川大2019年公共政策考博考试真题

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 8 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Electronics works as a slave on the sea-bed and in space; in marketing and on the moon; in hospitals and on the race track. And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve, developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier-than-air machines could fly. Radio was the first practical and commercial development, the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology. Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale, offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost.Pre-transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy, yet it manages to produce such far-reaching techniques as radar. Computers made before the transistor were elementary, enormous and slow by modern standards. The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s, with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro-electronics. This is a new series of micro-miniature electronic devices in the solid state, offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon, not much bigger than a pin-head. However, the conventional technology of the day----based on the transistor----had been developed to quite a sophisticated level. Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes, to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry. Today micro-electronics stands as the foundation of the industry’s total fut ure, offering vast potentialities. The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted, but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier. Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work; the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a question of efficient programming, rather than of tedious chores.This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face. Until recently, the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology. Now many of the applications dictate the technology. Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit----today we are entering a new world----the world of the microprocessor, just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence.1.How are the pre-transistor computers viewed nowa.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy.b.Pre-transistor computers managed to produce far-reachingtechniques.c.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as elementary, enormous andslow.d.Pre-transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced.2.When did micro-electronics come into beinga.In1947.b.In the late 1950s.c.When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came.d.When computers were made.3.What are the different stages of the development of electronicsa.Thermionic valve----semicondutor ---- solid statedevices----microprocessor.b.Solid state devices----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.c.Thermionic valve----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.d.Thermionic valve ----solid state devices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.4.What is the latest development of electronicsa.The world of the microprocessor.b.The silicon integrated circuit.c.The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon.d.Efficient programming.5.What is the best title for the articlea.The Advanced Industry of Electronics.b.The Role of the Electronicsc.Problems Posed by Electronics.d.The Young Industry of Electronics.Passage 2Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by “think”. If solving a mathematical problem is “thinking”, then a computer can “think” and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again. Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that.It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program”.Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we mightlike to define “thinking” in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can’t think and neither can most humans.Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be made as creative as we. If it could be as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it.But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think. Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself. This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on.In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is a “complexity explosion”. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain----but far surpass it.6.What is the best title for the passagea.How to Duplicate Human Brainsb.Can a Computer Thinkc.How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problemd.How Do Human Beings Think7.What does the passage tell us about computers of todaya.Unlike human beings, they have to be programmed before they can doanything.b.They are as complex as humans.c.They are the equivalents of human brains.d.They can duplicate human brains.8.In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmeda.They are different from each other.b.Our potentialities are limited by that “program”.c.Their characteristics, powers, etc. are fixed before birth.d.We should define “thinking” in terms of creativity.9.What does the writer think about the human braina.It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells.b.It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.c.It is more complex than computer, so it can do everything a computercan do.d.It is made up of atoms and molecules.10.As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, what does theword “ovum” meana. Cellb. Moleculesc. Germ.d. A female germ or sex cell.Passage 3In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime or looting during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9:30 ., when lightning hit knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity.11.Look at the first paragraph, Who were right: the authorities or thepessimistsa. The authorities.b. Bothc. The pessimists.d.Neither12.In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performancea.There was much more disorder.b.This time the electricity supply failed.c.It was quite unexpected.d.It did not occur within five years of 1965.13. What caused the blackout in July 1977a.Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electricalappliances.b.Because of unemployment, some machines were not in proper order.c.During a storm, lighting damaged supply cables.d.The passage does not mention the cause.14. Why did many looters manage to escapea.The police could not see them in the dark.b.Many of the looters were armed with guns.c.There were not enough policemen to catch them all.d.They were hidden inside big buildings.15. How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure lasta. A whole week.b. Twenty-four hours.c. Three days.d. A whole night.Passage 4Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products,some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.16. Which of the following is NOT truea.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.17. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible becausea.the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance.plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure.c.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions.d.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes moleculartransformation.18. Which of the following is truea.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.19. How is crude oil brought to surfacea.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b.Pressure and pumping.c.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d.Expa nsion and contraction of the earth’s surface.20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oila. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Kerosene.Passage 5A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we’re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many or these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being changed.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(集成电路), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain; information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that ________.a.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceb.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingc.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesd.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that_______.a.the difference between the employee and the employer has becomeinsignificantb.people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold truec.most people have to take part-time jobsd.people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to saythat _________.a.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement oftechnologyb.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivabledramatic changesc.the importance of high technology has been overlookedputer science will play a leading role in the future informationservices24. The future will probably belong to those who ________.a.possess and know how to make use of informationb.give full play to their brain potentialc.involve themselves in service industriesd.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passageputers and the Knowledge Society.b.Service Industries in Modern Society.c.Features and Implications of the New Era.d.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology.Passage 6Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.26. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________.a.they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingb.they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesc.they help people to cope with life in the information erad.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.27. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health _________.a.relies on the social welfare systems which support themb.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersc.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesd.is closely related to their strength for coping with major change sintheir lives28. Which of the following is cl osest in meaning to the word “cushions”a. Adds up to.b. Does away with.c. Lessens the effect of.d. Lays the foundation for.29. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.a. instrumental supportb. informational supportc. social companionshipd. the strengthening of self-respect30. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______.a.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesb.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesc.it make sour leisure-time activities more enjoyabled.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesPassage 7The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer be gins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flas h out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31. All of the following are parts of the Sun’s atmosphere EXCEPT the________.a. coronab. chromospheresc. photosphered. core32. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun’s outerlayer is usually prevented by ______.a. the Sun’s raysb. an eclipsec. lack of lightd. the great distance33. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerneda.How the Sun evolves.b.The structure of the Sun.c.Why scientists study the Sun.d.The distance of the Sun from the planets.34. According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become________.a. hotterb. clearerc. thinnerd. stronger35. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which ofthe followinga.The remaining layers of the Sun.b.The evolution of the Sun to its present form.c.The eclipse of February 1979.d.The scientists who study astronomy.Passage 8The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in may ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa(反之亦然).In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewingculture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.36. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understandingof “environment” as the author sees ita. Elaborate.b. Prejudiced.c. Faultless.d. Oversimplified.37. According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult toexplain because _______.a.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environmentb.it involves both internal and external forcesc.the organism and the environment influence each otherd.the relationship between the organism and environment is unclear38. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat __________.a.biological factors are less important to the organism than culturalfactors to manb.man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesc.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentd.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismthan on man39. As for culture, the author points out that _______.a.it develops side by side with environmental factorsb.it is also affected by environmentc.it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentd.it is a product of man’s biological instincts40. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.a.the interpretation of the term “environment”b.the discussion of the organism and biological environmentc.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing mand.the evaluation of man’s influence on culturePart II Cloze (20 points )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the One that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the __41__ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, abrown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.The behavior and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole42. a. in b. from c. at d. on43. a. since b. if c. as d. while44. a. speak b. talk c. tell d. mention45. a. something b. everythingc. nothingd. anything46. a. display b. indicate c. demonstrate d. appear47. a. All b. Most c. No d. Some48. a. same b. identical c. similar d. alike49. a. remain b. increase c. decrease d. vary50. a. Only b. Or c. Nor d. So51. a. ever b. then c. never d. once52. a. health b. body c. mind d. thought53. a. big b. small c. minor d. major54. a. true b. exact c. certain d. accurate55. a. Provided b. Concerningc. Givend. Following56. a. make b. cause c. move d. turn。

