专八语法
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新高考英语词汇语法专题 08 形容词和副词易错点解题方法形容词和副词在句中的作用不同,就有了不同的形式。
修饰系动词用形容词,修饰行为动词用副词. She always looks beautiful.( 美丽,形容词); She is always dressed beautifully ( 美丽,副词)在句中作成分不同,用词也不同。
形容词作定语,修饰名词;副词作状语,修饰形容词,副词和全句。
下面看例题:1. We don ’ t care if a hunting dog smells , but we really don ’ t want him to smell .A. well, wellB. bad, badC. well, badly【答案】D.【解析】容易误选B,认为两个smellD. badly, bad均为连系动词,后接形容词作表语。
这是1995 年的一道上海高考题,最佳答案为D。
句中的第一个smell 为实义动词,意为“闻气味”、“嗅觉”,smell badly 意为“嗅觉差”;第二个smell 为连系动词,意为“闻起来(有某种气味) ”,smell bad 意为“闻起来气味难闻”。
全句意为“我们并不介意一条猎狗的嗅觉不好,但我们的确不希望它的气味难闻”。
2. “do you think of your English teacher? ”“ Oh, he is an man. ”A. What, interestingB. What, interestedC. How, interestingD. How, interested【答案】A.【解析】容易误选D,认为第一空应填how ,表示“如何”;第二空应填interested,因为有的书上说–ing 形容词主要说明事物,-ed 形容词主要说明人。
其实最佳答案应是 A 。
英语中表示汉语的“你觉得⋯⋯如何?”时,可用How do you like ...? 或What do you think of ...? 注意两者搭配不同,即like 与how 搭配,think of 与what 搭配。
Proof reading错误类型词短语句子篇章词名词动词形容词/副词介词限定词词代词(指示/关系/不定/反身)V.ing & V. ed情态助动词名词1. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it.(1997)2. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors (2001)3. ...and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred years of a steady decline.(2003)名词4. As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a planet (1996)5. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain and pleasure.(2007)6. The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent part in national moves.(2008)名词7. These give the concentrations on three main pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide (1995)8. …to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (2004)动词1. His politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise. (1997)2. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, (2005)3. ...unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; (2006)动词4. …there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language from that of Britain.(2008)形容词1. ...the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set price.(2008)2. …there is a sharp difference in meaning between “ man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet “the” is single vehicle of this difference in meaning.(2000)3. Men have often felt the need to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive from another race whose hegemony they resent. (2008)形容词4.The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.(2001)5. …that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in such a way that it can acquire language. (1998)6. From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (2003)形容词7. …the poor one’s job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.(2005)8. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water (1996)9. Increases in size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience. (2006)形容词10. …there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries than we find in English.(2007)副词1. …and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (2002)2. We learn quite e arly to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps only a few miles far.(2002)3. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debts were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich.(2001)副词4. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constitutes of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but (1996)介词1. The hunter—gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods.2. …but in central London winter sunshine has increased about 70% since 1958. (1995)3. …these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care.(1999)冠词1. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. (2004)2. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have “less meaning”, (2000)3. …these are among most striking of human achieve ments.冠词4. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job ( this is primarily a factor in graduate and professional-school tuition): (2005)5. It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. ( 1998)冠词6. …to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers. (2006)7. It is oft en said, of course, that the language originated in cries of anger, (2007)8. …after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”. (2003)冠词9. …we certainly could using their eating habits as model for healthier diet. (1999)10. W e may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (2007)11. If he were not hesitating, it would only last a fraction of the second. (1997)数量词1. The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of the ice at the Poles and on mountains, (1996)2. …we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them, (2000)代词1.