精品课程：航空旅行大学专项英语Word版

《Aviation》This is a required course of the program Aviation. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge and theory of the Flight basic theory，aircraft engine,aircraft structures,aircraft instrument，Aircraft Performance,Navigational facilities, aircraft communication, Airline Transport Pilot's Licence management, Air traffic regulation and Human Factors. They are also required to proficient in the history of the aviation the basic demands in each related branch.《Introduction to Airport》This is a basic course for all airport staff. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge of the airport development history and organization. The students are required to know the types and functions of airport visual aids and civil aviation special vehicle, the airport functional section structure and each component’s type, layout, structure and function. They are also required to master the obstacle limitation surfaces geometry and the ideal state of the runway length calculation. Thus, students can understand the airport comprehensively and overall.《Airport Maintenance Practices》This is a very practical professional technical course for airfield management department staff. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge of airport pavement structure, obstacle free space protection area and the contents of non-suspend air construction management. The students are required to know the visual aids, fences, drainage facilities, service roads and other airport facilities types, configuration and function. They are also required to master the maintenance method and quality detection method of each layer of pavement, other facilities maintenance method and bird hazard control and reduction method, and to be able to decide whether an obstacle is too high.《Airport Operation Management》This is a practical and comprehensive course for airport operation control center staff. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge of flight operation and support procedures, airport safety regulations and emergency rescue plan. The students would be able to manage aircraft, vehicle, personnel and deal with irregularities, to monitor the flight, to record and analysis the flight daily data, to recognize the types of irregular flight and airport emergency event and report it in accordance with the procedures. They can also assist the authorities to complete the irregular flight and emergency handling task.《Navigational Intelligence》This is a required course of the program Navigational Intelligence. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge and theory of Navigational Intelligence and the factors that affects the air safety.Students are also required to master the techniques on how to make full use of Navigational Intelligence information to avoid bad affects and enhance flying benefits.《Aviation Meteorology》This is a required course of the program Aviation Meteorology. It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge and theory of Aviation Meteorology. Students are required to master the disadvantage given by the adverse weather and know how to avoid such disadvantage during the operation control work and master the methods on how to analyse the Meteorological Information and how to use it during the operation control work.《Air Cargo transport》This course is an important practical course training for the professional capacity of the airport jobs. It aims to enable students to understand the basics of air cargo transport, processing of cargo transport, and grasp special cargo transport, calculation of air freight, air waybill as well as the approach of abnormal cargo transport, and skillfully and accurately handle cargo consignments, cargo collection, and business of cargo ready shipping before deliver, cargo arrival, and transfer of cargo conjoin.《Flight Plan And Dispatch》This is a required course of the program Flight Plan And Dispatch.It is intended to introduce the students the basic knowledge and theory of the operation of the airline,the organization and structure of the airline operation control system. Students are required to master the techniques on the management of the aircraft, Crew Resource, Flight Plan,the responsibility of the dispatcher and the dispatch methods.They are also required to proficient in the Aeronautical Communications System and how to coordinate with airport and ATC.《Airport Customer Service》This course is an important practical course training for the professional capacity of the airport passenger service jobs. It aims to enable students to understand facilities and functions of the airport terminal hall and arrival hall, the service work of arrival passenger and departing passenger, and grasp processing of passengers, and Quickly and accurately provide inquiry services, passenger check-in service, special passenger handling service, and baggage handling service.《Airport Emergency Rescue》This course is an important practical course training for the professional capacity of the airport emergency rescue jobs. It aims to enable students to understand information transfer requirements and procedures of the airport emergency rescue, handling procedures and precautions of Aircraft emergencies, dangerous goods emergencies, unlawful interference events as well as natural disaster events, analysis the type of emergency characteristics and causes, and determine the level to start the emergency rescue according to the type of emergency, and write emergency plans of emergency accidents.。

