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英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯文学观浅析摘要威廉·华兹华斯是英国第一个浪漫主义大诗人，其文学写作观点标志着英国文学史上的一个转折。
本文试通过对其作品理念的赏析，展示了华兹华斯作为浪漫主义诗人倡导对感情写作的文学观点。
关键词：浪漫主义华兹华斯情感中图分类号：i106文献标识码：a一浪漫主义的兴起“浪漫主义”（romanticism）起源于中世纪法语中的romance（浪漫传奇）一词。
18世纪末到19世纪30至40年代，法国启蒙思想家提倡思想自由、个性解放，此思想反映到理论上，最具代表性的观点便是卢梭提出的文学应“回到自然”，抒发真情实感。
英国的感伤主义文学思想和德国的“狂飙突进”运动，也都相当重视个性和情感在文学中的表现，浪漫主义文学正是在它们的影响之下进一步发展起来的。
这一时期，欧洲各国的资本主义经济得到迅猛发展，资产阶级强烈要求打破封建专制的桎梏，彻底从封建主义的束缚中解放出来，并在政治和文化等领域与封建主义展开激烈斗争。
浪漫主义思潮正是对这一社会心理的响应。
在文学上，则表现出人们对浪漫主义文学的热切追求和对僵化复古的新古典主义文学的无情抛弃。
二威廉·华兹华斯威廉·华兹华斯（william wordsworth，1770-1850），英国浪漫主义诗人，与雪莱、拜伦齐名，是文艺复兴以来最重要的英语诗人之一。
华兹华斯出生于英格兰西北部的湖区，母亲在他8岁的时候便离开人世；1783年他的父亲去世，他和弟兄们由舅父照管，妹妹多萝西则由外祖父母抚养。
童年经历对华兹华斯影响甚深，和兄弟姐妹的生离、和父母的死别，都成为他作品中不断出现的主题。
华兹华斯于1790年和1791年两次赴法。
当时正值法国大革命年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。
回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命的态度渐趋保守，最后，他终于成为安享“桂冠诗人”称号的保守派。
华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》的问世，在英国文学史上开创了一个新时代；而他的两篇序言则被视为浪漫主义的美学纲领。
附：英国文学史及选读作者及作品（第一、二册）一、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期The Anglo-Saxon Period※《贝奥武甫》“The Song of Beowulf”《浪游者》“Widsith” or “The Traveller’s Song”《航海家》“Seafarer”二、盎格鲁-诺曼时期The Anglo-Norman Period※《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》“ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”杰弗里《史记》Geoffrey’s “History”莱亚门《布鲁特》Laysmon’s “Brust”《罗兰之歌》“Chanson de Roland”三、乔叟时期Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)※《坎特伯雷故事集》“The Canterbury Tales”《玫瑰传奇》“Romance of the Rose”《好女人的故事》“The Legend of Good Women”《声誉殿堂》“The House of Fame”《百鸟会议》“The Parliament of Fowls”《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》“Troilus and Gressie”大众民谣Popular Ballads※《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》“Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale””※《起来，去关门》“Get Up and Bar the Door”※《派屈克·斯宾塞爵士》“Sir Patrick Spens”托马斯·帕西《英诗辑古》Bishop Thomas Percy ”Reliques of Anciet English Poetry”兰格论《农夫皮尔期》“The Vision of Piers, the Plowman”四、文艺复兴时期The Renaissance1．威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare(1564-1616)1590《亨利六世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”《亨利六世》第三部The Third Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1591《亨利六世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1592《理查三世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ”《错误的喜剧》“The Comedy of Errors”1593《泰特斯·安德鲁尼克斯》”Titus Andronicus”《驯悍记》“The Taming of the Shrew”1594《维洛那两绅士》“The Two Gentlemen of Verona”《爱的徒劳》“Love’s Labour’s Lost”《罗密欧与朱丽叶》“Romeo and Juliet”1595《理查二世》“The Life and Death of King RichardⅡ”《仲夏夜之梦》“A Midsummer Night’s Dream”1596《约翰王》“The Life and Death of King John”※《威尼斯商人》“The Merchant of Venice”1597《亨利四世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”《亨利四世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”1598《无事生非》“Much Ado About Nothing”《温莎的风流娘儿们》”The Merry Wives of Windsor”《亨利五世》”The Life of King Henry Ⅴ”1599《尤利乌斯·凯撒》“The Life and Death of Julius Caesar”《皆大欢喜》”As You Like It”1600《第十二夜》“Twelfth Night ,or, What You Will”※1601《哈姆雷特》“Hamlet, Prince of Denmark”1602《特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达》“Troilus and Cressida”《终成眷属》“All’s Well That Ends