…their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. (2003)2. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective of fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United states is indistinguishable from those of business firms. (2005)代词3. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. (2005)4. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message; (2006)5. …whereas proper language does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. (2007)代词6. …there were proposals that independence should be lingui stically accepted by the use of a different language from those of Britain. (2008)7. …( young animals) compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacityto fend for them. (1998)代词8. …our own handwriting is something which we almost alw ays know . (2002)9. As we know, life would only be possible on the surface of a planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. (1996)10. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations o f teachers, (2005)关系代词11. There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient languages shows us language in a new and emerging state. (2007)V.ing & V. ed1. But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. (2000)2. ...but the government had no wish to become involving, (2001)3. This power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, … or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2004)V.ing & V. ed4.They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common stock. (2005)5. …our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods. (1999)6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as to the way in which these words should be arranged to convey a particular language;…情态助动词1. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away.(1997)短语形容词短语(介词和形容词的搭配)名词短语(名词和介词的搭配)VP介词短语短语1. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain through out our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like (2002)2. But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words of English, (2000)3. …the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. (2003)短语4. And in rare occasions, to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings.(2004)5. An hour of hunting yields in av erage about 100 edible calories (1999)6. …they consider the human infant to be genetically programmed in such way that it can acquire language. (1998)短语7. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, (1998)8. ...the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enable him to communicate his thoughts and feeling, (2006)9. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. (2007)短语10. At the end, as everyone knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying on with the same language as before.(2008)11. T o handle with the crop of 1919, (2001)12. Plant foods provide for 60% to 80% of the Kung diet, (1999)短语13. The fact that such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly differently, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper. (2007)14. This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperature of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun.(1996)短语15. Outside expert to assist in conducting investigative hearings and to make out detailedstudies of issues. (2004)16. …after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and to give a sense of “belongings”. (2002)17.These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but (2003)短语18. This power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees (2004)19. This is the first act he would make if he were rising. (1997)20. frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings and (2004)短语21. