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M: Hey, Cathy, did you read this article in the magazine? I can't believe how much man is changing the planet.男：嘿，凯西，你看过杂志上的这篇文章了吗？我简直不敢相信人类改变了这个星球这么多。
W: Yeah, I had a look at it. Quite interesting I suppose if you believe that sort of thing.女：是的，我看了一眼。
我觉得很有趣，如果你相信那档子事的话。
M: What? What do you mean,"if you believe that sort of thing"? Are you saying you don't believe that we are damaging the planet?男：什么？你说的“如果你相信那档子事的话”是什么意思？你是说你不相信我们正在破坏这个星球吗？W: To be honest, Mark, not really.女：说实话，马克，不太相信。
M: What are you saying? Are you saying global warming isn't a fact, deforestation isn't a fact, the greenhouse effect isn't actually happening?男：你在说什么？你是说全球变暖不是事实，砍伐森林不是事实，温室效应也没有真的发生？W: Hey, calm down Mark. I just think too many people takethese things as being definitely true without knowing all the facts.女：嘿，马克，冷静点。
英语专八听力原文及答案The popularity of EnglishGood morning, everyone. T oday's lecture is about the popularity of English.As we all know, English is widely used in the world. Althpugh English is not the language with the largest number of native or first language speakers, it has really become a lingua franca. Then what is a lingua franca The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native languages are different from each others and where one or both speakers are using it as a second language ( Q1). For example, when an Indian talks to a Singaporean using English, then English is the lingua franca.Then actually how many people speak English as either a first or a second language Some researches suggested that a few years ago that between 320 , 000 , 000 to 380 , 000 , 000 people spoke English as a first language. And anyway between 250 , 000 , 000 to 350 , 000 , 000 as a second language ( Q2 ) . And of course , if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world, that number may increase dramatically. Then we may ask a question, how did English get there That is how did English gain the present status of popularity There are in fact a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua franca. Many of the reasons are historical , but they also include economic and cultural factors that influenced and sustained this spread of the language. Let's go through the reasons one by one. First, it's the historical reason ( Q3) . This is related to the colonial history. As we know, when' the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620after their journey from England, they brought with them not just a set of religious beliefs, a pioneering spirit or a desire for colonization, but also their language. Although many years later, the Americans broke away from their colonial master, the language of English remained and still does. It was the same in Australia too. When Commander Philippe planted the British flag in Sydney curve on the 26th of January 1788 , it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians but also a language. In other parts of the former British Empire, English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control. For example, it became a lingua franca in India where a variety of indigenous languages made the use of any one of them as a whole country system problematic ( Q4). So the imposition of English as the one language of a ministration helps maintain the colonizers' control and power. Thus English traveled around many parts of the world in those days and long after that colonial empire has faded away. It is too widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan, \ Uganda and New Zealand. That is the first factor. Now the second major factor. in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce throughout the world. The spread of international commerce has taken English along with it ( Q5 ) . This is the 20111 century phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving in countries as diverse as Brazil, China for example, it's the yellow, twin art sign of a Macdonald's fast food restaurant or some other famous brand's outlets. And without doubt, English is used as the language of communication in the international business community.And the third factor related to the popular use of English is the boom in international travel ( Q6). And you will find thatmuch travel and tourism is carried on around the world in English. Of course this is not always the case. As the multi-lingualism of many tourism workers in different countries demonstrate. But a visit to most airports on the globe will show signs not only in the language of that country but also in English. Just as many airline announcements are broadcast in English too. Whatever the language of the country the airport is situated in. So far, English is also the preferred language of air-traffic control in many countries and it is used widely in sea travel communication ( Q7 ).Another factor has something to do with the information exchange around the world. As we all know, a great deal of academic discourse around the world takes place in English. It is often a lingua franca of conferences, for example. And many journal articles in fields as diverse as astronomy, trial psychology and zoology have English as a kind of default language ( Q8).The last factor I cite here concerns popular culture. In the western world at least, English is a dominating language in popular culture. Pop music in English can be heard on many radios ( Q9). Thus many people who are not English speakers can sing words from their favorite English medium songs. And many people who are regular cinema-goers or TV viewers can frequently hear English in sub-titled films coming out of the USA.\Now, to sum up, in today's lecture, we have reviewed some of the reasons or factors that lie behind the popular use of English as the NO. 1 world language. Before we finish, I would like to leave a few questions for you to think about. Is the status of English as the NO. 1 world language assured in the future Will it split into varieties that become less mutually intelligible Or some other language or languages take the place of English asthe world language in future ( Q1 ). These questions are not easy to answer, I know, but they are definitely worth pondering over after the lecture. OK, let's bring us to the end of today's lecture. Thank you for your attention. SECTION B CONVERSATION W Hello! Freddy.NI: Hello! Marry. How nice to see you again! How is everything goingW Fine. Busy these daysM : Yeah. With lots of things to do. Would you like to join me for a drinkW: Ok! Thanks!M: Any news recentlyW Oh! Well , I read in the local paper the other day that the government is planning to build an airport here. You knew that M Afraid not.】My real objection to this idea of a new airport is... is that the whole thing is so wasteful. I mean, we know we are currently in a fuel crisis. We know that we've got to conserve oil and fuel and allthe rest of it and yet here the