“炎德英才杯”高一基础学科知识竞赛理综试题

炎德英才杯2019-2020学年高一英语下学期基础学科知识竞赛试题时量：100分钟满分：100分第一部分阅读(共两节，满分40分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AHigh school is more than just attending classes and trying to g et good grades. Students can take full advantage of the oppor tunities high school offers them to explore their interests and i nteract with fellow students in activities and clubs.Honor SocietiesFor students who do well academically or artistically, there ar e organizations like the National Honor Society, National Scie nce Honor Society and National Art Honor Society that reward students whose achievements are superior. Students who de sire to be a part of high school honor societies are required to have grade point averages of at least 3.0, on a 4.0 scale, and may have to get nominated(提名)by teachers or request recommendation letters. While thes e organizations focus on scholarship, they also teach member s leadership skills and encourage community service.Sports and Athletics ClubsWhether formally joining a sports team or simply participating in school activities, high schools offer students a wide range o f sports and athletics clubs. Helping students stay active and healthy, these clubs teach students the importance of teamwo rk, patience and practice.Community Service OrganizationsOrganizations like the Key Club International and Habitat for Humanity help students give back to their communities by par ticipating in structured service learning activities. From cleanin g a local park to distributing(分配)Thanksgiving baskets to the homeless, these organization s teach children the importance of reaching out a helping han d to those in need.Career Development ClubsDetermining the right career path comes from exploring differ ent options to learn what each career requires and how it fits your interests. High schools develop clubs and organizations dedicated to students who want to own businesses, become t eachers, doctors, lawyers and actors, among many other careers. Students participating in these clubs are active in the com munity and often compete against students on local, regional and sometimes national levels. Clubs like DECA(an associati on of marketing students) and FBLA(Future Business Leaders of America) have students compete against one another to te st their business skills. Other career-oriented clubs include organizations for future teachers, debate and photography enthusiasts.1. Which of the following has a requirement for student achiev ements?A. Career Development Clubs.B. Honor Societies.C. Community Service Organizations.D. Sports and Athleti cs Clubs.2. What do Sports and Athletics Clubs and Community Service Organizations have in common?A. They both need students to work together.B. They both teach students practical skills.C. They both provide moral education for students.D. They both build students' confidence.3. What is the purpose of Career Development Clubs?A. To help students with career planning.B. To train people for all walks of life.C. To lead students to find their hobbies.D. To improve stude nts' awareness of competition.B"Nature never stops being amazing," says Rosemary Mosco, master of humorous nature art. Her new book, Birding Is MyF avorite Video Game, combines fascinating facts with charmin g pictures, and it's guaranteed to make you laugh. In fact, the learning and laughing are both equally important to Rosemary ."There's so much to love about birds," notes Rosemary. "I ad mire that they're real-life, modern dinosaurs! As an artist, I'm captivated by their col or variations. Once you get into birds, the interest snowballs. You can find them almost everywhere. You start to notice sub tle behaviors and wing patterns. You're never bored again. Te aching a kid to watch birds is a huge gift."Birds make regular appearances in Rosemary's nature art co mics(连环漫画). She created charts(图表)explaining the songs and calls of common eastern and we stern birds. One of her most popular pieces is a flow chart hel ping you to decide whether or not to help a baby bird fallen fro m a nest. And her own personal favorite cartoon is about tiny owls, meant to be both motivational and mildly disturbing. Rosemary explains: "One reader asked me if we had any evidenc e that these owls can kill and eat a moose(驼鹿). My response was, not yet…"Rosemary loves other animals, and is especially proud of a p oster she drew showing every snake in the US and Canada. She also has a real soft spot for butterflies. "Their behaviors c an be surprisingly complex," she points out. "They defend hab itats with dogfights. They have complex relationships with poi sonous plants. Some of them cat waste and drink tears. Oh, a nd it helps that they pose nicely for photos."Mostly self-taught, Rosemary has taken a few art courses, even studying video game art for a bit. During her career, she's created man y educational charts, and has been working on some children' s science books. She also has an upcoming comics novel abo ut the solar system."I'm excited to share more stories about the natural world." Ro semary says about the future of her nature art comics. "Humo r gives science wings!"4. What is the main feature of Rosemary's comics?A. A novel of ecology and cartoons.B. A combination of nature art and science.C. A mixture of entertainment and education.D. A book of interesting facts and behavior charts.5. What does the underlined word "captivated" mean in Parag raph 2?A. Puzzled.B. Attracted.C. Shocked.D. Encouraged.6. The purpose of writing Paragraph 4 is to .A. share the content of Rosemary's comicsB. explain the popularity of Rosemary's artC. prove the hardship of Rosemary's creationD. disclose the source of Rosemary's inspiration7. What is Rosemary most likely to do next?A. Take some art courses.B. Write a new birding book.C. Draw the sun humorously.D. Observe moose's behavior .CSign language, the primary form of