Equilibrium vs.disequilibrium melting relations in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline(HHC) pelit

流行病学专业英语词汇 A 安慰剂Placebo 安慰剂效应placebo effects B 把握度study power 半试验semi-trial 保护率protective rate ，PR 报告偏倚reporting bias 暴露exposure 暴露标志exposure marker 暴露怀疑偏倚exposure suspicion bias 爆发调查outbreak survey 被动监测passive surveillance 比例研究proportional study 比值比Odds Ratio ，OR 必需病因necessary factor of cause 标点地图spot map 标化比例死亡比standardized proportional mortality ratio，SPMR 标化比值比standardized odds ratio，SOR 标化死亡比standardized mortality ratio，SMR 标准化standardization 标准化率比standardized rate ratio，SRR "冰山"现象ice-berg phenomenon 丙型肝炎hepatitis C，HC 并联试验parallel test 病毒性肝炎viral hepatitis 病例报告case report 病例-病例研究case-case study 病例调查case survey 病例对照研究case-control study 病例交叉设计case-crossover design 病例交叉研究case-crossover study 病例-系列研究case-series study 病死率fatality rate 病因causation of disease 病因的异质性etiological heterogeneity 病因分值etiologic fraction，EF 病因链chains of causation 病因网web of causation 不合格ineligibility 不依从noncompliance C 测量偏倚measurement bias 长期变异secular change，trend variation 超额死亡率excess mortality 超额危险度excess risk 巢式病例对照研究nested case-control study 成本效果分析cost -effectiveness analysis 成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis 成本效用分析cost-utility 成组匹配category matching 抽样调查sampling survey 抽样框架sampling frame 抽样误差sampling error 出生队列birth cohort 出生队列分析法birth cohort analysis 初级卫生保健primary health care ，PHC 传播概率transmission probability 传播机制mechanism of transmission 传播途径path of transmission 传播途径transmission route 传播因素transmitting factor 传染病communicable diseases 传染过程infectious process 传染性infectiousness 串联试验serial test 粗死亡率crude death rate改成crude mortality rate 较好 粗一致性crude agreement 促成病因contributory factor of cause 错分偏倚misclassification bias 错误分类misclassification D 大骨节病Kashin-Beck disease 大流行pandemic 代表性representativeness 单倍型haplotype 单纯随机抽样simple random sampling 单盲single blind 单项筛检single screening 等位基因allele 等位基因频率gene frequency 地方病endemic diseases 地方病学Endemiology 地方性endemicity 地方性氟中毒endemic fluorosis 地方性砷中毒endemic arsenism 点突变point mutation 点源流行point source epidemic 碘缺乏病iodine deficiency disease 调查随访研究survey follow-up study 调整一致性adjusted agreement 丁型肝炎hepatitis D，HD 动态人群dynamic population 毒力virulence 短期波动irregular variation，rapid fluctuation 队列cohort 队列研究cohort study 对象报告偏倚report bias 多归因程序的方法Multiple imputation procedure 多国心血管病趋势和决定因素监测 Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants inardiovascular Diseases，MONICA 多级抽样multistage sampling 多群组比较研究multi-group comparison study 多态性polymorphism 多项筛检multiple screening E 恶性肿瘤流行病学cancer Epidemiology 二代侵袭率，续发率secondary attack rate，SAR 二级预防secondary prevention F 发病率incidence rate，morbidity 发病密度incidence density 发病密度incidence density 发生率研究incidence study 飞沫droplet 飞沫核droplet nuclei 非即时性non-concurrent 非均衡性错分differential misclassification 非连续性状Discrete traits 肺炎与流感死亡率pneumonia and influenza deaths，即P&I deaths 分层stratification 分层抽样stratified sampling 分层随机分组stratified randomization 分类变量categorical variable 分离分析segregation analysis 分子流行病学Molecular Epidemiology 封闭性抗体blocking antibodies 氟斑牙dental fluorosis 氟骨症skeletal fluorosis 负混杂negative confounding 复等位基因位点multiple alles 复杂性状complex trait G 概念框架conceptual framework 干预随访研究intervention