公共政策试题库（1）单项选择100题（2）多项选择100题（3）填空100题（4）名词解释100题（5）简答50题（6）论述50题。

一、单项选择题（100题）1.公共政策学的创立者是（ B ）A．勒纳 B．拉斯韦尔C．德洛尔 D．马克思2. 研究者对政策过程进行_______观察和分析的情况下，公共政策学才有可能产生。

( A ） A．直接地或比较直接地 B．认真地、正确地C．间接地 D．客观地3. 以下那部作品很可能是全世界最早的政策案例著作。

（ D ） A．《史记》 B．《吕氏春秋》C．《论语》 D．《智囊补》4. 马克斯·韦伯强烈地主张对社会、政治现象进行文化解释，甚至将社会科学称为（ A ）A．文化科学 B．文明科学C．行为科学 D．经验科学5. 决策科学的研究对象是（ A ） A．决策活动 B．组织活动C．政策执行活动 D．政策制定活动6. 公共政策学的研究对象是（ B ） A．公共组织 B．公共政策C．公共秩序 D．社会伦理7.以下哪个模型假定决策者是“理性人”。

（ A ） A．理性主义 B．渐进主义C．政治系统 D．精英主义8. “上下来去”模型所依据的哲学认识论是（ B ） A．逻辑实证主义 B．辩证唯物主义C．历史辩证法 D．理性主义9. 以下哪种研究是分析哪些因素是怎样影响政策主体的选择行为的，是怎样影响政策过程的各个环节的，影响的性质和程度怎样。

（ D ） A．决策行为 B．政策评估C．政策监督 D．政策过程10.哪种模型把政策过程假定为输入——决策——输出——反馈这一系统运行过程。

（ A ） A．政治系统 B．精英主义C．混合扫描 D．规范最佳11. 在公共政策学的发展史上，对政策过程的研究前期重点是（ A ）A．政策的制定 B．政策的执行C．政策的监控 D．政策的评估12. 在公共政策学的发展史上，对政策过程研究后期的重点是（ B ）A．政策的制定 B．政策的执行C．政策的监控 D．政策的评估13. 国家权力通过制定公共政策来履行其政治统治和社会管理职能，因此公共政策在总体上是________的体现。

四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。

2019年资格考试一、简答题1. 溶化金属为何要有一定的过冷度才能观察到析晶现象？2. 陶瓷烧结后期晶粒长大的动力是什么？3. 为什么纯固体相变总是放热反应？二、滑移、孪生、形变带，这三种缺陷如何从形貌上来判断。

三、应变-硬化、弥散-硬化、晶粒细化，这三种强化机制的异同点。

四、三元相图中，垂直截面的线与二元相图中的线有何区别，能否应用杠杆定律，在什么情况下适用？五、纯金属在凝固、溶解、固-液平衡过程中Gibbs自由能与焓变关系图。

六、某金属熔点为600度，问在590度时，凝固能否自发进行，并求此时的熵变。

（已知凝固热ΔH）七、关于配分函数，已知Cp，证明U和Cv的关系式。

八、Au和Ag的晶格常数为0.408和0.409，问1.在Au基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；2.在Au（111）基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；3.在Au（111）基体上，用外延生长的方法生长Ag的（111）面，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；九、透射电镜衍射，如为单晶，则衍射花样为规则排列的斑点，如为单晶，则衍射花样为环。