大学航空英语教材Chapter 1: Introduction to Aviation EnglishAviation English plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient and safe communication within the aviation industry. This chapter serves as an introduction to the subject, providing students with an overview of the importance of aviation English and the key components that make up the language.Section 1: The Importance of Aviation EnglishAviation English is necessary to maintain effective communication between pilots, air traffic controllers, and other personnel involved in aviation operations. It ensures clarity, accuracy, and mutual understanding, reducing the risk of miscommunication or misunderstanding that could lead to accidents.Section 2: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Language Proficiency RequirementsThe ICAO has established language proficiency requirements for aviation personnel to meet the global standard of communication. These requirements encompass six language proficiency levels, from 'Elementary' to 'Expert', focusing on areas such as pronunciation, structure, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and interaction.Chapter 2: Basic Communication Skills in Aviation EnglishThis chapter focuses on developing students' basic communication skills in aviation English, covering the essential language functions required in various aviation contexts.Section 1: Standard Aero-PhraseologyAero-phraseology is a standardized set of terms, phrases, and abbreviations used in aviation communication. Students will learn the basics of using aero-phraseology to ensure concise and efficient communication during different stages of flight, including takeoff, landing, and emergency situations.Section 2: Radiotelephony CommunicationRadiotelephony communication is crucial for clear and accurate transmission of information over aircraft radios. Students will learn the correct procedures and phraseology to effectively communicate with air traffic control, including making position reports, requesting clearances, and responding to instructions.Chapter 3: Aviation English Listening and ComprehensionThis chapter aims to develop students' listening and comprehension skills in aviation English, as well as their ability to understand common aviation-related announcements and instructions.Section 1: Listening to Air Traffic ControlStudents will practice listening to real-life air traffic control transmissions, focusing on understanding the given instructions and responding appropriately. This section will also cover common challenges inaviation radio communication, such as interference, accents, and background noise.Section 2: Understanding Aviation AnnouncementsAviation professionals often need to understand a variety of announcements, such as weather updates, gate changes, and safety instructions. This section will introduce key vocabulary and phrases commonly used in these announcements, helping students improve their comprehension skills.Chapter 4: Aviation English Speaking and InteractionThis chapter will enhance students' speaking and interactive skills in aviation English, allowing them to effectively communicate with colleagues, passengers, and air traffic control.Section 1: Giving and Receiving InstructionsStudents will practice giving and receiving instructions in various aviation situations, such as preparing for departure, conducting safety briefings, or handling emergencies. This section will focus on using clear and concise language, ensuring instructions are understood and followed accurately.Section 2: Collaborative Decision MakingEffective collaborative decision making is essential in the aviation industry, especially during critical situations. This section will focus on developing students' ability to actively participate in discussions andcontribute their opinions while maintaining professionalism and adhering to aviation English guidelines.ConclusionThe study of aviation English is vital for anyone pursuing a career in the aviation industry. Mastery of the language enables clear and efficient communication, promoting safety and effective operation. By following the guidelines and strategies presented in this textbook, students will develop the necessary language skills to succeed in this dynamic field.。