government seems quite deliberately to be encouraging people to travel, to use. And these jets use a heck of a lot of oil. I mean it takes a ton of oil, a ton of petrol before one of this big jets even takes off (Q1).M: Hmmm.W: It seems so completely short-sighted to me, quite apart from all the waste of land and so on. I can't see, I can't see the rational behind really wanting an... an airport at all.M: Well, surely you must admit the existing airport nearby are becoming swarmed. I mean, why should people...NV: Well, they are being swarmed.111: be treated like cattle when there's a chance of a new airport here.W: But, but really, people shouldn't be traveling as much. That's, that's why most of the journeys, I mean, they are swarmed, because there is far too much unnecessary tourism and so on. It isn't necessary for people to travel so fast, or still, even so often ( Q2).M: Well. You take the climate here in this country. Now, just before Christmas, there 'was this dreadful cold spell and there was a tremendous increase in the number of people who wanted to leave and spend Christmas and the New Year in a reasonable climate of sun and a certain mild climate. And in summer, the same situation occurs. It is unbearably hot here and people want go somewhere cool.W: Yes, I can sympathize with that. But it is still not really necessary to do or as it is necessary to conserve fuel and it is necessary to ... well not to waste land, I mean, land for new airport could be used for far more important things which would benefit the people here far more ( Q2). I mean, it could be used for farming, for instance.M: True./W: It could also be used for housing, or it could be used for parks, you know. People then, could come and enjoy themselves without having to travel far.Mi But, airports do bring some local advantages. They bring roads, there's obviously extra employment, for instance, new hotels, shops, restaurants will have to be built, this means, more jobs for the locals and it is good for local economy ( Q3).W: But, you ask the people, you ask those who are now living near the airports, for instance, whether they reckon that airports are bringing them advantages or the airport is bringing noise and vast motorways and the whole area is desolated, isn't it ( Q2) M: But, the airport infrastructure relies on housing and other facilities for the great number of people who would be employed in the airport, the pilot even, the stewardnesses. They have to live somewhere near the airport, rightW: Yeah, but it's, it's just so damaging to the whole area. I think, airports, from my point of view, the whole concept is outdated really. With modern technology, we're going to make a lot of travel unnecessary, really (Q4). For example, it won't be necessary for businessman to fly out toa foreign country to talk to somebody. They can just lift up telephone in the office, press the button and see the person they want to do business with. You see, business deals can be made without having to travel back and forth, rightM: Yes, you're right. But, for a lot of people, 'personal contact is important. And this means travel, and means quick travel, air 'travel and we just need a new airport (Q5).SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (for question 6)The New Moderates Party began forming the new Swedish government on Monday. In Sunday's Elections , the New Moderates Party defeated the Social Democrats. The Social Democratic Party has controlled Sweden for all but nine years since 1932 , building up the country's generous welfare state. But the New Moderates wants to change it. ( Q6 ) Sweden's welfare system is famed around the world, but the system encourages people to be lazy and unemployment is also high in Sweden. Onereason is the high tax on companies which makes it difficult to employ new people.News Item 2 (for questions 7 and 8)！Much of the world was watching on television when the command of the Apollo-11 mission Neal Armstrong took the first steps on the moon in July 1969. The pictures of that historic footstep and everything else about that and subsequent of Apollo moon landings were recorded on magnetic tape at three NASA ground tracking stations around the world. The tapes were then shipped to a NASA operation centre near Washington—the Goddard Space Flight Centre. ( Q7 ) In late 1969 , the space agency began transferring them and tens of thousands of tapes from other space missions to a nearby U. S. government archives warehouse: NASA says it asked for them back in the 1970s, but now does not know where they are. "I probably am overly sensitive to the word `lost' . I did not feel they are lost. " said Richard Nafzger, a Goddard Space Flight Centre engineer who was in charge of television processing from all of NASA's ground receiving sites. The Space Agency has authorized him to set aside his other duties for the foreseeable future and devote his time to the hunt for the tapes. Nafzger says- they are stored somewhere. ( Q8 )News Item 3 (for questions 9 and 10)More than 22 million people who live in the Unite State don't speak or understand English very well and that can be deadly. In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Doctor Glan Flores highlights some cases where language barriers prevented patients from communicating with health-care providers with serious consequences. ( Q9 ) Doctor Floresrecords one incident in which English-speaking doctors `thought a Spanish-speaking man was suffering from a drug over-doze. "He was in the hospital basically for two days being worked up for drug abuse " , Flores says. " They finally did a head CT scan and realized he had had a major bleed into his brain. He ended up being paralyzed and he got a 71 million dollars settlement award from the hospital. " Doctor Flores , a professor at the Medical College of Wisconsin, saysthat despite examples like that, the majority of US health-care facilities still do not have trained interpreters on sight, but he acknowledges that increasing numbers of health care workers are bilingual and that more clinics and hospitals do make sure their staff and patients understand each other. ( Q10) 参考答案SECTION A MINI-LECTURE（1）native languages (2).350 (3).Historical (4).India (5)merce (6).Boom (7).sea travel communication (8).conferences (9).many radios (10).split…SECTION B&C。