如有一一维无限长单原子链，用一束电子垂直照射，会出现什么样的衍射花样。

十、单晶Si上镀一层的SiC薄膜，设计一个试验方案分析SiC薄膜的厚度，成份和结构。

2019年4月资格考试（可能）1.说明|Fs|、|Ls|、I电子的含义及其物理意义。

（10分）2.简述双面法测滑移面指数的原理。

（10分）3.给出8个2seita角，判断晶体结构，计算晶格常数a，写出出现衍射线的面族。

（10分）4.某单晶体，X射线沿[0 -1 0]方向入射，晶体[-1 0 0 ]方向竖直，[0 0 1]方向平行于底片。

（a）（-3 -1 0）面一级反射X光的波长。

（b）底片与晶体相距5cm，求劳厄斑在底片上的位置。

（12分）5.Ag、Fe的混合粉末，固溶度极小。

计算在2seita属于[45，110]范围内衍射线条数。

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 8 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Electronics works as a slave on the sea-bed and in space; in marketing and on the moon; in hospitals and on the race track. And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve, developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier-than-air machines could fly. Radio was the first practical and commercial development, the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology. Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale, offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost.Pre-transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy, yet it manages to produce such far-reaching techniques as radar. Computers made before the transistor were elementary, enormous and slow by modern standards. The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s, with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro-electronics. This is a new series of micro-miniature electronic devices in the solid state, offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon, not much bigger than a pin-head. However, the conventional technology of the day----based on the transistor----had been developed to quite a sophisticated level. Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes, to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry. Today micro-electronics stands as the foundation of the industry’s total fut ure, offering vast potentialities. The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted, but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier. Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work; the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a 112663904054.doc 第 1 页共 22question of efficient programming, rather than of tedious chores.This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face. Until recently, the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology. Now many of the applications dictate the technology. Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit----today we are entering a new world----the world of the microprocessor, just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence.1.How are the pre-transistor computers viewed nowa.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy.b.Pre-transistor computers managed to produce far-reachingtechniques.c.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as elementary, enormous andslow.d.Pre-transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced.2.When did micro-electronics come into beinga.In1947.b.In the late 1950s.c.When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came.d.When computers were made.3.What are the different stages of the development of electronicsa.Thermionic valve----semicondutor ---- solid statedevices----microprocessor.b.Solid state devices----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.c.Thermionic valve----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.d.Thermionic valve ----solid state devices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.4.What is the latest development of electronicsa.The world of the microprocessor.b.The silicon integrated circuit.c.The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon.222663904054.doc 第 2 页共 22d.Efficient programming.5.What is the best title for the articlea.The Advanced Industry of Electronics.b.The Role of the Electronicsc.Problems Posed by Electronics.d.The Young Industry of Electronics.Passage 2Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by “think”. If solving a mathematical problem is “thinking”, then a computer can “think” and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again. Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that.It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program”.Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define “thinking” in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can’t think and neither can most humans.Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be made as creative as we. If it could be as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it.332663904054.doc 第 3 页共 22But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think. Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself. This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on.In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is a “complexity explosion”. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain----but far surpass it.6.What is the best title for the passagea.How to Duplicate Human Brainsb.Can a Computer Thinkc.How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problemd.How Do Human Beings Think7.What does the passage tell us about computers of todaya.Unlike human beings, they have to be programmed before they can doanything.b.They are as complex as humans.c.They are the equivalents of human brains.d.They can duplicate human brains.8.In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmeda.They are different from each other.b.Our potentialities are limited by that “program”.c.Their characteristics, powers, etc. are fixed before birth.d.We should define “thinking” in terms of creativity.9.What does the writer think about the human braina.It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells.b.It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.c.It is more complex than computer, so it can do everything a computercan do.d.It is made up of atoms and molecules.442663904054.doc 第 4 页共 2210.As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, what does theword “ovum” meana. Cellb. Moleculesc. Germ.d. A female germ or sex cell.Passage 3In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime or looting during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9:30 ., when lightning hit knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity.11.Look at the first paragraph, Who were right: the authorities or thepessimists552663904054.doc 第 5 页共 22a. The authorities.b. Bothc. The pessimists.d.Neither12.In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performancea.There was much more disorder.b.This time the electricity supply failed.c.It was quite unexpected.d.It did not occur within five years of 1965.13. What caused the blackout in July 1977a.Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electricalappliances.b.Because of unemployment, some machines were not in proper order.c.During a storm, lighting damaged supply cables.d.The passage does not mention the cause.14. Why did many looters manage to escapea.The police could not see them in the dark.b.Many of the looters were armed with guns.c.There were not enough policemen to catch them all.d.They were hidden inside big buildings.15. How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure lasta. A whole week.b. Twenty-four hours.c. Three days.d. A whole night.Passage 4Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels. 662663904054.doc 第 6 页共 22Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.16. Which of the following is NOT truea.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.17. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible becausea.the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance.plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure.c.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions.d.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes moleculartransformation.18. Which of the following is truea.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products. 772663904054.doc 第 7 页共 22d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.19. How is crude oil brought to surfacea.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b.Pressure and pumping.c.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d.Expa nsion and contraction of the earth’s surface.20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oila. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Kerosene.Passage 5A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we’re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many or these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being changed.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(集成电路), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain; information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in 882663904054.doc 第 8 页共 22manufacturing or services, will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that ________.a.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceb.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingc.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesd.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that_______.a.the difference between the employee and the employer has becomeinsignificantb.people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold truec.most people have to take part-time jobsd.people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to saythat _________.a.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement oftechnologyb.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivabledramatic changesc.the importance of high technology has been overlookedputer science will play a leading role in the future informationservices24. The future will probably belong to those who ________.a.possess and know how to make use of informationb.give full play to their brain potential992663904054.doc 第 9 页共 22c.involve themselves in service industriesd.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passageputers and the Knowledge Society.b.Service Industries in Modern Society.c.Features and Implications of the New Era.d.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology.Passage 6Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.26. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________. 10102663904054.doc 第 10 页共 22a.they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingb.they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesc.they help people to cope with life in the information erad.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.27. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health _________.a.relies on the social welfare systems which support themb.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersc.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesd.is closely related to their strength for coping with major change sintheir lives28. Which of the following is cl osest in meaning to the word “cushions”a. Adds up to.b. Does away with.c. Lessens the effect of.d. Lays the foundation for.29. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.a. instrumental supportb. informational supportc. social companionshipd. the strengthening of self-respect30. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______.a.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesb.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesc.it make sour leisure-time activities more enjoyabled.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesPassage 7The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, 11112663904054.doc 第 11 页共 22chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer be gins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flas h out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31. All of the following are parts of the Sun’s atmosphere EXCEPT the________.a. coronab. chromospheresc. photosphered. core32. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun’s outerlayer is usually prevented by ______.a. the Sun’s raysb. an eclipsec. lack of lightd. the great distance33. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerneda.How the Sun evolves.b.The structure of the Sun.c.Why scientists study the Sun.d.The distance of the Sun from the planets.34. According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become 12122663904054.doc 第 12 页共 22________.a. hotterb. clearerc. thinnerd. stronger35. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which ofthe followinga.The remaining layers of the Sun.b.The evolution of the Sun to its present form.c.The eclipse of February 1979.d.The scientists who study astronomy.Passage 8The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in may ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa(反之亦然).In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.36. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding 13132663904054.doc 第 13 页共 22of “environment” as the author sees ita. Elaborate.b. Prejudiced.c. Faultless.d. Oversimplified.37. According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult toexplain because _______.a.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environmentb.it involves both internal and external forcesc.the organism and the environment influence each otherd.the relationship between the organism and environment is unclear38. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat __________.a.biological factors are less important to the organism than culturalfactors to manb.man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesc.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentd.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismthan on man39. As for culture, the author points out that _______.a.it develops side by side with environmental factorsb.it is also affected by environmentc.it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentd.it is a product of man’s biological instincts40. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.a.the interpretation of the term “environment”b.the discussion of the organism and biological environmentc.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing mand.the evaluation of man’s influence on culturePart II Cloze (20 points )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the One that best 14142663904054.doc 第 14 页共 22fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the __41__ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.The behavior and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole42. a. in b. from c. at d. on43. a. since b. if c. as d. while 15152663904054.doc 第 15 页共 22。