Well”1604《一报还一报》“Measure for Measure”《奥塞罗》“Othello, the Moore of Venice”1605《李尔王》”King Lear”《麦克白》“The Tragedy of Macbeth”1606《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》“Antony and Cleopatra”1607《科里奥拉鲁斯》”The Tragedy of Coriolanus”《雅典的泰门》“Timon of Athens”1608《佩里克利斯》“Pericles, Prince of Tyre”1609《辛白林》“Cymbeline, King of Britain”1610《冬天的故事》“The Winter’s Tale”《暴风雨》“The Tempest”《亨利八世》“The Life of King Henry Ⅷ”Poems《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》“Venus and Adonis”《露克丽丝受辱记》“Lucrece”※《十四行诗》“Sonnets”2。
英国浪漫主义诗人威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757---1827），英国第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人、版画家。
主要诗作有诗集《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。
早期作品简洁明快，中后期作品趋向玄妙晦涩，充满神秘色彩。
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth,1770-1850）与柯尔律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞（Robert Southey）同被称为“湖畔派”诗人（Lake Poets）。
他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。
他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。
华兹华斯的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《丁登寺旁》《序曲》《革命与独立》《不朽颂》《远足》。
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772年10月21日－1834年7月25日），英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。
以〈古舟子咏〉(亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉)(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗成为名家，其文评集《文学传记》(Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称，书中对想像(imagination)与幻想(fancy)的区别尤其著名。
一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。
罗伯特·骚塞（1774—1843）是“湖畔派”三诗人中才气较差的一位。
年青时代思想激进，饱读伏尔泰、卢梭的著作，在威斯敏斯特学校学习时曾因撰文反对校方体罚学生而被开除学籍。
进牛津大学后，他更醉心法国大革命，写史诗《圣女贞德》歌颂革命，后来还与柯尔律治计划在美洲的森林里建立乌托邦社会。
但中年后骚塞的政治态度却变得十分保守，还热衷于趋附权贵，成了统治者的御用文人，并因此获得“桂冠诗人”的称号。
1821年他以桂冠诗人身份作颂诗《审判的幻景》颂扬去世不久的英王乔治三世，攻击拜伦、雪莱等进步诗人，称他们是“恶魔派”（撒旦派）。
威廉.华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth）诗选华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)（1770-1850），主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》、《序曲》、《远游》等。
华兹华斯简介：华兹华斯William Wordsworth（1770～1850）英国诗人，与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。
华兹华斯生于律师之家，少孤，就学于剑桥大学，1790年和1791年两次赴法。
当时正是法国大革命的年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。
回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命的态度渐趋保守，最后，终于成为安享“桂冠诗人”称号的保守派。
华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、乡民村姑、少男少女闻名于世。
文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。
1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的《抒情歌谣集》宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。
华兹华斯在1800年《抒情歌谣集》第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。
此后，华兹华斯的诗歌在深度与广度方面得到进一步的发展，在描写自然风光、平民事物之中寓有深意，寄托着自我反思和人生探索的哲理思维。
完成于1805年、发表于1850年的长诗《序曲》则是他最具有代表性的作品。
华兹华斯诗才最旺盛的时期是1797至1807年的10年。
其后佳作不多，到1843年被任命为“桂冠诗人”时已经没有什么作品了。
然而纵观他的一生，其诗歌成就是突出的，不愧为继莎士比亚、弥尔顿之后的一代大家。
丁登寺昏睡曾蒙住我的心灵她住在无人迹的小路旁我有过奇异的心血来潮我曾在陌生人中间作客威斯敏斯特桥上我孤独地漫游，像一朵云孤独的割麦女我们是七个------------------------------------------------------- 丁登寺五年过去了，五个夏天，还有五个漫长的冬天！并且我重又听见这些水声，从山泉中滚流出来，在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。
英国文学史（浪漫主义时期）浪漫主义时期，其实从18世纪中叶已经开始了，罗伯特·彭斯和威廉·布莱克，开了个先河，到19世纪，华兹华斯拉开序幕，再到司各特去世，浪漫主义时代结束，其中鼎盛时期不过30多年，这一时期要讲的主要是六个诗人湖畔派诗人那三个较为消极的还有拜伦雪莱那一伙积极的，再加上浪漫主义时期的小说简·奥斯丁，还有一个司各特。
多的可能会补充。
这块先看看背景，再说一下，浪漫主义为什么会在英国兴起。
