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2018考研英语二阅读题源：Text2店铺考研网为大家提供2018考研英语二阅读题源：T ext 2，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!2018考研英语二阅读题源：Text 2Commentary The Monitor's View The Monitor's ViewRenewable energy at a ‘tipping point’A shift in thoughtWashington may be showing less interest in alternative fuels, but the worldwide picture is dramatically different.June 26, 2017 —Should the world promote economic growth or fight climate change? That model of “either/or” thinking may be losing its validity faster than even some experts have imagined.While fossil fuels – coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years, reports the International Renewable Energy Agency.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, a state he won easily in 2016, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source.But that message did not play well with many in the Hawkeye State, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants such as Facebook, Microsoft, and Google are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.Prominent Republican politicians in Iowa are backing the growing industry. The state’s senior senator, Republican Chuck Grassley, has pledged his strong commitment to wind power, as has the new GOP governor, Kim Reynolds. Other red states in the heartland, such as Kansas, the Dakotas, and Texas, are experiencing a wind-powered boom as well.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries, and a dramatic drop in their cost, is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads in 2017, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. China, whose cities are choked by air pollution, may leadthe way.“Renewables have reached a tipping point globally,” sums up Simon Virley, who studies the world’s energy markets for the international accounting firm KPMG. He sees renewables competing on price with fossil fuels in more and more places around the world.“I think [the shift to renewable energy is] happening much faster than most well-educated business people in America understand,” adds British investor Jeremy Grantham, cofounder of the Boston-based asset manager firm GMO, in Britain’s Financial Times recently.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The the pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up –perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does –or doesn’t do –to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.。
【导语】2018年研究⽣考试英语⼀试题已陆续公布，考研频道⼩编将在第⼀时间为各位考⽣公布考研英语试题及答案信息，以下是⼩编为各位考⽣整理的2018考研英语⼀真题：阅读新题型相关内容，请各位考⽣查看如下： 以下是2018考研英语⼀阅读新题型源⽂： The Grounds Eisenhower Executive Office Building Originally built for the State, War and Navy Departments between 1871 and 1888, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building now houses a majority of offices for White House staff. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building is located next to the West Wing, and houses a majority of offices for White House staff. Originally built for the State, War and Navy Departments between 1871 and 1888, the EEOB is an impressive building that commands a unique position in both our national history and architectural heritage. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury Alfred Mullett, the granite, slate and cast iron exterior makes the EEOB one of America’s best examples of the French Second Empire style of architecture. It took 17 years for Mullett’s masterpiece to finally be completed. History Next door to the White House, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both our national history and architectural heritage. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country. In bold contrast to many of the somber classical revival buildings in Washington, the EEOB’s flamboyant style epitomizes the optimism and exuberance of the post-Civil War period. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century — the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed on sites flanking the White House between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building to the northeast of the White House. The State Department then moved to the D.C. Orphan Asylum Building while the War and Navy Departments continued to make do with their cramped quarters to the west of the White House. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished in 1888, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas. Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marqetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary. The Indian Treaty Room, originally the Navy’s library and reception room, cost more per square foot than any other room in the building because of its rich marble wall panels, tiled floors, 800-pound bronze sconces, and gold leaf ornamentation. This room has been the scene of many Presidential news conferences and continues to be used for conferences and receptions attended by the President. The remaining north, west, and center wings were constructed for the War Department and took an additional 10 years to build. Notable interiors include an ornate cast-iron library, the Secretary’s suite, and the stained glass skylight over the west wing’s double staircase. Many of our most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. President Herbert Hoover occupied the Secretary of Navy’s office for a few months following a fire in the Oval Office on Christmas Eve 1929. In recent history, President Richard Nixon had a private office here. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was the first in a succession of Vice Presidents to the present day that have had offices in the building. Gradually, the original tenants of the EEOB vacated the building – the Navy Department left in 1918 (except for the Secretary who stayed until 1921), followed by the War Department in 1938, and finally by the State Department in 1947. The White House began to move some of its offices across West Executive Avenue in 1939, and in 1949 the building was turned over to the Executive Office of the President and renamed the Executive Office Building. The building continues to house various agencies that comprise the Executive Office of the President, such as the White House Office, the Office of the Vice President, the Office of Management and Budget, and the National Security Council. The French Second Empire style originated in Europe, where it first appeared during the rebuilding of Paris in the 1850s and 60s. Based upon French Renaissance prototypes, such as the Louvre Palace, the Second Empire style is characterized by the use of a steep mansard roof, central and end pavilions, and an elaborately sculptured facade. Its sophistication appealed to visiting foreigners, especially in England and America, where as early as the late 1850s, architects began adopting isolated features and, eventually, the style as a coherent whole. Alfred Mullett’s interpretation of the French Second Empire style was, however, particularly Americanized in its lack of an ornate sculptural program and its bold, linear details. While it was only a project on the drafting table, the design of the EEOB was subject to controversy. When it was completed in 1888, the Second Empire style had fallen from favor, and Mullett’s masterpiece was perceived by capricious Victorians as only an embarrassing reminder of past whims in architectural preference. This was especially the case with the EEOB, since previous plans for a building on the same site had been in the Greek Revivial style of the Treasury Building. In 1917, the Commission of Fine Arts requested John Russell Pope to prepare sketches of the State, War, and Navy building that incorporated Classical facades. During the same year, Washington architect Waddy B. Wood completed a drawing depicting the building remodeled to resemble the Treasury Building. This project was revived in 1930 when Congress appropriated $3 million for its construction. Wood worked for 3 years on the design to remove the granite walls and replace them with marble, but the project was shelved due to financial burdens imposed by the Great Depression. In 1957, President Eisenhower‘s Advisory Committee on Presidential Office Space recommended demolition of the Executive Office Building and construction of a modern office facility. However, the public outcry, and the overwhelming expenses associated with the demolition, saved the building. The building has not been without detractors. It has been referred to as Mullett’s “architectural infant asylum” by writer Henry Adams. President Harry S. Truman came to the defense of the building when it was threatened by demolition in 1958. He said it was “the greatest monstrosity in America”. Noted architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock, however described it as “perhaps the best extant example in America of the second empire.” The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1969. In 1972, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. Since 1981, the Office of Administration of the Executive Office of the President has actively pursued a rigorous program of rehabilitation of the EEOB. The entire structure has benefited from an upgraded maintenance program that has also included restoration of some of the EEOB’s most spectacular historic interiors. In 1988, Congress enacted legislation to allow the Office of Administration to accept gifts and loans from the public on behalf of the EEOB to be used for preservation and restoration purposes. Persons interested in finding out more about the preservation program or in making a contribution should contact the Preservation Office. Facts Architectural Style: French Second Empire Construction Dates: 1871 – 1888 (17 years total) Supervising Architects: Alfred Mullett (1869-1874), William Potter (1875-1875), Orville Babcock (1875-1877), Thomas Lincoln Casey (1877-1888) Chief Designer: Richard Ezdorf Total Cost: $10,038,482.42 Total Building Area: 662,598 GSF (15.21 acres or 11 1/2 football fields) Number of Levels: Basement, Ground, Floors 1 through 5 Original Number of Rooms: 553 Exterior Columns: 900 Original Interior Doors: 1,314 Original Exterior Windows: 1,572 Bronze Stair Balusters: 4,004 Number of Steps: 1,784 (76 less than the Empire State Building with 1,860 steps) Number of Stairs: 65 Total Corridor Length: 9,160′-1″ or 1.73 miles (2.793 kilometers) Number of Original Fireplaces: 151 (83 remain) https:///about-the-white-house/eisenhower-executive-office-building/。
2018考研英语阅读经典试题及答案(2)冠珠教育推荐：2018年考研一次顺利提分课程！！一科不过，全科免费The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were — reptiles or birds — are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could onlyturn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into。
18年英语一阅读2018年英语一阅读理解真题及答案Passage OneText 1The idea that some groups of people are more intelligent than others is one of those theories that dare not speak its name, perhaps in part because of a backlash against what the Nazis did to the Jews. This is a pity, because it is a fact.The notion that the average member of any group differs from the average member of any other group in many ways - as measures by IQ tests - is the linchpin of a lot of research in social science. Social scientists like to tell stories about the way the groups they study are similar and different. They want to explain what makes one group more successful than another in achieving particular outcomes.This has given rise to a very large literature, and intelligence is now seen as a key predictor of how individuals will perform in a range of activities, including which job they do and how well they do it, which career they choose, how they vote, and even how likely they are to get divorced or smoke.Intelligence is also seen as the major correlate of educational achievement, or lack thereof. If you have intelligence, you should do well in school. If you don't, you won't. This is the implicit message in the test scores that schools and colleges use to determine whether you are a genius or a moron, a potential Nobel Prize winner or a deadbeat.The trouble is that there is very little evidence that intelligence is undermined by lack of access to a good education or by inequality of schooling opportunities. It is well known that there is a powerful genetic component to intelligence: bright parents tend to have bright children. This means that any attempt to improve intelligence through education is doomed to failure.The only way to increase the intelligence of the population at the lower end of the bell curve is to increase the intelligence of those at the top. In the long run, if you can't increase the intelligence of the least intelligent, you can at least make sure that they don't hold you back from achieving your full potential.31. The author holds that belief about intelligence _______.A. helps explain social inequalityB. is deeply rooted in historyC. needs further investigationD. has been rejected by research results32. What does the author mean by "it is a pity" (in line 2)？