史学通论2008一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系。

二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战。

2009一、结合实例说明历史学的社会功能。

二、史学领域的后现代主义思潮述评。

2010一、论历史思维的方法。

二、结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对“史学即史料学”这一观点的认识。

中国古代史2008一、简要解释或回答以下各题。

1、刘知几与章学诚。

2、中国古代文献的四部分类法。

3、中国古代货币的主要类型。

4、结合你所报专业介绍四川大学的史学前辈学者。

二、简要论述下列各题：1、“安史之乱”后唐代社会的变化。

2、“汉承秦制”。

2009一、必做题唐代有哪些主要宗教？请分别予以简略介绍。

二、选做题：1、试论秦统一的历史原因。

2、中国历史出现过哪些重要的图书分类方法？这些分类法的代表作有哪些？试分析这些分类法的适用范围及其优劣。

3、试论儒墨学说的异同及其对后世的影响。

4、试论“两个体系”（覆盖人民群众的档案资源体系和方便人民群众的档案利用体系）的建设问题或者论述从藏书建设到文献资源建设到信息资源建设理论嬗变的时代背景与发展进程。

5、略述春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景和主要派别。

6、迄今为止，有关中国儒学史（或经学史）分期的观点主要有哪些？试对这些分期法的优劣进行评析，谈谈你自己对中国儒学（或经学）发展主要阶段的基本认识。

2010一、必做题：试述汉武帝时期实行的“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”政策的提出、内容及影响。

二、选做题：1、举例说明战国时期著名的水利工程及其对当时社会经济的影响。

2、简论中国古代官私书目的历史发展及其功能。

3、试论秦统一的主要原因。

4、论述建设档案安全保管基地、爱国主义教育基地、档案利用中心、政府信息查询中心、电子文件中心“五位一体”的公共档案问题；或者分析现代图书馆实施知识管理的必要性，阐述现代图书馆如何有效实施知识管理与开展知识服务。

5、试论“安史之乱”及唐代后期政局。

6、试评述春秋列国的变法改制。

2019年04月00318《公共政策》真题试卷及答案课程代码：00318一、单项选择题，本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。

在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。

1．在自然环境下对当时正在发生的事情进行观看、倾听和感受的一种政策研究手段是（）A．实地观察法B．内容分析法C．德尔菲法D．现存统计资料分析法2．公共政策学核心概念的子概念或从属概念是（）A．外围概念B．边际概念C．次级概念D．首要概念3．从经济方面把政策工具区分为供应、补贴、生产、管制四类的学者是（）A．邓恩B．休斯C．托马斯戴伊D．林德布洛婚4．乡镇政权在执行决策的过程中针对本辖区的具体情况所做的决策被称为（）A．基本政策B．部门政策C．宏观政策D．基层政策5．科珀等学者认为，通常出现在不太民主的社会中的政策议程确立过程模型是（）A．外在创始模型B．动员模型C．内在创始模型D．三源流模型6．社会保障政策属于（）A．政治政策B．科技政策C．社会政策D．教育政策7．在公共政策分析中应用最广泛而又最缺乏理论色彩的一个决策模型是（）A．机构制度模型B．集团模型C．精英模型D．政治系统模型8．条文规定使政策对象发生违反规范的行为时，受到相应的惩罚，这是公共政策的（）A．消极性管制功能B．积极性管制功能C．消极性分配功能D．积极性分配功能9．围绕某一政策议题或对政策方案某些论证进行辩护的做法被称为（）A．政策探究B．政策审议C．政策移植D．政策采纳10．在预测性评估方法中，公共政策分析人员根据目前的和历史的数据，来判断未来的社会状况的方法，属于（）A．定性预测B．马尔科夫预测C．外推预测D．逆向推理11．政策执行系统之外人们的传统习俗、社会心理和行为模式等，属于政策的（）A．政治环境B．自然环境C．经济环境D．文化环境12．"上有政策，下有对策"有悖于政策有效执行的（）A．民主原则B．忠实原则C．法治原则D．创新原则13．评估政策运作所需的社会条件及满足社会问题的程度等问题是（）A．政策成本评估B．政策效益评估C．政策需求评估D．政策价值评估14．以技术手段、技术规范和技术工具为手段来服务整个政策评估活动，这属于公共政策评估标准中的（）A．事实标准B．技术标准C．价值标准D．政治标准15．各级决策机关在各自的管辖范围内拥有相对独立的决策权，上级机关一般不干预下级机关的决策活动的制度是（）A．分权制B．集权制C．首长制D．独任制16．在保持现行政策基本框架不变的前提下，对其具体内容和目标、适用范围和时间所作的修改和订正的活动指的是（）A．政策的增别B．政策的修正C．政策的更新D．政策的废止17．从无数项具体的个别的政策和众多的政策群、政策链中，抽象出所有政策的共同本质和属性是（）A．政策过程B．具体政策C．政策系统D．政策一般18．在公共政策研究中，对与政策过程有关的现有资料进行再研究的方法属于（）A．问卷调查法B．参与观察法C．无结构访谈法D．二次分析法19．提出决策者有限理性命题的学者是（）A．德洛尔B．埃齐奥尼C．西蒙D．贝塔朗菲20．将公共问题的原因划分成可能原因、合理原因和可诉原因三个层次的一种分析方法是（）A．多角度分析法B．伦理分析法C．假设分析法D．层次分析法二、多项选择题：本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分。