一、历史背景政治上来讲，当时英国的情况，应该是工业革命，资本主义迅速发展，成为世界工厂。
文化上面，当时法国大革命，启蒙思想已经到了高潮，人民追求自由、平等之思想已经到了极致，可是呢，法国大革命一结束，启蒙思想家所谓革命之后的理想社会，并没有出现，这个时候，整个社会，都弥漫着一股失望的情绪，对于原来古典主义所谓追求理性的观点，产生了排斥，不少作家开始，追求自我精神世界，强调自由、自然、自我，注重主观精神世界的表现。
这个时候，经过感伤主义和前浪漫主义时期的铺垫，浪漫主义时期来临，诗歌上面得到极大发展，当然流行的都是抒情诗（lyrics），最先开始就是以华兹华斯为代表的湖畔派诗人（Lake poets），这一派因为隐居于英国西北部的湖区得名，又应诗歌题材大多写田园生活，远离尘世，显得十分消极，华兹华斯和柯勒律治合编的《抒情歌谣集》（The lyrical ballads）下面先来讲一下，华兹华斯。
二、代表人物诗歌：1、挚爱自然的华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）华兹华斯出生于一个律师家庭，读书的时候，除了学习拉丁语和古典文学就是流连于山水之间，培养对自然的爱好，后来他去了剑桥大学读书，期间，研究斯宾塞，乔叟等人的文学，随后，徒步旅行到法国，被法国革命提出的“自由”、“平等”的口号所吸引，在那里住了一年多，随后“九月大屠杀”和雅各宾派的恐怖统治，大大地浇灭了他对于革命地热情，在朋友的帮助下，在湖区的乡舍中住了两年，这个时期基本热心于创作，期间还认识了柯勒律治，两个人经常相互切磋诗艺，1798年，就联手出版了《抒情歌谣集》，开一代诗风，诗集没出版的时候，华兹华斯就在致力于写作他自己的《序曲》（The Prelude ），后面就是在他离世之前，分别迁过两次，都在湖区住了七八年。
诗人华兹华斯的简介华兹华斯，英国诗人，剑桥大学圣约翰学院毕业，代表作品有《抒情歌谣集》、《丁登寺旁》等。
下面是店铺搜集整理的诗人华兹华斯的简介，希望对你有帮助。
诗人华兹华斯的简介华兹华斯(William Wordsworth，1770-1850)，生于律师之家，1783年他的父亲去世，他和弟兄们由舅父照管，妹妹多萝西(Dorothy)则由外祖父母抚养。
多萝西与他最为亲近，终身未嫁，一直与他作伴。
1787年他进剑桥大学圣约翰学院学习，大学毕业后去法国，住在布卢瓦。
他对法国革命怀有热情，认为这场革命表现了人性的完美，将拯救帝制之下处于水深火热中的人民。
在布卢瓦他结识了许多温和派的吉伦特党人。
1792年华兹华斯回到伦敦，仍对革命充满热情。
但他的舅父对他的政治活动表示不满，不愿再予接济。
正在走投无路时，一位一直同情并钦佩他的老同学去世，留给他900英镑。
于是在1795年10月，他与多萝西一起迁居乡间，实现接近自然并探讨人生意义的宿愿。
多萝西聪慧体贴，给他创造了写作条件。
诗人华兹华斯的创作生涯1798年9月至1799年春，华兹华斯同多萝西去德国小住，创作了《采干果》、《露斯》和短诗《露西》组诗，同时开始写作长诗《序曲》。
1802年10月，华兹华斯和相识多年的玛丽· 郝金生结婚。
这段时间，华兹华斯写了许多以自然与人生关系为主题的诗歌，中心思想是大自然是人生欢乐和智慧的源。
1803年华兹华斯游苏格兰，写了《孤独的收割人》和记游诗。
1807年他出版两卷本诗集，这部诗集的出版，结束从1797至1807年他创作生命最旺盛的10年。
华兹华斯与柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)同被称为“湖畔派”诗人(Lake Poets)。
他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。
他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。
华兹华斯简介英文版华兹华斯，英国浪漫主义诗人，曾当上桂冠诗人。
其诗歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，下面是店铺为你整理的华兹华斯简介英文版，希望对你有用!华兹华斯简介William Wordsworth (1770-1850), the British romantic poet, was a laureate poet. His poetry theory shook the rule of British classical poetics, which effectively promoted the innovation of British poetry and the development of romanticism. He is one of the most important English poets since the Renaissance movement. His verse "plain living and high thinking" was used as the motto of the University of Oxford's Kibble College.华兹华斯诗人生平Walsworth was born in the lawyer's house, studied at the University of Cambridge, St. John's College, after graduation to travel to Europe, in France, a personal experience of the Great Revolution of the storm. In 1783 his father died, he and his brothers by the uncle care, sister Dorothy (Dorothy) by the grandparents raised. Dorothy is the closest to him.In 1787 he went to the University of Cambridge, St. John's College, after graduating from college to France, living in Blois. He is passionate about the French revolution and believes that this revolution represents the perfection of human nature and will save the people under the imperial system in dire straits. In Blois he met many moderates of the Girondes. In 1792, Wordsworth returned to London, still full of enthusiasm for the revolution. But his uncle expressed dissatisfaction with his political activities, unwilling to help. Is desperate, one has been sympathetic and admired his old classmate died, leaving him 900pounds. So in October 1795, he moved to the country with Dorothy, to achieve close to nature and explore the meaning of life. Dorothy was clever and thoughtful, and created the conditions for his creation. Later she became a poet. Has been with his companion, life is not married.