词汇学正式论文

词汇学论文词汇学是研究词汇的起源、形成、发展和使用规律的学科，是语言学的重要分支之一。

它通过对词汇的分类、形态、语义、语法等方面的研究，揭示了语言中词汇的丰富性和多样性。

本文将从词汇学的相关概念、研究方法、理论体系等方面进行论述，以期加深对词汇学的理解。

首先，词汇学是研究词汇的学科，那么什么是词汇？词汇是语言的基本单位，是由语言中具有意义的基本元素组成的。

词汇具有相对独立的语义和语法功能，是构成句子的基本要素。

词汇的研究不仅包括对单词的研究，还包括对词组、短语、句子等更复杂的语言单位的研究。

其次，词汇学的研究方法多样，常用的方法有实证研究和理论研究。

实证研究是通过观察、调查、实验等手段，收集和分析大量的语言数据，从而揭示出词汇的形态、语义和语法规律。

理论研究则是从理论的角度出发，对词汇进行归纳、总结和概括，通过建立理论模型来解释和描述词汇的现象。

词汇学的理论体系主要包括词汇分类、词汇形态、词汇语义和词汇语法等方面的理论。

词汇分类是根据词汇的不同特征将其进行划分，常用的分类方式有词性分类、词语类型分类等。

词汇形态研究探讨词汇的形态构成和变化规律，如词缀、派生、复合等。

词汇语义研究考察词汇的意义和词义关系，如同义词、反义词、上下位关系等。

词汇语法则是探究词汇在句子中的语法功能和关系，如主语、谓语、宾语等。

词汇学的研究不仅有助于我们深入了解语言的本质和结构，还对语言教学、语言翻译、语言习得等具有重要的指导意义。

词汇是语言运用的基础，提升词汇能力可以提高语言表达的准确性和流畅性。

在语言教学中，合理有效地组织和教授词汇知识可以帮助学生提高语言能力。

在语言翻译中，正确理解和运用词汇可以促使翻译更加准确地传达原文的意思。

在语言习得中，掌握词汇技巧可以帮助学习者扩展语言知识，提高自己的语言水平。

总之，词汇学作为语言学的重要分支，对于理解语言的结构和功能具有重要的意义。

通过对词汇的分类、形态、语义、语法等方面的研究，可以揭示词汇的丰富性和多样性。

Lexicology and My English StudyI. What Is Lexicology?The term lexicology was borrowed from the French word lexicology, which contains two morphemes: one is Greek lexicology, meaning ‘workbook’ or ‘vocabulary;’ the other is French logie, meaning ‘the study or science of.’ So the literal meaning of the term is ‘the science of words.’The term first appeared in the 1820s, though there were lexicologists in essence before the term was coined. Computational lexicology as a related field (in the same way that computational linguistics is related to linguistics) deals with the computational study of dictionaries and their contents. An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words in relation with dictionaries – it is actually concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. Therefore lexicography is the theory and practice of composing dictionaries. Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but the two disciplines should not be mistaken: only lexicologists who do write dictionaries are lexicographers. It is said that lexicography is the practical lexicology; it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.Comprehensively speaking, lexicology is the branch of linguisticsconcerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.Ⅱ. Aims and Significance of LexicologyThe aim of the term lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Concretely speaking, English lexicology offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. It deals with meanings of Modern English words and their changes in the course of historical development. It discusses the problems of word-structure and word-formation in English, including the formation of new words which have appeared since the 1960s. It also it also studies the use of English words, phrases and idioms.The significance of lexicology for language learning is also evident. The term will help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use English words. For instance, the study of new words, synonyms, figures of speech, etc. will arouse the interest of the learners on the one hand, and enhance their ability to choose the correct and expressive words in writing and speech on the other hand.Language learning requires practice. Practice makes perfect. Without practice there would be no theory. English lexicology as a theory of Modern English may be useful in vocabulary study because it derivesfrom practice and should guide practice. Students will use the basic knowledge of English lexicology to understand the material already familiar to them from English classes, and apply it in their further study of English.Ⅲ. Language, Linguistics and LexicologyBriefly speaking, lexicology deals with words. Words are the foundation and core of language. We know that without words, there would be no language, while without language, there would be no linguistics. Therefore, words, that is, lexicology, language and linguistics are very closely interrelated with one another. Before studying lexicology, we should learn about what language is and what linguistics is.Ⅳ. The Connection of Lexicology with phonetics and grammar and stylistics1) With phonetics:Phonetics is the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance, that is, the study of speech sounds. It is closely related to lexicology.Without sound there is no word because every word is unity of sound and meaning.2) With grammar:V ocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another. In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention tovocabulary. Joseph Stalin pointed out that the vocabulary is the building material of a language. The vocabulary of a language assumes tremendous importance when it comes under the control of grammar, which is concerned with the modification in front of words and the combination of words into sentences.3) With stylistics:Stylistics is “the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary typ es.” Lexicology studies stylistics variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech, etc.Stylistics is concerned with language variety differing according to use rather than user. The same user may use different varieties for different purposes, different situations, in conversation with different people, to produce different effects. The same subject matter can be expressed in different styles.Ⅴ. Two Approaches of the study of LexicologyThere are two main approaches to the study of lexicology, that is, synchronic and diachronic.The term synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one point of time. The term diachronic means concerned with historical development of a language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time, whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time. Ⅵ. The Division of the History of the EnglishThe history of the English language is divided into three periods.1) The period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened.2) The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period. During this period the inflections, which had begun to break down towards the end of the Old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of the leveled inflections.3) The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections.Ⅶ. The Main Processes of English Word-formationThere are four main types of word-formation in English:1) Prefixation:Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation. Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base.Affixation has played an active part in the course of the development of the English language. It is not only an age-old, but also a productive method in English word-building.What is prefixation?Prefixation is a main type of word-formation putting a prefix in front of the base, sometimes with, but more usually without a change of word class, e.g. dislike (dis + like).2) Suffixation:Suffixation is a main type of word-formation, putting a suffix after the base, sometimes without, but more usually with a change of word class, e.g. frankness (frank + ness)The primary function of prefixes is to effect a semantic modification of the base, and the chief function of suffixes is to change the word class of the base, although suffixes have only a small semantic role. Therefore suffixes may be classified into four categories according to the word class.3) Conversion:Conversion (or full conversion) is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.In the English language conversion is unusually prominent as a word-formation process. Of course, conversion, like other main types ofword-formation, is treat as a process now available for extending the lexical resources of the English language.There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.4) Compounding：Compounding is a main type of word-formation adding one base to another, such that usually the one placed in front in some sense subcategorizes the one that follows, e.g. blackbird, etc.Compounding can occur not only in the three major word classes, nouns and, to lesser extent, adjectives, and, to least extent, verbs but also in other word classes: prepositions, such as into, within, by means of, instead of, etc. pronouns, such as each other, one another, anybody, someone, herself, itself, etc. and adverbs, such as headlong, somehow, somewhere, upside down, inside out, etc.A compound is a lexical until consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Compounds usually comprise two bases only, however internally complex each may be.Ⅷ. English IdiomsIdioms are very important and extremely interesting part of language. They are commonly used in all styles of language: informal and formal, spoken and written. If we can understand and use idioms correctly, ourlanguage skills increase constantly. One important problem our students have with idioms is how we understand them in our daily study.The best way to understand an idiom is to see it in context. Let us give an example below.If someone says: This ti n opener’s driving me round the bend! I think I’ll throw it away and get a new one. Then the context and common sense tells us that drive round the bend refers to something different from driving a car round a curve in the road. So the context points out that the tin opener is not working properly and that it’s having an effect on the person using it.Drive or send sb. round the bend is an idiom used as an informal style meaning ‘to make someone very bored or very angry.’Ⅸ. British and American EnglishGrammatical differences between British and American English are few. The more noticeable differences are phonetic and especially lexical. It does not seem likely that distinctions between British English and American English will become more extensive. On the contrary, as the modes of communication have improved, the tendency is towards uniformity and better understanding between the people of the two countries.But why does American English differ from British English?There are two reasons for this.Firstly, British English itself changed in the course of time. All languages change as time passes. English is no exception. That is why Chaucer’s English is different from Shakespeare’s English, and why Shakespeare’s English is different from contemporary Engli sh.Take the following English word borrowed from Latin and Greek for example.Such words as apparatus, complex, focus, maximum, minimum, series, etc. appeared in English only after the year 1600.In the past fifty years British English has adopted a great number of words that originated in American English.Words like cafeteria, highlight, hotrod, OK, etc. are example.Secondly, American English has acquired a character of its own. It reflects the growth, development and history of American society.In the earliest period a number of words denoting places, plants, animals, tools, and customs which existed in America were added to the English language, e.g.Hickory—a type of tree of North America which provides hard wood and bears nuts.Moose—a type of large deer, with very large flat horns, that lives in the northern pert of America.The above-mentioned words belong to American English and were borrowed from American Indian languages.After the American Independence a number of words related to institutions appeared, e.g. assembly, congress, president, representative, vice-president, etc.Strictly speaking, British English is the English spoken by the great majority of educated people in South and Southeast England, especially in London and its vicinity. BrE or BE is shot for British English. American English is General American spoken by the great majority of the American people. AmE or AE is short for American English.References:I.Chengzhang Lin﹠Shiping Liu An Introduction To EnglishLexicology, WuHan University Press FourthII.Wikipedia。