四川省2019年普通高校职教师资班和高职班对口招生统一考试公共管理与服务类专业综合本试题卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)㊂第Ⅰ卷1 7页,第Ⅱ卷7 8页,共8页㊂考生作答时,须将答案答在答题卡上,在本试题卷㊁草稿纸上答题无效㊂满分350分㊂考试时间150分钟㊂考试结束后,将本试题卷和答题卡一并交回㊂第Ⅰ卷(共200分)注意事项:1.必须使用2B铅笔在答题卡上将所选答案对应的标号涂黑㊂2.第Ⅰ卷共三大题,100小题,每小题2分,共200分㊂一㊁单项选择题(本大题共40小题,每小题2分,共80分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中,只有一个正确答案,在答题卡上将所选答案对应的标号涂黑㊂)1.向上级机关请求指示或批准时使用的公文是()A.报告B.请示C.函D.决定2.下列选项中,关于报告的说法正确的是()A.内容只能 一文一事B.报告是 办件C.报告必须事前行文D.报告的目的是下情上达㊁陈述情况3.关于会议纪要的表述,下列说法正确的是()A.会议纪要使用顺时实录式结构B.会议纪要不属于外发公文C.会议纪要不具有运行性,无周知性D.会议纪要是对会议记录内容的整理㊁归纳和提高4.意向书的特点包括()A.临时性㊁协商性㊁一致性B.长期性㊁协商性㊁一致性C.临时性㊁约束性㊁一致性D.长期性㊁约束性㊁双向性5.祝贺重要会议的召开,应该选择的应用文是()A.慰问信B.申请书C.贺信D.推荐信6.个人或团体因某种需要而向上级有关部门㊁组织㊁领导㊁社会团体表达愿望,提出请求的应用文是()A.申请书B.推荐信C.建议书D.倡议书7.在制订指标㊁任务时,要从实际出发㊁量力而行㊂这个特点主要体现了计划的()A.前瞻性B.明确性C.可行性D.机动性8.合同㊁意向书㊁招标书㊁投标书通常使用的层次方式是()A.因果式B.并列式C.递进式D.时序式9.公文写作中对事件过程或情况的叙述使用的是()A.倒叙B.顺叙C.插叙D.补叙10.成都市财政局向四川省财政厅行文,该文在行文关系上属于()A.上行文B.下行文C.平行文D.并行文11.以下关于文件传阅的表述,说法正确的是()A.传阅文件可以随便 横传B.传阅文件最突出的要求是 方便C.一份文件需要几位领导阅批,但份数少又不允许复印时,秘书宜采用分送传阅D.篇幅长且不紧急的文件,秘书可利用领导开会的机会在会前或会后组织集中传阅12.以下不属于发文字号组成部分的是()A.发文机关代字B.年份C.序号D.签发人13.涉及本机关重要业务问题的请示文件,其保管期限为()A.永久B.30年C.15年D.10年14.档案利用的方式可分为提供利用和开发利用两大类㊂以下属于档案提供利用方式的是() A.档案资料的编研B.档案资料专题信息服务C.参与性研究利用D.档案资料的借阅15.下列档案中,属于科技档案的是()A.会计档案B.人事档案C.设备档案D.艺术档案16.针对电子文件档案,国家禁止的存储载体是()A.光盘B.磁带C.硬盘D.软磁盘17.关于光盘的表述,正确的说法是()A.存储容量小B.存取速度慢C.易保存D.存储费用高18.需要签署签发人姓名的公文是()A.上行文B.下行文C.平行文D.并行文19.直接协助各领导机构㊁领导人或私人处理日常工作的人员被称为()A.外交官B.秘书C.经纪人D.办事员20.领导意图指领导者领导社会组织实现其目标所提出的()A.确定意见B.正在思考中的方案C.不成熟想法D.参考备忘录21.秘书信息工作的灵魂是()A.全面B.及时C.适用D.准确22.选择决策方案的首要标准是方案的()A.便利性B.效益性C.全局性D.层次性23.下列问题或事项,属于秘书部门检查督办的是()A.党员违纪问题B.上级领导批示督办的事项C.违法犯罪问题D.劳动纠纷问题24.下列关于协调与管理的表述不正确的是()A.管理可以对人㊁组织以及物进行控制B.管理和协调都是有目的的控制行为C.协调的范围不涉及系统与外部的关系D.协调的控制程度不如管理强25.机关领导人对审核过的文稿进行审定并签署发印的环节被称为()A.签发B.用印C.印制D.缮印26.民意测验经常采用的调查方法是()A.典型调查B.重点调查C.抽样调查D.综合调查27.纪念性的大型会议座位布局形式宜采用()A.圆形B.椭圆形C.长方形D.大小方形28.秘书在群众接待工作中应遵循的基本原则是()A.礼貌㊁负责㊁成本低㊁时效B.礼貌㊁负责㊁讲排场㊁方便C.礼貌㊁负责㊁方便㊁时效D.礼貌㊁负责㊁有面子㊁时效29.泄露出去会使国家安全和利益遭受到特别严重损害的秘密属于()A.绝密B.机密C.秘密D.保密30.以下属于会议程序性文件的是()A.发言稿B.会议议程表C.典型材料D.工作报告31.公共关系 四步工作法 的第三步是()A.调查分析B.评估效果C.制订计划D.实施传播32.王先生从 惠民超市 购回一盒牛奶,却发现牛奶过期了,又返回超市,要求换货㊂王先生是 惠民超市 的()A.非公众B.潜在公众C.知晓公众D.行动公众33.评价组织名气大小的客观尺度是()A.知名度B.美誉度C.开放度D.透明度34.社会组织在发布公共关系广告之后所取得的实际促销效果是公共关系广告的()A.社会效益B.认知效益C.态度效益D.经济效益35. 演 和 讲 是演讲的两个基本特征,下列关于这两个特征的说法,正确的是()A. 演 和 讲 同时居于主要地位B. 演 处于从属地位, 讲 处于主要地位C. 演 处于主要地位, 讲 处于从属地位D. 演 和 讲 没有主要㊁从属地位之分36.企业为青少年运动会提供赞助经费的行为属于()A.赞助文化活动B.赞助体育活动C.赞助艺术活动D.赞助教育事业37.开业典礼属于()A.矫正性公共关系B.维系性公共关系C.社会性公共关系D.建设性公共关系38. 万事达公司向您问好,祝您节日愉快 的公共关系广告属于()A.品牌广告B.公益广告C.观念广告D.响应广告39.危机处理中,下列属于内部公众支持的选项是()A.上级主管部门拨付救助资金B.顾客的同情和声援C.股东的支持和理解D.新闻媒体的客观报道40. 酒香不怕巷子深 的观念属于()A.生产观念B.产品观念C.推销观念D.市场营销观念二㊁多项选择题(本大题共30小题,每小题2分,共60分,下列每小题备选项中均有两个或两个以上的正确答案,请选出并在答题卡上将所先答案对应的标号涂黑,错选㊁漏选或多选均不得分㊂)41.应用文的基本特点包括()A.使用价值的实用性B.内容的真实性C.对象的明确性D.撰写的规范性E.语言的含蓄性42.通知的使用范围包括()A.批转下级机关的公文B.转发上级机关的公文C.传达要求下级机关办理的事项D.答复下级机关的请示事项E.传达需要有关单位周知的事项43.通报按其性质和功用,可分为()A.政治性通报B.答复性通报C.表彰性通报D.批评性通报E.情况通报44.以下关于经济合同与意向书的表述,说法正确的有()A.经济合同的内容比较具体㊁周密B.意向书的内容比较概括C.意向书一旦签署,不允许协商修改D.经济合同具有法律效力E.意向书不具有法律效力45.会议记录由四大部分构成,其中会议进行情况部分的主要内容包括()A.会议组织情况B.主持人开场白C.大会主题报告D.讨论发言E.会议决议46.下列选项属于法定公文的有()A.命令B.会议记录C.通知D.通报E.意见47.一个完整的公文标题,其组成部分应包括()A.发文机关B.发文事由C.文种D.发文字号E.签发人48.关于跨年度文件的归档方法,下列说法正确的有()A.没有批复的跨年度请示,归入请示年度B.法规性文件,归入通过㊁公布或批准生效年度C.跨年度的规划,归入规划针对的第一年度D.跨年度的会议文件,归入会议闭幕年度E.跨年度的总结,归入总结针对的最后一个年度49.关于档案信息数字化的表述,说法正确的有()A.提高档案的利用效率B.保护历史档案C.规避安全风险D.缓解库房紧张E.增加保管成本50.下列已经签收了的文件或材料,必须进行登记的有()A.上级机关的指导性文件B.下级机关的请示性文件C.带有密级的重要刊物和资料D.一般性的简报E.行政事务性的通知㊁便函㊁介绍信等51.建立会计文件归档制度,应包含的内容有()A.归档范围B.归档时间C.归档要求D.归纳份数E.归档手续52.秘书工作的基本属性包括()A.效益性B.辅助性C.政治性D.服务性E.时效性53.信息的整理加工过程包括()A.筛选B.收集C.校核D.加工E.编制54.科学决策包含的阶段有()A.确定目标B.设计方案C.评价选优D.实施反馈E.存档备查55.秘书部门调查研究工作的特点包括()A.思想的保守性B.课题的综合性C.成果的政策性D.过程的公开性E.工作要求的时限性56.除了会议的议题㊁议程,会议的基本要素还包括()A.时间B.场所C.与会者D.会议经费E.会议文件57.值班工作的主要制度包括()A.交接班制度B.请示汇报制度C.记录归档制度D.值班督促检查制度E.经费报销制度58.下列安排领导公务活动的说法,正确的有()A.按照分工安排B.以需要为准,能少则少C.社会活动多安排发展潜力大㊁年轻有为的领导D.业务活动多安排主管的领导,第一线的领导E.自愿为主,商谈为辅,绝不强请59.秘书人员应该具备的意志修养包括()A.自觉性B.服务性C.果断性D.坚韧性E.自控性60.公关工作中常用的调查方法包括()A.访谈法B.公众座谈会C.资料分析法D.问卷法E.抽样调查法61.下列选项中,属于大众传播的形式有()A.人际传播B.小组传播C.报纸传播D.电视传播E.网络传播62.公共关系部门协调社区关系的方法包括()A.向社区公众介绍组织B.邀请社区居民前来参观,座谈,参加联谊活动C.积极参加社区的文化㊁体育㊁公益活动D.资助社区的卫生㊁保健㊁福利事业E.主动向社区提供各项资金的流动情况63.公共关系人员接到客人后,可以()A.主动帮客人拿行李和公文包或手提包B.陪同客人上车C.向客人介绍活动安排D.询问客人家庭情况E.介绍当地风俗㊁景点和特产64.正规社交场合一般不宜穿()A.短裤B.运动服C.西装D.套裙E.迷你裙65.根据礼宾规格,宴会通常分为()A.家宴B.茶会C.便宴D.正式宴会E.国宴66.演讲者风度的主要表现包括()A.服饰B.举止C.眼神D.表情E.名气67.下列关于交际性公共关系的说法,正确的有()A.要广泛利用大众传播媒介进行宣传B.具有一定的感情色彩C.活动方式正大光明D.多做舆论调查㊁民意测验E.以提供优惠服务为主要手段68.危机应变计划的财产救护措施是指危机可能对设备㊁现金㊁账目㊁档案资料带来损失时的() A.保护方法B.抢运方式路线C.临时存放地点D.人员自救方法E.后期转移要求69.社会组织的危机事件发生后,正确的做法包括()A.控制事态,真实传播B.对危机发生的原因,尽量回避C.对危机造成的后果避重就轻D.争取合作,表明态度E.标本兼治,重塑形象70.下面运用了差别定价策略的有()A.注册会员有优惠价B.演出会场第一排座位的票价更高C.游乐场节假日收费更高D.一瓶洗发水售价19.9元E.长期顾客享受折扣价三㊁判断题(本大题共30小题,每小题2分,共60分㊂判断下列各题正误,正确的在答题卡上涂 A ,错误的在答题卡上涂 B ㊂)71.实用性是应用文最根本的特点㊂()72.说明书的篇幅不宜短小㊂()73.意向书主体部分一般不使用 必须 否则 之类的词语㊂()74.简报不公开发行,限于内部交流使用㊂()75.总结的主要表达方式是概括性叙述,并辅之以适当的议论㊂()76.公文的阅读对象是法定的㊂()77.附注是指公文正文的说明㊁补充或者参考资料㊂()78.归档文件以 件 为单位进行整理保管㊂()79.年度财务报告不属于会计档案㊂()80.照片档案的装封一般应使用透气性较好的纸制卷皮或卷盒㊂()81.领导者是领导活动的主体,是领导活动的核心㊂()82.领导工作的政治性,主要取决于秘书工作的政治性㊂()83.秘书收集涉及面广㊁要求有深度的信息时,适宜采用电话询访法㊂()84.科学决策最核心的问题是从各种方案中择优作出科学决定㊂()85.秘书检查督办的本质在于收集决策指令实施过程中的反馈信息,促进决策指令的实施㊂()86.拟写重要文件前,让拟稿人员出席或列席领导班子的会议,该做法属于交拟㊂()87.秘书的辅助性地位,决定其调研活动以主动型调研为主㊂()88.工作会的会场装饰以简单实用为宜㊂()89.单位领导人 公用 的私章应当由秘书部门掌管㊂()90. 态度和蔼 是保证通话质量的首要条件㊂()91.公共关系是社会组织取得自身效益和社会效益完美统一的政策和行动㊂()92.公共关系人员通常不参与组织的决策活动㊂()93.商谈中,让步的真实意图无需隐蔽㊂()94.有身份的人或妇女在握手时,有时可以不摘手套㊂()95.公共关系广告能够适时地反映组织的工作成绩和贡献㊂()96.当你要和一个不相识的人作自我介绍时,其基本程序是:先向对方介绍自己的姓名㊁身份和单位等,得到回应后再向对方点头致意,同时递上准备好的名片㊂()97.在商谈过程中,如果对方情绪激动,钻入牛角尖,暂时不要进行说服㊂()98.安排宴请席位时,同一桌上,席位高低以离主人座位远近而定㊂()99.参加庆典活动,如遇中途有事需要离开,可以悄悄离去,不用向主人打招呼㊂() 100.西装外衣口袋可以少量放一些轻便的东西,如名片㊁钢笔㊂()第Ⅱ卷(共150分)注意事项:1.必须使用0.5毫米黑色墨迹签字笔在答题卡上题目所指示的答题区域内作答㊂答在试题卷㊁草稿纸上无效㊂2.第Ⅱ卷共三大题,13小题,共150分㊂四㊁简答题(本大题共6小题,每小题5分,共30分)101.简述归档文件整理的基本原则㊂102.简述慰问信的适用范围㊂103.简述印章的作用㊂104.简述党政机关秘书与领导者的关系㊂105.简述公共关系人员在谈话时要注意的礼节㊂106.简述良好组织形象的作用㊂五㊁综合题(本大题共5小题,共70分)107.某科技公司研发部经理为了确保完成公司下达的新产品年度研发计划,特指示助理小王草拟一份研发部年度工作计划,小王不知道条款式计划的正文应包含哪些内容,请你告诉他㊂(10分)108.某机关单位新进了一位刚从大学汉语言文学专业毕业的小李,领导安排小李把机关上一季度已经办理完毕的文件材料进行归档㊂请你为小李介绍机关文件材料的归档范围㊂(15分)109.某涉密单位向全体员工举办了一场关于保密工作的专题讲座,以期提高员工保守秘密的自觉意识㊂讲座结束后,有人反映对保密的措施还不太清楚,请你告诉他们㊂(15分) 110.某化妆品公司在3.15消费者权益日前被曝商品外包装标注的产品成分与产品实际成分严重不符,公司为挽回声誉,表达改善商品质量,完善外包装成分标注,接受社会及媒体监督的诚意,决定召开记者招待会㊂请你结合上述背景材料,为该公司分析举行记者招待会的注意事项有哪些?(10分)111.某知名自行车生产企业的新款自行车在市场试销一段时间后,因为车漆容易剥落,常常被顾客投诉其质量有问题㊂请问:(1)投诉的顾客是该自行车生产企业的内部公众,还是外部公众?(4分)(2)如果由你负责此次公关事宜,你将如何处理该企业的顾客关系?(16分)六㊁写作题(本大题共2小题,共50分)112.某公司员工张ˑ,ˑ年ˑ月ˑ日未履行请假手续,私自外出1天,违反了公司‘员工考勤管理制度“第五章第三条第一款: 员工外出应履行请假手续,获得批准后方能离开公司㊂ 按该款规定, 未请假或请假未获批准,擅自离开公司的,视为旷工㊂ 与此同时,按公司‘人力资源管理制度“第五章第四条规定: 员工旷工2天之内,应给予通报批评,并扣发当月奖金㊂ 为了维护公司制度的严肃性和权威性,经公司研究决定:给予张ˑ通报批评,并扣发当月奖金㊂请根据上述材料,以 ˑˑ公司关于处理张ˑ旷工行为的通报 为题拟写一份通报㊂要求格式规范,内容完整,语言准确㊂(20分)113.党的十九大提出乡村振兴战略,这是新时代党中央为实现中华民族伟大复兴做出的重大决策㊂乡村振兴,人才是根本,素质是关键㊂乡村建设人才的培养,农民科学文化素质的提升都离不开教育㊂乡村教育是乡村振兴的奠基工程和重要保证㊂乡村振兴战略赋予了职业教育新的使命,各职业技术院校应积极行动起来:深入学习乡村振兴线略的意义;牢固树立为乡村振兴战略服务的思想;积极承担面向农民㊁农村㊁农业的大教育任务:全面增强农业技术人才的培养功能;积极引导学生关注乡村振兴战略,激励学生面向农村创业,为乡村振兴奉献才智和力量㊂请根据上述材料,以中国职业技术教育学会的名义给全国的职业技术院校写一份倡议书,鼓励大家助力乡村振兴㊂要求格式规范,内容完整,语言准确㊂可以合理增加内容㊂(30分)此页无试题。