华兹华斯创作生涯From September 1917 to the spring of 1799, Wordsworth and Dorothy went to Germany to live in a small country. He created poems of "picking dried fruit", "Ruth" and short poem "Lucy", and began writing "Overture". In October 1802, Wordsworth and Mary Hutchinson were married for many years.During this time, Wordsworth wrote many poems on the theme of the relationship between nature and life. The central thought was that nature was the source of joy and wisdom of life. In 1803, Wordsworth traveled Scotland and wrote "Lonely Harvesters". In 1807 he published two volumes of this collection of poems, which were published, from 1797 to 1807, he created the most productive ten years of life.Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey are known as the "Lake Poets". They are also the earliest romantic writers in British literature. They love nature, describe the patriarchal rural life, dislike the capitalist urban civilization and the cold money relationship, they stay away from the city, seclusion in the Quebland Lake and Lake Glasmir Lake, hence the name "lakeside"."Lakeside" three poets in the highest achievements for the Wordsworth. He collaborated with Coleridge in 1798 to publish a "lyrical ballad", and Wordsworth and Coleridge turned from opposition to the French revolution, and the former fondered the landscape and sought comfort in nature. Exotic and ancient, witha dream for the end. The collection of two poems titled "Lyric Songs", published in 1798, "lyric songs" declared the birth of romantic poetry. After two years of reprint, Wordsworth added a long sequence. In this order, Wordsworth elaborated his Romantic literary claims, advocating the civilian language, the thoughts and feelings of civilians, known as the romantic poems of the declaration.In the poem of "Resolution and Independence" (1802), Wordsworth described a fishing and leeches who had to keep abreast of the old body and mind.Since then, Wordsworth's poetry has been further developed in depth and breadth, in the description of natural scenery, among the civilian things have deep meaning, sustenance of self-reflection and life to explore the philosophical thinking. Completed in 1805 published in 1850 long poem "Overture" is his most representative works.Wordsworth's most productive period was 10 years from 1797 to 1807. After the masterpiece is not much, to 1843 was appointed "laurel poet" when there is no work. However, through his life, his poetry is outstanding, worthy of Shakespeare, Milton after the generation of everyone.。
