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编程语言的常用英文单词和语法知识在学习和使用编程语言的过程中，熟悉一些常用的英文单词和语法知识是非常重要的。
下面将介绍一些编程中常见的英文单词和语法知识，帮助大家更好地理解和运用编程语言。
常用的英文单词在编程中，我们经常会遇到一些英文单词，这些单词是编程语言中的关键词，了解它们的含义对于正确理解代码非常重要。
下面是一些常用的英文单词及其含义：•Variable（变量）：在编程中用于存储数据的一个名称，可以是数字、字符串等不同类型的数据。
•Function（函数）：用于完成特定任务的一段代码，可以重复使用。
•Loop（循环）：可以重复执行某一段代码的结构，通常用于处理大量数据或重复性任务。
•Conditional（条件）：用于根据某些条件来决定程序执行不同的操作。
常用的语法知识除了单词外，还有一些常见的语法知识在编程中也是必不可少的。
这些语法知识规定了代码的结构和逻辑，是编写正确代码的基础。
下面是一些常用的语法知识：•Variable Declaration（变量声明）：定义一个变量并为其分配内存空间。
•Data Types（数据类型）：定义变量可以存储的数据类型，如整数、浮点数、字符串等。
•Operators（运算符）：用于执行特定操作的特殊符号，如加减乘除等。
•Control Statements（控制语句）：用于控制程序执行流程的结构，如if语句、for循环等。
总结在学习编程语言时，掌握一些常用的英文单词和语法知识是非常重要的。
这些知识可以帮助我们更好地理解和编写代码，提高编程效率和质量。
希望以上内容能对大家有所帮助，欢迎大家在学习编程的过程中不断积累和提升自己的编程能力！。
编程词汇中英对照编程词汇中英对照希望对你有帮助哦!stream 流 string 字符串 stub 存根 subobject 子对象subquery子查询(fordatabase)subroutine子例程subscriperator下标操作符subset 子集 save 保存 savepoint 保存点(fordatabase)SA_(SimpleAPIfor_ML)scalable 可伸缩的、可扩展的 schedule 调度 scheduler 调度程序 schema 模式、纲目结构 scrollbar 滚动条 scope 作用域、生存空间scopeoperator生存空间操作符scoperesolutionoperator生存空间解析操作符 screen 屏幕 SDK(SoftwareDevelopmentKit)软件开发包 sealedclass 密封类 search 查找 semantics 语义 semaphore 信号量 sequentialcontainer 序列式容器 server 服务器、服务端 serial 串行 serialization/serialize 序列化servercursor 服务端游标、服务器游标(fordatabase)session 会话(fordatabase)setter 设值函数 sharedlock 共享锁(fordatabase)sibling 同级sideeffect 副作用 signature 签名____single-threaded 单线程 slider 滑块 slot 槽smartpointer 智能指针SMTP(SimpleMailTransferProtocol)简单邮件传输协议snapshot 截屏图snapshot 快照(fordatabase)specialization 特化specification规范、规格splitter切分窗口SOAP(simpleobjectaccessprotocol)简单对象访问协议software 软件 sourcecode 码、代码SQL(StructuredQueryLanguage)结构化查询语言(fordatabase)stack 栈、堆栈stackunding 叠辗转开解(此词用于e_ception 主题)standardlibrary 标准库standardtemplatelibrary 标准模板库stateless 无状态的 statement 语句、声明staticcursor 静态游标(fordatabase)staticSQLstatements 静态 SQL 语句(fordatabase)storedprocedure 存储过程(fordatabase)statusbar 状态条___based 基于___的___oriented 面向___subtype 子类型 support 支持 suspend 挂起 symbol 记号 synta_语法 systemdatabases 系统数据库(fordatabase)systemtables 系统表(fordatabase)table 表(fordatabase)tablelock 表锁(fordatabase)nstraint 表级约束(fordatabase)tapebackup 磁带备份(fordatabase)target 标的,目标 taskswitch 工作切换 TCP(TransportControlProtocol)传输控制协议 template 模板template-idtemplateargumentdeduction 模板参数推导templatee_plicitspecialization 模板显式特化 templateparameter 模板参数templatetemplateparametertemporaryobject 临时对象 temporarytable 临时表(fordatabase)te_t 文本 te_tfile 文本文件 thinclient 瘦客户端 third-party 第三方 thread 线程 thread-safe 线程安全的 throw 抛出、引发(常指发出一个e_ception)token 符号、标记、令牌(看场合)trace 跟踪 transaction 事务(fordatabase)transactionlog 事务日志(fordatabase)transactionrollback 事务回滚(fordatabase)transactionalreplication 事务复制(fordatabase)translationunit 翻译单元 traverse 遍历 trigger 触发器(fordatabase)two-phasemit 两阶段提交(fordatabase)tupletwo-phaselookup 两阶段查找 type 类型UDDI(UniversaryDescription,DiscoveryandIntegration)统一描述、查询与集成UML(unifiedmodelinglanguage)统一建模语言unaryfunction 单参函数unaryoperator 一元操作符 unbo_ing 拆箱、拆箱转换underflow 下限溢位(相对于overflow)Unionquery 联合查询(fordatabase)UNIQUEconstraintsUNIQUE 约束(fordatabase)uniqueinde_唯一索引(fordatabase)de 非受控代码、非托管代码unmarshal 散集 unqualified 未经限定的、未经修饰的URI(UniformResourceidentifier)统一资标识符 URL(UniformResourceLocator)统一资定位器 user 用户 userinterface 用户界面 valuetypes 值类型 variable变量 vector向量(一种容器，有点类似 array)viable 可行的 video 视频view视图VEE(VirtualE_ecutionEngine)虚拟执行引擎 vendor 厂商 view 视图(fordatabase)virtualfunction 虚函数 virtualmachine 虚拟机 virtualmemory 虚拟内存 vowel 元音字母 WebServicesweb 服务 WHEREclauseWHERE 子句(fordatabase)wildcardcharacters 通配符字符(fordatabase)wildcardsearch 通配符搜索(fordatabase)dow 窗口 dowfunction 窗口函数 dowprocedure窗口过程dowsauthenticationdows 身份验证 wizard 向导 word 单词wordprocessor 字处理器 wrer 包装、包装器 writeenable 写启用(fordatabase)write-aheadlog 预写日志(fordatabase)write-only 只写WSDL(WebServiceDescriptionLanguage)WebService 描述语言_MLMessageInterface(_MI)_ML 消息接口_ML(e_tensibleMarkupLanguage)可扩展标记语言_SD(_MLSchemaDefinition)_ML 模式定义语言_SL(e_tensibleStylesheetLanguage)可扩展样式表语言_SLT(e_tensibleStylesheetLanguageTransformation)可扩展样式表语言转换。
之五兆芳芳创作Aabstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、拜访access function 拜访函数access level拜访级别account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 勾当的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器addin 插件address 地址address space 地址空间ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced 初级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别号align 排列、对齐allocate 分派、配置allocator分派器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口appearance 外不雅append 附加application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument参数.array 数组arrow operator 箭头操纵符assert(ion) 断言assign 赋值assignment 赋值、分派assignment operator 赋值操纵符associated 相关的、相联系关系的asynchronous 异步的attribute 特性、属性authentication service 验证办事authorization 授权Bbackground 布景、后台(进程)backup 备份backup device备份设备backup file 备份文件backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容base class 基类base type 基类型batch 批处理BCL (base class library)基类库Bin Packing 装箱问题binary 二进制binding 绑定bit 位bitmap 位图block 块、区块、语句块boolean 布林值(真假值，true或false) border 边框bounds checking 鸿沟查抄boxing 装箱、装箱转换brace (curly brace) 大括号、花括号bracket (square brakcet) 中括号、方括号breakpoint 断点browser applications 浏览器应用(程序) browseraccessible application 可经由浏览器拜访的应用程序bug 缺陷错误build 编连(专指编译和连接)builtin 内建、内置bus 总线business 业务、商务(看场合)business Logic 业务逻辑business rules 业务法则buttons 按钮by/through 通过byte 位元组(由8 bits组成)Ccache 高速缓存calendar 