英语的发展这学期我们学习了词汇学这门课程，从这门课程的学习中我了解了英语发展的历史。

从这门课的学习中，我知道了英语语言的历史发展可以分为三个阶段，分别是：古英语（Old English），中世纪英语（Middle English）和现代英语（Modern English）。

(一) 古英语时期 (Old English Period, 450-1150)。

有记载的英语语言起始于449年，当时包括央格鲁－撒克逊人（Angles-Saxons）在内的德国部落入侵大不列颠。

他们把原来的居民凯尔特人（the Celts）赶到不列颠的北部和西部角落。

凯尔特人的领袖King Arthur带领部队勇敢作战，英勇抗击德国入侵者。

这之后在不列颠岛上央格鲁人、撒克逊人和一些德国部落都说着各自的英语。

尽管85％的古英语词汇现在已经不再使用，但一些常用词汇如：child, foot, house, man, sun等等还是保留下来。

和现代英语相比，古英语中的外来词很少，但派生词缀较多。

古英语中还有较多描述性的复合词。

如“音乐”是earsport；“世界”是age of man。

在著名的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）中对此有详尽描述。

这是最早居住在不列颠(Britain) 的民族塞尔特人所说的塞尔特语(Celtic)，他们虽然最早到英国，但留下来的事迹不多，现在威尔斯、苏格兰高地仍有人说塞尔特语。

公元前43年凯撒大帝征服不列颠，罗马人统治不列颠人，同时也将当时罗马人使用的拉丁语传入，但并未被一般老百姓采用。

公元410年罗马帝国自英国撤离，这时，来自英国北方的皮刺人 (Picts) 和苏格兰人分别从南部和西北侵扰，不列颠无力抵抗，只好求救于往昔经常困扰罗马军队的日耳曼人。

根据大英民族编年史的记载，日耳曼民族于公元449年在英格兰登陆，将日耳曼语带到英国，而发展成现在的英语，因此，英语是属于印欧语系Indo-European 日耳曼语族的语言。

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。

可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。

一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。

有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。

然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。

语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。

二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。

语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。

但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。

为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。

从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。

三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。

皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。

李易忱教授：吴建设英语学院0892010-6-18<论词汇的力量>我是个篮球迷，经常关注NBA的比赛。

前一段时间我在看球的时候总感觉央视解说员在解说的时候有一些奇怪的地方，细细观察才发现，他们在解说的过程中凡是遇到英文的单词或者缩略词都换成了中文来表达，例如最常用的缩略词“NBA”换成了“美国职业男子篮球联赛”或“美职篮”。