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluct uations in income: (2005)22…in fact some grammarians have called them “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. (2000)23. …when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. (2000)句子主谓一致语法结构一致成分多余成分残缺时态和语态虚拟语气It-句型句子1. …provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. (1998)2. ... the English speaker has at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings,. (2006)3. The way in which university students make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminaterequired courses. (2005)句子4. The earth’s supply of water probab ly remains quite fairly constant in quantity. (1996)5. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, (2001)6. Although a word like “the” is not the name of something as man is, it is v ery far away from being meaningless; (2000)句子7. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. (2005)8. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message; (2006)9. At the time the United States split off from Britain, for example, (2008)句子10.. We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours. (2002)11. For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be“species specific” to the human race, (1998)12. This is “natural”, therefore, that our speech—sounds should be those of our immediate circle; (2002)篇章逻辑问题( 语义错误或相反)衔接问题(连词或连接性状语的误用)从总体把握时态问题篇章1. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. (1997)2. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. (1998)3. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. (2001)篇章4. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages which sows us language in a new and emerging state.(2007)5. Less noted but.., the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a post-war peak; (2003)6. W e begin the “natural learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours (2002)。
日语专八古典语法详细解说日语专八古典语法详细解说语法是日语专八中的难点,下面yjbys店铺将为你带来日语专八考试中古典语法详细解说,希望能给你的日语专八考试带来帮助。
一、考试大纲(2005修订版年)中的古典文法部分《日语专业八级考试大纲》(2005年修订版)中规定语法部分的考试内容为:“现代口语使用语法、敬语﹑古典语三个部分的试题合并成一个大题,总共20题,每题1分”。
其中古典语法试题共有5题(第46题~50题),占5分。
这里需要说明的是,日语专业八级考试中古典文法的试题从2002年至2004年每年都是8道题,新考试大纲发布后,从2005年至2013年古典语法的.考试题目变成了每年5道,古典语法试题在八级考试的语法中所占分值下降。
二、日语专业八级考试中古典语法出题形式从历年真题来看,日语专业八级考试古典语法部分主要有三种出题形式。
第一种形式主要着重于对助词、助动词等本身意义的考查。
例如:(2002年第66题)花咲きぬA.花が咲いたB.花が咲かないC.花が咲いてしまうD.花が咲くだろう(2003年67题)夜ふくらむA.夜がふけようB.夜がふけるだろうC.夜がふけたD.夜がふけているだろう(2004年66题)花咲けりA.花が咲いたB.花が咲いているC.花が咲くだろうD.花が咲こう第二种形式主要是对短歌等古典诗歌的基础知识进行考查。
例如:(2005年46题)「奢れる者久しからず、ただ春の夜の夢の如し」の下線部の「奢れる」の現代語訳は「栄華に( )」だ。
A.奢れるB.奢っているC.奢られるD.奢ることができる(2005年47题)「伝へ承るこそ、心も詞も及ばれね」の下線部の「及ばれね」の現代語訳は( )だ。
A.及ばれたB.及ばれてしまうC.及ばないD.及ぶことはない(2005年48题)「ひさかたの光のどけき春の日にしづ心なく花の散るらむ」の下線部の「散るらむ」の現代語訳は( )だ。
A.散ってゆくのだろうかB.散るだろうC.散るらしいD.散られるだろう第三种形式主要是对短歌等古典诗歌的整体意思进行考查。
俄语专业八级考试历年综合知识(语法)真题精选1(总分80, 做题时间150分钟)综合知识1.(2005)Квартира у меня на 15-ом этаже, иокна выходят на юг, поэтому и вспальне, и в кабинете всегдамного________.SSS_SINGLE_SELAсолнцаBсолнцеCсолнцDсолнцу分值: 1答案:A本题主要考查的是名词солнце的意义和变格。
不定量数词много要求名词变二格,很显然,答案В 和答案D是最先被排除掉的。
名词солнце在本题中的意义为“阳光”,属物质名词,不能用复数形式,与不定量数词много连用,只能变单数二格,故只有答案А 为正解。
译文:我的房子在十五层,且窗户都朝南,所以卧室和书房总是阳光充足。
2.(2005) Вода озера________славится своейкристальной чистотой ипрозрачностью.SSS_SINGLE_SELAБайкалаBБайкалC«Байкала»D«Байкал»分值: 1答案:B本题主要考查的是名词中同位语的用法。
同位语中表示各种事物名称的是专有名词,首字母要大写,除了地理名词以外,都放在引号中,故答案С和答案D 首先被排除掉。
表示地理名称的同位语中,有的与被说明词一起变格,有的则不变,而本题中的同位语Байкал就是不与被说明的名词озеро—同变二格的,所以只能选择答案В。
译文:贝加尔湖的湖水以其纯净透明而著称。
3.(2009) Я умею водить машину, но мнебольше нравится ездить________.SSS_SINGLE_SELAпо пассажируBпассажирCпассажировDна пассажире分值: 1答案:C本题主要考查的是名词五格与动词搭配在句中作行为方式方法状语的用法。
03年英语专业八级考试真题(语法部分)2007-04-05PART II PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved You should proof, read the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank pro-vided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLE When ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys thingsin finished form and hangs them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it.Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)__ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.”These young (2)__ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)__ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.From the 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)__ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.(5)__ Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women on who(6)__ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the(7)__ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)__ as later decades.Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)__ distinction of having the hig。