日历Calendrical Calculations 日期call 调用call operator 调用操纵符callback 回调candidate key 候选键 (for database)cascading delete 级联删除 (for database)cascading update 级联更新 (for database)casting 转型、造型转换catalog 目录chain 链(function calls)character 字符character format 字符格局character set 字符集check box 复选框check button 复选按钮CHECK constraints CHECK约束 (for database) checkpoint 查抄点 (for database)child class 子类CIL (common intermediate language)通用中间语言、通用中介语言class 类class declaration 类声明class definition 类定义class derivation list 类承继列表class factory 类厂class hierarchy 类条理结构class library 类库class loader 类装载器class template 类模板class template partial specializations 类模板部分特化class template specializations 类模板特化classification 分类clause 子句cleanup 清理、清除CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通用语言根本设施client 客户、客户端client application 客户端应用程序client area 客户区client cursor 客户端游标 (for database)clientserver 客户机/办事器、客户端/办事器clipboard 剪贴板clone 克隆CLS (common language specification) 通用语言标准code access security 代码拜访平安code page 代码页COFF (Common Object File Format) 通用对象文件格局collection 荟萃COM (Component Object Model) 组件对象模型combo box 组合框command line 命令行comment 注释commit 提交 (for database)communication 通讯compatible 兼容compile time 编译期、编译时compiler 编译器component组件composite index 复合索引、组合索引 (for database) composite key 复合键、组合键 (for database) composition 复合、组合concept 概念concrete具体的concrete class 具体类concurrency 并发、并发机制configuration 配置、组态Connected Components 连通分支connection 连接 (for database)connection pooling 连接池console 控制台constant 常量Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题constraint 约束 (for database)construct 构件、成分、概念、机关（for language）constructor (ctor) 机关函数、机关器container 容器containment包涵context 情况、上下文control 控件cookiecopy 拷贝CORBA 通用对象请求中介架构(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)cover 笼盖、涵盖create/creation 创建、生成crosstab query 穿插表查询 (for database)Cryptography 密码CTS (common type system)通用类型系统cube 多维数据集 (for database)cursor 光标cursor 游标 (for database)custom 定制、自定义Ddata 数据data connection 数据连接 (for database)data dictionary 数据字典 (for database)data file 数据文件 (for database)data integrity 数据完整性 (for database)data manipulation language (DML)数据操纵语言(DML) (for database)data member 数据成员、成员变量data source 数据源 (for database)Data source name (DSN) 数据源名称(DSN) (for database) data structure数据结构Data Structures 根本数据结构data table 数据表 (for database)databound 数据绑定 (for database)database 数据库 (for database)database catalog 数据库目录 (for database)database diagram 数据关系图 (for database)database file 数据库文件 (for database)database object 数据库对象 (for database)database owner 数据库所有者 (for database)database project 数据库工程 (for database)database role 数据库角色 (for database)database schema 数据库模式、数据库架构 (for database) database script 数据库脚本 (for database)datagram 数据报文dataset 数据集 (for database)dataset 数据集 (for database)DBMS (database management system)数据库办理系统 (for database)DCOM (distributed COM)散布式COMdead lock 死锁 (for database)deallocate 偿还debug 调试debugger 调试器decay 退化declaration 声明default 缺省、默认值DEFAULT constraint默认约束 (for database)default database 默认数据库 (for database)default instance 默认实例 (for database)default result set 默认结果集 (for database)defer 推迟definition 定义delegate 委托delegation 委托deploy 安排derived class 派生类design pattern 设计模式destroy 销毁destructor(dtor)析构函数、析构器device 设备DHTML (dynamic HyperText Markup Language)动态超文本标识表记标帜语言dialog 对话框Dictionaries 字典digest 摘要digital 数字的directive (编译)指示符directory 目录disassembler 反汇编器DISCO (Discovery of Web Services)Web Services的查找dispatch 调度、分拨、派发distributed computing 散布式计较distributed query 散布式查询 (for database)DNA (Distributed interNet Application) 散布式网间应用程序document 文档DOM (Document Object Model)文档对象模型dot operator (圆)点操纵符doublebyte character set (DBCS)双字节字符集(DBCS) driver 驱动(程序)DTD (document type definition) 文档类型定义dump 转储dump file 转储文件Eebusiness 电子商务efficiency 效率efficient 高效encapsulation 封装end user 最终用户endtoend authentication 端对端身份验证engine 引擎entity 实体enum (enumeration) 枚举enumerators 枚举成员、枚举器equal 相等equality 相等性equality operator 等号操纵符error log 错误日志 (for database)escape character 转义符、转义字符escape code 转义码evaluate 评估event 事件event driven 事件驱动的event handler 事件处理器evidence 证据exception 异常exception declaration 异常声明exception handling 异常处理、异常处理机制exception specification 异常标准exceptionsafe 异常平安的exit 退出explicit 显式explicit specialization 显式特化explicit transaction 显式事务 (for database) export 导出expression 表达式Ffat client 胖客户端feature 特性、特征fetch 提取field 字段 (for database)field 字段(java)field length 字段长度 (for database)file 文件filter 筛选 (for database)finalization 终结finalizer 终结器firewall 防火墙flag 标识表记标帜flash memory 闪存flush 刷新font 字体foreign key (FK) 外键(FK) (for database)form 窗体formal parameter 形参forward declaration 前置声明forwardonly 只向前的forwardonly cursor 只向前游标 (for database) framework 框架full specialization 完全特化function 函数function call operator (即operator ()) 函数调用操纵符function object 函数对象function template函数模板functionality 功效functor 仿函数GGC (Garbage collection) 垃圾收受接管(机制)、垃圾收集(机制)generate 生成generic 泛化的、一般化的、通用的generic algorithm通用算法genericity 泛型getter (相对于 setter)取值函数global 全局的global object 全局对象grant 授权 (for database)group 组、群group box 分组框GUI 图形界面GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) 全球唯一标识符Hhandle 句柄handler 处理器hard disk 硬盘hardcoded 硬编码的hardcopy 截屏图hardware 硬件hash table 散列表、哈希表header file头文件heap 堆help file 帮忙文件hierarchical data 阶层式数据、条理式数据hierarchy 条理结构、承继体系high level 高阶、高层hook 钩子Host (application)宿主(应用程序)hot key 热键HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本标识表记标帜语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传输协议HTTP