高级英语BOOK-ONE--Unit-10--A-more-perfevt-union-课后练习答案教程文件

Lesson 9 “A More Perfect Union” (Part Ⅰ)一、词汇短语1. improbable adj. not likely to be true or to happen不可能的2. persecution n. the state of treating someonecruelly or unfairly over a period of time, especially because of theirreligious or political beliefs 迫害3. stalemate n. a situation in which it seems impossible tosettle an argument or disagreement, and neither side can get anadvantage 僵局，僵持4. embed v. to fix something firmly into a substance or solid object 使插入，使嵌入5. parchment n. a substance made from animal skin, used inthe past for writing on; a document, manuscript, or diploma onparchment （用于书写正式文件的）仿羊皮纸；毕业文凭6. obligation n. the state of being forced to dosomething because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.义务，职责，债务7. unyielding adj. if a person is unyielding, they are not easilyinfluenced and they are unlikely to change their mind坚强的，不屈的，执着的8. decency n. honest, polite behavior that follows acceptedmoral standards and shows respect for others庄重，正派，体面9. inheritance n. the money, property, etc. that you receivefrom somebody when they die; the fact of receiving something whensomebody dies遗传，遗产10. sear v. 1) to burn the surface of something in a way that is sudden andpowerful烧焦，使枯萎; 2) to cause somebody to feel sudden and great pain 烙印11. coalition n. a union of two or more political partiesthat allows them to form a government or fight an election together（政党之间的）联盟，联合12. bubble v. to form bubbles使沸腾，使冒泡13. primary n. (American English) in the U.S. a local meeting ofvoters of a given political party to nominate candidates for public office,select delegates to a convention, etc.（政党中的）初选14. scour v. to search very carefully and thoroughly through an area,a document etc.彻底搜寻，擦亮，洗涤15. exit poll n. a way of guessing the results ofan election by asking people who have just finished voting who theyvoted for选举投票后民意测验16. polarization n. the act ofseparating or making people separate into two groups withcompletely opposite opinions两极分化17. divisive adj. causing people to be split into groups thatdisagree with or oppose each other分裂的，造成不和的18. spectrum n. a complete range of opinions, people,situations etc. going from one extreme to its opposite范围，幅度；光谱19. wide-eyed adj. having little experience and therefore verywilling to believe, trust or accept somebody/something睁大眼睛的，天真的，吃惊的20. reconciliation n. an end to a disagreementand the start of a good relationship again和解，调和21. pastor n. a person, as a priest or minister, in spiritual andjurisdictional charge of a parish, church, congregation or community牧师22. incendiary adj. an incendiary speech, piece of writingetc. is intended to make people angry（演讲、文章等）煽动性的23. denigrate v. to blacken; disparage the character orreputation of; defame 贬低，诋毁，诽谤，污蔑24. unequivocal adj. not ambiguous; plain, clear明确的，不含糊的25. nagging adj. complaining for a long time and difficult to stop唠叨的，挑剔的26. rabbi n. (Judaism) a scholar and teacher of the Jewish law; now,specifically an ordained Jew, usually the spiritual head of a congregation,qualified to decide questions of law and ritual and to perform marriages,etc.拉比（犹太人的学者），法学博士，法师，先生27. endemic n. an endemic disease or problem is always presentin a particular place, or among a particular group of people风土的，地方性的28. stalwart adj. loyal; brave, valiant; firm, unyielding坚定的，健壮的29. professed adj. used to describe a belief or a position thatsomebody has publicly made known公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的30. sermon n. a speech given as instruction in religion or morals,esp. by a priest, minister, or rabbi during services, using a text fromScripture训诫，说教，布道31. You Tube n. a video-sharing website on which users canupload, share, and view videos, created in 2005 and bought by GoogleInc., and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google一种视频网站32. marine adj. connected with the sea and the creatures andplants that live there海的，海产的；航海的，海运的33. seminary n. a college where priests, ministers or rabbis are trained神学院34. reverend adj. the title of a member of the clergy that is alsosometimes used to talk to or about one（对教士的尊称）可尊敬的，教士的35. chronicle n. a written record of events in the order in which they happened 编年史36. predominantly adv. mostly; mainly主要地，显著地，占主导地位地37. gang-banger n. (American English) a member of a violentgang暴力团伙中的一员38. raucous adj. sounding unpleasantly loud 沙哑的，粗嘎的39. bawdy adj. bawdy songs, jokes, stories etc. are about sex and arefunny, enjoyable, and often noisy（歌曲、笑话、故事等）下流的，淫秽的40. jarring adj. making someone feel annoyed or shocked不和谐的，刺耳的；让人震惊或恼火的41. baptize v. to give somebody baptism给人施洗礼（作为入基督教的标志），命名（作为洗礼仪式的一部分）42. derogatory adj. showing a critical attitude towards somebody贬损的，不敬的43. courtesy n. polite behavior that shows respect for other people谦恭，礼貌44. disown v. to say that you no longer want to be connected withsomeone or something, especially a member of your family orsomething that you are responsible for否认，与断绝关系45. cringe v. to feel very embarrassed and uncomfortable aboutsomething畏缩，阿谀，奉承，感到难堪46. crank n. someone who has unusual ideas and behaves strangely举止奇怪的人47. demagogue n. a political leader who tries to make peoplefeel strong emotions in order to influence their, opinions—used toshow disapproval蛊惑民心的政客，煽动者48. amplify v. 1) to increase something in strength, especiallysound放大，增强2) to add details to a story, statement, etc.详述二、课文精解1. Barack Obama: 奥巴马2008年3月18日的演讲《更加完善的联邦》是他总统竞选活动中最重要的演讲之一。