communication of the deaf community, has been in use for hundreds of years. You're pr obably most familiar with American Sign Language, but sign l anguage is used all over the world and has nearly 150 variatio ns. Sign language interpreters can be seen everywhere from classrooms and graduation ceremonies to major sporting events.When you think of sign language, you most likely imagine sig ners using their hands to form words and letters. However, ha nds arc only one of the many different body language techniq ues that signers use to get their meaning across. In fact, muc h of the grammatical structure of sign language is not indicate d by the signer's hands.While the hands are responsible for forming the words thems elves, markers called "non-manual elements" control much of the languages' grammatica l structure. Non-manual elements (or markers) arc body language techniques that don't use the hands. These include head movements, bo dy positioning and facial expressions. Used together with the signs. these elements give sign language a subtle(微妙的)and extremely complicated grammatical structure. Linguist Andrea Lackner from Alpcn-Adria University in Austria did a study that shows just how imp ortant these non-manual elements arc to sign language users. The study assessed just how many different things non-manual elements can do. For this study, all participants were deaf users of Austrian Sign Language. They watched a video of someone using sign language, and they had to describe the purpose of each non-manual element. The results were very complicated. For insta nce, things as subtle as the direction of the signer's gaze can indicate whether or not a statement is hypothetical(假设的). A single head movement can indicate the emotion of a st atement, a conditional or if situation, or a signer's feelings tow ard a hypothetical question. Body language is always importa nt, but in sign language, it can change the entire meaning of a sentence!8. What do signers use their hands to do mostly?A. To know people's words and letters.B. To understand peop le's meanings.C. To form the grammatical structure.D. To form words and le tters.9. What do non-manual elements include?A. Words, sign language and body language.B. Head movements, body language and signs.C. Head movements, body positioning and facial expressions.D. Body positioning, facial expressions and signs.10. What does the study show about sign language?A. The main function of the non-manual elements.B. The importance of the non-manual elements.C. The influence of body language on sign language.D. The influence of sign language on body language.11. What may be the best title for the text?A. Non-manual Elements Counts in Sign LanguageB. Ways to Avoid Being MisunderstoodC. Grammatical Elements in Sign LanguageD. The Importanc e of Sign LanguageDNobel prize-winners, legendary(传奇的)authors, and famous scientists-you might think all these people were born to be creative. Ho wever, that's not always the case.While well-known figures like Pablo Picasso and Albert Einstein did their most significant work in their youth, famous American poet Ro bert Frost and English-born natural scientist Charles Darwin were known as "late blo omers"-people whose talents were not noticeable until later in life. This idea of "peaking" at different times inspired new research from the United States. "Many people believe that creativity isexclusively(独有地)associated with youth, but it really depends on what kind of creativity you're talking about," said Bruce Weinberg, a profe ssor of economics at the University of Chicago and co-author of the study.According to the study, published earlier this month in the jour nal De Economist, there are two types of people: conceptual(概念的)and experimental thinkers.To reach this conclusion, researchers took the 31 previous wi nners of the Nobel Prize in economics and arranged them acc ording to when they did their most significant work, to identify their creative peaks.Some peaked from ages 25-29. Classified as conceptual thinkers, these people think outsi de of the box, coming up with new ideas before they become used to the conventional way of doing things.The second creative peak came with economists in their 50s. These are experimental thinkers who have been in their fields for a long time. This allows them to learn from errors and exp eriment with different processes, before eventually finding ne w solutions."Whether you hit your creative peak early or late in your caree r depends on whether you have a conceptual or experimentalapproach," said Weinberg. He added that their study isn't limit ed to economics, saying it can apply to other creative disciplin es(知识领域). So if you're struggling to come up with new ideas, don't p anic. Your creative peak may be yet to arrive.12. What did the study from the US find?A. Young people arc not necessarily more creative than old p eople.B. Most people take a conceptual approach when thinking.C. People's creative peak in their life is related to their job typ e.D. Conceptual and experimental thinkers hit their peaks at diff erent times.13. What is the characteristic of conceptual thinkers?A. They tend to challenge conventional rules.B. They arc crea tive due to their young ages.C. They arc likely to follow traditonal rules.D. They fail to come up with new ideas.14. What do we know about experimental thinkers?A. Their talents usually bloom in their 20s.B. They are good at doing experiments.C. They work out new methods based on experience.D. They are more successful than conceptual thinkers.15. What would Weinberg probably agree with?A. It's difficult to find one's talent in later years.B. More research needs to be done about creative peaks.C. Conceptual thinkers could be more successful in the art fiel d.D. Experimental thinkers from other fields may succeed in thei r 50s.第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