2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in 1___________________—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about 2________. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically o pening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cr oss the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. 3_________________________. We make ou rselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mea n is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to 4__________________________________. We don’t 5________________. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to 6________________. When they sit down, they’re sort of 7________________. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves 8________, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women feel chronically 习惯性地_9_______________ than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that 10___________________________________________? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, 11____________________________________________. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot ofdifferences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is stress hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about 12________________.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either 13______________________ or 14__________________________________. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we 15________________________________________. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—16___________________________, which is 17________. What we find is t hat when you’re 18_________________________________________, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re 19_________________________________________, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on 20___________________________. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning 21___________________________, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that that our bodies change our minds, and our minds can change our behavior, and 22_____________________________________, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, o r at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to_23_______________ in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong effects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in power dynamics—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically opening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We make ours elves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mean is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women fell chronically 习惯性地less powerful than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two keyhormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is dominance hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about how you react to stress.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—risk tolerance, which is gambling. What we find is that when you’re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re in the low-power pose condition, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on dominance hormone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning stress hormone, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, or at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to do the best in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong ef fects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.。
2019年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture(2)1 I also notice another interesting thing about this.关于这一点，我还发现了另一个有趣的现象。
It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of t hing than men.女性似乎比男性更有可能做出这种动作。
I mean women are more likely to make themselves small .我的意思是，女性更有可能让自己变小。
Women feel chronically less powerful than men,so this i s not surprising.女性总感觉自己的力量比男性弱，因此这并不令人惊讶。
The second question concerns our minds.第二个问题是关于我们的意识。
We know that our minds change our bodies.我们知道，我们的意识会改变我们的身体。
But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? 但我们的身体也可以改变我们的意识吗？And when I say minds,in the case of the powerful,what do I mean?当我说到意识的时候，以强大的力量为例，这是什么意思呢？I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of ph ysiological things that make up ourthoughts and feelings, 我在说想法和感觉，以及组成我们想法和感觉的生理上的东西，and in my case,that's hormones.就这件事而言，是指激素。
2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in 1___________________—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about 2________. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically o pening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cr oss the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. 3_________________________. We make ou rselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mea n is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to 4__________________________________. We don’t 5________________. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to 6________________. When they sit down, they’re sort of 7________________. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves 8________, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women feel chronically 习惯性地_9_______________ than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that 10___________________________________________? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, 11____________________________________________. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot ofdifferences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is stress hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about 12________________.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either 13______________________ or 14__________________________________. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we 15________________________________________. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—16___________________________, which is 17________. What we find is t hat when you’re 18_________________________________________, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re 19_________________________________________, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on 20___________________________. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning 21___________________________, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that that our bodies change our minds, and our minds can change our behavior, and 22_____________________________________, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, o r at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to_23_______________ in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong effects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.2019专八真题听力练习Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I ‘d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. We’re really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people’s body language. You know, we’re sometimes interested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in power dynamics—that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance. And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you are basically opening up. And… and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We make ours elves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. What I mean is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don’t mirror them. We do the opposite.I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. They raise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. I also notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women fell chronically 习惯性地less powerful than men, so this is not surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological生理学上的things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two keyhormones: one is dominance hormone, and the other is dominance hormone. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance hormone and low stress hormone. What does that mean? That means power is also about how you react to stress.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experiment. These people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses. We, for two minutes, say, “You need to do this or this.” And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will ask them “Ho w powerful do you feel?” on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble. Before and after the experiment, we take their sample of saliva for a hormone test. That’s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found—risk tolerance, which is gambling. What we find is that when you’re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you’re in the low-power pose condition, it’s down to only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty significant difference. Here’s what we find on dominance hormone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20 percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Concerning stress hormone, high-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low power people experience about a 15 percent increase. Once again, two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we’ve all had that feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds. So, power posing for a few minutes really changes your life in meaningful ways.When I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, “I don’t believe that. It feels fake. Right?” so I said, “fake it till you make it.” I ‘m going to live you with this. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for example, a job interview, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, or at your desk behind closed doors and say to yourself “that’s what I want to do.” Configure your brain to do the best in that situation. Get your dominance hormone up, and get your stress hormone down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really managed to say who I am and show who I am.To sum up, today, we talk about the “nonverbal expressions of power and dominance” and the strong ef fects of the change of behavior. I suggest you try power posing, which is simple but will significantly change the outcomes of your life. Ok, next time we are going to discuss the social functions of body language.。
专八真题听力原文及答案解析听力是英语考试中的重要组成部分，对于提高听力能力以及提高考试得分有着至关重要的作用。
准备专八考试的考生不可忽视掌握的重要性。
本文将为大家提供一些专八真题听力原文及答案的解析，希望能够给大家带来帮助。
1. 学术演讲：原文：The speaker discusses the development of modern science and how it has changed our lives. He mentionsdifferent areas of scientific research and technological advancements that have had significant impacts on society. He highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaborationin solving complex problems and encourages young scientiststo pursue their passion for discovery.答案解析：这篇学术演讲讨论的是现代科学的发展以及它对我们生活的影响。
演讲者提到了不同的科学研究领域和技术进步对社会产生的重大影响。
他强调了跨学科的合作在解决复杂问题中的重要性，并鼓励年轻科学家追求他们对探索的热情。
2. 新闻报道：原文：The news report covers the recent increase in carbon emissions and its impact on global climate change. It discusses the various sources of carbon emissions, includingindustrial activities, transportation, and deforestation. The report also mentions the efforts being made by governments and organizations to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practices.答案解析：这则新闻报道涵盖了最近碳排放量的增加以及它对全球气候变化的影响。
2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。
众所周知，语言是非常强大的。
It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。
Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。
And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。
Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。
Body Language and Mind肢体语言和意识Good morning,everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture,I'd like to focus on how our body langu age reveals who we are.在今天的课上，我主要来讲讲我们的肢体语言如何揭示出我们是什么样的人。
We're really fascinated with body language,and particula rly interested in other people's bodylanguage.我们对肢体语言十分感兴趣，尤其是其他人的肢体语言。
You know,we're sometimes interested in an awkward int eraction,or a smile,or a contemptuous glance,or maybe a very awkward wink,or handshake.你们知道的，我们有时会对一次尴尬的交流、微笑、轻蔑一瞥感兴趣，也有可能对尴尬的眨眼或握手感兴趣。
So what kind of body language am I talking about?那么，你们知道我说的是哪种肢体语言吗？I am interested in power dynamics--that is the nonverba l expressions of power and dominance.我对动力学感兴趣——这是权力和支配地位的非语言表达。
And what are nonverbal expressions of power and domin ance?那么，权力和支配地位的非语言表达是什么呢？Well,this is what they are.下面，我来阐述它们的含义。
专业八级讲座——听力[replyview]听力理解讲座考试技巧1. 预览试题TEM8考试听力前部都有一小段提示语印在试卷和录在磁带上，要求考生如何答题。
如果考生对此很熟悉，就可以利用这段时间快速预览一下该部分的几个问题(前三个部分都有五个问题)，做到在听录音前对所听内容有一个方向性的认识，在一定程度上帮助答题。
例如看到下面一题时，我们即可知道整个录音很可能与赌博有关。
The development of the gambling compulsion can be described as beingA. gradualB. slowC. periodicD. radical我们一旦获悉即将听的一篇材料与赌博有关的信息后，大脑就很自然地启动一些我们所储存的关于赌博的情景，这样就几乎达到了兵马未动，粮草先行的境地，从而主动权就部分地掌握在考生手里。
反之，如果不进行试题预览，我们可能在听完全部材料的三分之一后才知道其中心议题是赌博。
这就是预览的重要性。
不仅如此，我们还可以利用多余的答题时间来达到预览的目的。
题与题之间一般有15秒的答题时间，如果考生只用5秒就做好了第一题，那么余下的10秒就可以用于预览第2题、第3题等。
TEM8考试听力的四个部分中，只有第四部分考生不能预览，因为考生在做完笔录后才发给该部分答卷，即ANSWER SHEETONE。
2. 审题须仔细审题似乎是一个老生常谈的话题，但却是十分重要的问题。
这里所说的审题并非指考生完全看不懂题目，而是指由于审题不仔细而捕捉不到问题的核心。
我们来看看下面一道题：The modern electronic anti-noise devicesA. are an update version of the traditional methods.B. share similarities with the traditional methods.C. are as inefficient as the traditional methods.D. are based on an entirely new working principle.以上问题的核心在于领会modern electronic anti-noise devices （现代抗噪音电子装置）的定义，而不仅仅是electronic anti-noise devices（抗噪音电子装置），更不是一般的anti-noise devices（抗噪音装置）。