Unit Ten The Trial That Rocked the WorldTeaching Periods: 8Teaching Object:English majors of junior yearTeaching Aims·To enable students to get better understanding of the text·To help students learn to use new words and useful expressions in the text ·To enable students to learn to paraphrase some complicated sentences·To enrich students’knowledge about American trial culture and religious culture·To help students appreciate the style and rhetoric of the textTeaching Focus:·Cultural Information·Language points and expressions·The theme of the story·Figures of speechTeaching Difficulties:·Paraphrasing some sentences·Identifying figures of speech·Appreciation of narrative style of writingTeaching Procedures·Background information·Questions to ponder·Detailed study of the text·Structural analysis·Rhetorical devices and effective writing skills·ExerciseTime Allocation: 8 periods, 360minutes·Background information (20 minutes)·Intensive study of the text (250 minutes)·Exercise (90 minutes)I. Background Information1. Charles Darwin & his The Origin of Speciesi Charles Darwin(1809-1882): British, world famous naturalist and biologist;originator of the theory of man’s evolution by natural selection; his best known works: Origin of Species(1859),Descent of Man(1871).better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new andmodified form.”ii. The Process of Natural Selection:“As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive, and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, itfollows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life.2. about the TrialJohn Thomas Scopes came to Tennessee fresh out of college. In the spring of 1925, he had just completed his first year as science teacher and part-time football coach at the high school in the little town of Dayton.Scopes planned to return home to Kentucky for the summer. But in his words, "a beautiful blonde" distracted him and he stayed for another week hoping for a date. The decision changed his life forever.It all began when the state of Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution in public schools. A new organization called the American Civil Liberties Union responded immediately. The ACLU placed an ad inviting a teacher to help test the law in the courts. Dayton was in an economic slump, and the town's movers and shakers thought a sensational trial would put Dayton "on the map."John Scopes was playing tennis when a group of businessmen called him to the town gathering place, Robinson's drugstore. They asked if he would be willing to be indicted for teaching evolution. Though he could not remember actually teaching Darwin's theory, Scopes believed in evolution and agreed to the plan.The trial quickly became a media circus. John Scopes was to have Clarence Darrow, America's top criminal lawyer, defend him. The famous politician and anti-evolutionist, William Jennings Bryan, volunteered to assist the prosecution. Reporters from all over the country flocked to Dayton, including an announcer from Chicago's WGN radio. It would be the first live broadcast of a trial in American history.The trial began on July 10, 1925. "The town was filled with men and women who considered the case a duel to the death," John Scopes later wrote. "Everything I did was likely to be noted. "But over the next two weeks nobody paid much attention to the defendant. Attorneys for both sides hogged the spotlight in the overheated courtroom. In the words of historian Kevin Tierney, "Scopes was being used. He was completely willing to be used. But essentially the case had been taken over by the big names."On the most sensational day of the trial, when Clarence Darrow interrogated William Jennings Bryan as an expert on the Bible, Scopes actually became a reporter for his own trial --filling in for a journalist who had left town!The trial ended in a conviction. The judge imposed a fine of $100 and John Scopes spoke for the first time. "Your honor," he said, "I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can."For Scopes, the trial had been an ordeal. When it was all over, he gave up teaching and left town. He accepted a scholarship to the University of Chicago, received a master's degree in geology and took a job as a petroleum engineer in Venezuela --where no one had ever heard of him.In 1960 the defendant returned to the scene of his "crime" when the movie versionof the trial, Stanley Kramer's Inherit the Wind, premiered at a Dayton drive-in. Scopes saw himself on the big screen as Bertram Cates, defender of science and victim of intolerance. In the film he is jailed for his beliefs.In 1967 John Scopes summed up his life in his lively autobiography, Center of the Storm. "A man's fate, shaped by heredity and environment and an occasional accident," he wrote, "is often stranger than anything the imagination may produce."3. about the persons involvedi. John Scope: the last surviving principal of the famous Tennessee “Monkey Trial”of 1925. The man whose name became synonymous with the teaching of evolution in American schools.ii. Clarence Darrow(1857-1938): American lawyer. He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish Capital Punishment.iii. William Jennings Bryan(1860-1925); American leader, editor, and popular lecturer; three times a nominee for the presidency of the US.,Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925) Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state’s witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee.II. Questions to ponder1. Can you tell some information about the Fundamentalist movement?2. Do you know Darwin’s theory of evolution?3.Would you like to tell the story of Adam and Eve?4. Would you like to tell the story of creation?III. Detailed Study of the Text1.rock: to cause great shock and surprise to2. A buzz ran through the crowd… that sweltering July day in 1925:Buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones.Sweltering: oppressively hot and humid; very hot, causing unpleasantness.3. The counsel for my defence…Counsel: one or more lawyers acting for someone in a court of lawCriminal lawyer: a specialist in criminal law (law related to crime or its punishment)4. Leading counsel for the prosecution… that had brought about my trial:5. Seated in court… of Harvard University:On somebody’s behalf: to benefit, support, serve the interests of somebody Distinguished: renowned, eminent, recognized for excellence in some field.6. a jury trial: a trial that had a jury ( a group of 12 responsible, impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision (reach a verdict) of guilty or not in accordance with their findings)7. “Don’t worry…” as we were waiting for the court to open:We’ll show them a few tricks:We’ll do a few things to outwit them (the prosecution); or we have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.Reassuring arm: Obviously the arm can’t be reassuring; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease.8.erupt: emerge suddenly and violently; explode9. clash: conflict, disagreement10. adhere to : believe in, follow devotedly11. advance: put forward; propose12. ancestor: a person, esp. one living a long time ago, from whom another is descended13. state legislature: official body of people who pass laws. Each of the 50 states in the U.S. has a legislature. The national legislature is called the congress.14. squarely: directly15. legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law16. When I was indicted… in U.S. historyindict: to charge(someone) formally with an offence in lawSnowball: grow rapidly in size or significance17. renowned: (formal) famous, distinguished, suggesting being named publicly again and again for some outstanding quality, achievement, etc.18. circus: public entertainment consisting of a variety of performances by acrobats, clowns and trained animals, often performed in large tents by a group that travels from one town to another.19.festoon: decorate; a festoon is a string of flowers, leaves, ribbons, etc. suspended ina curve between two points20. The streets… and water melons:Sprout: grow or develop quicklyRickety: liable to fall or break down because weak, shaky21. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby:Evangelist: any one who preached the Christian gospel, esp. a traveling preacher Exhort: urge earnestly22. infidel: unbelievers in religious sense, meaning godless and implying being in the hands of the devil23. The presiding judge… reg’lar mountaineer jedge”:Presiding: person in charge of the proceedings, person holding position of authority Florid-faced: face flushed with rosy color; ruddy face24. Bryan, ageing and paunchy.. Tom steward:Paunchy: (derog or humor) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach; pot-bellied25. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow… steeped in the law:Shrewd: astute, sharp, clever, not to be outwittedMagnetic: strongly attractive; said of a person. Personality etc.Steep: immerse, saturate, absorb or imbue26. agnostic: a person who questions, doubts the existence of God and claims that Hisexistence can’t be proved.27. The judge called for… “ That’s one hell of a jury!”:Call for: send forOpen the session: begin the trialunder way: in motion, in progressGrowl: complain in an angry or surly manner; utter in a gruff, rumbling voice, esp. angrily28. one hell of a jury: no jury at all; a completely inappropriate juryExamples: That was a hell of an exam.It’s been one hell of a trip.It’s a hell of a change.29. spar: (fig.) engage in argument; fight with words30. bigotry: obstinate narrow-mindedness; intolerance; prejudice31. rampant: widespread and impossible to control; spreading unchecked32.After a while… to the human mind:Bigot: someone obstinately and intolerantly devoted to his own beliefs, creed or party Faggot: a bundle of sticks for firewood bound together33. snort: say in a scornful, contemptuous way as if with a snort (exhale forcibly and noisily through the nostrial, as a horse)34. warm: become more enthusiastic, animated35. brandish: wave menacingly, as a weapon36. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound37. reconcile: find agreement between; make (arguments, ideas etc.) consistent, compatible etc.38. out-thrust: pushed out39. Gone was the fierce fervour … a prairie fire:Fierce fervour: ardent, extreme intensity of emotionSwept … like a prairie fire: moved quickly with the speed of a fire in a large flat grassland40. scorch: parch; wither; burn41. agency: (usu. sing.) the power or force which causes a result; influence; means; instrumentality42. hush: stillness; quiet, silence, esp. a peaceful one43. adjourn: close or suspend a meeting, usually to be resumed at another time44. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit45. Spectators paid… be related:Gaze: look steadily for a period of timePonder: spend time in considering carefully46. brute: (often derog.) an animal, esp. a large one47. sulphurous: violently emotional; heated; fiery48. yokes: (humorous or derog.) naïve, gullible, narrow-minded small town or country people; hicks, bumpkins49. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usually referring to birds50. Now Darrow… for the defense:Trump card: in some card games, a certain suit if declared trump, i.e., as outranking all other suits; the winning card; an important advantagespring his trump card: use suddenly that which is most advantageous to his cause in order to improve his position51. wily: clever in tricks, esp. for getting something one wants; crafty; sly52. repel: drive back by or as if by force53. Under Darrow’s quiet questioning … with fervent “Amens”Defiant: showing no fear or respectFervent: showing great warmth of feeling; intensely devoted or earnest54. snigger: sarcastic, somewhat stifled laugh55. twirl: swing or spin in a circle quickly56. livid: pale with rage57. slur: unfair damaging remark; any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone’s reputation58. quell: (poet. And rhet.) suppress, quiet59. My heart… shake Darrow’s hand:Go out to: be extended toHeart goes out to:( formal) feel sorry for; feel pity or sympathy for60. verdict: the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial61. hail: greet; acclaim, designate62. overlook: have a view of (something or someone) from above63. The oratorical storm… passing yearsBlow up: ( of bad weather) start blowing; arrive; ariseIn its wake: following directly or close behind it; following as a consequenceIV. Structural Analysis of the Text:Section one: An introduction to the atmosphere and the characters (paras10-11): 1. Bryan (ageing and paunchy), John Butler (an ill-educated man), Tom Steward ( a brilliant lawyer, Bryan’s son ), and the multitude mostly fundamentalists2. Darrow(68year-old, shrewd, an agnostic), Dudley Field Malone(43, handsome and magnetic, a Catholic), Arthur Garfield Hays (quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law, a Jew), and my father from Kentucky3. The presiding judge: John Raulston (florid-faced, “I’m jist a reg’lar mountaineer jedge”)Section Two: First round of the debate (paras12-25):1.The first day(paras12-15):1)An open session with prayer2)The preliminary sparring over legalities3)Darrow’s opening statement2.The following day(paras16-25):1)Calling witnesses against me2)Bryan rose to address the jury(20-22)3)Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply(23-25)Section Three: The court adjourned (paras26-28)Situations on Dayton’s streetsSection Four: The Climax of the Trial (paras29-43)DarrowvsBryan: a discussion on the BibleSection Five: The verdict and my fate (paras44-46)The verdict was guilty. I got fined 100 dollars and the cost. I was offered my teaching job but I declined. I was offered a scholarship so that I could pursue the study of science at the Univercity of Chicago. Later I became a geologist for an oil company. Section Six: I went back to Dayton(paras47-49)---Changes in the small town:1. A William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.2. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrowand Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, Bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.V. Rhetoric Devices & Effctive Writing Skills1) Rhetoric Devices1. simile It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparisoni s indicated by the words’“as, like”.2. metaphor3. synecdoche: Synecdoche is applied when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.一辆“红旗”开了进来。