A. The Nazis' treatment of Jews was cruel.B. The Nazis' belief was unfounded.C. The Nazis' extreme theory was false.D. The Nazis' policy has led to discrimination.33. What can we infer about social scientists from the text？A. They attach great importance to group differences in intelligence.B. They attach great importance to group outcomes and successes.C. They explain group behavior solely in terms of intelligence.D. They explain group behavior based on both similarities and differences.34. The author believes that _______。
2018年考研英语真题及答案解析(2)Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”.It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill’s pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure isin place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that”housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative --- the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.6.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A]has brought much benefit to the NHS.[B]didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.[C]is fully backed by the royal family.[D]is not well reflected in politics.7. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A]gradually destroyed.[B]effectively reinforced.[C]properly protected.[D]largely overshadowed.8.which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.[B]the Conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“ building.[C]the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D]labour is under attack for opposing development.9.the author holds that George Osborne’s preference[A]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.[D]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.10.In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of[A]the size of population in Britain.[Bthe enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[C]the town-and-country planning in Britain.[D]the political life in today is Britain.6.答案 D is not well reflected in politics解析：细节题。
2018年考研英语一阅读理解摘要：2018 年考研英语一阅读理解I.考研英语一阅读理解的概述- 考研英语一的背景和重要性- 阅读理解在考研英语一中的地位和作用II.2018 年考研英语一阅读理解题型及难度分析- 题型及分值分布- 难度分析及趋势预测III.2018 年考研英语一阅读理解备考策略- 备考时间及方法规划- 真题练习与解析- 提高阅读速度和理解能力的技巧IV.2018 年考研英语一阅读理解解题技巧- 文章主旨题解题技巧- 细节题解题技巧- 推理判断题解题技巧- 词汇题解题技巧正文：2018 年考研英语一阅读理解2018 年考研英语一的阅读理解部分继续沿用了以往的传统题型，包括文章主旨题、细节题、推理判断题和词汇题。
阅读理解作为考研英语的重要组成部分，其难度和分值占比一直备受考生关注。
因此，对于备考2018 年考研英语一的同学来说，如何高效地备考阅读理解部分，提高解题速度和准确率，成为了众多考生关注的热点问题。
首先，针对2018 年考研英语一阅读理解的题型及难度分析，我们可以看到，文章主旨题在整套试题中占据较高的比重，这就要求考生在阅读过程中，要具备快速把握文章主题的能力。
此外，细节题和推理判断题的难度相对适中，要求考生具备一定的英语基础和阅读理解能力。
而词汇题则侧重于考查考生的词汇掌握和运用能力。
总的来说，2018 年考研英语一阅读理解的难度与往年持平，但题型更加多样化，侧重考查考生的综合阅读理解能力。
针对2018 年考研英语一阅读理解的备考策略，考生应合理安排备考时间，坚持每天进行阅读训练。
在阅读材料的选择上，可以参考历年真题和一些权威的英语阅读教材。
此外，考生还可以通过参加线上或线下的英语阅读课程，提高自己的阅读理解能力。
在方法上，建议考生采用先泛读后精读的方式，先快速浏览全文，了解文章主题和大意，再针对性地进行细节阅读。
在解题技巧方面，针对不同类型的题目，考生应掌握相应的解题方法。
2018考研英语一真题word版IntroductionThe 2018 English subject test for the postgraduate entrance examination, commonly known as the "Gaokao," was conducted in a word format. This article aims to analyze and discuss the content and structure of the 2018 English subject test.Part A: Reading ComprehensionIn this section, candidates were required to read several passages and answer questions based on the information provided. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including history, science, and literature. The questions tested the candidates' ability to comprehend the main ideas, infer information, and make logical deductions. This section was designed to evaluate the reading comprehension and critical thinking skills of the candidates.Part B: Vocabulary and GrammarThe vocabulary and grammar section assessed the candidates' understanding and usage of English vocabulary and grammatical structures. It included questions such as completing sentences with appropriate vocabulary words or selecting the correct grammatical structures to fill in the blanks. This section aimed to assess the candidates' proficiency in English language usage and their ability to apply vocabulary and grammar rules accurately.Part C: TranslationThe translation section required candidates to translate sentences or short paragraphs from Chinese to English. This section tested the candidates' translation skills and their ability to accurately convey the original meaning of the text into English. It also challenged their knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic expressions in both languages.Part D: WritingThe writing section evaluated the candidates' ability to express their thoughts and ideas in English in a coherent and organized manner. The candidates were given a topic and were required to write an essay. The topics covered a wide range of subjects, such as environmental protection, social issues, and education. This section assessed the candidates' writing skills, including their ability to develop a persuasive argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and structure their essays effectively.ConclusionThe 2018 English subject test for the postgraduate entrance examination was conducted in a word format, comprising sections on reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar, translation, and writing. This format aimed to assess the candidates' overall English language proficiency, including their reading and comprehension skills, vocabulary and grammar usage, translation skills, and writing abilities.The test provided a comprehensive evaluation of the candidates' English language abilities, which are crucial qualifications for pursuing postgraduate studies. Understanding the structure and content of the test is essential for candidates to adequately prepare and achieve success in the examination.。