英语专四专八语法规则辨析整理总结全
英语专四专八是一项考试,语法是考试的重点之一。
以下是对英语语法中一些常见的规则进行梳理和辨析总结,以便备考时准确掌握。
时态
英语中有多种时态,包括现在时、过去时、将来时等。
时态在语法中很重要,因为它可以表达行动的时间和状态。
一般来说,英语语法中最基本的时态是现在时、过去时和将来时。
主谓一致
主谓一致是英语语法中的重点之一,指的是主语和谓语必须在人称和数上保持一致。
例如,单数主语需要用单数谓语动词,而复数主语需要用复数谓语动词。
冠词
英语语法中有三种冠词:a、an和the。
a和an是不定冠词,表示单数可数名词,而the是定冠词,表示特定的人、物、地点等。
名词
英语语法中有三种名词:可数名词、不可数名词和集合名词。
可数名词可以与数词连用表示数量,不可数名词不能与数词连用,集合名词表示由众多相似个体组成的群体。
动词
动词是英语语法中最重要的部分之一。
动词有时态、语态和语气等方面的变化,动词的不同形式反映了不同的语法含义。
形容词和副词
英语语法中的形容词和副词是修饰词,用于描述名词和动词。
形容词一般在名词前面使用,副词则用于修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。
介词
英语语法中的介词用于表示时间、空间和关系等。
介词通常出现在名词或代词之前,用于指示它们与其他单词之间的关系。
以上是英语专四专八语法的规则辨析整理总结,希望对备考的同学有所帮助。
德国专八语法全攻略
德国专八考试是针对德语学习者的高级水平测试,主要考察考生的语法、词汇、阅读理解、写作和听力等方面的能力。
以下是一些关于德国专八语法的攻略:
1. 掌握基本的语法规则:德国专八考试要求考生具备扎实的德语语法基础。
因此,在备考过程中,要重点学习和巩固德语的基本语法规则,如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等的用法和变化。
2. 熟悉德语语法特点:德语与汉语在语法结构上有很大的差异,因此在备考过程中要特别注意德语的语法特点,如动词的变位、名词的格变化、形容词的变化等。
3. 多做练习题:通过大量的练习题来检验自己的语法水平,找出自己的薄弱环节,针对性地进行复习和提高。
可以从课本、参考书、网络资源等方面寻找练习题。
4. 学会分析句子结构:在阅读理解和写作过程中,要学会分析句子的结构,了解句子成分之间的关系,以便更准确地理解句子的意思和表达自己的观点。
5. 注意语法错误的纠正:在写作过程中,要注意检查自己的作品,发现并纠正语法错误。
可以请教老师或同学,或者使用在线语法检查工具来帮助自己改正错误。
6. 多读德语文章:通过阅读德语文章,可以加深对德语语法的理解,同时也能提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
可以选择自己感兴趣的话题进行阅读,如新闻、科技、文化等。
7. 培养语感:在学习德语的过程中,要努力培养自己的语感,让自己能够更自然地运用德语进行交流。
可以通过模仿、朗读、背诵等方式来提高自己的语感。
8. 参加模拟考试:在备考阶段,可以参加一些模拟考试,以检验自己的语法水平和应试能力。
通过模拟考试,可以发现自己的不足之处,为正式考试做好充分的准备。
专八知识点,敲黑板了?
当谈到专八考试的知识点时,我们需要注意到专八考试是英语
专业的全国性考试,其内容涵盖了英语语言知识、阅读能力、写作
能力以及翻译能力等多个方面。
以下是专八考试的一些知识点:
1. 语法知识,包括但不限于动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等的用法和搭配。
2. 词汇量,考生需要掌握丰富的词汇量,包括常见词汇、短语、习惯用语等,以便在阅读和写作中能够准确地理解和表达意思。
3. 阅读能力,考生需要具备较强的阅读理解能力,能够快速准
确地理解英文文章的主旨、细节和观点,并能够进行分析和推理。
4. 写作能力,包括写作的结构、逻辑、连贯性、表达能力等方面,考生需要能够独立完成一篇文章的写作,包括议论文、说明文、应用文等不同类型的写作。
5. 翻译能力,考生需要具备较强的中英翻译能力,能够准确地
理解和翻译中文和英文之间的意思,并能够根据语境和语言特点进
行恰当的翻译。
总的来说,专八考试的知识点涵盖了英语语言的各个方面,考生需要全面、深入地掌握这些知识点,才能在考试中取得好成绩。
希望以上信息能够帮助你更好地理解专八考试的知识点。
Test One集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词,如:police, people,cattle,militia,poultry等,通常作复数,用复数动词。
如:Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词,如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。
例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词,如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。
The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a pa nel of /a board of +复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。
例如:A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。
tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息,还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。
Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫,一到家就上床睡觉去了。
exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强,指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。
专八语法知识点总结一、名词名词是表示人、事、物、地点等的名称的词,是英语中的一类词性,具有单数和复数的形式,以及可数和不可数的区分。
名词的用法包括名词的数、格、性和形式等方面。
1.名词的数名词具有单数和复数两种形式,单数表示一个,复数表示多个。
(1)名词的变化规则a. 大多数名词在词尾加-s或-es表示复数,如:book-books, box-boxes。
b. 以辅音字母+y结尾的,将y变为i再加-es,如:city-cities, party-parties。
c. 以-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -sh结尾的,直接在后面加-es,如:bus-buses, class-classes。
d. 以-o结尾的名词,加-es,如:potato-potatoes, hero-heroes。
e. 以辅音字母加-f或-fe结尾的,变-f或-fe为-v再加-es,如:leaf-leaves。
f. 有些名词的单复数形式完全不同,如:man-men, woman-women。
(2)名词的不可数名词不可数名词表示不能分为单个单位的名词,常见的不可数名词有:milk, water, bread, rice 等,可以用来表示一种物质、一种抽象概念、一种状态等。
2.名词的格名词的格包括主格、宾格、所有格等。
(1)名词的主格名词在句子中作主语时的形式,如:Tom is a student.(Tom是学生。
)(2)名词的宾格名词在句子中作宾语时的形式,如:I love English.(我爱英语。
)(3)名词的所有格名词用来表示所属关系的形式,通常在名词后面加-apostrophe-s(’s),如:Tom’s book.(汤姆的书。
)3.名词的性名词有两种性:阳性和阴性,阳性表示男性和雄性,阴性表示女性和雌性。
4.名词的形式名词的形式包括普通名词(common nouns)、专有名词(proper nouns)、抽象名词(abstract nouns)、集体名词(collective nouns)等。
英语专八语法总结英语专业八级(TEM-8)语法知识点总结如下:1.虚拟语气:用于表达与现实情况相反的假设或不可能发生的情况。
2.动词时态和语态:包括现在时、过去时、将来时、完成时等时态,以及主动语态和被动语态。
3.非谓语动词:包括不定式、动名词和分词。
4.名词性从句:包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
5.定语从句:用于修饰名词或代词的从句。
6.状语从句:用于修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句。
7.强调句型:用于强调某个句子成分,通常为动词或形容词。
8.倒装句型:用于改变句子结构,强调某个句子成分。
9.独立主格结构:用于表达两个独立主语之间的逻辑关系。
10.比较级和最高级:用于表达两个或多个事物之间的比较关系。
11.省略句:用于省略某个句子成分,通常为动词或形容词。
12.疑问句和反问句:用于提出疑问或强调某个观点。
13.主谓一致:指谓语动词与主语保持一致。
14.名词的数和性:指名词的单数、复数、可数和不可数形式,以及名词的性别(阳性、阴性和中性)。
15.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:用于表达两个或多个事物之间的比较关系。
16.代词的用法:包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。