follow-up study 感染储主reservoir of infection 感染来源source of infection 感染力infectivity 感染谱spectrum of infection 感染梯度gradient of infection 感染性腹泻infectious diarrhea 感染性腹泻病infectious diarrheal disease 感染症infections or infectious diseases 高危人群策略high risk strategy 个案case 个案调查case study 个案调查individual survey 个体匹配individual matching 工程干预engineering intervention 共变法method of concomitant variation 共显性codominance 构成比proportion 固定队列fixed cohort 故意伤害intentional injuries 关联的合理性plausibility of association 关联的可重复性consistency of association 关联的强度strength of association 关联的时间性temporality of association 关联的特异性specificity of association 关联的一致性coherence of association 观察偏倚observational bias 观察性研究observational study 观察一致率observation agreement 广义遗传度broad heritability 归因危险度attributable risk 归因危险度百分比attributable risk percent，ARP，或AR% 国际病毒分类委员会International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses，ICTV 国际冠心病预防工作组 The International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease 国际疾病分类第十版International Classification of Diseases，ICD-10 国家结核病防治项目National Tuberculosis Program，NTP 国家卫生统计中心the National Center for Health Statistics，NCHS H 合作率cooperation rate 核心家系Nuclear families 横断面研究cross sectional analysis 横断面研究cross-sectional study 患病率prevalence rate 回顾性研究retrospective studies 回忆偏倚recall bias 混合型流行mixed epidemic 混合研究mixed study 混杂confounding 混杂偏倚confounding bias 混杂因素confounder，confounding factor 活跃病区active endemic area 获得性免疫缺陷综合症acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS 霍桑效应Howthorne effect J 机遇chance 基本繁殖率basic reproduction rate 基本繁殖数basic reproductive number，R0 基本人群base population or population at risk 基线信息baseline information 基因gene 基因毒性genotoxic 基因型Genotyping 基因型频率genotype frequency 及时性timeliness 疾病爆发disease outbreak 疾病标志Markers of disease 疾病的分布distribution of disease 疾病的自然史natural history of disease 疾病监测surveillance of disease 疾病链the disease chain 剂量反应关系dose-response relationship 季节性seasonal variation，seasonality 继发关联secondary association 家庭簇研究family cluster study 家庭聚集性Familial aggregation 家庭聚集性研究familial aggregation study 家庭相似性Family resemblance 家系研究pedigree study 甲型肝炎hepatitis A，HA 假阳性率false positive rate 假阴性率false negative rate 间接传播indirect transmission 间接关联indirect association 间接接触indirect contact 检出症侯偏倚detection signal bias 简单随机分组simple randomization 简明损伤定级法abbreviated injury scale，AIS 健康促进health promotion 健康工作者效应healthy worker effect 健康监测系统health information system，HIS 健康生命损失年years of life lived with disability，YLLD 教育干预educational intervention 结局outcome 结局变量outcome variable 截断点cutoff 金标准gold standard 经济干预economic intervention 经节肢动物媒介vector-borne 经空气air-borne 经食物food-borne 经饮水drinking water-borne 经载体vehicle-borne 精确性precision 聚合酶链式反应polymerase chain reaction，PCR 均衡性错分non-differential misclassification 均数回归趋势regression to the mean K 抗原漂移antigenic drift 抗原转变antigenic shift 克山病Keshan disease 空间、时间集研究space-time cluster study 扩大免疫计划expanded program on immunization，EPI L 来源同一identity by descent，IBD 类试验，准试验quasi-trial，quasi-experiment 类推法method of analogy 累积发病率cumulative incidence 罹患率attack rate 礼貌偏倚politeness bias 理论流行病学theoretical epidemiology 历史性historical 连锁linkage 连锁不平衡linkage disequilibrium 连锁分析Linkage analysis 连锁平衡linkage equilibrium 联合无应答偏倚combined nonrespondent