Part VII The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romanticism in EnglandI. background1.The French Revolution（1789-1799）2. The Industrial RevolutionII romanticism1. definition and characteristics （理解）2. The period: 1798-1832Beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads (1798), ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)3. The representative poetsWilliam Wordsworth（1770-1850）威廉·华兹华斯S.T. Coleridge （1772-1834）S.T.柯勒律治Robert Southey （1774-1843）罗伯特·骚塞George Gordon, Lord Byron （1788-1824）乔治·戈登·拜伦Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）珀西·比希·雪莱John Keats（1795-1821）约翰·济慈4. The prose writersWalter Scott (1771-1832): historical novelist 沃尔特·司各特James Austen (1775-1817) : novelist 简·奥斯丁Charles Lamb (1775-1834): essayist 查尔斯·兰姆5. Literary formsThe age of Wordsworth –like the age of Shakespeare - was decidedly an age of poetry. There was also a noteworthy development of the novel which was already beginning to establish itself as the favorite literary form of nineteenth century.The drama was the only literary form that was not adequately represented.（一）William Wordsworth(1770-1850)I status①the leading figure of the English romantic poetry②He has started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self.③using the ordinary speech and advocating a return to nature.II works1. Subjects:①Poems about nature②Poems about human life2. WorksLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey (1798) 《廷腾寺》The Prelude (1805-1806) 《序曲》The Excursion (1814) 《远足》Sonnets3. selected readingTintern AbbeyShe Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 她住在人迹罕见的路边I Traveled Among Unknown Men 我曾在异乡漫游I wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我像一朵孤独的浮云The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女（二）George Gordon, Lord Byron(1788-1824)I. Literary Works①Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》②The English Bards and Scott Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》③Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Canto I,II(1812)Canto III (1816)Canto Iv (1818)④Oriental Tales⑤Manfred 《曼弗雷德》a poetical drama（诗剧）⑥Cain 《该隐》a poetical drama⑦Don Juan《唐璜》II Selected Reading1.Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰尔德·哈罗德游记2.Don Juan 唐璜(The Isles of Greece 哀希腊)3. When We Two Parted 当我俩分别的时候4. She Walks in Beauty 她早在美的光影里5. Sonnet on Chillon 夏兰（瑞士一古堡）的囚徒III Byronic Hero （理解）（三）Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)The worksTwo narratives①Queen Mab 麦布女王1813②The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛1818 Lyrics③Ode to the West Wind 西风颂1819④To a Skylark 云雀颂1820⑤The Cloud 云1820⑥Adonais 阿多尼an elegy for John KeatsPoetic drama⑦Prometheus Unbound 解放的普罗米修斯1819⑧The Cenci 钦契一家The major prose essay ⑨A Defence of Poetry诗辩1822（四）John Keats (1795-1821)I works①a sonnetOn First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 1817初读查浦曼译之荷马②a long narrative poemEndymion 1818 恩底弥翁③a volume of verseLamia , Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems 1820拉米亚、伊莎贝拉、圣安格尼斯节前夜和其它的诗( four great odes –On Melancholy忧郁颂, On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂, To Psyche精神颂, To a Nightingale夜莺颂, and Hyperion许珀里翁)II ode（理解）（五）Walter Scott (1771-1832)I.statusHistorical novelist and poet popular throughout much of the world during his timeII Scott’s Works1. Poems①Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》1802 (he had collected among the Scottish people for many years.)