MINI-LECTURE ONEEffective Note-takingThe difficulty of taking notes:Note-taking requires a high level of abilitydue to the(1)of spoken language.(1).Before taking notes:A.Be sure of the(2)of yours and the speaker’s.(2)B.Review relevant background materials if available..While taking notes:A.Understand the new words by(3)the meanings from the context.(3)B.Study carefully the(4),which usually implies(4)the most important information.C.Catch the speaker’s(5)through tone,gesture,repetition and(5)illustration on the board.D.Pay attention to the speaker’s indirect signals to indicate what is important,like changes in speed or(6).(6)E.While writing down the main points,develop a system of mechanics:jotting down words or phrases;using shorthand,abbreviations and symbols;leaving out(7)words.(7)F.While selecting words to write down,pick those having the(8)(8)information,like nouns,verbs or adjectives,and those indicatingthe proceeding direction of the lecture,like(9).(9).After taking notes:A.Review and reword them as soon as possible.B.(10)notes with others to learn from them.(10)MINI-LECTURE TWOThe Skills Required to Get a JobI.Academic skills:basic foundationmunication skillsUnderstand and speak the languages in(1)(1)Be a good listenerRead written materials(2)the Internet(2)2.Thinking skillsThink(3)and act logically(3)e.g.technology,physical science,the arts,skilled trades,social science,etc.3.Learning skillse.g.learn to use some new software after a few tutorialsII.Personal(4)skills:combination of attitudes,skills and behaviors(4)1.Positive attitudes and behaviorsHave good self-esteem and confidenceBe honest with integrity and(5)(5)Have positive attitudes toward work,learning,etc.Be energetic and(6)(6)2.ResponsibilitySet goals and prioritiesPlan and manage time,money,etc.3.AdaptabilityHave a positive attitude toward(7)in the job(7)III.Teamwork skills:skills to work with others co-operatively1.Importance of teamworkBring more resources to the problem situationBe more(8)and morale boosting than individual work(8)2.How to improve teamwork skillsInvolve in the groupBe(9)and listen to others(9)Be a leader rather than a(10)(10)MINI-LECTURE THREEUnderstanding DepressionI.Misunderstanding of depressionMistakenly believe that depression comes from(1)(1) Criticize the depressed person’s low energyA wrong belief that the depressed attitude can be(2)(2)II.Causes of depression1.Geneticsdepression runs in families2.Life eventse.g.(3)of a close family member or friend can lead to(3)depression3.Family and social environmentit includes(4)living situations such as poverty;homelessness;(4) and violence in the family,relationships,or community4.(5)(5)substance use and abuse have impacts on moodIII.Symptoms of depression1.Depressed mood2.Weight changes3.Sleep(6)(6)4.Feelings of guilt or(7)(7)5.Brain fog6.Thoughts of(8)(8)IV.Means to survive depression1.(9)(9)help people understand depression and what they can do about it2.Medicationmake sure to get the right dose3.A combination of both4.Suggestion for friends:help the severely depressed person receive the right treatmentrather than(10)with them(10)MINI-LECTURE FOURSome Theories of HistoryThe problems of understanding history●History with written records:the records can be(1)and inaccurate.(1)●History before writing:we can only make a partial reconstruction.Some theories have been proposed to give coherence to human historyTheory1●Man continually(2)in terms of his potentials and(2)his abilities to actualize these potentials.●Modern man is superior to his ancestors(3),physically and morally.(3)●A branch of the theory:man rose to a(4)before.(4)Theory2●Man’s history is a(5)of stages of development,whose pattern is(5)the rise and fall of civilization.●Whether modern man is superior to his ancestors depends onwhat(6)of civilization he is in.(6)Theory3●In this theory,the first two theories(7)with each other.(7)●It is known as the(8)view of history.(8)Theory4●This theory views human history from the(9)(9)of socioeconomic groups.●Human history can be interpreted as the(10)of class struggle.(10)MINI-LECTURE FIVETypes of Language TestingI.Placementsort new students into(1)(1) test the student’s(2)rather than specific points of learning(2) Interview as a good form of placement tests:(3)both positive and negative factors that(3)are not revealed by written testsassess both oral production and fluencyII.Diagnosticalso called(4)or progress tests(4) check student’s progress after learning a particular pointthe results(5)those learning well,meanwhile,(5) give feedback to those notIII.(6)(6) also called attainment testsexamine a longer period of learning than diagnostic testsdetermine which level a student lies with(7)standard(7)IV.Proficiencyassess the student’s ability in(8)(8) test student’s ability to repair(9)in communication(9) An example of proficiency test:TOEFLListening Comprehension:to measure the ability to understand English as it is spoken in USStructure and Written Expression:to examine the knowledge ofstructural and(10)points in standard written English(10) Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension:to test the ability to understanda variety of reading materialsMINI-LECTURE ONEEffective Note-takingGood morning,everyone!Today I’d like to continue our series of talks about study skills in university.This morning I’m going to discuss how to take notes effectively.[1]As we all know,note-taking is difficult in that spoken language is more diffuse than written language and its organization is not immediately apparent.In addition,spoken language is quickly gone,which makes analysis difficult.So it can be seen that to achieve such a complex task as note-taking,a high level of ability in many separate skills is required.Now let’s discuss these skills in details.Before taking notes,prepare yourself mentally.[2]Be sure of your purpose and the speaker’s purpose.Review your notes and other background material if available because increased knowledge results in increased interest.Besides,a clear sense of purpose on your part will make the speaker’s content more relevant.Be ready to understand and remember.Anticipate what is to come,and later evaluate how well you were able to do this.While taking notes,the student has to understand what the lecturer says as he says it.The student cannot stop the lecture in order to look up a new word or check an unfamiliar sentence pattern.This puts the non-native speaker of English under a particularly severe strain.Often he may not be able to recognize words in speech which he understands straightaway in print.He’ll also meet words in a lecture which are completely new to him.[3]While he should,of course,try to develop the ability to infer their meanings from the context,he won’t always be able to do this successfully.He must not allow failure of this kind to discourage him,however.It is often possible to understand much of a lecture by concentrating solely on those points which are most important. But how does the student decide what is important?It is,in fact,the second skill I want to talk about today.[4]Probably the most important piece of information in a lecture is the title itself.If this is printed beforehand,the student should study it carefully and make sure he is in no doubt about its meaning.Whatever happens he should make sure that he writes it down accurately and completely.A title often implies many of the major points that will later be covered in the lecture itself.[5]Be alert to the speaker’s emphasis through tone,gesture,repetition and illustration on the board.A good lecturer,of course,often signals what is important or unimportant.He may give direct signals or indirect signals.Many lecturers,for example,explicitly tell their audience that a point is important and that the student should write it down.It is worth remembering that most lecturers also give indirect signals to indicate what is important.