Lesson 10 “A More Perfect Union” (Part Ⅱ)一、词汇短语1. pervasive adj. existing in all parts of a place or thing;spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thing普遍深入的2. mortgage n. a legal arrangement by which you borrow moneyfrom a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and payback the money over a period of years 抵押贷款，按揭3. amass v. if you amass money, knowledge, information etc., yougradually collect a large amount of it 积聚（尤指财富），积累，大量收集4. bequeath v. (formal) to leave (property) to another by last willand testament; to hand down to posterity遗赠，遗留，把……传下去5. erosion n. 1) the process by which the surface of something isgradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc.腐蚀，侵蚀；2) theprocess of gradually destroying something or making it weaker over aperiod of time逐步损害，削弱6. blight n. anything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation 不良影响，打击7. constricted adj. tight or narrow, limited or restricted 收缩的；狭窄的8. languishing adj. to become weaker or fail to makeprogress日趋衰弱的，苦思的，渴望的9. humiliation n. a feeling of being ashamed orstupid and having lost the respect of other people; the act of makingsomebody feel like this羞辱，蒙耻10. gin up v. to come up with; generate使形成，发生11. pulpit n. an elevated platform of a high reading desk used inpreaching or conducting a worship service（教堂的）讲道坛12. pew n. originally a compartment in the auditorium of a churchproviding seats for several persons; now a long bench with a back, in achurch教堂内的靠背长凳13. truism n. an undoubted or self-evident truth, esp. one tooobvious for mention真实性14. squarely adv. 1) directly; not at an angle or to one side方形地，直角地，四角地；2) directly or exactly; without confusion直接地，断然地，干脆地15. complicity n. association of partnership in or as in a wrongful act同谋，共犯16. forging v. 1)to put a lot of effort into making somethingsuccessful or strong so that it will last锻炼；2) to make an illegal copy ofsomething in order to cheat people伪造17. chasm n. a deep crack in the earth’s surface; abyss; any break orgap; a wide divergence of feelings, sentiments, interest, etc. 深坑，裂口18. dump v. to get rid of somebody/something or leave them forsomebody else to deal with倾倒（垃圾），倾卸，摆脱，转嫁（责任等）19. stagnant adj. not developing, growing or changing停滞的，迟钝的20. zero sum adj. of, relating to, or being a situation (as agame or relationship) in which a gain for one side entails acorresponding loss for the other side零和的21. bogus adj. not true or real, although someone is trying to makeyou think it is 假冒的，伪造的22. reverse v. to change something completely so that it is theopposite of what it was before颠倒，倒转23. counterproductive adj. having theopposite effect to the one which was intended反生产的，使达不到预期目标的24. culprit n. (informal) the reason for a particular problem ordifficulty问题的起因，困难的起源；犯人，罪犯25. lobbyist n. a person whose job involves trying to influencepoliticians or the government and, for example, persuade them tosupport or oppose a change in the law活动议案通过者，说客26. legitimate adj. allowed and acceptable according tothe law合法的，合理的，正统的27. grievance n. a belief that you have been treated unfairly, oran unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you不平，不满，委屈，冤情28. succumb v. to not be able to fight an attack, an illness, a temptation, etc.屈服，屈从29. quintessentially adv. in a way that representsthe perfect example of something典型地，标准地30. audacity n. the confidence to say or do what you want,despite difficulties, risks or the negative attitudes of other people大胆，厚颜无耻，大言不惭31. ail v. to cause problems for somebody/something折磨，使疼痛，使烦恼32. Scripture n. (capitalized) the books of the Bible 基督教（圣经），经文33. fodder n. people or things that are considered to have only one use饲料，草料；（创作的）素材34. pounce v. to move suddenly forwards in order to attack or catchsomebody/something突袭35. gaffe n. an embarrassing mistake made in a social situation or in public（在社交场合或当众）出丑，失言，失态36. crumbling adj. breaking apart into lots of little pieces, ormaking something do this破碎的；崩溃的37. cynical adj. believing that people only do things to helpthemselves rather than for good or honest reasons愤世嫉俗的38. file v. to present something so that it can be officially recorded anddealt with提出（申请等），把……归档，琢磨39. mustard n. a thick cold yellow or brown sauce that tastes hotand spicy and is usually eaten with meat芥菜，芥末40. relish v. to get great pleasure from something; to want very muchto do or have something盼望，期待；享受，喜爱，品味二、课文精解1. Understanding this reality requires of a reminder of how we arrived at this point. (Para. 27)：reminder暗示；提醒的人/物。