2018年英语一text2In 2018, the English language test for college entrance examination in China included a text2 section that sparked controversy and debate. The text2 section featured a passage about the impact of social media on young people, and it raised concerns about the potential negative effects of excessive use of social media platforms. This topic is particularly relevant in today's digital age, where social media has become an integral part of daily life for many young people. The passage prompted a range of responses from students, educators, and the public, with some expressing agreement with the concerns raised in the passage, while others defended the positive aspects of social media.From the perspective of students, the text2 section of the English language test presented a thought-provoking and relevant topic that resonated with their own experiences. Many students are active users of social media platforms, and the passage likely struck a chord with them as theyconsidered the potential impact of their own social media usage. Some students may have felt defensive about the portrayal of social media in the passage, while others may have been more open to considering the potential drawbacksof excessive social media use. Overall, the inclusion ofthis topic in the English language test provided an opportunity for students to engage with a current and important issue, prompting critical thinking and reflection.Educators and parents also had strong reactions to the text2 section of the English language test. Some educators may have welcomed the opportunity to address the topic of social media in the classroom, using the passage as a springboard for discussions about digital literacy, online safety, and responsible social media use. Others may have expressed concerns about the potential influence of social media on students' well-being and academic performance, and the passage likely prompted conversations about how to support young people in navigating the challenges of the digital age. Parents, too, may have found the passage to be a timely reminder of the importance of monitoring and guiding their children's social media usage, as well asfostering open communication about the potential risks and benefits of online interactions.The public response to the text2 section of the English language test reflected broader debates about the impact of social media on society. Some members of the public may have applauded the inclusion of this topic in the test, seeing it as a recognition of the need to critically examine the role of social media in young people's lives. Others may have criticized the passage for being overly negative or one-sided in its portrayal of social media, highlighting the positive aspects of online connectivity, community building, and access to information. The passage likely sparked conversations about the complexities of social media use, with differing perspectives on how to best support young people in navigating the digital landscape.Overall, the text2 section of the 2018 English language test in China prompted a range of responses from students, educators, and the public, reflecting the ongoing debates about the impact of social media on young people. Theinclusion of this topic in the test provided an opportunity for critical thinking, reflection, and dialogue about the challenges and opportunities presented by social media in today's digital age. As society continues to grapple with the implications of online connectivity, the passage served as a timely reminder of the importance of fostering digital literacy, responsible online behavior, and open communication about the role of social media in young people's lives.。
Text1Ⅰ①Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Ⅱ①Don't dismiss that possibility entirely.②About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.③Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.④But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering—have aroused their interest,or soon will.⑤The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.Ⅲ①This isn't to be alarmist.②Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.③The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.④Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.⑤But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.Ⅳ①The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.②Curriculums—from grammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.④Online education can supplement the traditional kind.⑤It could make extra training and instruction affordable.⑥Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.Ⅴ①The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.②In previous eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.③The best uses of3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet.④The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Ⅵ①Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Ⅶ①Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.③But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A]Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A]Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists'opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A]creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A]encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem with[A]opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text2Ⅰ①A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter.②The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a president’s social media platform.Ⅱ①Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.②Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.③Such a trend is badly needed.④During the2016presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.⑤And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found44percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Ⅲ①Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages14and24found they use “distributed trust”to verify stories.③They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.④“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Ⅳ①Such active research can have another effect.A2014survey conducted in Australia,Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Ⅴ①Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.②This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.③A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.④About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.⑤In other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.⑥“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.Ⅵ①So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills–and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs1and2,many young Americans cast doubts on[A]the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B]people’s preference for social media platforms.[C]the administrations ability to handle information.[D]social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]sharpen[B]define[C]boast[D]share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people[A]tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B]verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C]have s strong sense of responsibility.[D]like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A]readers outdated values.[B]journalists’biased reporting[C]readers’misinterpretation[D]journalists’made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B]A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C]The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D]The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text3Ⅰ①Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.②DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.③The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.④It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of1.6million patients.⑤In2015on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.Ⅱ①DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.②Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.③There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.④But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.⑤Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it “controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed"it.⑥But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.Ⅲ①The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.③That misses the way the surveillance economy works.④The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.Ⅳ①The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.②This practice does not address the real worry.③It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.④What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.⑤If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.⑦A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?[A]It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B]It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C]It fell short of the latter's expectations[D]It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A]empty promises.[B]tough resistance.[C]necessary adjustments.[D]sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph2that[A]privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B]leaking patients'data is worse than selling it.[C]making profits from patients'data is illegal.[D]the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is[A]the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B]the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C]the uncontrolled use of new software.[D]the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous.Text4Ⅰ①The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.②It reported a net loss of$5.6billion for fiscal2016,the10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.③Meanwhile,it has more than$120billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.④There are many bankruptcies.⑤Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.Ⅱ①And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.②This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Ⅲ①Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.③Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.④The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions.Ⅳ①If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate–where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep thePostal Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.②There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for80percent of the agency’s costs.③Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.④That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS$2billion per year.⑤But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.⑥The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.⑦It is not,however,a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A].its unbalanced budget.[B].its rigid management.[C].the cost for technical upgrading.[D].the withdrawal of bank support.37.According to Paragraph2,the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A].the interference from interest groups.[B].the inadequate funding from Congress.[C].the shrinking demand for postal service.[D].the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A].removing its burden of retiree health care.[B].making more investment in new vehicles.[C].adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D].attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A].The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B].The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese[C].The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D].The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid。