[6]They either pause or speak slowly or speak loudly or use a greater range of intonation,or they employ a combination of these devices,when they say something important.Conversely,their sentences are delivered quickly, softly,within a narrow range of intonation and with short or infrequent pauses when they are saying something which is incidental.It is,of course,helpful for the student to be aware of this and for him to focus his attention accordingly.Having sorted out the main points,however,the student still has to write them down.And hehas to do this quickly and clearly.[7]In order to write at speed,try to develop a suitable system of mechanics:jot down words or phrases,not entire sentences;develop some system of shorthand and be consistent in its use;leave out small service words;use contractions,abbreviations and symbols.Most students find it helpful to abbreviate.[8]They also try to select only those words which give maximum information.These are usually nouns,but sometimes verbs or adjectives.Writing only one point on each line also helps the student to understand his notes when he comes to read them later.An important difficulty is,of course,finding time to write the notes.If a student chooses the wrong moment to write,he may miss a point of greater importance.Connecting words or connectives may guide him to a correct choice here.[9]Those connectives which indicate that the argument is proceeding in the same direction also tell the listener that it is a safe time to write.“Moreover”,“furthermore”,“also”,etc.,are examples of this.Connectives such as“however”,“on the other hand”or“nevertheless”usually mean that new and perhaps unexpected information is going to follow.Therefore,it may,on these occasions,be more appropriate to listen.After taking notes,review and reword them as soon as possible.Don’t just recopy or type without thought.Reminiscing may provide forgotten material later.Rewrite incomplete parts in greater detail.Fill in gaps as you remember points heard but not recorded.[10]Arrange with another student to compare notes.Sharpen your note-taking technique by looking at other students’notes.How are they better than your own?How are your notes superior?Compare the information in your notes with your own experience.Don’t swallow everything uncritically.Don’t reject what seems strange or incorrect.Check it out.Be willing to hold some seeming inconsistencies in your mind over a period of time.Make meaningful associations.Memorize that which must be memorized.OK.In today’s lecture,we’ve discussed several skills that can help one in taking notes effectively.In our next lecture,we’ll explore how to read effectively.:1.diffusion2.purpose(s)3.inferring4.title5.emphasis6.intonation7.small service8.maximum9.connectives/connecting words pareMINI-LECTURE TWOThe Skills Required to Get a JobGood morning,everyone.In today’s lecture,I will talk about the skills required to get a good job.Well,it is true and now competition for employment is more so than ever.So it begs the obvious question,how do you stand out?There will be three main points I will be discussing. They are academic,personal management,and teamwork skills.I will give you examples of these skills,and reasons why these skills are important for you to get a job.First of all,academic skills.Academic skills are probably the most important skill you willneed to get a job.It is one of the or the first thing an employer looks for in an employee.They are skills which give you the basic foundation to acquire,hold on to,and advance in a job,and to achieve the best results.Academic skills can be further divided into three sub-groups: communication,thinking,and learning skills.[1]Communication skills require you to understand and speak the languages in which business is conducted.You must be a good listener,and be able to understand things easily.One of the most important communicating skills should be reading,you should be able to comprehend and use written materials including things such as graphs,charts,and displays.One of the newest things we can add to communicating skills would be the Internet,since it is so widely used all around the world,[2]and hence you should have a good understanding of what it is and how to use it.Then,thinking skills.[3]Thinking critically and acting logically to evaluate situations will get you far in your job.Thinking skills consists of things such as solving mathematical problems, using new technology,instruments,tools,and information systems effectively.Some examples of these would be technology,physical science,the arts,skilled trades,social science,and much more.After that,learning is very important for any job.For example,if your company gets some new software,you must be able to learn how to use it quickly and effectively after a few tutorials. You must continue doing this for the rest of your career.It is one thing that will always be useful in any situation,not just jobs.The second major job skill I want to discuss is management skills.[4]Personal management skills is the combination of attitudes,skills,and behaviors required to get,keep,and progress on a job and to achieve the best results.Personal management skills can be further divided into three sub-groups just as academic skills,which are positive attitudes and behaviors,responsibility,and adaptability.Positive attitudes and behaviors are also very important to keep a job.You must have good self-esteem and confidence in yourself.[5]You must be honest,have integrity,and personal ethics. You must show your employer you are happy at what you are doing and have positive attitudes toward learning,growth,and personal health.[6]Show energy,and persistence to get the job done, these can help you to get promoted or a raise.Responsibility and adaptability are also essential.Responsibility is the ability to set goals and priorities in work and personal life.It is the ability to plan and manage time,money,and other resources to achieve goals,and accountability for actions taken.[7]While,adaptability means having a positive attitude toward changes in your job,and recognition of an respect for people's diversity and individual differences.Creativity is also important.You must have the ability to identify and suggest new ideas to get the job done.Last but not least,I want to emphasize teamwork skills.