pipeline HTTP管道hyperlink 超链接Iicon 图标IDE (Integrated Development Environment)集成开发情况identifier 标识符IDL (Interface Definition Language) 接口定义语言idle time 空闲时间if and only if当且仅当IL (Intermediate Language) 中间语言、中介语言image 图象IME 输入法immediate base 直接基类immediate derived 直接派生类immediate updating 即时更新 (for database) implement 实现implementation 实现、实现品implicit 隐式implicit transaction隐式事务 (for database) import 导入incremental update 增量更新 (for database) Independent Set 独立集index 索引 (for database)infinite loop 无限循环infinite recursive 无限递归information 信息inheritance 承继、承继机制initialization 初始化initialization list 初始化列表、初始值列表initialize 初始化inline 内联inline expansion 内联展开inner join 内联接 (for database)instance 实例instantiated 具现化、实体化(常应用于template) instantiation 具现体、具现化实体(常应用于template) integrate 集成、整合integrity 完整性、一致性integrity constraint完整性约束 (for database) interacts 交互interface 接口interoperability 互操纵性、互操纵能力interpreter 解释器introspection 自省invariants 不变性invoke 调用isolation level 隔离级别 (for database)item 项、条款、项目iterate 迭代iteration 迭代(回圈每次轮回称为一个iteration) iterative 频频的、迭代的iterator 迭代器JJIT compilation JIT编译即时编译Job Scheduling 工程安插Kkey 键 (for database)key column 键列 (for database)Lleft outer join 左向外联接 (for database)level 阶、层例library 库lifetime 生命期、寿命Linear Programming 线性计划link 连接、链接linkage 连接、链接linker 连接器、链接器list 列表、表、链表list box 列表框literal constant 字面常数livelock 活锁 (for database)load 装载、加载load balancing 负载平衡loader 装载器、载入器local 局部的local object 局部对象lock 锁log 日志login 登录login security mode登录平安模式 (for database) lookup table 查找表 (for database)loop 循环loose coupling 松散耦合lvalue 左值Mmachine code 机械码、机械代码macro 宏maintain 维护managed code 受控代码、托管代码Managed Extensions 受控扩充件、托管扩展managed object 受控对象、托管对象manifest 清单manytomany relationship 多对多关系 (for database)manytoone relationship 多对一关系 (for database)marshal 列集Matching 匹配member 成员member access operator 成员取用运算子(有dot和arrow两种) member function 成员函数member initialization list成员初始值列表memory 内存memory leak 内存泄漏menu 菜单message 消息message based 基于消息的message loop 消息环message queuing消息队列metadata 元数据metaprogramming元编程method 办法micro 微middle tier 中间层middleware 中间件modeling 建模modeling language 建模语言modem 调制解调器modifier 修饰字、修饰符module 模块most derived class最底层的派生类mouse 鼠标multitasking 多任务multithread 多线程multicast delegate 组播委托、多点委托multithreaded server application 多线程办事器应用程序multiuser 多用户mutable 可变的mutex 互斥元、互斥体Nnamed parameter 命名参数named pipe 命名管道namespace 名字空间、命名空间native 原生的、当地的native code 当地码、本机码nested class 嵌套类nested query 嵌套查询 (for database)nested table 嵌套表 (for database)network 网络network card 网卡Network Flow 网络流Oobject 对象object based 基于对象的object model 对象模型object oriented 面向对象的ODBC data source ODBC数据源 (for database) ODBC driver ODBC驱动程序 (for database) onetomany relationship 一对多关系 (for database) onetoone relationship 一对一关系 (for database) operating system (OS) 操纵系统operation 操纵operator 操纵符、运算符option 选项outer join 外联接 (for database)overflow 上限溢位(相对于underflow) overload 重载override 覆写、重载、重新定义Ppackage 包packaging 打包palette 调色板parallel 并行parameter 参数、形式参数、形参parameter list 参数列表parameterize 参数化parent class 父类parentheses 圆括弧、圆括号parse 解析parser 解析器part 零件、部件partial specialization 局部特化pass by reference 引用传递pass by value 值传递pattern 模式persistence 持久性pixel 像素placeholder 占位符platform 平台Point Location 位置查询pointer 指针polymorphism 多态pooling 池化pop up 弹出式port 端口postfix 后缀precedence 优先序(通经常使用于运算子的优先执行次序) prefix 前缀preprocessor 预处理器primary key (PK)主键(PK) (for database)primary table 主表 (for database)primitive type 原始类型print 打印printer 打印机procedure 进程process 进程program 程序programmer 程序员programming编程、程序设计progress bar 进度指示器project 项目、工程property 属性protocol 协议pseudo code伪码Qqualified 及格的qualifier 修饰符quality 质量queue 队列Rradio button 单选按钮random number 随机数Random Number Generation 随机数生成range 规模、区间rank 等级raw 未经处理的redirection 重定向readOnly只读record 记实 (for database)recordset 记实集 (for database recursion ——递归recursive 递归refactoring 重构refer 引用、参考reference 引用、参考reflection 反射refresh data 刷新数据 (for database)register 存放器regular expression 正则表达式relational database 关系数据库remote 远程remote request 远程请求represent 表述，表示resolution 解析进程resolve 解析、决议result set 结果集 (for database)retrieve data 检索数据return 前往return type 前往类型return value 前往值revoke 撤消right outer join 右向外联接 (for database) robust 强健robustness 强健性roll back 回滚 (for database)roll forward 前滚 (for database)routine 例程row 行 (for database)rowset 行集 (for database)RPC (remote procedure call)RPC(远程进程调用) runtime 执行期、运行期、执行时、运行时rvalue 右值SSatisfiability 可满足性save 保管savepoint 保管点 (for database)SAX (Simple API for XML)scalable 可伸缩的、可扩展的schedule 调度scheduler 调度程序schema 模式、纲目结构scope 作用域、生存空间screen 屏幕scroll bar转动条SDK (Software Development Kit)软件开发包sealed class 密封类search 查找Searching 查找semantics 语义sequential container序列式容器serial 串行serialization/serialize 序列化server 办事器、办事端session 会话 (for database)Set and String Problems 荟萃与串的问题Set Cover 荟萃笼盖Set Data Structures 荟萃Set Packing 荟萃配置setter 设值函数side effect 反作用signature 签名singlethreaded 单线程slider滑块slot 槽SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 复杂邮件传输协议snapshot 截屏图snapshot 快照 (for database)SOAP (simple object access protocol) 复杂对象拜访协议software 软件Sorting 排序source code 源码、源代码specialization 特化specification 标准、规格splitter 切分窗口SQL (Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语言 (for database)stack 栈、堆栈standard library 尺度库standard template library 尺度模板库stateless 无状态的statement 语句、声明static cursor 静态游标 (for database)static SQL statements 静态SQL语句 (for database) status bar 状态条stored procedure 存储进程 (for database)stream 流string 字符串String Matching 模式匹配stub 存根subobject子对象subquery 子查询 (for database)subscript operator 下标操纵符support 支持suspend 挂起symbol 记号syntax 语法system databases 系统数据库 (for database) system tables 系统表 (for database)Ttable 表 (for database)tablelevel constraint 表级约束 (for database) target 标的,目标task switch 任务切换TCP (Transport Control Protocol) 传输控制协议template 模板temporary object 临时对象temporary table 临时表 (for database)text 文本Text Compression 压缩text file 文本文件thin client 瘦客户端thirdparty 第三方thread 线程threadsafe 线程平安的throw 抛出、引发(常指收回一个exception) trace 跟踪transaction 事务 (for database)transaction log 事务日志 (for database)transaction rollback 事务回滚 (for database)traverse 遍历trigger 触发器 (for database)type 类型UUDDI(Universary Description, Discovery and Integration)统一描述、查询与集成UML (unified modeling language)统一建模语言unary function 单参函数unary operator 一元操纵符unboxing 拆箱、拆箱转换underflow 下限溢位(相对于overflow)Unicode 统一字符编码尺度，采取双字节对字符进行编码Union query 联合查询 (for database)UNIQUE constraints UNIQUE约束 (for database)unique index 唯一索引 (for database)unmanaged code 非受控代码、非托管代码unmarshal 散集unqualified 未经限定的、未经修饰的URI (Uniform Resource identifier) 统一资源标识符URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 统一资源定位器user 用户user interface 用户界面Vvalue types 值类型variable 变量vector 向量(一种容器，有点类似array) vendor 厂商viable 可行的video 视频view 视图 (for database)view 视图virtual function 虚函数virtual machine 虚拟机virtual memory 虚拟内存WWeb Services web办事WHERE clause WHERE子句 (for database) wildcard characters 通配符字符 (for database) wildcard search 通配符搜索 (for database) window 窗口window function 窗口函数window procedure 窗口进程Windows authentication Windows身份验证wizard 向导word 单词write enable 写启用 (for database)writeonly 只写WSDL (Web Service Description Language)Web Service描述语言XXML (eXtensible Markup Language) 可扩展标识表记标帜语言XML Message Interface (XMI) XML消息接口XSD (XML Schema Definition) XML模式定义语言XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) 可扩展样式表语言XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)可扩展样式表语言转换xxx based 基于xxx的xxx oriented 面向xxx。
Acceptance Testing－－可接受性测试一般由用户/客户进行的确认是否可以接受一个产品的验证性测试。
actual outcome－－实际结果被测对象在特定的条件下实际产生的结果。
Ad Hoc Testing－－随机测试测试人员通过随机的尝试系统的功能，试图使系统中断。
algorithm－－算法一个定义好的有限规则集，用于在有限步骤内解决一个问题；（2）执行一个特定任务的任何操作序列。
algorithm analysis－－算法分析一个软件的验证确认任务，用于保证选择的算法是正确的、合适的和稳定的，并且满足所有精确性、规模和时间方面的要求。
Alpha Testing－－Alpha测试由选定的用户进行的产品早期性测试。
这个测试一般在可控制的环境下进行的。
analysis－－分析分解到一些原子部分或基本原则，以便确定整体的特性；（2）一个推理的过程，显示一个特定的结果是假设前提的结果；（3）一个问题的方法研究，并且问题被分解为一些小的相关单元作进一步详细研究。
anomaly－－异常在文档或软件操作中观察到的任何与期望违背的结果。
application software－－应用软件满足特定需要的软件。
architecture－－构架一个系统或组件的组织结构。
ASQ－－自动化软件质量（Automated Software Quality）使用软件工具来提高软件的质量。
assertion－－断言指定一个程序必须已经存在的状态的一个逻辑表达式，或者一组程序变量在程序执行期间的某个点上必须满足的条件。
assertion checking－－断言检查用户在程序中嵌入的断言的检查。
audit－－审计一个或一组工作产品的独立检查以评价与规格、标准、契约或其它准则的符合程度。
audit trail－－审计跟踪系统审计活动的一个时间记录。
Automated Testing－－自动化测试使用自动化测试工具来进行测试，这类测试一般不需要人干预，通常在GUI、性能等测试中用得较多。
RUP (rational unified process)统一软件开发过程IPD(intergratied product developement)集成项目开发PDT(product developement team)项目开发团队IPMT(integrated product management team)集成项目管理团队SRS(software requiment specification)软件需求说明书HLD(high level design)概要设计LLD(low level design)详细设计UT(unit testing)单元测试IT(intergrated testing)集成测试ST(system testing)系统测试RT(regression testing)回归测试UA T(user accept testing)用户接受测试water full瀑布v&v verfication(验证)&vallidation(确认)CMM (capability maturty model)能力成熟度模型cmm1 initial初始级cmm2 repeatable可重复级cmm3 defined已定义级cmm4 managed已管理级cmm5 optimizing优化级OSSP organization standard software process组织标准软件过程PDP(product developement process)项目开发过程EPG(engineering process group)工程过程组ISO(international organazation for standardization)国际标准组织QA(quality assurace)质量保证QC(quality contral)质量控制KPA(key process area)关键过程域ERP(enterprise resource planning)企业资源计划CCB(change control board)变更控制委员会(configuration control board)配置控制中心SCM(software configuration management)软件配置管理CMO(configuration management officer)配置管理员SDLC(software development life cycle)软件开发生命周期SLC(software life cycle)软件生命周期RDBMS(relational database management system)关系型数据库系统SQA(software quality assurance)软件质量保证5C correct正确clear清晰concise简洁complete完整consistent一致SC(statement coverage)语句覆盖bc(branch coveage)判定/分支覆盖cc(condition coverage)条件覆盖bcc(branch-condition coverage)分支-条件覆盖pc(path coverage)路径覆盖fc(function coverage)功能覆盖FC(function coverage)函数覆盖IBC(instraction blocks coverage)指令块覆盖isolation unit testing孤立的单元测试策略top-down unit testing自顶向下的单元测试策略botton-top unit testing自底向上的单元测试策略big bang intergrated testing大爆炸的集成测试策略up-down intergrated testing自顶向下的集成测试策略bottton-up intergrated testing 自底向上的集成测试策略sandwich intergrated testing 三明治集成测试策略layer intergrated testing 分层集成测试策略GUI(graphic user interface)图形化界面测试PM(project manager)项目经理SWE(software development engineer)软件开发工程师STE(software testing engineer)软件测试工程师CMI(fconfiguration mangement item)配置项/CICR(change requirment)变更请求。
it开发常用词汇IT开发常用词汇在IT开发领域中，有许多常用词汇被广泛使用。
这些词汇涵盖了软件开发、编程语言、数据库管理、网络安全等方面。
本文将介绍一些常见的IT开发词汇，并对其进行解释和应用示例。
1. 程序(Program)程序是一组按照特定顺序执行的计算机指令集合。
程序可以通过编程语言编写，并在计算机上运行。
例如，一个简单的Hello World 程序可以输出一条问候语。
2. 代码(Code)代码是程序的具体实现，由一系列计算机指令组成。
开发人员使用编程语言编写代码，并通过编译或解释器将其转换为可执行文件。
代码可以用来实现各种功能，如计算、数据处理、界面设计等。
3. 编程语言(Programing Language)编程语言是一套用于编写计算机程序的规则和符号。
常见的编程语言有Java、C++、Python等。
不同的编程语言具有不同的语法和特性，开发人员可以根据需求选择合适的编程语言进行开发工作。
4. 数据库(Database)数据库是用于存储和组织数据的软件应用。
开发人员可以使用数据库管理系统（如MySQL、Oracle）来创建、更新和查询数据。
数据库可以用来存储用户信息、产品信息、日志记录等。
5. 网络安全(Network Security)网络安全涉及保护计算机网络和系统免受未经授权的访问、使用、泄漏或破坏的威胁。
常见的网络安全措施包括防火墙、加密通信、访问控制等。