bias 联系率contact rate 临床试验clinical trial 灵敏度sensitivity 领先时间偏倚lead time bias 流感病毒influenza virus 流行epidemic 流行病模型epidemic model 流行病学epidemiology 流行病学监测epidemiological surveillance 流行病学实验epidemiological experiment 流行过程epidemic process 流行曲线epidemic curve 流行性出血热epidemic hemorrhagic fever，EHF 流行性感冒Influenza 流行性肾病nephropathia epidemica，NE 率rate 率比rate ratio 率差rate difference，RD 轮状模式wheel mode M 蔓延流行propagated or progressive epidemic 盲法blindness 美国国家胆固醇教育规划National Cholesterol Education Program，NCEP 描述流行病学descriptive epidemiology 描述性研究descriptive study 目标人群target population N 内暴露剂量Internal Dose 内部有效性internal validity 内剂量internal dose 内剂量的测定internal dose meters 纳入/排除偏倚inclusion/exclusion bias 奈曼偏倚Neyman bias P 排除exclusions 排除法method of exclusion 排除偏倚exclusive bias 配对pair matching "皮鞋"流行病学shoeleather epidemiology 匹配matching 匹配变量matching variable 匹配过头overmatching 匹配因素matching factors 偏倚bias 频数匹配frequency matching 普查census Q 前瞻性prospective 8 前瞻性研究prospective study 潜伏期incubation period 潜隐期latent period 潜在工作损失年数Working Years of Potential Life Lost，WYPLL 潜在价值损失年数Valued Years of Potential Life Lost，VYPLL 潜在寿命损失年potential years of life lost，PYLL 强制干预enforcement intervention 求同法method of agreement 求异法method of difference 全人群策略population strategy 缺课天数days lost from school 缺勤天数days lost from work 缺失数据missing data 确定性检验explicit testing 确定性模型deterministic model R 人传人person to person spread 人类传染病anthroponosis 人类基因组计划human genome project 人类免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus，HIV 人群population 人群病因分值population etiologic fraction，PEF 人群的分层population stratification 人群归因危险度population attributable risk，PAR 人群归因危险度百分比population attributable risk percent，PARP 或PAR% 人群免疫性herd immunity 人群易感性herd susceptibility 人兽共患病，动物传染病zoonosis 人畜共患病anthropozoonosis 日期型date type 入院率偏倚（伯克森偏倚）admission rate bias （Berkson's bias）。

经济学专有名词 Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本B barriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族K kinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品M macroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Q quantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险Ssatiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称Ttangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ；技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第三级价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用Uuncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。

diffusion velocity 扩散速度 diffusion viscosity 扩散粘性 diffusion wave 扩散波 diffusion width 扩散宽度 diffusion zone 扩散带 diffusivity of heat 热扩散率 digging 挖掘 digital computer 数字计算机 digitizing 数字化 dihedral angle ⼆⾯⾓ dilatancy 扩容现象 dilatant fluid 胀猎铃 dilatation 膨胀 dilatational fissure 膨胀裂缝 dilatational shock 稀疏激波 dilatational strain 体积应变 dilatational wave 膨胀波 dilatational work 膨胀功 dilatometric curve 膨胀曲线 dilatometry 膨胀测定法 dilute phase flow 稀相怜 dilute phase of fluidization 怜稀相 diluted gas 稀⽓体 dilution factor 稀释因数 dimension theory 量纲理论 dimensional analysis 量纲分析 dimensional equation 量纲⽅程 dimensional formula 量纲公式 dimensional invariance 量纲不变性 dimensional perturbation 尺⼨的扰动 dimensional quantity 量纲量 dimensional transformation 量纲变换 dimensionless ⽆量纲的 dimensionless number ⽆因次数 dimensionless quantity ⽆量纲量 dimensionless