姓名________准考证号________ 名校联考联合体2025届高三第一次联考（暨入学检测）物理注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷和答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、单项选择题（本大题共6小题，每小题4分，共24分。

每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求）1.北京时间2024年7月31日，巴黎奥运会跳水女子双人10米跳台决赛，中国选手全红婵/陈芋汐以总分359.10分的绝对优势获得金牌。

在比赛过程中，全红婵和陈芋汐是绝对同步的，下列说法正确的是（）A.在下落过程中全红婵感觉水面是静止的B.起跳瞬间全红婵和陈芋汐的加速度相等C.全红婵的速率越大，其惯性越大D.下落和入水过程中全红婵可以看成质点2.如图所示，边长为L的光滑正方形导线框，以初速度v0进入宽度为L的匀强磁场，线框刚好能离开磁场，则在线框进入和离开磁场的过程中，下列物理量一定相同的是（）A.感应电流的方向B.线框产生的热量C.通过某个截面的电量大小D.线框所受的平均安培力3.2024年6月25日，嫦娥六号返回器准确着陆于内蒙古四子王旗预定区域，工作正常，标志着探月工程嫦娥六号任务取得圆满成功，实现世界首次月球背面采样返回。

变轨时轨道器和返回器组合体（以下简称组合体）绕月球做半径为3R的匀速圆周运动，嫦娥六号在半径为R的近月轨道上运动，嫦娥六号运动到A点时变轨到椭圆轨道，在B点与组合体实现对接。

已知月球表面的重力加速度为g月，忽略月球自转，则下列说法正确的是（）A.组合体的运行周期为2B.嫦娥六号在椭圆轨道上B点的速度小于嫦娥六号在近月轨道的速度C.嫦娥六号在椭圆轨道上A点的加速度大于在近月轨道上A点的加速度D.嫦娥六号在椭圆轨道上的运行周期与组合体的运行周期之比为4.如图，上表面光滑下表面粗糙的14圆弧轨道AB静止在水平面上，一小球从圆弧的最低点A在水平外力F的作用下缓慢从最低点A沿圆弧向上运动，已知圆弧轨道AB一直保持静止，小球质量为m，重力加速度为g，则（）A.外力F先增大后减小B.圆弧对小球的支持力一直在减小C.当推力12F mg=时，小球和圆弧轨道圆心O的连线与竖直方向的夹角为30°D.水平面对圆弧轨道AB的静摩擦力一直在增大★5.如图所示是某地铁站的安检设施。

湖南省炎德英才杯2019-2020学年高一物理下学期基础学科知识竞赛试题时量：90分钟满分：100分一、单项选择题：本题共8小题，每小题3分，共24分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.牛顿时代的科学家们围绕万有引力的研究，经历了大量曲折顽强而又闪烁智慧的科学实践。