而且在很多其他的媒体节目中也是这样做的。

我开始觉得很好笑，因为对于现在大多数人来说，在日常生活中，运用一些英文缩略词或者英文单词来表达事情是很常见的。

这件事在互联网上也引起了很多人的争议和讨论。

很多网友纷纷表示不理解央视的做法（其实一开始也包括我）。

认为这是多此一举，甚至会惹来很多麻烦。

有的人开玩笑说如果非要按照央视这种套路办，那会出现滑稽的表达，比如“我去医院做了个B超。

”要说成“我去医院做了个第二型超声波检查”, CT会变成“电子计算机X射线断层扫描。

网友们说的也不无道理，毕竟英语词汇在我们的生活中已经渗透的太多太多了，这些词汇也带给了我们李易忱很多方便，如果真要屏蔽或者换掉肯定会造成一种尴尬的境地。

但是，凡是都有两面性，如果我们从另一方面考虑这个事情，也许会得出不一样的结论。

我看到支持这项举措的大多数是一些老一辈的语言学家等。

他们的理论也很简单，就是如果放任这种英语单词的渗入，会对我们自己的语言文字，甚至文化产生影响。

正巧本学期我选了词汇学这门课，通过这门课的学习，我对上述这个事情有了更深一层的看法。

词汇作为一门语言的最基本的组成部分之一，虽然看起来是很不起眼，但它却也是最重要的组成部分。

一个词语所包含的意义是很深的，而我们在日常生活中运用的知识它的基本含义而已。

如果我们细细研究，便能发现词汇能影响我们很多方面，知识，素质，意识等等。

我认为，词汇对意识的影响是最大的，也恰恰是人们最容易忽略掉的一点。

所以词汇学这个研究分支是有意义的。

它让我们知道学习一门语言，甚至一种文化，不仅仅是把它的单词全部背下来就可以的。

初中英语词汇教学论文（汇总8篇）篇1：初中英语词汇教学论文曾经在学生中做过这样的调查：“学英语，你最怕的是什么？”各种各样的答案都有，有的说害怕语法，有的说害怕作文，有的说害怕听力，但答得最多的却是害怕背单词，尤其是新教材，原来的《英语教学大纲》中规定初中毕业的学生掌握800个左右的单词即可，现如今的《英语课程标准》则要求在1500个左右，在各个科目纷纷“减负”的同时，唯独英语学科在默默承受着“增压”的痛苦，于是就出现了“单词是基础，词汇是拦路虎，背单词真痛苦”的现象。

教学的过程是师生互动的过程，词汇教学也是如此，800个得教，1500个也得教，只是苦了学生，累了教师罢了。

要想让学生掌握好词汇，关键是让学生对英语产生兴趣，把背单词当作一种苦中作乐的事，而要做到这样，又是相当的不容易，除了学生自觉外，教师采用不同的教学方法来帮助调动学生的积极性，也是很重要的。

（一）针对词汇量多的问题，初步统计一下，每个话题的单词少则二三十个，多则五六十个，以前教的时候多是要求学生全部要掌握，胡子眉毛一把抓。

结果是有的学生接受得来，而有的学生一看那么多单词，实在是件痛苦的事，干脆就不背了，反正是死猪不怕开水烫，任你老师罚呗，他自有办法应付，这终究不是好办法。

现如今则稍作改变，要求四会的黑体单词，中下水平的学生要求掌握，至于学有余力的学生，就要求掌握黑体和三会的白体单词，打三角形的只需要了解就可以。

相信大多数老师和我的感受相差不多，对于800个变成1500个毫无心理准备。

以前词汇少时，一星期教一次单词和听写一次就行，如今每个话题单词少的也要分两次教，多的则要分为三次教才行，当然听写也随之水涨船高，次数增多了，不这样做学生根本接受不了。