开发人员需要关注网络安全，确保软件和系统的安全性。
6. 用户界面(User Interface)用户界面是用户与计算机程序或系统进行交互的界面。
良好的用户界面可以提高用户体验和效率。
开发人员可以使用图形界面(GUI)或命令行界面(CLI)等方式创建用户界面。
7. 软件测试(Software Testing)软件测试是为了评估和改进软件质量而进行的活动。
测试可以检测软件中的错误、缺陷和性能问题。
常见的软件测试方法包括单元测试、集成测试和系统测试等。
基于计算机软件开发技术的应用中英文对照Based on the application of computer software development technology. In both Chinese and English21世纪是计算机化、信息化的时代，在这个时代，计算机网络成为信息传输媒介，软件开发技术成为计算机未来发展的导向。
为了满足计算机网络对软件不断增多的需求，软件开发技术必须不断发展，才能为构建完善的计算机网络系统提供可能。
21st century is the age of computerized, informationization, in this day and age, become a medium of information transmission, computer network technology become a guide for the future development of the computer software development. In order to meet the growing demand to the software, computer network software development technology must continue to grow, to build complete computer network system to provide the possibility.1 计算机软件开发技术概述1 summary of computer software development technology计算机软件主要指系统软件、应用软件。
系统软件是监控、管理和维护计算机的软件，比如操作系统和自检程序等。
而应用软件则是解决用户具体问题的软件，比如人事管理软件和学习管理软件等等。
不管是系统软件还是应用软件，都为用户提供了利用计算机代替或简化一种计算机的工作环境，对于用户来说，接触计算机其实是接触计算机软件。
A.I. 人工智能A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access function 访问函数access level访问级别account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced 高级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域appearance 外观append 附加application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument引数(传给函式的值)。
参见parameterarray 数组arrow operator 箭头操作符ASP(Active Server Page)活动服务器页面 worker process 工作者进程assembly 装配件、配件assembly language 汇编语言assembly manifest 装配件清单assert(ion) 断言assign 赋值assignment 赋值、分配assignment operator 赋值操作符associated 相关的、相关联的associative container 关联式容器(对应sequential container) asynchronous 异步的atomic 原子的atomic operation 原子操作attribute 特性、属性audio 音频authentication service 验证服务authorization 授权B2B integration B2B整合、B2B集成(business-to-business integration) background 背景、后台(进程)backup 备份backup device备份设备backup file 备份文件backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容bandwidth 带宽Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩base class 基类base type 基类型batch 批处理BCL (base class library)基类库Bin Packing 装箱问题binary 二进制binary function 双参函数binary large object二进制大对象binary operator 二元操作符binary search 二分查找binary tree 二叉树binding 绑定bit 位bitmap 位图bitwise 按位…bitwise copy 为单元进行复制；位元逐一复制,按位拷bitwise operation 按位运算block 块、区块、语句块bookkeeping 簿记boolean 布林值(真假值，true或false)border 边框bounds checking 边界检查boxing 装箱、装箱转换brace (curly brace) 大括号、花括号bracket (square brakcet) 中括号、方括号breakpoint 断点browser applications 浏览器应用(程序)browser-accessible application 可经由浏览器访问的应用程序bug 臭虫build 编连(专指编译和连接built-in 内建、内置bus 总线business 业务、商务(看场合)business Logic 业务逻辑business rules 业务规则buttons 按钮by/through 通过byte 位元组(由8 bits组成)cache 高速缓存calendar 日历Calendrical Calculations 日期call 调用call operator 调用操作符call-level interface (CLI)调用级接口(CLI)callback 回调candidate key 候选键(for database)cascading delete 级联删除(for database)cascading update 级联更新(for database)casting 转型、造型转换catalog 目录chain 链(function calls)character 字符character format 字符格式character set 字符集check box 复选框check button 复选按钮CHECK constraints CHECK约束(for database)checkpoint 检查点(for database)child class 子类CIL (common intermediate language)通用中间语言、通用中介语言class 类class declaration 类声明class definition 类定义class derivation list 类继承列表class factory 类厂class hierarchy 类层次结构class library 类库class loader 类装载器class template 类模板class template partial specializations 类模板部分特化class template specializations 类模板特化classification 分类clause 子句cleanup 清理、清除CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通用语言基础设施client 客户、客户端client application 客户端应用程序client area 客户区client cursor 客户端游标(for database)client-server 客户机/服务器、客户端/服务器clipboard 剪贴板Clique 最大团clone 克隆CLS (common language specification) 通用语言规范code access security 代码访问安全code page 代码页COFF (Common Object File Format) 通用对象文件格式collection 集合COM (Component Object Model) 组件对象模型Combinatorial Problems 组合问题combo box 组合框command line 命令行comment 注释commit 提交(for database)communication 通讯compatible 兼容compile time 编译期、编译时compiler 编译器component组件composite index 复合索引、组合索引(for database) composite key 复合键、组合键(for database) composition 复合、组合Computational Geometry 计算几何concept 概念concrete具体的concrete class 具体类concurrency 并发、并发机制configuration 配置、组态Connected Components 连通分支connection 连接(for database)connection pooling 连接池console 控制台constant 常量Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题constraint 约束(for database)construct 构件、成分、概念、构造（for language）constructor (ctor) 构造函数、构造器container 容器containment包容context 环境、上下文control 控件Convex Hull 凸包cookie (不译)copy 拷贝CORBA 通用对象请求中介架构(Common Object Request Broker Architecture) cover 覆盖、涵盖create/creation 创建、生成crosstab query 交叉表查询(for database)CRTP (curiously recurring template pattern)Cryptography 密码CTS (common type system)通用类型系统cube 多维数据集(for database)cursor 光标cursor 游标(for database)custom 定制、自定义data 数据data connection 数据连接(for database)Data Control Language (DCL) 数据控制语言(DCL) (for database)Data Definition Language (DDL) 数据定义语言(DDL) (for database)data dictionary 数据字典(for database)data dictionary view 数据字典视图(for database)data file 数据文件(for database)data integrity 数据完整性(for database)data manipulation language (DML)数据操作语言(DML) (for database)data mart 数据集市(for database)data member 数据成员、成员变量data pump 数据抽取(for database)data scrubbing 数据清理(for database)data source 数据源(for database)data source 数据源(for database)Data source name (DSN) 数据源名称(DSN) (for database)data