help you?B: No, thanks. I'm just looking.(2) Would you like me to carry it for you?A: Oh, your bag looks very heavy. Would you like me to carry it for you?B: Yes, please--that would be a great help.A: Not at all. I'll be glad to do it.B: Thanks very much.(3) Is there anything I can do for you?A: Is there anything I can do for you?B: I'm woking for a string of pearls for my wife.A: Yes, sir. What price range do you have in mind?B: I'm not sure. You see, I don' know very much about the price of pearls.A: I see. Let me show you some samples of various qualities.(4) Do you need help?A: Do you need help?B: Look like it. The car won't start.A: Want me to try?B: If you like. But I think we'd better get someone in for a check.A: Shall I call the garage?B: yes, please. (1)我能帮你的忙吗?A: 我能帮你忙吗?B：好的，我正在找字典。
A：字典在那边，窗口旁边。
B：哦，谢谢。
A：我能帮你忙吗?B：不，谢谢，我只是看看。
(2)要不要我帮你扛着?A：嗅，你的包看起来很重，要不要我帮你扛着? B：好的，谢谢--这可帮了大忙。
A：没关系，我很乐意。
B：太感谢了。
(3)有什么事要我帮你吗?A：有什么事要我帮你忙吗?B：我在为我妻子挑串珍珠。
A：我知道了，先生。
你想挑什么价格的?B: 我不太清楚。
你知道，我对珍珠的价格知道不多。
A:我晓得了，我让你看一下多种质量的样品。
(4)你需要帮忙吗?A: 你需要帮忙吗?B: 看来是的，汽车发动不起来。
A: 要我试试看吗?B：要是你愿意的话,不过我认为我们最好请人来检查一下。
A: 要不要我给修理间打电话?B：是的，请你打电话。
Other Useful Expressions 查看中文翻译Malting an of fret of something(1) Would you like a cup of coffee?(2) Would you care for another piece of cake?(3) Shall I get you another cup of coffee?(4) Can I offer you a small gift?(5) Could I offer you something to read?(6) Here's a birthday gift from me.(7) This is something for you. I hope you like it.(8) That's for you.(9) Will you have a drink?(10) Would you like some?(11) Would anyone else like some?(12) Do you want something else? 提供某物(1) 你想要杯咖啡吗?(2) 你喜欢再来块蛋糕吗?(3) 我给你再要一杯咖啡好吗?(4) 给你一个小礼物，好吗?(5) 给你一些读的东西好吗?(6) 这是我送你的生日礼物。
(7) 这是给你的东西，希望你喜欢。
(8) 那是给你的。
(9) 你要喝一杯吗?(10) 你要一些吗?(11) 还有谁要一点?(12) 你还要别的什么吗?(13) What can I get/show you?(14) What will you have?(15) Why don't you have some wine?(16) A glass of beer?(17) Have a cigrette.(18) Fancy some candy?Accepting an offer of something(1) Thank you so much.(2) That'd be delightful.(3) With pleasure.(4) That would be a great help.(5) That would be very nice.(6) I'd like it very much, please.(7) I'd be so pleased if you would.(8) Yes, please. (13) 我给你弄／看些什么?(14) 你喜吃什么?(15) 你为什么不喝点酒?(16) 要杯啤酒?(17) 抽支烟。
(18) 要点糖?接受提供的东西(1) 非常感谢。
(2) 那好。
(3) 很高兴。
(4) 那真帮了大忙了。
(5) 那太好了。
(6) 我很喜欢它。
(7) 如果你愿意，我将非常高兴。
(8) 是的，谢谢。
Other Useful Expressions 查看中文翻译Declining an offer of something(1) No, thank you/thanks.(2) No, thank you very much.(3) No, I (really) won't, thank you.(4) Not for me, thanks.(5) Not this time, thanks.(6) That's very kind of you, but I won't.4. Making an offer of help(1) Can/May I help you?(2) Can I help?(3) Can I be of any assistance?(4) Would you like any help?(5) Would you like me to type the letter for you?(6) Shall I run you back in the car?(7) Are you being served/attended to?(8) Do you want me to take over for a while?(9) Do you need any help?(10) What (else) can I do for you?(11) Is there anything/something I can do for you?(12) Let me get it for you.(13) Perhaps I could assist in some way?(14) If you like, I could heat it up for you.(15) I'll give you a hand with the washing-up.(16) Let me help you.(17) Allow me.(18) Just call me whenever you're in trouble. 谢绝提供的东西(1) 不，谢谢。