民航英语全教案第一章：民航基础知识1.1 民航的发展历程1.2 民航的分类和主要航空公司1.3 机场的基本构成和功能1.4 民航常用术语和缩写第二章：机票预订与航班查询2.1 机票的种类和预订方式2.2 航班查询的途径和技巧2.3 机票预订流程和注意事项2.4 航班改签和退票的规定第三章：机场地面服务3.1 机场值机和行李托运3.2 安全检查和随身携带物品规定3.3 机场候机和登机流程3.4 机场地面服务设施和信息查询第四章：客舱服务与应急处理4.1 客舱服务内容和标准4.2 机上饮食和娱乐设施4.3 旅客急救和特殊服务需求4.4 机上应急处理和应急预案第五章：民航礼仪与沟通技巧5.1 民航礼仪的基本要求和规范5.2 旅客沟通和问题解决技巧5.3 空乘人员与旅客的互动和沟通5.4 跨文化交流和语言沟通策略第六章：民航客运单证6.1 机票和相关客运单证的种类与作用6.2 国际航班客运单证的填写与使用6.3 电子客票和移动值机6.4 行李牌和行李追踪第七章：航班运行与管理7.1 民航飞行基本原理7.2 航班运行计划与管理7.3 航班调度与飞行时刻表7.4 飞行延误和取消的处理第八章：航空货物与快递服务8.1 航空货物的分类与包装8.2 航空货运单的填写与交接8.3 快递服务的流程与跟踪8.4 危险品和特殊货物的运输规定第九章：民航安全与管理9.1 民航安全的重要性与挑战9.2 安全检查与恐怖威胁防范9.3 航空器的维护与检修9.4 应急预案与事故处理第十章：民航未来发展趋势10.1 航空业的可持续发展10.2 新技术在民航中的应用10.3 空中交通管理的发展10.4 民航市场的全球化与竞争趋势重点和难点解析重点环节1：民航基础知识民航的发展历程：理解民航业从起初的简单飞行到现代航空运输体系的发展。

民航的分类和主要航空公司：掌握不同类型的民航服务以及全球主要航空公司的信息。

机场的基本构成和功能：了解机场的主要设施和它们的功能。

7航空旅行A 起飞下列是你到机场后活动的通常顺序First you go to the check-in desk (登记柜台) where they weigh your luggage （称行李）. Usually you are permitted 20 kilos, but if your bags weigh more, you may have to pay excess baggage （=you pay extra 超重的行李）. The airline representative checks your ticket and gives you a boarding card (登机牌) for the plane with your seat number on it. Then you go through passport control (护照验关) where an official checks (核实 NOT controls) your passport, and into the departure lounge （登机大厅）. Here, you can also buy things in the duty-free （免税商店）,e.g. perfume, alcohol and cigarettes. About half an hour or forty minutes before take-off（起飞）， you are told to go to a gate number, e.g. gate 14, where you wait before you get on （登机）the plane. When you board (=get on 登机) the plane, you find your seat. If you have hand luggage （手提行李）, you can put it under your seat or in the overhead locker （头顶行李箱）above your seat.The plane then taxis (=moves slowly 滑行) towards the runway ( 跑道), and when it has permission to take off （起飞）, it accelerates along the runway and takes off.B 飞行You may want or need to understand certain announcements; these come from the captain (=the pilot 机长) or from an air steward (空中先生) or stewardess (空中小姐)/ cabin crew (空中乘务员)/ flight attendant (空中服务员)（=people who look after the passengers）:Please fasten your seat belt (系好安全带) and put your seat in the upright position (垂直位置).We are now cruising (=flying comfortably 中速航行) at an altitude (= height 海拔) of 10,000 meters. May we remind passengers (=ask passengers to remember 提醒) that there is no smoking until you are inside the terminal building (= where passengers arrive and depart 航空集散大楼)The cabin crew (=air stewards 空中乘务员) are now coming round with landing cards (入境卡). (These are cards you sometimes have to fill in when you enter certain countries.)C. 抵达When the plane lands (=arrives on the ground 降落),you have to wait for it to stop / come to a halt. When the doors are open, you get off the plane (下飞机) and walk through the terminal building (航空集散大楼) and go to the baggage reclaim (行李领取处) where you collect your luggage. You then pass through customs (过海关) (green=nothing to declare;red=goods to declare; Union citizens). If you are lucky, you can then get a bus, taxi or train to the centre of town without waiting too long. You can alsohire a car (=rent a car 租车) at most airports.提示：在英国英语中，通常用hire表示短时间里租赁某物，如hire a room for a party, 而rent 指长时间租赁某物，如租公寓和租车。

Lesson 2 Preflight PreparationThe Federal Aviation Regulations clearly indicate that “Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, familiarize himself with all available information concerning that flight”. Unfortunately, no pilot could possibly be familiar with all information about a flight, and no matter how much preparation, there is no way to know when he or she has done all that can be done. However, the rule stands and pilots must determine how to live with it in the real world.Preflight planning goes a long way toward helping develop common sense into common practice. A few moments spent prior to each flight affords the pilot an excellent opportunity for a thorough preflight inspection that includes an equally thorough preflight weather briefing.The crew must determine the airworthiness of the aircraft and address any open issues before departure. The term “preflight” is typically used to describe the interior and exterior inspections of the aircraft, but in a general sense can be used to describe any activity involved with preparing the aircraft for departure to ensure safety. The aircraft inspection is usually divided among the cockpit crew and includes an exterior walkaround examination, interior cockpit setup, and systems checks. These preflight inspections are outlined in a checklist format which is used by the crew to aid in ensuring completeness and maintaining an acceptable level of standardization.Carelessly performed or disregarded preflight inspections have been the contributing cause of many accidents. Flights have been started, but sometimes not completed, because fuel or oil tanks were not checked, fuel