在万有引力定律的发现历程中，下列叙述符合史实的是A.伽利略研究了第谷的行星观测记录，提出了行星运动定律B卡文迪许将行星与太阳、地球与月球、地球与地面物体之间的引力推广到宇宙中的一切物体，得出了万有引力定律C.哈雷在实验室中准确地得出了引力常量G的数值，使得万有引力定律有了现实意义D.牛顿通过月地检验，验证了万有引力定律2.甲，乙两物体同时以相同的速度经过某个位置时开始计时，从t＝0时刻开始两物体沿同一直线做减速运动，最终又都停止在另一相同的位置，整个过程甲、乙运动的v－t图象如图所示，则A.整个过程中甲的平均速度大于乙的平均速度B.从t＝0时刻到下一次速度相等的过程中，乙的平均速度要大于甲的平均速度C.在运动过程中甲的加速度一直小于乙的加速度D.在运动过程中甲，乙两物体的加速度不可能相同3.如图所示，重物M沿竖直杆下滑，并通过一根不可伸长的细绳带动小车沿水平面向右运动。

若当滑轮右侧的绳与竖直方向成β＝60°角，且重物下滑的速率为v＝2m/s时，滑轮左侧的绳与水平方向成α＝45°角，则小车的速度为A.23m/sB.3m/sC.22m/sD.2m/s4.在一斜面頂端，将质量相等的甲、乙两个小球分别以2v 和v 的速度沿同一方向水平抛出，两球都落在该斜面上。

则下列说法正确的是A 乙球落到斜面上时速度方向与水平方向的夹角要比甲球的小B.从抛出到落到斜面上重力对甲，乙两球做功之比为1：2C.落到斜面上时甲，乙两球重力的瞬时功率之比为1：2D.两球从抛出到落到斜面上运动的时间相同5.2019年春节期间，中国科幻电影里程碑作品《流浪地球》热播，影片中为了让地球逃离太阳系，人们在地球上建造特大功率发动机，使地球完成一系列变轨操作，其逃离过程可设想成如图所示，地球在椭圆轨道I 上运行到远日点B 变轨，进入圆形轨道II 。

2023年湖南省炎德、英才大联考高考物理模拟试卷（一）1. 下列说法正确的是( )A. 放射性元素经过两个完整的半衰期后，将完全衰变殆尽B. 一个处于第4能级的氢原子，最多可放出3种不同频率的光子C. 在光电效应实验中，若仅增大入射光的强度，则光电子的最大初动能变大D. 原子核所含核子单独存在时的总质量小于该原子核的质量2. 拔河比赛是长郡中学“教师趣味运动会”必备项目，如图甲所示为拔河比赛时一位老师的拔河示意图，可以认为此时处于平衡状态。

该情形下可简化成如图乙所示的一质量分布均匀的钢管模型。

在拔河时身体缓慢向后倾倒，可以认为钢管与地面的夹角逐渐变小，在此期间，脚与水平地面之间没有滑动，绳子的方向始终保持水平。

已知当钢管受到同一平面内不平行的三个力而平衡时，三个力的作用线必交于一点。

根据上述信息，当钢管与地面的夹角逐渐变小时，下列说法正确的有( )A. 地面对钢管支持力变小B. 地面对钢管的摩擦力变大C. 地面对钢管的作用力不变D. 手对绳子的摩擦力方向向左3. 汽车极大方便了人们的出行，小芳同学乘车时观察到了许多物理现象及其应用。

对于这些现象，下列说法正确的是( )A. 部分汽车的侧边安装有高清摄像头，部分镜头为了兼顾隐蔽性和清晰度，在其表面贴了增透膜。

这是利用了光的干涉现象，增透膜的厚度可以为入射光在膜中波长的一半B. 在高温晴朗的夏天，可能会看到道路远处地面上仿佛是“湿漉漉”的这是因为光在传播过程中发生了全反射，比起高空，地面附近的空气为光密介质C. 在高速公路的侧边会安装一些反光板，其结构为很多的小玻璃球，可以使光线沿平行于原来的方向反射回．这是因为光在折射入小玻璃球后发生了全反射，沿对称光路折射回空气D. 部分汽车前窗玻璃和前灯玻璃可能采用的是偏振玻璃，其透振方向正好与灯光的振动方向垂直，但还要能看清自己车灯发出的光所照亮的物体。

假设所有的汽车前窗玻璃和前灯玻璃均按同一要求设置，前窗玻璃和车灯玻璃的透振方向可以都是斜向右上4. 如图所示，交流发电机中的矩形线框的匝数为N，面积为S，线框所处磁场可视为匀强磁场，磁感应强度大小为B，线框从图示位置开始绕轴以恒定的角速度沿逆时针方向转动，线框通过电刷和外电路连接。