[8]Employers now focus on employees’teamwork skills simply because teams can bring more talent,experience,knowledge and skill to the problem situation and teamwork can be more satisfying and morale boosting for people than working alone.There are two reasons.First,team recommendations are more likely to be carried out than recommendations by an individual because people are more willing to supportan effort that they have helped to develop.Second,teams can react to a variety of problems that are beyond the technical competence of an individual,since teams can be composed of individuals cross department and division lines.Teamwork skills are those skills needed to work with others co-operatively on a job and to achieve the best results.You should show your employer you’re able to work with others,understand and contribute to the organization's goals.Involve yourself in the group,make good decisions with others and support the outcomes.[9]Don't be narrow minded, listen to what others have to say and give your thoughts toward their comments.[10]Be a leader not a loner in the group.In conclusion,I would like to say that all these skills I have discussed are critical to get, keep,and progress in a job and to achieve the best results possible for you.Of these skills though academic skills would be the most important skills you will learn,I think.So if you keep at these skills you will be happy with what you are doing unlike a lot of people who are forced to get jobs that they do not like.After you get a desirable job,here comes the second question on how to advance in the job you have already acquired.Of course this is the topic we shall discuss in the next lecture.Thank you for your attention.:1.workplacee3.critically4.management5.personal ethics6.persistent7.changes8.satisfying9.open-minded10.lonerMINI-LECTURE THREEUnderstanding DepressionGood morning,everyone.Today we’ll talk about the topic of depression.As we all know, depression is very common and affects people of every color,race,economic status,or age. Unfortunately,not everyone recognizes depression when it happens to someone they know.[1]Some people have the mistaken belief that depression comes from weakness or is a character flaw.Some people don’t really understand about depression.People who don’t understand may react to a depressed person’s low energy with criticism,yelling at the person for acting lazy or not trying harder.[2]Some people mistakenly believe that depression is just an attitude or a mood that a person can shake off.It’s not that easy.In today’s lecture,in order to erase these misunderstandings and draw a rough picture of this issue,we will cover three domains of depression,they are causes,symptoms of depression and the way to get over it.Firstly,let us begin with the causes of depression.Actually there is no single cause for depression.Many factors play a role including genetics,life events,environment,and medical conditions.Research shows that depression runs in families and that some people inherit genes thatmake it more likely for them to get depressed.Not everyone who has the genetic makeup for depression gets depressed,though.And many people who have no family history of depression have the condition.So although genes are one factor,they aren’t the single cause of depression.The second factor is some upset life events.[3]The death of a family member,friend,or pet can go beyond normal grief and sometimes lead to depression.Other difficult life events,such as when parents divorce,separate,or remarry,can trigger depression.Even events like moving or changing schools can be emotionally challenging enough that a person becomes depressed.Family and social environment also play a role.For some people,a negative,stressful,or unhappy family atmosphere can affect their self-esteem and lead to depression.[4]This can also include high-stress living situations such as poverty;homelessness;and violence in the family, relationships,or community.Substance use and abuse also can cause chemical changes in the brain that affect mood—alcohol and some drugs are known to have depressant effects.[5]Certain medical conditions can affect hormone balance and therefore have an effect on mood.When these medical conditions are diagnosed and treated by a doctor,the depression usually disappears.Secondly,let us take a look at the symptoms of depression.Although depression varies from person to person,there are some common signs and symptoms.Here are some major symptoms that people have when they’re depressed.1.Depressed mood,a person may report feeling“sad”or“empty”or may cry frequently. Children and adolescents may exhibit irritability.2.Weight changes,significant changes in weight when not attempting to gain or lose may be indicative of depression.3.[6]Sleep disturbances,insomnia or sleeping too much may be a symptom of depression.4.[7]Feelings of worthlessness or guilt,a depressed person may feel that they have no value or they may feel inappropriately guilty about things they have no control over.5.“Brain Fog”,it means a depressed person may have a diminished ability to think, concentrate or make decisions.6.[8]Thoughts of suicide,a depressed person may have recurring thoughts of death, especially thoughts of suicide,with or without a specific plan.When someone has five or more of these symptoms most of the time for two weeks or longer,that person is probably depressed.Depression is more than occasionally feeling blue,sad, or down,but a strong mood involving sadness,discouragement,despair,or hopelessness that lasts for weeks,months,or even longer.It interferes with a person’s ability to participate in normal activities.Next,let’s turn to the next main point,how to get help if someone gets depressed. Depression is one of the most common emotional problems.The good news is that it’s also one of the most treatable conditions.There are professionals who can help.In fact,about80%of people who get help for their depression have a better quality of life—they function better and enjoy themselves in a way that they weren’t able to before.Treatment for depression can include talk therapy,medication,or a combination of both.[9]Talk therapy with a mental health professional is very effective in treating depression.Therapy sessions help people understand depression and what they can do about it.Sometimes,doctors prescribe medicine for a person who has depression.When prescribing medicine,a doctor will carefully monitor patients to make sure they get the right dose.The doctor will adjust the dose as necessary.It can take a few weeks before the person feels the medicine working.Because every person’s brain is different,what works well for one person might not be good for another.One more suggestion I want to give to the friend of a depressed person is that friends need to step in if someone seems severely depressed and isn’t getting help.Although it’s important to be supportive,trying to cheer up a friend or reasoning with him or her probably won’t work to help depression or suicidal feelings go away.