（二）所谓的“教无定法，教有良法”说明白些，其实就是依据学生具体情况而选择适当的教学方法。

以下是我课堂教学中较为常用的方法。

1音标教学法：七年级英语刚入门时，教师在字母教学法中应该融入音标教学，可以要求学生学会制作音标卡，并要求他们背诵48个国际音素。

英语词汇学论文词汇使我们在英语学习过程中的最大障碍,。

然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,就是我们学习英语的有力武器。

本学期上了词汇学,学到了一些以前学不到的东西。

总体的感觉就就是“原来英语中的词汇也像中文一样博大精深,而且很活,有很多学问”。

在语言的发展过程当中,词汇也就是起着举足轻重的作用。

在教学实践中,有相当多的教师与学生对词汇的教学认识就是片面的,认为学生只要记住单词的发与拼写及词义就足够了。

于就是,许多学生就只会机械地背诵课本后词汇表中每个英语单词与与之相对应的汉语解释。

而当她们要把这些词汇运用到写作与口语中的时候,结果却就是错误百出。

究其原因,就在于教师的教学方法使学生认为:词汇就是静止的单个词语的总与,只要掌握单个的词语就足够了。

其实这种认识就是有局限性的,谈不上就是真正的掌握。

其结果就就是遣词造句时的生搬硬套,逐字逐句的别扭翻译。

事实上,词语就是有生命的,就是活动的,而不就是孤立的。

“词与词在很多方面都就是相联系的,这也就是掌握词汇并将其储存在记忆中的方式”。

因此, 教师在词汇教学中除了教会学生单词的发音及其词意外,还应注重核心词汇的教学与词语搭配的教学。

这两个方面虽然同属于词汇教学的范畴,但却就是紧密相连,缺一不可的。

只有把这两方面的内容真正搞清楚了,才能准确无误地运用各类词汇。

语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性。

英语词汇可以通过自身形态的变化引起自身词性的变化,这就使得英语的构词法有着灵活性与多样性的优势。

例如:英语的名词通过添加词缀可以变成动词或形容词;动词通过添加词缀也可以变成名词或就是形容词等。

英语构词法中词汇的变化大部分都就是通过词汇本身形态的变化而产生的。

英语的这一特性使英语具有强大的派生能力,许多的词都就是由其它词通过词形的变化派生而来的。

其中在英语词汇中变化最多的就是英语的动词、名词与形容词。

比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语(不定式、分词)的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。

姓名：丁君怡学号：2012125112 班级：英语1213 课程：英语词汇学引论英语词素的类型摘要：词素也叫语素，是语言中最小的而又具有意义的单元。

不同的分类方法可以将理据分为不同的类型。

依据语素能否单独出现的特性，语素大体上可分为两大类，分别为：自由词素，黏着词素。

依据词素的词汇的和语法的关系，词素可化分为词汇词素，语法词素。

关键字：词素，词素，分类，不同依据，不同类型一、依据词素能否单独出现自由词素自由词素是可以单独出现并能独立成词的词素。

也就是说，一个自由词素自身就是一个具有一定意义的单词。

比如，单词boy, girl, table, nation, faith等都是自由词素，因为他们单独出现时就表示一个单词，并具有意义，分别表示男孩，女孩，桌子，民族，忠诚。

像homework, airsick, and takeoff 这样的单词，home, work, air, sick, take, off都能单独出现并独自成词，它们拥有一个以上的自由词素，被称为复合词。

黏着词素黏着词素是不能作为一个词而单独出现的词素，也就是当它单独出现时，不能表示一个单词。

因此，他们不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现,这样的语素叫做粘着语素。

黏着词素大多是词缀。

例如：-s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- in disclose等，他们都不能单独出现，必须与其他词素一起出现。

一个英语单词可以拥有一个或多个黏着词素。

比如，单词unfaithful中-un与-ful ,都是黏着词素。

值得注意的是单词contain 与receive 都不仅仅只有一个黏着词素。

因为con, tain, re, ceive 都不能单独出现并独立成词。

二、依据词素词汇的和语法的关系词汇词素词汇词素是用来构成新的单词的词素。

可以构成复合词。

比如单词blackbird就是在black和bird这两个词汇词素的基础上创造的。

词汇学论文第一篇：词汇学及其研究方法词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇及其运用规律。

它对于理解和使用语言至关重要，并且在语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域具有广泛的应用。