structure数据结构Data Structures 基本数据结构data table 数据表(for database)data warehouse 数据仓库(for database)data-aware control数据感知控件(for database)data-bound 数据绑定(for database)database 数据库(for database)database catalog 数据库目录(for database)database diagram 数据关系图(for database)database file 数据库文件(for database)database object 数据库对象(for database)database owner 数据库所有者(for database)database project 数据库工程(for database)database role 数据库角色(for database)database schema 数据库模式、数据库架构(for database)database script 数据库脚本(for database)datagram 数据报文dataset 数据集(for database)dataset 数据集(for database)DBMS (database management system)数据库管理系统(for database) DCOM (distributed COM)分布式COMdead lock 死锁(for database)deallocate 归还debug 调试debugger 调试器decay 退化decision support 决策支持declaration 声明declarative referential integrity (DRI)声明引用完整性(DRI) (for database) deduction 推导default 缺省、默认值DEFAULT constraint默认约束(for database)default database 默认数据库(for database)default instance 默认实例(for database)default result set 默认结果集(for database)defer 推迟definition 定义delegate 委托Delegates 一般译法为‖委托‖，微软没有对这个术语进行正式解释或翻译。
1. What is software development?Software development is the process of developing software through successive phases in an orderly way. This process includes not only the actual writing of code but also the preparation of requirements and objectives, the design of what is to be coded, and confirmation that what is developed has met objectives.Before systems development methods came into being, the development of new systems or products was often carried out by using the experienceand intuition of management and technical personnel. However, the complexityof modern systems and computer products long ago made the need clear forsome kind of orderly development process.Typical phases of software development:1) Identification of required software2) Analysis of the software requirements3) Detailed specification of the software requirements4) Software design5) Programming6) Testing7) MaintenanceIn general, the development of commercial software is usually a result of demand in the marketplace, while enterprise software developmentgenerally arises from a need or a problem within the enterprise environment.2. How is software development guided?The software development process is almost invariably guided bysome systematic software development method (SDM). Referred to by a numberof terms, including process models, development guidelines,and systems development life cycle models (SDLC), software development methods nevertheless generally include the same development phases:∙The existing system is evaluated and its deficiencies identified, usually through interviewing system users and support personnel.∙The new system requirements are defined. In particular, the deficiencies in the existing system must be addressed with specific proposals for improvement.∙The proposed system is designed. Plans are laid out concerning the physical construction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications, and security issues.∙The new system is developed. The new components and programs must be obtained and installed. Users of the system must be trained in its use, and all aspects of performance must be tested. If necessary, adjustments must be made at this stage.∙The system is put into use. This can be done in various ways. The new system can phased in, according to application or location,andthe old system gradually replaced. In some cases, it may be more cost-effective to shut down the old system and implement the new system all at once.∙Once the new system is up and running, then it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at allers of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modificationsand procedures.The systems development life cycle model was developed as a structured approach to information system development that guides all the processesinvolved from an initial feasibility study through to maintenance of thefinished application. SDLC models take a variety of approaches to development.Systems development life cycle models include:· The waterfall model:This is the classic SDLC model, with a linear and sequential method that has goals for each developmentphase. The waterfall model simplifies task scheduling, because there areno iterative or overlapping steps. One drawback of the waterfall is thatit does not allow for much revision.· Rapid application development (RAD):This models based on the concept that better products can be developed more quicklyby: using workshops or focus groups to gather system requirements; prototyping and reiterative testing of designs; rigid adherence to schedule; and less formality of team communications such as reviews.· Joint application development (JAD): This modelinvolves the client or end user in the design and development of an applicationthrough a series of collaborative workshops called JAD sessions.· The prototyping model: In this model, a prototype (an early approximation of a final system or product) is built, testedand then reworked as necessary until an acceptable prototype is finallyachieved from which the complete system or product can now be developed.· Synchronize-and-stabilize: This model involves teams working in parallel on individual application modules, frequently synchronizingtheir code with that of other teams and stabilizing code frequently throughout the development process.