caps were left off or loose, pitot systems were covered or blocked, gust locks were left on, wheel skirts were jammed with mud, engine coolers were blocked by bird nests, or wings and other surfaces were covered by frost, snow and ice.The exterior walkaround preflight consists of a visual inspection in which the crewmember checks for obvious damage to the fuselage, engines, wings and flight control surfaces. Other important items include tire wear and pressure, brake wear indicators, absence of leaks or fluid on the ramp, condition of antennae, probes and lights, necessity for deicing, and any other factors which may affect the safe conduct of the flight. A typical walkaround inspection can take anywhere from 8 to 20 minutes depending on the size and condition of the aircraft (and the number of wheels/ tires).The pilot should examine the windshield and side windows for cracks and / or crazing. Crazing decreases visibility and a severely crazed window can result in near zero visibility due to light refraction at certain angles to the sun.The pilot should inspect for any signs of deterioration, distortion, and loose or missing rivets or screws, especially in the area where the outer skin attaches to the airplane structure.The pilot should look along the wing spar rivet line—from the wingtip to the fuselage—for skin distortion. Any ripples and/or waves may be an indication of internal damage or failure.-However, there are other preflight considerations, too. Be sure to consider your aircraft’s fuel capacity, consumption rate, and range vs. wind conditions of each flight, and give careful thought to endurance and fuel reserves well above the minimum required by the FAR’s.Review routing, minimum altitudes along the flight path, navigation aids, notices to airmen, alternate airports in the area, destination airport runway lengths, and the like. Learn as much as you can about your destination airport before you depart.Performance and flight characteristics of your aircraft are determined, to a large degree, by the plane’s maximum weight. Never exceed your aircraft’s maximum weight. An airc raft loaded beyond gross weight might be uncontrollable, or might not even fly at all.Know your useful load—the difference between empty weight and maximum gross weight—and remember that this weight includes the weight of the oil and fuel, baggage, and passengers. Do not forget that some aircraft will exceed their gross weight limits if all seats are occupied and full fuel is carried.Just as important as not exceeding the aircraft gross weight is to load the aircraft properly. Center of gravity limits are becoming more crucial with larger-capacity aircraft. Know how to determine the c.g. location for various loads and configurations of your aircraft.Required runway lengths for landing and taking off might vary considerably with changes in field elevation, outside air temperature, aircraft load, and runway surface. To avoid running out of runway, consult your pilot’s operation handbook for the distances required to make a takeoff or landing under the conditions that exist at the time of the operation. Many pilots add a safety factor of 50 percent or more just to be sure.Remember that mixture, power, and rpm settings vary fuel consumption considerably. Fuel gauges might be inaccurate. Think of your aircraft’s endurance in terms of the actual fuel u sed versus the flight time. Remember a headwind or a tailwind can significantly shorten or lengthen the actual fuel range. Always provide for fuel reserves. Hundreds of aircraft have run out of fuel in the traffic pattern or in sight of the airport.According to the NTSB, many other accidents caused by pilot error involve pilots who do not know their aircraft’s operational numbers. Too fast, too slow, stall/spin, below engine-out speed, exceeded structural limit speed, loss of control in turbulence, out of c.g. limits, field too short for aircraft load and conditions, landed fast, or stalled on approach are just a few of the accident causes attributed to pilots who just didn’t know “the numbers” for their aircraft.(Note: A stall occurs when th e smooth airflow over the airplane’s wing is disrupted, and the lift degenerates rapidly. This is caused when the wing exceeds its critical angle of attack. This can occur at any airspeed, in any attitude, with any power setting.)To examine more closely just one of those factors, remember that controlling speed and using the correct speeds directly affect both your longevity and that of your aircraft. High speeds in turbulence or rough air might damage or destroy the aircraft structure. Too slow a speed might cause a stall, spin, or undershoot on landing. Knowing your best engine out-glide speed and best climb speed might mean the difference between you making the airport or ending up in the trees.Among the more important speeds to memorize include the various stall speeds, recommended approach speed, best rate and angle of climb speed, best glide speed, maneuvering (rough air) speed, maximum never-exceed speed, and gear and flap extension speeds. Remember, stall speeds increase measurably with angle of bank and weight increases.Of course, one of the most important elements in developing good flight safety is you. Establish a set of safe standards and limitations to which you can confidently adhere. Then stick to them, modifying the limitations only as you gain confidence and experience.New Wordsinspection n. 