高一理综竞赛试题及答案一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 下列关于光的反射定律的描述中，正确的是：A. 反射角等于入射角B. 反射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧C. 反射光线与入射光线在同一平面内D. 以上说法都正确答案：D2. 以下哪个选项是描述电流的物理量：A. 电压B. 电阻C. 电荷D. 电流3. 根据牛顿第二定律，物体的加速度与作用力成正比，与物体的质量成反比，下列哪个选项正确地描述了这一关系：A. F=maB. a=F/mC. F=m*aD. a=F/m^2答案：B4. 在理想气体状态方程PV=nRT中，下列哪个变量是温度的量度：A. P（压强）B. V（体积）C. R（气体常数）D. T（温度）5. 以下哪个选项是描述电磁感应现象的：A. 电流产生磁场B. 磁场产生电流C. 电流产生电场D. 电场产生磁场答案：B6. 根据欧姆定律，电阻R、电流I和电压U之间的关系是：A. I=U/RB. U=IRC. R=U/ID. I=RU答案：A7. 以下哪个选项是描述能量守恒定律的：A. 能量可以被创造B. 能量可以被消灭C. 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭D. 能量可以从一种形式转化为另一种形式答案：C8. 以下哪个选项是描述原子核结构的：A. 由质子和中子组成B. 由电子和质子组成C. 由质子和电子组成D. 由中子和电子组成答案：A9. 在化学反应中，下列哪个选项是描述质量守恒定律的：A. 反应物的质量总和等于生成物的质量总和B. 反应物的质量总和大于生成物的质量总和C. 反应物的质量总和小于生成物的质量总和D. 反应物和生成物的质量没有关系答案：A10. 以下哪个选项是描述相对论中时间膨胀效应的：A. 运动的物体质量增加B. 运动的物体长度收缩C. 运动的物体时间变慢D. 运动的物体电荷增加答案：C二、填空题（每题4分，共20分）11. 根据万有引力定律，两个物体之间的引力与它们的质量的乘积成正比，与它们之间的距离的平方成反比。

2024届湖南省考高三下学期炎德英才大联考一模全真演练物理试题（基础必刷）一、单项选择题（本题包含8小题，每小题4分，共32分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）(共8题)第(1)题一简谐横波在时刻的波形图如图所示，该简谐波沿轴正方向传播，周期，质点的横坐标，则（ ）A．简谐波的波长为B．简谐波的波速是C．简谐波的振幅为D．时，向轴负方向运动第(2)题北京时间2023年1月15日11时14分，我国在太原卫星发射中心使用长征二号丁运载火箭，以“一箭十四星”发射方式，成功将齐鲁二号/三号卫星及珞珈三号01星、吉林一号高分03D34星等4颗卫星发射升空，卫星顺利进入预定轨道，发射任务获得圆满成功．假设其中的甲、乙两颗卫星均绕地球做匀速圆周运动，甲的轨道半径是乙的2倍，甲的质量也是乙的2倍．则（）A．由可知，甲的速度是乙的倍B．由可知，甲的向心加速度是乙的2倍C．由可知，甲的向心力是乙的D．由可知，甲的周期是乙的倍第(3)题下列核反应属于人工转变的是（ ）A．B．C．D．第(4)题2022年8月12日，国家重大科技基础设施“稳态强磁场实验装置”实现重大突破，创造场强45.22万高斯的稳态强磁场。