17.并列句型:由两个或多个并列分句组成的句子。
18.条件句型:用于表达条件关系,通常由if引导。
19.被动语态的用法:用于表达主语是动作的承受者的情况。
20.否定句型:用于表达否定观点,通常使用否定词not 或never等。
21.让步状语从句:用于表达让步关系,通常由though、even if等引导。
22.比较级的特殊用法:比较级可以用于表示最高级的意思,例如“The book is more interesting than anything I have ever read.”意思是“这本书比我看过的任何书都更有趣。
”23.形式主语和真实主语:有些句子中,主语由从句担任,这种从句称为真实主语,而由it担任的主语称为形式主语。
日语专业八级考试中古典语法部分的考查摘要:日语专业八级考试由教育部高等院校外语专业教学指导委员会日语组负责命题和实施,以日语专业高年级学生为考试对象,是测定学生日语水平的最高级别考试,侧重考查学生日语水平是否达到大纲要求。
在国内,这项考试越来越受到学生的重视。
本文对考试中的古典语法部分作探讨和总结。
关键词:日语专业八级考试古典语法全国日语专业八级考试从2002年开始实施,每年3月举行考试。
它是由教育部高等院校外语专业教学指导委员会日语组负责命题和实施,截至2013年已实施了11届。
根据《日语专业八级考试大纲》(2005年修订版)的规定,日语专业八级考试是针对日语专业高年级阶段(大三、大四)教学而设立的,目的在于全面检查日语专业四年级的学生在完成四年专业学习之际,其水平是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求;考核学生是否达到了考试大纲规定的八级水平所要求的综合语言技能和交际能力。
考试内容包括:听力、文字、词汇、语法、文学与文化、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译、写作,总计92道题目,150分。
日语专业八级考试的实施,在检验教学质量,考核学生的语言技能和交际能力,促进教学工作的改革和检查任课教师执行教学大纲的情况等方面起到了重要的作用。
下面笔者就考试中的古典语法部分作探讨。
一、考试大纲(2005修订版年)中的古典文法部分《日语专业八级考试大纲》(2005年修订版)中规定语法部分的考试内容为:“现代口语使用语法、敬语﹑古典语三个部分的试题合并成一个大题,总共20题,每题1分”。
其中古典语法试题共有5题(第46题~50题),占5分。
这里需要说明的是,日语专业八级考试中古典文法的试题从2002年至2004年每年都是8道题,新考试大纲发布后,从2005年至2013年古典语法的考试题目变成了每年5道,古典语法试题在八级考试的语法中所占分值下降。
二、日语专业八级考试中古典语法出题形式从历年真题来看,日语专业八级考试古典语法部分主要有三种出题形式。
专题8语法填空之定语从句距离高考还有一段时间,不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生,愈是临近高考,能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节,态度是否主动积极,安排是否科学合理,能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战,其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料,希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率,希望对你有所帮助,有志者事竟成!养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。
总之,在最后的复习阶段,学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候,学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式,最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心,考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”,遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后,考生越要回归基础,单词最好再梳理一遍,这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
一.高考真题1(2022新高考I卷)The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.2(2022全国甲卷)On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang,_________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.3(2022年浙江1月)Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.4(2021新课标II卷)I decided that if I learned of a company___________ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.5(2021浙江卷)BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.6(2021天津卷)In the spring, a season ________ we are learning new rhythms of life,many of us find comfort in the natural world.A. whenB. whereC.whatD. which7(2020新课标I卷)Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.8(2021北京卷)When you sleep, your brain sorts througheverything ____12____ happened during the day,trying to link new experiences to old memories.9(2020新课标III卷)In ancient China lived an artist______ paintings were almost lifelike.10(2019新课标II卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,_________she opened with her late husband Les.11(2019新课标III卷)They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals.12(2019浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ______ gives off light in the dark.13(2019北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those ______ are totally engaged(参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源).14(2018新课标I卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ___________showed a mere five to 10 minute a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.15(2018新课标II卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ________gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.16(2018浙江卷)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.17(2018·北京)She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.A. whichB.whoC. asD.that18(2017新课标I卷)Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _________is not good for the health.19(2017新课标III卷)But Sarah, ___________has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.20(2016新课标I卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ____________I was the first Western TV reporter was permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.21(2016新课标III卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,___________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.22(2015新课标I卷)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.23(2014新课标I卷)Maybe you leave a habit ________is driving your family crazy. 二.名校模拟真题(2022·四川成都·石室中学校考一模)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