检查disregard v. 不理，忽视contribute v. 贡献，起作用gust n. 阵风frost n. 霜，冰冻consumption n. 消耗（fuel consumption）endurance n. 续航力，持续性alternate adj./n. 备降机场；备降的exceed v. 超过；飞过（规定界限）；超出gross adj.总的，毛重的crucial v.重要的configuration n. 形态;造型inaccurate adj. 有错误的，不准确的undershoot n./ v. 目测低，未达跑道着陆extension n. 延长，延期establish v.建立，制定adhere v. 遵守modify v.修改tank n.油箱pitot n. 空速管，全静压管block v.堵塞capacity n. 容量；能力range n. 航程；距离fuel n. 燃料；燃油reserve n./v. 预定；储备gravity n. 重力field n. 机场；领域elevation n. 标高；海拔gauge n. 仪表headwind n. 逆风，迎风tailwind n. 顺风glide v./n. 滑行；滑翔maneuver n. 机动动作gear n. 起落架；齿轮flap n. 襟翼；减速板；阻力板retract v. 收起，缩回ramp n. 停机坪antenna n. 天线windshield n.风挡crack v. 开裂，产生裂纹craze v. 产生细微裂纹throttle n. 油门panel n. 控制板，操纵盘pedal n. （脚）蹬，踏板lever n. 手柄；杆display n. 显示器indicator n. 指示器gyroscope n. 陀螺；陀螺仪deteriorate v. （使）恶化distortion n.扭曲，变形rivet n. 铆钉screw n. 螺丝钉critical adj. 临界的；关键性的angle of attack 迎角buffet v. 冲击，抖动，颤振Expressionslive with 接受，学会适应prior to 在…之前be jammed with 塞满to a large degree 很大程度上in terms of 按照，在…方面run out of 用完end up 结束，告终stick to 坚持，信守NotesNTSB National Transportation Safety Board (美国国家运输安全委员会)EXERCISESI. Describe the given terms from the text in English.1. weather briefing2. block3. gust lock4. endurance5. fuel reserve6. fieldII. Answer the following questions after you have read the text.1. What does the preflight planning include according to the passage?2. What is the main cause of many accidents?3. Would you list some items that a preflight inspection must include?4. How could a pilot decide how much fuel he must have for a certain flight?5. What will happen if an aircraft is overloaded?6. What is the useful load?7. What factors should be taken into account when a pilot thinks of an aircraft’s endurance for a certain flight?8. What is the consequence if the aircraft fly at high speed in turbulence?9. Under what circumstances will stall speeds increase?10. What do you think is the most important element in ensuring flight safety after reading the passage?III Read the following paragraph aloud until you can say it in a natural way from your memory.In civil aviation, a contaminated runway is one that is covered in a relatively deep layer of water, slush, loose snow, ice or compacted snow. The direct effects on aircraft performance of such contaminants arise due to the additional drag of the contaminants on the tyres and the reduced braking friction available.The consequences are mixed. Takeoff and landing distances in pilot’s operating handbooks are based on paved, dry, and level runway conditions. A contaminated runway would considerably increase the overall takeoff roll. During the take-off ground run the extra drag on the wheels reduces the aircraft’s ability to accelerate, and longer runway length is required to accelerate to takeoff speed. During landing or aborted takeoff, the reduced braking friction and increased drag on the tyres act in opposition to one another. In this case, more effective use of thrust reverser, brakes, speed brakesand rudder pedals is required in order to avoid overrun. In addition, the presence of such contaminants can also affect severely the ground-handling capability of the aircraft, particularly in cross-wind conditions.To avoid running out of runway, look up your pilot’s operating manual for distance required to make a takeoff or landing under the conditions that exist at the time of the operation.IV Complete the following short passage by filling the blanks with the words given in the box.After the pilot is seated in the 1 ________ and prior to starting the engine, all items and materials to be used on the flight should be arranged in such a manner that they will be readily 2 ________ and convenient to use.Extra caution should be taken at night to assure the 3 ________ area is clear. Turning the rotating beacon ON, or flashing the airplane position lights will serve to 4 _________ persons nearby to remain clear of the propeller. To avoid excessive drain of electrical current from the 5 _________, it is recommended that unnecessary electrical equipment be turned OFF until after the engine has been started.After starting and before taxiing, the taxi or 6 ________ light should be turned ON. Continuous use of landing light with r.p.m power setting normally used for taxiing may 7 ________ an excessive drain on the airplane’s electrical system. Also, overheating of the