如图所示，两光滑导轨放置在绝缘水平面上，其中一根导轨沿x轴放置，另一根导轨由、、段组成，其中、段与x轴的夹角相等，段与x轴的夹角小于段与x轴的夹角，a端和沿x轴放置的导轨上的O点间用导线连接一定值电阻，导体棒垂直x轴水平向右以速度v做匀速运动，经过坐标原点时取，空间中有垂直水平面方向的匀强磁场，导轨和导体棒电阻均不计，则运动过程中通过导体棒的电流I、导体棒所受安培力大小F、导体棒克服安培力做功的功率P和定值电阻两端的电压U随时间变化的图像可能正确的是（ ）A．B．C．D．第(5)题如图所示，下列关于撑杆跳高运动员在上升过程中的说法正确的是（ ）A．运动员受到杆的作用力等于重力B．运动员经历先超重后失重的过程C．运动员的重力势能全部由杆的弹性势能转化而来D．分析运动员肌肉做功放能过程可将其看成质点第(6)题下列说法正确的是（ ）A．某黑体在不同温度下的辐射强度与波长的关系如图甲所示，则温度T1<T2B．同一光电管的光电流与电压之间的关系曲线如图乙所示，则入射光的频率关系为ν甲=ν乙>ν丙C．图丙为康普顿效应的示意图，科学家通过X射线的衍射来获得晶体的结构图像，已知普朗克常量为h，真空的光速为c，若X射线在真空中的波长为λ，其对应的光子能量，该光子与电子碰撞后其波长将变大D．在两种固体薄片上涂上蜡，用烧热的针接触固体背面上一点，蜡熔化的范围如图丁所示，则a一定是非晶体，b一定是晶体第(7)题在光电效应的实验中，下列说法正确的是（ ）A．入射光频率越大，光电子最大初动能越大B．只要光照时间足够长，所有金属都能发生光电效应C．光电效应是否发生，与光照强度有关D．光电效应说明了光具有波动性第(8)题若通以电流I的圆形线圈在线圈内产生的磁场近似为方向垂直线圈平面的匀强磁场，其大小（k的数量级为）。

湖南省炎德英才杯2024-2025学年高一物理下学期基础学科学问竞赛试题时量：90分钟满分：100分一、单项选择题：本题共8小题，每小题3分，共24分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.牛忽然代的科学家们围绕万有引力的探讨，经验了大量曲折坚韧而又闪耀才智的科学实践。

在万有引力定律的发觉历程中，下列叙述符合史实的是A.伽利略探讨了第谷的行星观测记录，提出了行星运动定律B卡文迪许将行星与太阳、地球与月球、地球与地面物体之间的引力推广到宇宙中的一切物体，得出了万有引力定律C.哈雷在试验室中精确地得出了引力常量G的数值，使得万有引力定律有了现实意义D.牛顿通过月地检验，验证了万有引力定律2.甲，乙两物体同时以相同的速度经过某个位置时起先计时，从t＝0时刻起先两物体沿同始终线做减速运动，最终又都停止在另一相同的位置，整个过程甲、乙运动的v－t图象如图所示，则A.整个过程中甲的平均速度大于乙的平均速度B.从t＝0时刻到下一次速度相等的过程中，乙的平均速度要大于甲的平均速度C.在运动过程中甲的加速度始终小于乙的加速度D.在运动过程中甲，乙两物体的加速度不行能相同3.如图所示，重物M沿竖直杆下滑，并通过一根不行伸长的细绳带动小车沿水平面对右运动。

若当滑轮右侧的绳与竖直方向成β＝60°角，且重物下滑的速率为v＝2m/s时，滑轮左侧的绳与水平方向成α＝45°角，则小车的速度为A.23m/sB.3m/sC.22m/sD.2m/s4.在一斜面頂端，将质量相等的甲、乙两个小球分别以2v 和v 的速度沿同一方向水平抛出，两球都落在该斜面上。

则下列说法正确的是A 乙球落到斜面上时速度方向与水平方向的夹角要比甲球的小B.从抛出到落到斜面上重力对甲，乙两球做功之比为1：2C.落到斜面上时甲，乙两球重力的瞬时功率之比为1：2D.两球从抛出到落到斜面上运动的时间相同5.2024年春节期间，中国科幻电影里程碑作品《流浪地球》热播，影片中为了让地球逃离太阳系，人们在地球上建立特大功率发动机，使地球完成一系列变轨操作，其逃离过程可设想成如图所示，地球在椭圆轨道I 上运行到远日点B 变轨，进入圆形轨道II 。

2020年“炎德英才杯”高一基础学科知识竞赛物理时量：90分钟满分：100分一、单项选择题：本题共8小题，每小题3分，共24分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.牛顿时代的科学家们围绕万有引力的研究，经历了大量曲折顽强而又闪烁智慧的科学实践。