公共政策学各章历年真题第一章公共政策学的学科要素1.单选题从无数项具体的个别的政策抽象出所有的政策的共同本质和属性，这就是( )A．政策群B．政策链C．政策一般D．政策系统参考答案：C P702.单选题自1978年党的十一届三中全会以来我国实行的改革开放政策属于（）A.政策群B.具体的个别的政策C.政策一般D.政策系统参考答案：A P703. 单选题对公共政策学描述正确的是( )A．公共政策学研究对象是公共组织、企业制定和执行的公共政策B．公共政策学还不具备基本的学科要素，即研究对象、概念体系和研究方法C．对公共政策的动态分析主要就是对政策过程的分析D．公共政策学是与政治科学、公共管理学并立的一门“显学”参考答案：C P574. 单选题（201004）奠定了公共政策学的理论和方法论基础的“三论”不包括( )A.控制论B.系统论C.信息论D.相对论参考答案：D P935. 单选题（201004）公共政策学属于( )A.自然科学B.人文科学C.社会科学D.文化艺术参考答案：C P576. 多选题（201004）公共政策学的建制化主要表现在( )A.学会的成立B.专业研究刊物的问世C.专门研究机构的建立D.大学教育中专业与课程的设置E.公共政策问题的产生参考答案：ABCD P1027. 多选题（201004）为公共政策学研究对象的公共政策，可以区分为三个层次，即( )A.具体的个别的政策B.政策群和政策链C.政策一般D.政策系统E.政策功能参考答案：ABC P698. 单选题（201007）美国著名政治学家勒纳和拉斯韦尔始创“公共政策”这门学科时使用的名称是()A.政策学B.政策科学C.政策分析D.公共政策分析参考答案：B P979. 单选题（201007）属于公共政策学的核心概念的是()A.政策实验B.政策替代C.政策宣传D.政策效果参考答案：C P8510. 多选题（201007）属于政策制定系统的内部结构的类型有()A.线性结构B.职能结构C.线性－参谋结构D.矩阵结构E.圆形结构参考答案：ABCD P7211.单选题（201104）公共政策学的创立者是（）A.拉斯韦尔B.德洛尔C.韦伯D.西蒙参考答案：A P9712.单选题（200907）属于公共政策学核心概念的是( )A.政策诉求B.政策宣传C.政策替代D.政策实验参考答案：B P8513.单选题（200807）属于公共政策学次级概念的是( )A.政策替代B.政策诉求C.政策宣示D.政策变动参考答案：A P86主观题1.简述公共政策学在其发展的第二个阶段上取得的显著成就。