· The spiral model: This model of development combines the features of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral model is favored for large, expensive, and complicated projects.3. How has the open source development process influenced software development in general?Open source software is developed collaboratively; source code is freely available for use and modification. The open source movement arose because some developers came to believe that competition amongst vendors leads to inferior products and that the best approach to development isa collaborative one.The OSI (Open Source Initiative) is an industry body that certifies products as open source if they conform to a number of rules:· The software being distributed must be redistributed to anyone else without any restriction· The source code must be made available (so that the receiving party will be able to improve or modify it)· The license can require improved versions of the software to carry a different name or version from the original softwareDespite its emphasis on the collaborative process, the biggest influence that open source has had on software development in general may be through competition: by competing with proprietary software products, open source products force vendors to work that much harder to hold their market share in the face of viable open source alternatives.4. What are some generally accepted best practices common to all or most development models?Here's a collection of some of the top tips from a variety of industry sources:· Make sure that you've chosen a systems development life cycle model that suits your project, because every one of the processesinvolved depends on the model. That said, however, implementing any modelis betterthan none -- much of the success of a project depends upon howscrupulously the model is adhered to.· Reuse software components when it's appropriate, but don't use code that doesn't work perfectly for its intended purpose just because you have it on hand.· Be very thorough in gathering requirements, ensuring that all parties agree on what they are -- and make sure you document them.· Don't promise the moon, if you can't deliver it. Avoidletting someone who isn't fully informed negotiate with the client.· Make sure that the architecture you've chosen is appropriate for the application you're building. To retain perspective, you might want to look at the smaller picture and plan the architecture incrementally.· Change is part of life, including software development. You have to accept that various things -- requirements, for example -- are likely to change throughout the life of the project. Keep control of them, but not too rigidly.· Set up peer review process es for every element of the project.· Design thoroughly and with care, but remember the KISSprinciple: Keep it simple.· In your project plan, split big projects into manageable chunks, with concrete milestones and deadlines.· Ensure accountability: make sure that deadlines are clear and that people have to report on whether they made them, and explain why not if they don't.· Implement quality control procedures throughout the project.· Test exhaustively -- there's no point in doing a cursory run through only to have an application fail when you run it for the client.· After the project is completed, conduct a thorough post-mortem, with everyone involved. You'll see what worked well and what should havebeen differently, and your future projects will benefit.5. What are some common mistakes in software development?According to a Standish Group report, corporations in the United States spend over $275 billion every year on software development projects, many of which are doomed to failure. Research by the group found that over 80% of projects fail for various reasons, and that fully 30% of projectswere cancelled prior to completion because of poor execution.David B. Stewart, at the University of Maryland, set out to document the 10 most common mistakes of software development. He found, however,that the sheer number of errors that were commonly practiced made it impossible to keep the number to ten. He ended up calling his article "Twenty-FiveMost Common Mistakes with Real-Time Software Development." Even so, afterthe title had been established, he found another five errors so common that the felt compelled to add them.According to Dr. Michael, the most common project problems are due to failure to manage project elements successfully:· Requirement s are not clearly and accurately defined, and agreed upon by all concerned.· Resources are not adequately planned and allocated.· Threats to project success are not clearly detected, identified, and protected against.· Critical path analysis is omitted, or poorly executed.· The project's progress is not tracked adequately.· Quality management is not carried out well enough throughout the life of the project.