specific speed ⽆因次⽐转速 dip 倾斜 diphase 两相的 dipole 偶极⼦ dipole elastic relaxation 偶极⼦弹性弛豫 dipole energy 偶极⼦能量 dipole force 偶极⼦⼒ dipole wave 偶极⼦波 direct control 直接控制 direct dynamic problem 动⼒学直接问题 direct extrusion 正挤压 direct impact 正碰 direct kinematic problem 运动学直接问题 direct load 直接荷载 direct method 直接法 direct motion 顺⾏ direct observation 直接观察 direct sense of motion 运动的直接指向 direct shear test 直剪试验 direct stiffness method 直接刚度法 direct stress 法向应⼒ directed movement 单向运动 directing force 指向⼒ direction ⽅向 direction angle ⽅向⾓ direction cosine ⽅向余弦 direction of action 酌⽅向 direction of rotation 转动⽅向 direction of tension 牵引⽅向 direction of traction 牵引⽅向 directional correlation ⽅向关联 directional dependence ⽅向依赖性 directional stability ⽅向稳定性 directivity ⽅向性 dirichlet neuman's problem 狄利克雷诺埃曼问题 dirichlet problem 狄利克雷问题 dirichlet stability theorem 狄利克雷稳定性定理 disassembly 拆卸 disc 圆盘 discharge 排出 discharge coefficient 量系数 discharge duration curve 量持续曲线 discharge of water 排⽔量 discharge pressure 排放压⼒ discharge rate 瘤速率 discharge regulator 量第器 disconnection 切断 discontinuity 不连续性 discontinuity condition 不连续条件 discontinuity interaction 不连续⾯相互酌 discontinuity layer 不连续层 discontinuity potential 不连续势 discontinuity surface 间断⾯ discontinuity wave 间断波 discontinuous 不连续的 discontinuous flow ⾮连续怜 discontinuous motion 间断运动 discontinuous spectrum 不连续频谱 discontinuous system 不连续系统 discrete 离散的 discrete element method 离散单元法 discrete stochastic process 离散随机过程 discriminant 判别式 discriminator 甄别器鉴相器 disequilibrium ⾮平衡 disk 圆盘 disk damping 圆盘阻尼 dislocation 位错 disorder energy ⽆序化能量 disorder pressure ⽆序压 disorder scattering ⽆规散射 disordered flow ⽆序流 disordered motion ⽆序运动 disorientation 乱取向 dispersed phase 分散相 dispersed shock 分散冲击 dispersion 分散 dispersion coefficient 分散系数 dispersion equation 分散⽅程 dispersion force 弥散⼒ dispersion frequency 分散频率 dispersion hardening 弥散硬化 dispersion interaction 弥散相互酌 dispersion medium 分散介质 dispersion model 分散模型 dispersion relation 分散关系 dispersion surface 弥散⾯ dispersion tensor 频散张量 dispersity 分散性 dispersive wave 弥散波 dispersiveness 分散性 displacement 变位 displacement collision 位移碰撞 displacement coordinate 位移坐标 displacement correction 排⽔量校正 displacement crack 位移裂隙 displacement diagram 变位图 displacement distance 移动距离 displacement field 位移场 displacement flow 排代怜 displacement gradient 位移梯度 displacement law 位移定律 displacement matrix 位移矩阵 displacement method 位移法 displacement of center of gravity 重⼼位移 displacement of equilibrium 平衡的移动 displacement pickup 位移传感器 displacement potential 位移势 displacement resistance 位移阻⼒ displacement sensitivity 位移灵敏度 displacement stream 排代运动 displacement surface 位移⾯ displacement tensor 位移张量 displacement thickness 位移厚度 displacement time graph 位移时间线图 displacement vector 位移⽮量 displacement vector of joint 关节位移⽮量 displacement wave 位移波 disruption 破裂 disruptive 破坏的 dissipated power 耗散功率 dissipation 耗散 dissipation constant 耗散常数 dissipation factor 耗散因数 dissipation of energy 能量的耗散 dissipation of jet 射聊散 dissipation of vorticity 涡旋耗散 dissipation rate 耗散速率 dissipative force 耗散⼒ dissipative function 耗散函数 dissipative process 耗散过程 dissipative stress 耗散应⼒ dissipative system 耗散系统 dissipativity 耗散度 dissociation 离解 dissociation energy 离解能 dissociation equilibrium 离解平衡 dissociation heat 离解热 dissociation potential 