landing light could become a problem because of inadequate 8 _________ to carry the heat away. Landing lights should be used as necessary while taxiing. When using landing lights, consideration should be given to not 9 ________ other pilots. Taxi slowly, particularly in congested area. If taxi lines are painted on the ramp or taxiway, these lines should be followed to ensure a proper path along the route.The before-takeoff and runup（试车）should be performed using the checklist. During the day, forward movement of the airplane can be 10 ________ easily. At night, the airplane could creep forward without being noticed unless the pilot is alert for this possibility. Hold or lock the brakes during the runup and be alert for any forward movement.V Listening PracticeTask 1 Listen to the statements and fill in the missing words in the blanks.1. For ground operation, flight ________________ duties have been organized in accordance with an area of responsibility concept.2. The captains and first officers have their ____________________.3. All steps have to be performed prior to each originating flight or following ____________________________________.4. Any lights, which are not illuminated during a system test, will be checked by _______. The appropriate preflight procedures will be performed from memory.5. ____________ are used only to verify that ______ items affecting safety have been accomplished.Task 2 Listen to the passage and fill in the missing words in the blanks.To obtain a briefing from the FSS 1 ____________________ you will have to furnish some tangible information about your flight route such as 2 _______________________and arrival timesat your points of landing.After ensuring that the highest features 3 ____________________ of each leg will be either below your desired altitude or well away from your line of flight, you decide upon levels of legs to the destination.Although 4 ___________________________ is not mandatory to receive a weather briefing, many pilots believe it is helpful to compute a preliminary 5 ___________________________ so that the briefer will give them the 6 _______________________ for their arrival time.Every flight, local or 7 __________________________, must begin with a thorough inspection of the airplane. Be sure all the required papers are 8 _____________________ the aircraft. You should also check the aircraft 9 _____________________________ to verify that the required inspections are 10_________.Task 3 Listen to the following passage and choose the best answer to each question.Key words: echo, PFD, malfunction, initiate1. a. John b. Tedc. both of themd. neither of them2. a. wind shear b. cross windc. false indication of PFDd. unknown reason3. a. The crew fixed the problem.b. The company sent the maintenance stuff.c. The local maintenance staff fixed the malfunction.d. The ground maintenance staff fixed the malfunction.4. a. The malfunction occurred.b. Another problem appeared.c. Everything looked perfectly.d. They brought maintenance personnel.5. a. A pleasant flight b. The brave captain.c. Problem finding.d. An adventurous flight.VI Translate the following sentences into proper English.1.储备燃油可用于等待、备降、复飞或是其他不可预见的情况。

Lesson 1 Air CrewPassage 1 Captain and F/O DutiesThere are usually 2-3 flight crew members and 1-3 flight attendants aboard an airliner. In the flight deck are the Captain, Co-pilot and flight engineer. When there are only two flight crew members, to reduce costs there’s no flight engineer. The captain is the Pilot in Command (PIC) who has the final authority of all decisions and all responsibilities rest on his shoulders. The Co-pilot assists the Captain and does things like calculating fuel consumptions, weight and balance, navigation, etc. He is Second in Command (SIC). The Flight Engineer helps reduce the workload of the Captain and Co-pilot. Some of his duties may include calculating fuel consumption rate, weight and balance, and communicating with the cabin crew.The pilot in Command (PIC) of an aircraft is the person aboard the aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight. According to ICAO, the Pilot in Command is responsible for operation of the airplane in accordance with rules of the air, and his final authority as to the disposition of the airplane while in command. This would be the “captain” in a typical two- or three-pilot flight crew, or “pilot” if there is only one certified and qualified pilot at the controls of an aircraft. The PIC must be certified to operate the aircraft for the specific flight and flight conditions, but need not be actually controlling the aircraft at any given moment. The PIC is the person legally in charge of the aircraft and its flight safety and operation, and would normally be the primary person liable for a violation of any flight rule.According to FAA, the PIC is responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time, which means the total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight. This would normally include taxiing, which involves the ground operation to and from the runway. But it is legal for a mechanic or other person to taxi an aircraft on the ground for the purpose of moving it from one spot to another without a pilot’s license.As the FAA puts it, the pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft. In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rules of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency. Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule of this section shall, upon the request of the administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the administrator.Especially interesting in FAR 91.3, which empowers the PIC to override any other regulation in an emergency, to take the safest course of action at his/her sole discretion. It essentially gives the PIC the final authority in any situation involving the safety of a flight, irrespective of any other laws or regulations. In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot (or co-pilot) of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will take on the duties of the PIC. Control of the aircraft is normally shared equally between the first officer and the captain, with one pilot being the “Pilot Flying” (PF), and the other the “Pilot Not Flying” (PNF), or “Pilot Monitoring” (PM), for each flight. Even when the first officer is the flying pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers, and the crew. In typical day-to-day operation, the essential job tasks remain fairly equal.Because many airlines promote by seniority only within their own company, the first officer may at times have more flight experience than the captain, in that they may have experience from other airlines or the military. Traditionally, the first officer sits on the right-hand side of a fixed-wing aircraft and the left-hand side of a helicopter.New Wordscrew n. 人员，组员airliner n. 班机，大型客机authority n. 权威，权限briefing n. 讲述，讲评emergency n. 紧急procedure n. 程序evacuation n. 撤离operation n. 运转，工作，操作disposition n. 处置，处理certify v. 认证，认可，证明manipulate v. 操纵taxi v. 滑行mechanic n. 机务员，机械人员license n. 执照deviate v. 偏离(from)discretion n. 决定override v. 超控provision n. 条款justification n. 证明incapacitation n. 失能airline n. 航空公司seniority n. 资历helicopter n. 直升机Expressionsflight crew 机组人员Pilot Flying 操纵飞机飞行员flight attendant 空中乘务员Pilot Not Flying 未操纵飞机的飞行员flight engineer 飞行机械师Pilot Monitoring 监控飞行员Pilot in Command 责任机长First Officer 副驾驶NotesICAO International Civil Aviation Organization 国际民航组织FAA Federal Aviation Administration 联邦航空局（美国）FAR Federal Aviation Regulations 《联邦航空条例》（美国）EXERCISESI. Describe the given terms from the text in English.1. flight deck2. PIC3. incapacitation4. flight time5. Captain6. PNFII. Answer the following questions after you have read the text.1. What crew members are included in an airplane?2. What are the duties for different crew members?3. In what conditions will the co-pilot take on the responsibility of commanding an aircraft?4. Can you tell the differences between PIC, captain and pilot?5. According to FAA, what are the responsibility and authority of PIC?6. According to ICAO, what is the Pilot in Command responsible for?7. Why does FAR give final authority to PIC in an emergency?8. Should PF always be the Pilot in Command? Give your reasons.9. Why do some First Officers have more experience that their captains?10. Where does the first officer normally sit in a helicopter?III Complete the following short passage by filling the blanks with the words given in the box.Airline PilotsAirline pilots 1 ________ passengers and cargo via commercial aircraft. They are responsible for various 2 _________ and non-flying duties. Airline pilots are responsible for a variety of tasks related to the safe operation of the 3 ________ they are responsible for flying.Prior to takeoff, airline pilots are responsible for verifying that the instruments, controls, engines, and other flight systems are 4 ________ the way they should. Monitoring continues throughout the 5 ________, and changes are requested and implemented as needed 6 ________ en route.On commercial flights, there are two pilots at the helm of the airplane. Each flight is staffed by a captain and a first officer, and the two pilots typically take 7 ________ flying different legs （航段）of each trip. They 8 ________ with flight dispatchers （签派人员）air traffic controllers, and meteorologist to select the best route for the trip, including determining the 9 ________ altitude and speed for travel.Once a flight lands, airline pilots are required to complete records about their journeys in compliance with the 10 _______ of both the company for which they work and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).IV Translate the following sentences into proper English.1.一名乘务人员向机长报告，商务舱有名乘客心脏病发作，她们正在给他吸氧。