在万有引力定律的发现历程中，下列叙述符合史实的是A.伽利略研究了第谷的行星观测记录，提出了行星运动定律B卡文迪许将行星与太阳、地球与月球、地球与地面物体之间的引力推广到宇宙中的一切物体，得出了万有引力定律C.哈雷在实验室中准确地得出了引力常量G的数值，使得万有引力定律有了现实意义D.牛顿通过月地检验，验证了万有引力定律2.甲，乙两物体同时以相同的速度经过某个位置时开始计时，从t＝0时刻开始两物体沿同一直线做减速运动，最终又都停止在另一相同的位置，整个过程甲、乙运动的v－t图象如图所示，则A.整个过程中甲的平均速度大于乙的平均速度B.从t＝0时刻到下一次速度相等的过程中，乙的平均速度要大于甲的平均速度C.在运动过程中甲的加速度一直小于乙的加速度D.在运动过程中甲，乙两物体的加速度不可能相同3.如图所示，重物M沿竖直杆下滑，并通过一根不可伸长的细绳带动小车沿水平面向右运动。

若当滑轮右侧的绳与竖直方向成β＝60°角，且重物下滑的速率为v＝2m/s时，滑轮左侧的绳与水平方向成α＝45°角，则小车的速度为A.23m/sB.3m/sC.22m/sD.2m/s4.在一斜面頂端，将质量相等的甲、乙两个小球分别以2v 和v 的速度沿同一方向水平抛出，两球都落在该斜面上。

则下列说法正确的是A 乙球落到斜面上时速度方向与水平方向的夹角要比甲球的小B.从抛出到落到斜面上重力对甲，乙两球做功之比为1：2C.落到斜面上时甲，乙两球重力的瞬时功率之比为1：2D.两球从抛出到落到斜面上运动的时间相同5.2019年春节期间，中国科幻电影里程碑作品《流浪地球》热播，影片中为了让地球逃离太阳系，人们在地球上建造特大功率发动机，使地球完成一系列变轨操作，其逃离过程可设想成如图所示，地球在椭圆轨道I 上运行到远日点B 变轨，进入圆形轨道II 。

2024届湖南省考高三下学期炎德英才大联考一模全真演练物理试题（基础必刷）一、单项选择题（本题包含8小题，每小题4分，共32分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）(共8题)第(1)题已知电荷分布均匀的球壳对内部点电荷的库仑力为零。

如图所示，半径为的均匀带正电的绝缘球体内有一穿过球心的光滑真空通道（细通道对球体电荷分布无影响）。

一带电荷量为、质量为的带电小球以初速度进入通道，并能从通道另一端穿出。

规定小球在入口处电势能为零。

已知入口处电场强度为，不计小球重力，静电力常数为，下列说法正确的是（）A．小球在通道内的运动为简谐运动B．绝缘球体的带电荷量为C．小球的初速度大小为D．小球在球心处具有的电势能为第(2)题如图所示，一质量为的条形磁铁用细线悬挂在天花板上，细线从一水平金属圆环中穿过．现将环从位置Ⅰ释放，环经过磁铁到达位置Ⅱ。

设环经过磁铁上端和下端附近时细线的张力分别为和，重力加速度大小为，则（）A．，B．，C．，D．，第(3)题人从高处跳到地面，为了安全，一般都是让脚尖先着地，接着让整个脚底着地，并让人下蹲，这样做是为了（ ）A．减小人受到的冲量B．增大人受到的冲量C．延长与地面的作用时间，从而减小人受到的作用力D．延长与地面的作用时间，从而减小人动量的变化第(4)题手机无线充电技术越来越普及，其工作原理如图所示，其中送电线圈和受电线圈匝数比，两个线圈中所接电阻的阻值满足．当间接上的正弦交变电源后，受电线圈中产生交变电流给手机快速充电，这时手机两端的电压为，充电电流为．若把装置线圈视为理想变压器，下列说法正确的是（）A．的阻值为B．快速充电时，间电压C．快速充电时，送电线圈的输入电压D．快速充电时，送电线圈的输入功率为第(5)题如图所示，“天问一号”绕火星沿椭圆轨道运动，A、B是天问一号运动的远火点和近火点。

下列说法中正确的是（ ）A．“天问一号”在A点的角速度大于在B点的角速度B．“天问一号”在A点的加速度小于在B点的加速度C．“天问一号”由A运动到B的过程中动能减小，引力势能增加D．“天问一号”由A运动到B的过程中引力做正功，机械能增大第(6)题高压清洗广泛应用于汽车清洁、地面清洁等。