Lesson 10 A More Perfect Nation(Part II)B ACKGROUND K NOWLEDGEJ IM C ROWB ROWN VS. B OARD OF EDUCATIONFHA mortgagesBuilding CodeReagan coalitionthe glass ceiling for womenThe O.J. trialJim Crow•The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for whiteAmericans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and socialdisadvantages. De jure segregation mainly applied to the Southern United States.Northern segregation was generally de facto, with patterns of segregation inhousing enforced by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory union practices for decades.•Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. The U.S. military was also segregated.•These Jim Crow Laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education.Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.Brown vs. Board of education Brown v. Board of Education(1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declaredstate laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowedstate-sponsored segregation. Handed down on May 17,1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherentlyunequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement.Legalized discrimination•Legal discrimination is an obvious correspondence between the old and new systems of control and oppression. A large percentage of black men are branded "felons" early in their lives, which subjects them to long periods, if not a lifetime, of legalized discrimination in many fields that often have to do with vital human necessities and citizenship rights. By legal and practical extensions, people around them, such as family members, are affected by legalized discrimination as well, which puts in this category a huge segment, in a sense the totality, of low income communities of color.Building Code•A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures. The main purpose of building codes are to protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The building code becomes law of a particular jurisdiction when formally enacted by the appropriate authority. The major model building codes used in the United States are developed by the International Code Council (ICC).Reagan coalition•The Reagan coalition was the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election. In 1980 the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democrat Jimmy Carter's losses in most social-economic groups. In 1984 Reagan confirmed his support by winning nearly 60% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states.The Reagan Democrats were Democrats before the Reagan years, andafterwards, but who voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (and for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white, socially conservative blue-collar workers, who lived in the Northeast, and were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion, and to his hawkish foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not generally used to describe thesouthern whites who permanently changed party affiliation fromDemocrat to Republican during the Reagan administration, and they have largely remained Republican to this day.the glass ceiling•the glass ceiling is "the unseen, yet barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper career position, regardless of their qualifications or achievements." Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in the careers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women.The O.J. trial (line 168)•This refers to the trial of O.J. Simpson. O.J. Simpson is a retired African-American football player, broadcaster, spokesman and actor.He was charged in 1994 with murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman, both white. In 1995,Simpson was acquitted of the murder of the murder after a lengthy, internationally publicized criminal trial, which was oftencharacterized as “the trial of the century,”culminated onOctober 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders.The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.Spopulation, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for itsdivision along racial lines. In September 2007, Simpson wasarrested and charged with numerous felonies, including armedrobbery and kidnapping. A jury found Simpson guilty of all charges on October 3, 2008; and he was sentenced on December 5 to at least nine years in prison.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSI MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine45: who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons.Languish: (verb) means people are forced to remain and suffer in an unpleasant situation Example: No one knows for certain how many refugees wander the world today, or languish in camps.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL53:But it does find voice in the barbershop or the beauty shop or around the kitchen table. Barbershop: (n.)a shop where men can get their hair cut.Example: She opened up a barbershop of her own.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL55: At times, that anger is exploited by politicians, to gin up votes along racial lines, or to make up for a politician's own failings. Gin up:(v.) arouse, evokeExample: If so, developers are happy to gin up an antidote by applying more of the same.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSL60:The fact that so many people......simply reminds us of the old truism that the most segregated......Truism:(n.)an obvious truthExample:It is a truism that we never really know the value of something until we lose it.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine93Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism.Bogus: fraudulent; having a misleading appearance Example: The telegram turned out to have been bogus.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine100：A Washington dominated by lobbyists and special interests.Lobbyist: someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employerExample: Her husband is a lobbyist, and familiar with almost every senator.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSLine 145: What we have already achieved gives us hope -the audacity to hope -for what we can and must achieve tomorrow.Audacity: fearless daringExample: I admire your audacity for what others are afraid of taking this difficult task.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSBut if we do, I can tell you that in the next election, we’ll be talking about some other distraction.(para.46, line 179-180) Distraction:a thing that takes your attention away from what you are doing or thinking about.Example: I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.I MPORTANT L ANGUAGE P OINTSline 243:or Hispanics who were coming into the country illegally.Hispanics: a person whose first language is Spanish, especially one from a Latin American country living in the US or Canada.Eg: Hispanics are people of Spanish ancestry.T EXT A NALYSISStructure•Para. 26-36 Reality: complexity of the race issue 26-33 : reality of the black community34-36: reality of the white community•Para.37-43 solution : what we (the black and the white) need toWhat the black people need to do: their current problemWhat the white people need to do•Para. 44-51 choices•Para. 52-60 a story and conclusionPara. 26-35Complexity of the racial issueRealityBlack community VS. White Community26-33 : reality of the black community•Education•Legalized discrimination•Community ---erosion of family, cycle•People ---Reverend Wright generation/young people/ those who made it / who could not made it•Emotion: angerBut we do need to remind ourselves that so many of the disparities that exist in the African-American community today can be directly traced to inequalities passed on from an earlier generation that suffered under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow.(Para. 27) The gap resulted from the long-transmitted inequality between the black and the white•Segregated schools were, and are, inferior schools; We still haven’t fixed them, fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education.(Para.28)•the inferior education they provided, then and now, helps explain the pervasive achievement gap between today’s black and white studentsPara. 29. Legalized discrimination •What is it ?•Be prevented from owning property. Loans…not access… be excluded from•What is the consequence?•The black families could not amass any meaningful wealth to bequeath to future generations•The black families could not accumulate their wealth and to pass on enough wealth to their future generations.Para. 31-32•They came of age in the late fifties and early sixties, a time when segregation was still the law of the land and opportunity was systematically constrict ed.•When these black people grew up , they found segregation was still in force and the opportunity to them were quite limited due to their colorPara. 31-32 People •What’s remarkable is not how many failed in the face of discrimination, but rather how many men and women overcame the odds, how many were able to make a way out of no way for those like me who would come after them•It is no surprising that most black people failed because of the difficult situation caused by the discrimination. It is something remarkable if any black men or women could achieve something in spite of the slim chances for the black and make a way for their later generation.Para. 31-32 People•But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream, there were many who didn’t make it—those who were ultimately defeated, in one way or another, by discrimination •Although there were some black people who struggled to make their dreams come true, there were millions of others who were defeated by discriminationPara. 31-32 People•That legacy of defeat was passed on to future generations—those young men and increasingly young women who we see standing on street corners or languishing in our prisons, without hope or prospects for the future.•Obama is pointing out a truth ---those who could make it is only a minority of the black population . The majority of the black people could only repeat the miserable story of their ancestor.。