②The Lay of the Last Minstrel《最末一个行吟诗人》③Marmion《玛密恩》1808④The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》18102. Historical Novelssubjects:from the Middle Ages to the 18th centuryhistory of ScotlandEnglish historyhistory of European countriesOf the Scottish history①Waverley 《威弗利》1814②Guy Mannering 《盖伊·曼纳令》1815③The Antiquary《古董家》1816④The Black Dwarf 《黑侏儒》1816⑤Old Morality 《修墓老人》1816⑥Rob Roy《罗布·罗伊》1817 the best of the group⑦The Heart of Midlothian 《密得洛西恩监狱》/《爱丁堡监狱》1818⑧The Bride of Lammermoor《沼地新娘》1819⑨A legend of Montrose 《蒙特罗斯传奇》1819⑩Red Gauntlet《雷德冈脱利特》1824⑾The Betrothed《约婚夫妇》1825⑿Talisman 《护身符》1825Of the English history①Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》/《撒克逊劫后英雄传/略》the English history of the end of the 12th century②The Monastery《修道院》1820③The Abbot《修道院长》/《女王越狱记》1820④Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821②③④describes the time of Mary Stuart and Queen Elizabeth⑤The Pirate 《海盗》1821⑥The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822⑦Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》1823⑤⑥⑦take place in 17th century Scotland and England⑧Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》1826The English RevolutionOf the European countries①Quentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》1823the best-known novel on French history.②Anne of Geierstein 《盖厄斯坦的安妮》1829③Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832III. historical novels①P86 L5-14②P 87 the last par.（六）Jane Austen (1775-1817)I. Novels1. Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》2. Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》18133. Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》18184. Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》18145. Emma 《爱玛》18156. Persuasion 《劝告》1818II A writer of the 18th century（理解）III Main literary concern (themes) （理解）IV selected readingPride and Prejudice（人物情节）（七）Charles Lamb(1775-1834)I The rise of English essayThe first decades of the 18th and 19th centuries witnessed new births in the essay as a form in literature.①Addison and Steele socialized the essay②A means of intimate self expressionCharles LambWilliam Hazlitt (1778-1830) 威廉·哈兹里特Thomas De Quincy(1785-1859)托马斯·德·昆西Leigh Hunt（1784-1859）李·亨特II works•Tales from Shakespeare (1807)•Specimens of English Dramatic PoetsContemporary with Shakespeare (1808)•Essays of Elia (1823)•Last Essays of Elia (1833)PART VIII The (early) Victorian Age(1832-1968) Critical Realism in England I BackgroundI. The period①The Victorian reign (1837-1901)②A new era 1832—the Reform Bill1902—the end of Boer war(the Victorian roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria)Two divisions:a. Early Victorian period (1832-1868)(first 14 years – filled with unrest, alarm, and miserythe succeeding 22 years— the growing prosperity and general good feeling, “ the workshop of the world” )b. Late Victorian(1868-1902)II. literature1 Critical realismCharles Dickens (1812-1870) 狄更斯William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) 萨克雷Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) 夏洛特·勃朗特Emily Bronte (1818-1848) 艾米丽·勃朗特Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)盖斯凯尔夫人Anthony Trollope (1815-1882)安东尼·特罗洛普George Eliot (1819-1880) 乔治·艾略特2. the chartist literature3. the poetsAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892)丁尼生Robert Browning (1812-1889) 布朗宁Charles Algernon Swinburne (1837-1909) 斯温伯恩Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. the three greatest