离解势 dissociation pressure 离解压 dissociation tension 离解压 dissolution 溶解 dissolution heat 溶解热 dissonance 不谐和 distance control 远距控制 distance from epicenter 震源距 distance of fall 下落距离 distance of visible horizon ⽔平视距 distorted wave 畸变波 distorted wave method 畸变波⽅法 distortion 畸变 distortion energy theory 畸变能理论 distortion factor 畸变因数 distortion matrix 变形矩阵 distortion standard 畸变基准 distortion tensor 畸变张量 distortional component 畸变分量 distortional strain energy 畸变能 distributed load 分布负载 distributed mass 分布质量 distributed moment 分配⼒矩 distributed parameter 分布参数 distributed parameter system 分布参数系统 distributed roughness 分布糙度 distributed source 分布源 distribution 分布 distribution coefficient 分布系数 distribution curve 分布曲线 distribution density 分布密度 distribution factor 分布系数 distribution function 分布函数 distribution law 分布律 distribution of angles of attack 攻⾓分布 distribution of lines of force ⼒线分布 distribution of turbidity 浊度分布 distribution of velocities of flow 临分布 disturbance 扰动 disturbance energy 微扰能 disturbance vortex 扰动涡 disturbation theory 微扰理论 disturbed motion 扰动运动 disturbing force 扰动⼒ disturbing function 扰动函数 disturbing mass 扰动质量 disturbing quantity 扰动量 diurnal motion 周⽇运动 dive 俯冲 divergence 发散 divergence of deformation 形变发散 divergence of fluid 铃散度 divergent flow 发散流 divergent nozzle 扩散形喷管 divergent series 发散级数 divergent wave 发散波 diversion 分流 diversion channel 分⽔渠 diversion dam 分⽔坝 dividing line 分界线 doi edwards theory 陶盖爱德华兹理论 domain 区域 dominant frequency 优势频率 dominant mode 郑 dominant wave 吱 dominant wavelength 吱长 donnell equation 唐奈⽅程 doppler effect 多普勒效应 dot and dash curve 点划线 dot and dash line 点划线 dotted curve 虚线 dotted line 虚线 double amplitude 双幅 double amplitude peak 双幅度峰值 double beam 双重梁 double diffusion 双扩散 double dipole 双偶极⼦ double exposure 双重曝光 double exposure holography 双重曝光全息照相术 double float 双浮标 double force 双⼒ double glide 双重滑移 double helix 双螺旋 double layer 双层 double layer potential 双层势 double lever 双杠杆 double modulation 双重灯 double modulus theory 双模数理论 double pendulum 双摆 double precision arithmetic 双精度运算 double refraction 双折射 double shock diffuser 双激波扩散器 doublet flow 偶极⼦怜 doublet source 双重源 down current 下降⽓流 down surge ⽔⾯下降 downstream 下游 downstream floor 下游护拦 downwash 下洗 downwash velocity 下洗速度 draft 吃⽔ drag 阻⼒ drag acceleration 减速 drag coefficient 阻⼒系数 drag effect 牵制效应 drag flow 阻曳流 drag force 迎⾯阻⼒ drag force of the flow 怜曳⼒ drag head 阻⼒⽔头 drag lift ratio 阻升⽐ drag polar 阻⼒极线 drag reduction 减阻 drain 排⽔管 drain water 排泄⽔ drainage 排⽔ drainage basin 硫 draught 吃⽔ drawing 牵引 drift 漂流 drift compensation 漂移补偿 drift current 漂流 drift energy 漂移能量 drift flow model 漂移怜模型 drift speed 漂移速度 drift velocity 漂移速度 drilling 钻孔 driving force 驱动⼒ driving torque 驱动转矩 drop 下降 drop fall 落滴 drop test 锤辉验 drop weight test 落锤试验 dropping velocity 沉降速度 dropping water 滴⽔ drowned spring ⽔底泉 dry adiabat ⼲绝热线 dry friction ⼲摩擦 dual quaterion 对偶四元数 dual tensor 对偶张量 dual vector 对偶⽮量 duck ⽔上飞机 ductile fracture 韧性断裂 ductile material 延性材料 ductilimeter 延性计 ductilimetry 延度测量法 ductility 延性 duffing equation 杜芬⽅程 duffing method 杜芬法 duffing problem 杜芬问题 dufour effect 迪富尔效应 duhamel integral 杜哈梅积分 dummy load 假负载 duncan chang model 邓肯张模型 durability 耐久性 durability factor 耐久性系数 duration 持续时间 duration of ascent 上升时间 duration of experiment 