一代数名词数词1在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是:第二人称第三人称第一人称2 everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以3 以‘名词/动名词+介词(短语)/形容词/副词/动词不定式’构成的复合名词,它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以‘man或者woman+名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如:homework4 物质名词一般不可数,但用于表示各种不同品种’时几乎都可做可数名词如:different teas 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的抽象概念时其前可加a/an5 名词所有格要点:必须用’s的场合1)’s属格用于表示时间,度量衡,价值的名词之后2)作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加’s3)人或物为两人共有,在第二个名词后加’s4)当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店,住家,教堂,医院等,此名词常省略5)复合名词在最后一个词后加’s6)当被修饰的名词后有同位语时,必须用’s6 当用来表示类别或属性时,要用’s children’s shoes 儿童鞋,必须用of的场合1)名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时2)以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 前有基数词以表示确切数目时,都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时,须用复数,而且后面加of7 表示顺序的两种方式:1)‘名词+基数词’,不用冠词,如Chapter four 2)’the+序数词+名词‘如the Fourth Chapter8 倍数增减的表示法1)倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than2)倍数+as+形容词/副词+as3)倍数+名词4)动词+百分比或倍数5)动词+to+数词6) double/triple/quadruple+名词7)动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数9 分数分子为基数词,分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数10 百分比后接名词时加of二形容词副词1)前置修饰语的排列顺序可以至于冠词前的形容词(all both such) -----冠词,指示形容词,所有格形容词,不定形容词(a an the this your his any some)-----------基数词(one ) 序数词(first)------------ 表示性质,状态,质量的形容词(good useful)--------------表示大小,长短,形状的形容词----------------表示年龄,新旧,温度的形容词------------表示颜色的形容词---------------------表示国籍,产地,区域的形容词-----------表示材料,用做形容词的名词----------动名词,分词2)后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词3)形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时,必须后置4)enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后,但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时,必须后置5)有些形容词本身就有‘比....年长’,‘比.......... 优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than 6)much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词,不修饰名词7)more 不能用来修饰比较级8)与名词连用的more of a .../as much of a.../more of a....意为更像....9)as much of a...意为称得上,less of a 意为算不上10)none other than(不是别人,正是)=no other than三情态动词1)can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不,只能(but后跟不带to的动词不定式)2)must 表示禁止,一定不要时的否定式为mustn’t当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为can’t3)need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味4)need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事(经常考)四虚拟语气从句主句1)与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should(第一人称)would(其它人称)+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去式(动词be用were) would/should/could/might+动词原型与将来事实相反过去式或should/were+动原 would/should/could/might+动词原型2)It is (high/about/the)time.........谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了3)It is the first(second/third)time后的that 从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验4)as if/though 的虚拟要点a.对当时事实的假设,从句谓语用过去式,be动词一律用wereb.对过去事实的假设,从句谓语用过去完成式c.对未来事实的假设,从句谓语用would+动词原形开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.提出观点:Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...)."......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance.提出原因:There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ... Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear结尾:From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ... In short...。
Proof reading错误类型词短语句子篇章词名词动词形容词/副词介词限定词词代词(指示/关系/不定/反身)V.ing & V. ed情态助动词名词1. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it.(1997)2. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors (2001)3. ...and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred years of a steady decline.(2003)名词4. As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a planet (1996)5. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain and pleasure.(2007)6. The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is a very natural one, and in result language has played a prominent part in national moves.(2008)名词7. These give the concentrations on three main pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide (1995)8. …to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (2004)动词1. His politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise. (1997)2. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, (2005)3. ...unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community; (2006)动词4. …there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language from that of Britain.(2008)形容词1. ...the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set price.(2008)2. …there is a sharp difference in meaning between “ man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet “the” is single vehicle of this difference in meaning.(2000)3. Men have often felt the need to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive from another race whose hegemony they resent. (2008)形容词4.The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.(2001)5. …that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in such a way that it can acquire language. (1998)6. From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (2003)形容词7. …the poor one’s job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.(2005)8. Of the remaining fraction, which is somewhat fewer than 1% of the whole, there is 10-20 times as much stored as underground water (1996)9. Increases in size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience. (2006)形容词10. …there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries than we find in English.(2007)副词1. …and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (2002)2. We learn quite e arly to recognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps only a few miles far.(2002)3. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debts were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich.(2001)副词4. A certain number of hydrogen atoms, which are one of the main constitutes of water, are lost by escaping from the atmosphere to out space, but (1996)介词1. The hunter—gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods.2. …but in central London winter sunshine has increased about 70% since 1958. (1995)3. …these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care.(1999)冠词1. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. (2004)2. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical words have “less meaning”, (2000)3. …these are among most striking of human achieve ments.冠词4. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job ( this is primarily a factor in graduate and professional-school tuition): (2005)5. It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. ( 1998)冠词6. …to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers. (2006)7. It is oft en said, of course, that the language originated in cries of anger, (2007)8. …after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”. (2003)冠词9. …we certainly could using their eating habits as model for healthier diet. (1999)10. W e may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (2007)11. If he were not hesitating, it would only last a fraction of the second. (1997)数量词1. The rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of the ice at the Poles and on mountains, (1996)2. …we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them, (2000)代词1.…their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. (2003)2. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective of fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United states is indistinguishable from those of business firms. (2005)代词3. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. (2005)4. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message; (2006)5. …whereas proper language does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. (2007)代词6. …there were proposals that independence should be lingui stically accepted by the use of a different language from those of Britain. (2008)7. …( young animals) compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacityto fend for them. (1998)代词8. …our own handwriting is something which we almost alw ays know . (2002)9. As we know, life would only be possible on the surface of a planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. (1996)10. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations o f teachers, (2005)关系代词11. There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient languages shows us language in a new and emerging state. (2007)V.ing & V. ed1. But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. (2000)2. ...but the government had no wish to become involving, (2001)3. This power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, … or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2004)V.ing & V. ed4.They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common stock. (2005)5. …our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods. (1999)6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as to the way in which these words should be arranged to convey a particular language;…情态助动词1. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away.(1997)短语形容词短语(介词和形容词的搭配)名词短语(名词和介词的搭配)VP介词短语短语1. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain through out our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like (2002)2. But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words of English, (2000)3. …the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. (2003)短语4. And in rare occasions, to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings.(2004)5. An hour of hunting yields in av erage about 100 edible calories (1999)6. …they consider the human infant to be genetically programmed in such way that it can acquire language. (1998)短语7. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, (1998)8. ...the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enable him to communicate his thoughts and feeling, (2006)9. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. (2007)短语10. At the end, as everyone knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying on with the same language as before.(2008)11. T o handle with the crop of 1919, (2001)12. Plant foods provide for 60% to 80% of the Kung diet, (1999)短语13. The fact that such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly differently, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper. (2007)14. This is only a tiny range compared with the low temperature of some other planets and the hot interior of the earth, let the temperature of the sun.(1996)短语15. Outside expert to assist in conducting investigative hearings and to make out detailedstudies of issues. (2004)16. …after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and to give a sense of “belongings”. (2002)17.These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but (2003)短语18. This power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees (2004)19. This is the first act he would make if he were rising. (1997)20. frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings and (2004)短语21. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluct uations in income: (2005)22…in fact some grammarians have called them “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. (2000)23. …when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. (2000)句子主谓一致语法结构一致成分多余成分残缺时态和语态虚拟语气It-句型句子1. …provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. (1998)2. ... the English speaker has at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings,. (2006)3. The way in which university students make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminaterequired courses. (2005)句子4. The earth’s supply of water probab ly remains quite fairly constant in quantity. (1996)5. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, (2001)6. Although a word like “the” is not the name of something as man is, it is v ery far away from being meaningless; (2000)句子7. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education. (2005)8. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message; (2006)9. At the time the United States split off from Britain, for example, (2008)句子10.. We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours. (2002)11. For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be“species specific” to the human race, (1998)12. This is “natural”, therefore, that our speech—sounds should be those of our immediate circle; (2002)篇章逻辑问题( 语义错误或相反)衔接问题(连词或连接性状语的误用)从总体把握时态问题篇章1. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. (1997)2. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. (1998)3. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. (2001)篇章4. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages which sows us language in a new and emerging state.(2007)5. Less noted but.., the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a post-war peak; (2003)6. W e begin the “natural learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours (2002)。