四川大学经济学院资本论考博历年真题（2007-2019）一、《资本论》第一卷1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义20072、马克思劳动价值理论基本原理20163、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义20084、马克思的价格理论及其现实意义20195、试述马克思工资理论20176、马克思工资理论及其现实意义20117、论劳动力价格是如何形成的20098、论马克思的资本积累理论20159、马克思的失业理论201810、马克思的相对人口过剩理论2019二、《资本论》第二卷1、马克思资本周转理论20162、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义20083、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义20134、资本循环周转理论及其现实意义20185、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论20106、马克思的扩大再生产理论20077、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整2014三、《资本论》第三卷1、论马克思的价格理论以及应用20122、试述马克思的平均利润和生产价格理论20173、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义20104、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义20115、论马克思货币银行学理论及其现实意义20156、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20097、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20128、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义2013四、《资本论》其他理论1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论20112、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同20133、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较20084、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008 年的全球金融危机20095、马克思收入分配理论与西方经济学收入分配理论的比较20076、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义20147、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论20108、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论20129、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济学产权理论的不同2014五、社会主义经济理论1、论述中国经济新常态20152、论述中国供给侧结构性改革20163、论实体经济与虚拟经济的关系20174、试述我国经济从高速增长转向高质量发展20185、试述国有企业与民营企业的关系2019更多资本论资料https:///thread-7057969-1-1.html 2001《资本论》与社会主义经济理论指定参考书目马克思：《资本论》1-3 卷，人民出版社，1975 年或2004 年洪远鹏：《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社，2002 年张宇等：《中国特色社会主义政治经济学》，高等教育出版社，2017 年四川大学经济学院考博西经历年真题（2007-2019）一、纯微观经济理论1、理性人假定及其局限性20072、西方经济学的均衡分析方法及其应用20183、论述消费者选择理论20084、试比较基数效用论和序数效用论及其评价20145、效用论的基本内容及评价20126、论述边际收益递减规律20077、试述企业成本理论及其现实意义20178、试述西方经济学市场结构理论及其现实意义20159、试对不同市场进行比较分析200910、简述不完全竞争市场的类型和特征11、一般均衡论201612、试论帕累托最优201113、试述纳什均衡思想201914、公平与效率的基本思想述评201315、试述市场失灵的主要原因及政府的微观经济政策201016、试述市场失灵及其微观经济政策2015二、纯宏观经济理论1、论述国民收入决定理论20082、试述总需求总供给模型及其对现实经济的解释20103、试述总需求与总供给的关系20174、通货膨胀及其经济效应20125、试论菲利普斯曲线及其评价20146、就业与通货膨胀之间的关系20167、论述宏观经济政策目标及其相关关系20078、试述经济增长、就业和通货膨胀的关系20179、试论货币政策原理及其现实意义201110、论述财政政策原理及其现实意义200911、试论财政政策与经济发展201412、论论述财政政策原理及现阶段财政政策评述201913、试论述当前我国宏观经济政策201514、简述经济周期理论201815、真实周期理论201316、论述西方经济学中对技术进步的理论观点2019三、经济发展学理论1、试述经济发展的结构主义思路20112、论述经济发展的新古典主义思路20123、试述经济发展的激进主义思路20134、反贫困理论及政策述评20165、论述新古典增长理论20086、论述经济增长阶段理论20097、试论平衡增长理论2010更多西经资料https:///thread-7058782-1-1.html 3001 西方经济学指定参考书目高鸿业：研究生用西方经济学，经济科学出版社，2004 年谭崇台：《发展经济学概论》，武汉大学出版社，2008 年。