[10]Depression can be so strong that it outweighs a person’s ability to respond to reason.Even if your friend has asked you to promise not to tell,this is a situation where telling could save a life.The most important thing a depressed person can do is to get the right treatment.Up till now,we’ve got a general idea of depression,including causes,and symptoms of depression and the way to survive depression.In our next lecture,we’ll continue to discuss another health problem,obesity.:1.weakness2.shaken off3.death4.high-stress5.Medical conditions6.disturbances7.worthlessness8.suicide9.Talk therapy10.reasonMINI-LECTURE FOURSome Theories of HistoryGood morning,everyone.In today’s lecture,we are going to talk about some theories of history.How much of man’s history do we know?We really know very little.[1]Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore,the accuracy of these records is often suspect,and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing,and this is unfortunate because the history of the early development of human society are lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces,deduction,speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have some elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction.This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.With our knowledge of human history,which is only fragmentary at best,it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning,and to deduce the end,of the story of man.Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject,each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.[2]The first theory I want to introduce is assumed that man continually progress.He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being,and he continues to evolve.This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials.[3]If one holds this theory,one feels that modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors,as well as physically and morally superior to them.One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future.Here deduction often ends and dreams of utopia begin,for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels.All in all,as a theory of history,the above view has had many eminent supporters.It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, [4]namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past,and that things have gone straight downhill ever since.Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea,but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which makes this theory less defendable.Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state.[5]They see it as a cycle of stages of development which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features.As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being,so also must it decline and fall.The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization.To holders of this theory,modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced.He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations.[6]It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in.Indeed,it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past.While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization,it is probably true that the average modern man,relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job,knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.[7]In a third theory of history,the two above theories are to some degree reconciled.[8]According to this theory,which is often termed the spiral view of history,human societies do repeat a cycle of stages,but overall progress observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall,as the advocates of the second theory maintain,but the new civilization which replaces the first,usually by conquest,contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it,too,declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.The above theories interpret history in term as if the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiations within the social order.[9]It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups.[10]Human history,according to this theory,is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle.Most people who hold this theory assume an eventual resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of classdifferences,although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved.Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.OK.This brings us to the end of today’s lecture.I hope now you can have a better understanding of what history is.Thank you for your attention.:1.incomplete/fractional2.progress(es)3.mentally4.Golden Age5.cycle6.stage/period7.reconcile8.spiral9.interaction10.disappearanceMINI-LECTURE FIVETypes of Language TestingGood morning,everyone.Today,we’ll talk about the language tests.As we know,the testing history in the world can be traced back to nearly two thousand years ago.And in today’s lecture,I’d like to mainly discuss the different types of language testing.[1]The first one is a placement test,which is designed to sort new students into teaching groups,so that they can start a course at approximately the same level as the other students in the class.[2]It is concerned with the student’s present standing,and so relates to general ability rather than specific points of learning.As a rule,the results are needed quickly so that teaching may begin.A variety of tests is necessary because a range of different activities is more likely to give an accurate overall picture of a student’s level than a single assessment.Sometimes one member of staff sees each student individually before the final class allocation is made.This procedure has several advantages.[3]It helps to complete the assessment for each individual student by disclosing factors which are not revealed by the written tests,either positive ones such as a friendly,outgoing character or a higher level of production than a writing test suggests,or negative ones such as a slight stammer or more than average shyness.Perhaps the greatest advantage of the interview is that there is now the opportunity to assess both oral production(the ability to make English sounds)and fluency(the ability to sound English in a social situation)at one and the same time.Secondly,let us look at diagnostic tests.[4]This test,sometimes called a formative or progress test,checks on student’s progress in learning particular elements of the course.It is used for example at the end of a unit in the course book or after a lesson designed to teach one particular point.These tests can take the form of an extension of the lesson from a practice phase into an assessment phase.They can provide information about progress which may be used systematically for remedial work.The diagnostic test tries to answer the question“How well have the students learned this particular material?”[5]If his learning has been successful,the results will give a considerable lift to the student’s morale and he is likely to approach the next learning tasks with fresh enthusiasm.If he finds he has not mastered the point at issue,the test should give。