本文将介绍词汇学的定义、主要研究内容以及常见的研究方法。

首先，词汇学是研究词汇的科学。

词汇是构成语言的基本单位，是语言的基本组成部分。

词汇学包含对词汇的定义、分类和形成过程的研究。

词汇的定义可以从不同角度进行，如音、义、形态等。

词汇分类可以根据语法特点、语义特征以及语用功能等进行。

词汇的形成过程涉及词源、造词规则以及词汇的变化等方面。

其次，词汇学的研究内容包括词义、词形、词法、词汇关系等方面。

词义是指词汇所包含的意义，是词汇学研究的核心内容之一。

词义的研究涉及到语义、句法和语用等层面的分析。

词形是指词汇的外部形态特征，包括词根、词缀等。

词形的研究可以揭示词汇在形态上的规律和变化。

词法是指词汇的形成和使用规则，包括词汇的构词法和变位等方面的研究。

词汇关系是指词汇之间的内在联系，包括同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系、联想关系等。

最后，词汇学的研究方法多种多样。

常见的研究方法有词义分析、语料库分析、对比研究等。

词义分析是通过对词义进行细致的解剖和分类，来探索词义的内部结构和变化规律。

语料库分析是通过收集和分析大规模的语言数据来研究词汇的使用频率和语境特征，从而揭示词汇的语言规律和偏好。

对比研究是通过比较不同语言、不同语言阶段或者不同语言使用者之间的词汇差异，来揭示词汇的共性和个性。

总之，词汇学是研究词汇及其运用规律的科学，它对于理解和使用语言具有重要意义。

词汇学的研究方法多种多样，可以通过词义分析、语料库分析和对比研究等方法来揭示词汇的内在规律和外在特征。

对于语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域来说，词汇学的研究成果具有重要的理论和实践价值。

第二篇：词汇学在语言教学中的应用词汇是语言的基本单位，掌握丰富的词汇量对于语言学习者来说非常重要。

Brief introduction about Word Formation Abstract:English vocabulary has several Word-formation methods. The major three greatest word formation are affixation, compounding, and conversion. The other six kinds of word-formation methods include blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation, sound reduplication, and communization of proper names.Keywords: Morphemes, classifying, word-formation1.IntroductionWhen you are learning a language,you have to learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and so on. in these factors, vocabulary has a very important role in language-studying. A famous scholar said”without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” He emphasized that in most cases, the vocabulary is much more important than grammar. Another famous lexicologist said, when a student learn the second language, no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the second language ，without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in the language cannot happen in any way.From these two examples and of course include many other cases that are not mentioned here now, we can conclude that if you don’t care vocabulary at all, it is impossible to learn a language in some way. What’s more, you cannot express your real feeling no matter you are happy, sad, fortune, or you are unlucky, because you don’t know what words you can say or can write.2.ContextBefore talking about word formation, maybe we should know the morphological structure of English words first. So what we will discuss next is morphological structure of English words. It includes morphemes, morphs and allomorphs, classifying morphemes, identifying morphemes, morphemes and word-formation.3.morphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of alanguage to make sentence, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’. Syntactically, however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.Morphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories:① Free versus Bound Morphemes ---- morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.②Derivational versus Inflectional Morphemes ---- morphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.③ Content versus Grammatical Morphemes ---- On a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes. Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as we see above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes.4.Morphemes and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or elements to modify meaning or function. Affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Derivational and inflectional affixes areidentical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of word, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix.Before we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying:1.Root: a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzedwithout total loss of identity.2.Stem: a stem may consist of a single root morpheme or of two rootmorphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.3.Base: a base is referred to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Itcan be a root or a stem.5.Word FormationThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.⑴AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation includes:Negative Prefixes (a-, dis- ,in-, non-, un-…)Reversative or Privative Prefixes (de-, dis-, un,…)Pejorative Prefixes (mal-, mis-, pseudo- …)Prefixes of Degree or Size (arch-, co-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-,out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under- …) Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-…)Locative Prefixes ( fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-…)Prefixes of Time and Order ( ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re- …)Number Prefixes ( bi-, multi-, semi-,tri-,uni- …)Conversion Prefixes ( a-, be-, en- …)Miscellaneous Prefixes ( auto- , neo-, pan-, proto-, vice- …)Suffixation includes:Noun suffixes (denominal nouns, deverbal nouns, de-adjective nouns, non andadjective suffixes)Adjective suffixes (denominal suffixes, deverbal suffixes )Adverb suffixes (Omit example)Verb suffixes (Omit example)⑵CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Wordsworth formed in this way are called compounds. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.1.Characteristics of compoundsCompounds have noticeable characteristics which may in most cases differentiate themselves from noun phrases in the following four aspects:Phonological features, semantic features, grammatical, orthographical features.2.Formation of compoundsCompounding can take place within any of the word class, but the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent.Noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds.⑶ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.Conversion to nouns (deverbal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )Conversion to verbs (denominal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )conversion to adjectives (voiceless to voiced consonant, initial to end stress)Annotation:《英语词汇学教程》张伟友著，《词汇学学习指南》杨春慧著。