1 This day, devoted to the memory of Robert Frost, offers an opportunity for reflection which is prized by politicians as well as by others and even by poets. For Robert Frost was one of the granite figures of our time in America. He was supremely two things—an artist and an American.今天死纪念罗伯特弗罗斯特的日子，同时它提供了一个反思机会，政治家、其他人、甚至诗人都珍视这一天。

因为＊是美国最引人注目的人物之一。

他有两种极端的特质，一个是艺术家，另一个美国人。

2 A nation reveals itself not only by the men it produces, also by the men it honors, the men it re-members.一个国家不仅通过它产生的人来揭示自己，还有这个民族在纪念谁，记得谁。

3 In America our heroes have customarily run to men of large accomplishments. But today this college and country honors a man whose contribution was not to our size but to our spirit; not to our political beliefs but to our insight; not to our self-esteem, but to our self-comprehension.在美国，我们的英雄通常都是追求成就的人。

第十课 The Trial that Rocked the World目录一、词汇(V ocabulary)--------------------------------------------------------------------------1二、课文解释------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5三、补充练习及答案--------------------------------------------------------------------------22一、词汇(Vocabulary)sweltering ( adj.): that swelters or suffers from the heat；very hot；sultry热得发昏的；酷热----------------------------------------------------------------------------------counsel ( n.): a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about legal matters and representing clients in court辩护律师；法律顾问；辩护人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------silver-tongued ( adj.): eloquent；persuasive雄辩的；口才流利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------orator ( n.): a skilled，eloquent public speaker雄辩家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------jury ( n.): a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and inquire into the facts in a law case，and to give decision in accordance with their findings陪审团----------------------------------------------------------------------------------erupt ( v．): burst forth or out，as from some restraint进发；爆发；喷出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clash ( n.): a sharp disagreement；conflict抵触；冲突；意见不一致；对立----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fundamentalism ( n.): religious beliefs based on a literal interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as fundamental to Christian faith and morals原教旨主义(相信《圣经》所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legislature ( n.): a body of persons given the responsibility and power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤指美国的州议会)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prohibit ( v．): refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order禁止；不准----------------------------------------------------------------------------------legality ( n.) : quality，condition，or instance of being legal or lawful；conformity with the law 合法性----------------------------------------------------------------------------------indict ( v．) : accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp. make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury控告，控诉；指控，告发，对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prosecute (v．) : institute legal proceedings against，or conduct criminal proceedings in court against对……起诉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------festoon ( v．) : adorn or hang with festoons饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩于----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sprout (v．) : grow or develop rapidly迅速生长，迅速发展----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rickety ( adj.) : 1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------evangelist ( n.) : anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------exhort ( v．) : urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，劝戒----------------------------------------------------------------------------------infidel ( n.) : a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，不信宗教者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸色)红润的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------paunchy ( adj. ) : [derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------attorney ( n.) : any person legally empowered to act as agent for. or in behalf of，another(esp. a lawyer) (被当事人授权的法律事务中的)代理人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------shrewd ( adj.) : keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical affairs机敏的；精明的；伶俐的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------magnetic ( adj.) : powerfully attractive(said of a person，personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------steep ( v．) : immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as steeped锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with)沉浸；埋头于(尤用作steeped in充满着；沉湎于；精通)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------agnostic ( n.) : a person who believes that the human mind cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or anything beyond material phenomena；atheist不可知论者----------------------------------------------------------------------------------growl (v．) : complain in an angry or surly manner牢骚满腹地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------spar ( v. ) : wrangle or dispute争论；争吵----------------------------------------------------------------------------------drawl ( v．) : speak slowly，prolonging the vowels慢慢吞吞地说----------------------------------------------------------------------------------bigotry ( n.) : the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：intolerance；prejudice偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rampant ( adj. ) : spreading unchecked；widespread蔓延的；猖獗的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------faggot ( n.) : a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use as fuel)柴捆；柴把----------------------------------------------------------------------------------contaminate ( v．) : make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，传染，毒害----------------------------------------------------------------------------------mammal ( n.) : any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted by female mammary glands哺乳动物----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snort ( v．) : wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------denounce ( v．) : condemn strongly as evil谴责，指责，痛斥----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sonorous ( adj. ) : having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮的；洪亮的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------reconcile ( adj. ) : settle(a quarrel，etc．)