2019年川大学公共管理学院专职博士后招聘试题及答案解析1、下列民间习俗与我国传统节日对应正确的是（）。

①挂菖蒲、薰苍术、白芷，喝雄黄酒等②扫墓、踏青、荡秋千、插柳等③赏菊、簪菊花、放纸鹤、饮菊花酒等④燃灯、赏花、观潮、设宴等单项选择题A、端午节——清明节——中秋节——元宵节B、端午节——清明节——重阳节——中秋节C、清明节——寒食节一—中秋节——元宵节D、清明节——寒食节——重阳节——中秋节【答案】B【解析】端午节对应（1）、清明节对应（2）、重阳节对应（3）、中秋节对应（4）2、公文中的专用词语“敦”是指（）。

单项选择题A、诚恳B、诚恳地聘请C、诚恳地催促D、诚恳地邀请【答案】A【解析】参考答案:A答案解释:公文中，“敦”是指诚恳。

如“敦促”是指诚恳地催促，“敦请”是指诚恳地邀请。

因此，本题选择A选项。

3、人事争议处理工作渠道主要包括（）。

多项选择题A、人事争议协商B、人事争议调解C、人事争议仲裁D、人事争议诉讼【答案】A,B,C,D【解析】聘用单位与受聘人员因履行聘用合同所发生的争议，应当协商解决；不愿协商或者协商不成的，可以向单位上级主管部门申请调解；不愿调解或者调解不成的，可以按照有关规定向当地人事仲裁机构申请仲裁。

仲裁结果对争议双方具有约束力。

当事人对人事争议仲裁裁决不服的，还可以按照有关规定向人民法院提起诉讼。

4、与二进制101101等值的十六进制是（）。

单项选择题A、1DB、2CC、2DD、2E【答案】C【解析】16进制是计算机中数据的一种表示方法。

它由0-9，A-F组成。

与10进制的对应关系[/content]是:0-9对应0-9;A-F对应10-15。

4位分开算，题干二进制分开为0010，1101，转化为十进制即是2，13，转化为十六进制即：2D。

故本题答案选C。

5、依据我国《继承法》的规定，祖父母、外祖父母是孙子女、外孙子女的属于（）。

单项选择题A、第一顺序法定继承人B、第二顺序法定继承人C、第三顺序法定继承人D、代位继承人【答案】B【解析】《继承法》第10条规定，遗产按照下列顺序继承：第一顺序：配偶、子女、父母。