实验持续时间 duration of test 实验持续时间 dust flow method 尘两法 dye experiment 染⾊柳实验 dye method 染⾊液法 dying oscillation 衰减振荡 dying out 衰灭消失 dynamic accuracy 动态准确度 dynamic action of force ⼒的动态酌 dynamic analogy 动态模拟 dynamic analysis 动态分析 dynamic balancing machine 动平衡机 dynamic boundary condition 动⼒边界条件 dynamic characteristic 动态特性 dynamic coercitivity 动态矫顽磁⼒ dynamic coercive force 动态矫顽磁⼒ dynamic compensation 动态补偿 dynamic compensator 动态补偿器 dynamic condition 动态条件 dynamic consolidation 动⼒固结 dynamic design 动态设计 dynamic elastic modulus 动⼒弹性模量 dynamic elasticity 弹性动⼒学 dynamic equation 动⼒⽅程 dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡 dynamic error 动态误差 dynamic fracture 动⼒断裂 dynamic head 动压头 dynamic height 动⼒⾼度 dynamic hysteresis 动态滞后 dynamic instability 动⼒不稳定 dynamic lift 动升⼒ dynamic load 动⼒负载 dynamic meteorology 动⼒⽓象学 dynamic method 动⼒学⽅法 dynamic model 动⼒模型 dynamic modulus of elasticity 动⼒弹性模量 dynamic parallax 动⼒学视差 dynamic photoelasticity 动态光弹性法 dynamic precision 动态精度 dynamic pressure 动压⼒ dynamic programming 动态规划 dynamic property 动⼒特性 dynamic resistance 动态阻⼒ dynamic response 动态响应 dynamic rigidity 动态刚性 dynamic sensitivity 动态灵敏度 dynamic similarity 动⼒相似 dynamic simulation 动态模拟 dynamic specific speed 动⼒⽐速 dynamic spring constant 动态弹簧常数 dynamic stability 动⼒稳定度 dynamic strain 动应变 dynamic strength 动⼒强度 dynamic stress 动应⼒ dynamic superplasticity 动态超塑性 dynamic system of units 动⼒学单位制 dynamic temperature coefficient 动态温度系数 dynamic temperature difference 动态温差 dynamic test 动⼒试验 dynamic unbalance 动态不平衡 dynamic viscosity 动⼒粘性 dynamical balancing 动⼒平衡 dynamical depth 动⼒深度 dynamical equation of state 动态⽅程 dynamical force 动⼒ dynamical friction 动摩擦 dynamical similarity 动⼒学相似 dynamical system 动⼒系统 dynamical theory of tide 潮汐动⼒学理论 dynamical time ⼒学时 dynamical variables 动⼒学变量 dynamics 动⼒学 dynamometamorphism 动⼒变质酌 dynamometer 测⼒计 dynamometer car 测⼒试验车 dyne 达因。

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本TopBbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集TopCcapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性TopDdead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型TopEEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性TopFFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值TopGgame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶 收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿TopHheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说TopIidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族TopKkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线TopLlabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品TopMmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断TopNNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学TopOobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化TopPparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断TopQquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金TopRrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险TopSsatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称TopTtangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿TopVValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学TopWwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化TopZzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。