or compose(a difference，etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符----------------------------------------------------------------------------------divine ( adj. ) : given or inspired by God；holy；sacred神授的，天赐的；神圣的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervour ( n.) : great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion热烈；热情，热心，热诚----------------------------------------------------------------------------------arena ( n.) : any sphere of struggle or conflict竞争场所；活动场所----------------------------------------------------------------------------------prairie ( n.) : a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland大草原----------------------------------------------------------------------------------scorch (v．) : char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail scathingly；excoriate烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pop ( v．) : [colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然发生，突然出现，突然来到----------------------------------------------------------------------------------duel ( n.) : any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight，usually between two persons(常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hush ( n.) : absence of noise；quiet；silence寂静，平静，安静；默不作声，沉默----------------------------------------------------------------------------------adjourn ( v. ) : close a session or meeting for the day or for a time休会，闭会；延期----------------------------------------------------------------------------------swarm (v．) : be filled or crowded；teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与with连用)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hawker ( n.) : a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩----------------------------------------------------------------------------------entrepreneur ( n.) : [Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking．assumingthe risk for the sake of the profit[法语]企业家----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ape ( n.) : any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys that can stand and walk in an almost erect position猿----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ponder ( v．) : weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider carefully默想；深思；考虑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cower ( v．) : shrink and tremble，as from someone's anger，threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------sulphurous ( adj.) : violently emotional；heated；fiery异常激动的；激烈的；暴怒的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dispatch ( n.) : a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------yokel ( n.) : [a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子----------------------------------------------------------------------------------perch ( v．) : alight or rest on or as on a perch栖息；停歇；坐在高处----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gawk ( v．) : stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯着，呆视----------------------------------------------------------------------------------wily ( adj.) : full of wiles；crafty；sly狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------repel ( v．) : drive or force back；hold or ward off击退；抵挡住----------------------------------------------------------------------------------fervent ( adj.) : having or showing great warmth of feeling；intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate热烈的，满怀热情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Genesis ( n.) : the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the creation of the universe《创世纪》(《圣经·旧约》的首卷)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------snigger ( n.) : a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh窃笑；暗笑----------------------------------------------------------------------------------twirl (v．) : rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------serpent ( n.) : a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one蛇(尤指大蛇或毒蛇)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------livid ( adj.) : grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored青灰色的；铅色的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------slur ( n.) : any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm someone's reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏……的名誉----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gavel ( n.) : a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding officer in calling for attention orsilence or by an auctioneer(会议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌----------------------------------------------------------------------------------quell ( v．) : crush；subdue；put an end to镇压；平息----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hubbub ( n.) : a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；tumult吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forlorn (adj.) : abandoned or deserted被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，寂寞的／forlornly adv．----------------------------------------------------------------------------------verdict ( n.) : the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the matter submitted to them in a trial 裁定；判决----------------------------------------------------------------------------------conviction ( n.) : a convicting 0r being convicted证明有罪；(被)判罪；定罪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions)adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard or belief)坚持，忠于例：She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。