· Too little data is collected, or data is ignored or poorly understood.Correcting flaws identified during software security audits is expensive and time consuming. Worse, vast resources are spent on containing and recovering from exploits. Fortunately, providing development staff with the knowledge and tools to avoid many of these pitfalls is easy and inexpensive.6. Given a particular process model, is there a set of tools(a development environment) to support it?In general, a process model usually begins as a philosophy of "who does what development when" rather than a rigid methodology complete with tools. For example, rapid application development (RAD) is an approach that can make use of existing development tools. In general, tools for supporting all or part of a process model tend to arrive later, if at all.Historically, development tools have focused on the code-building, code archive management, documentation, testing, and packaging parts ofthe process, sometimes offered as a suite. Such a suite is generally known as an integrated development environment (IDE).A set of tools for managing or supporting a development project is generally known as a computer-assisted software environment (CASE). A number of companies offer products that support early stages of development such as requirements gathering, design prototyping, and data modeling. A number of these provide tools that support data modeling with the Unified Modeling Language. Overall, there is a trend toward providing all or most of the tools for a development project in a single product or related set of products.Today, the main code-building development environments or program suites come from Microsoft with its Visual Studio and Visual Studio .NET, providing support for Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual J#; Sun Microsystems with its Java 2 Enterprise Environment; and numerous software vendors such as Borland who repackage these environments with some value-added features. Recently, almost all providers of software development environments have added features that enable the software to be used on the Web.7. How do you choose the "right" programming language for your project?For most projects, the right language is easy to choose. Your company may have standardized on a particular development environment and language (and you may have been hired because you were already familiar with the language). Or you may be updating or enhancing an existing program; it's almost always best to use the same language the existing program is written in. In some cases, however, someone will need to select the best (or, since the best may be somewhat arguable, at least an appropriate language). In somecases, you or your team of developers may need to know several languages fordifferent purposes.General truisms about programming languages are that:∙Perl or a similar script language is most suitable for small tasks and sometimes acting as a program that goes between other,largerprograms.∙Visual Basic is most suitable for relatively novice programmers and relatively simple programs.∙Java, C++, or comparable languages like Python and Tcl aremost suitable for larger applications using object orientation as adesignmodel.∙ C is most suitable for programs where efficiency and performance are the primary concern.∙The appropriate assembler language is most suitable where the program is relatively short and high performance is critical.Where constraints permit, some programmers may favor one object-oriented language over another (for example, Java, C++, Python, or Tcl). A programmer with skills in C is likely to prefer C++, which combines the proceduraland other concepts and syntax of C with object-oriented concepts.8. What are some trends regarding the future of software development?Blogs - A growing number of big-name softwaredevelopers are finding they can make better software applications if theyshare information with potential customers from the start and incorporate customer feedback into development decisions. While developers of gamessoftware have used this method for years, business software makers are nowalso catching on and using blogs as an important part of the development process.Big-name support for independent software vendors (ISVs) - Big players like Microsoft, IBM, and Sun have recognized that they cannot fill every niche industry's software demands, so they have begun to activelyseek partnerships with small ISVs, in hopes that by encouraging ISVs to focuson vertical industry applications, everyone will benefit.Component-based development- In this approach, softwareis developed in modules that are linked dynamically to construct a completeapplication. Charles Simonyi (creator of the WYSIWYG editor) believes thateventually, software development will become so modular that even lay-peoplewill be able to assemble components effectively to create customizedsoftware applications.Continued improvements in refactoring tools - Eric Raymond,a leading philosopher about program development, maintains that the conceptof refactoring is consistent with the idea ofget-something-working-now-and-perfect-it-laterapproach long familiarto Unix and open source programmers. The idea is alsoembodied in the approach known as Extreme Programming. As software applicationsbecome larger, better refactoring tools will be required to maintain codebases and diagnose bugs.Outsourcing - Using this approach, software companies hire employees around the world to take advantage of time zone and labor/cost differences.Proponents say that in effect, software development teams now have a 24-hourwork day, and are able to provide fast turn-around. Detractors say that outsourcingparts of a project leads to sloppy coding and only works if there is a highdegree of coordination regarding modularized tasks, and above-average communicationwithin the team.1。