The Trial That Rocked the WorldA buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. "Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible." The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for."Rappelyea is right," I told them."Then you have been violating the law," one of them Said."So has every other teacher," I replied. "Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook." Rappelyea then made a suggestion. "Let's take this thing to court," he said, "and test the legalityof it."When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail." Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renownedlawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circusatmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festoonedwith banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sproutedwith rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhortthe passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the " infidel outsiders" Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: "I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer jedge." Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew.My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, "That's one hell of a jury!"After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotryare , and it is a mighty strong combination."Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is the teachers, "he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind. ""That damned infidel," a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.The following day the prosecution began calling wit-nesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats."He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked."No, sir," the youngster said. "He said man had reasoning power.""There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below." The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence."The Bible," he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, " is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan."As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applauseand shouts of "Amen". Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. "There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics." Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion."There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it! "When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkerscried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponderwhether they might be related."The poor brute cowered in a corner with h is hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true."H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his Pants with a tan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels . Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a day on the trial.Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2 000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squattedon the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. The judge looked startled. "We are calling him as an expert on the Bible," Darrow said. "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For year s he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens".Darrow read from Genesis: "And the evening and the morning were the first day." Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did."How could there have been a morning and evening with-out any sun?" Darrow enquired.Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative."And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?""I believe that.""Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?"The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger."Your honor," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him...""I object to that statement,” Darrow shouted. “ I am examining you on your tool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes."The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbuband adjourned court until next day.Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectator s pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat." A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my be-half arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top over looking the valley.There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I wasconvicted is still on the books. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.。

Unit10震撼世界的审判达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方步。

“今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。

要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。

”“《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。

这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。

”由克拉伦斯•达罗和达德雷•费尔德•马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。

Unit 13大不列颠望洋兴叹然而，如今英国的这一至关重要的产业正面临着空前严重的危机。

几乎在世界上所有的主要航海线上，英国商业船队都有被强劲的外国竞争对手挤出去的危险。

船主们担心这些大臣优先考虑的是拯救英国的奄奄一息的造船厂，而不是如何拯救英国的商船队。

英国的造船厂目前正为波兰制造着24艘轮船。

波兰人之所以倾向于英国是因为受到英国为他们提供2 800万英镑的资助款这一厚赠以及英国造船商将负责为他们筹集所有的贷款这一承诺的引诱。

所以，当我国商船队正受到共产党国家商船的威胁的同时，我们的政府却在用英国纳税人的钱来帮助他们降低造船成本。

而那些规模较小的海运公司却没有足够的财力来从事多样化经营，它们面临着破产的命运。

一旦这些海运公司破产，英国有限的几个值得保留的传统产业的一大部分也会随之消亡。

Unit3有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。

我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。

猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。