Victorian novelistsCharles DickensWilliams Makepeace ThackerayGeorge EliotII The Major Works of Charles DickensSketches by Boz (1836) 博兹特写集The Posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839) 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 1841巴纳比·鲁奇A Christmas Carol (1843) 圣诞欢歌Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845) 朱述尔维特Dombey and Son (1846-1848) 董贝父子David Copperfield( 1849-1850) 大卫·科波菲尔Bleak House (1852-1853) 荒凉山庄Hard Times (1854) 艰难时世Little Dorrit (1855-1857) 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities (1859) 双城记Great Expectations (1860-1861) 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友III writing features1.Humor2. His character-portrayal3. Language4. a master story-tellerWilliam M Thackeray (1811-1863)I worksFrazer ①- ④①1837-38 The Yellowplush Correspondence②1839-40 Catherine③1841 The Great Hoggarty Diamond④1844 Barry Lyndon 巴利·林顿⑤Snob Papers ( in Punch) 1848 The Book of Snobs(a social satirist)⑥1847-1848 V anity Fair⑦1848-1850 Pendennis 潘丹尼斯⑧Henry Esmond : a historical novel⑨1855 The Rose and the Ring⑩1855 The Newcomes 纽卡莫一家⑪1855 The Four Georges ( a series of lectures on Kings George 1-IV and their times)12 1857-1859 The VirginiansCornhill Magazine 康西尔杂志13-1613. 1860 Lovel the Widower 鳏夫洛威尔14. 1861-1862 The Adventures of Philip15. 1864 Denis Duval 丹尼斯·杜瓦尔16. 1863 The Roundabout papers 转弯抹角的随笔II Masterpiece: V anity Fair1.Setting : Vanity Fair is set at the time of the Napoleonic wars.2.the title :from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress3.subtitle : a novel without hero4.Characterization:Rebecca SharpAmelia5.Major plotGeorge Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)(1819-1880)Major works1.Translation:The Essence of Christianity《基督教的本质》2. Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景》1857Three stories:1) “The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯·巴顿牧师的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story” “吉尔菲尔先生的恋爱史”3) “Janet’s Repentance” “珍妮特的忏悔”3 Adam Bede《亚当·比德》18594.The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨房》1859=18605. Silas Marner《织工马南》18616. Romola《罗慕拉》18637. Felix Holt the Radical1866《激进分子费立可斯·霍尔特》8. Middlemarch(1871—1872) 《米德尔马契》9. Daniel Deronda 1876 《丹尼尔·德龙达》II Writing features （理解）The Brontë SistersCharlotte Brontë (1816—1855)Emily Brontë (1818—1848)Anne Brontë (1820—1849)I WorksPoems by Culler, Ellis, and Acton Bell1846 a collection of poemsEmily:Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne:①Agnes Grey《安格尼斯·格雷》②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall《维尔德菲尔庄园的房客》①The Professor《教授》(based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)②Jane Eyre《简爱》(masterpiece)③Shirley,《雪莉》1849④Villette,《维莱特》1853II Jane EyreIII. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte①one of the great works of genius in English fiction②Emily drew equally on her own emotional, introverted nature and on the wild and mysterious moorland around for the story of Heathcliff.③the title: wuthering, a yorkshire dialect for “weathering”④the plotTwo families and an instruderThe Earnshaw family—Wuthering HeightsHindley (Hareton)Catherine (cathy)The Linton family—Thrushcross GrangeEdgarIsabellaThe instruder Heathcliff (Linton)Alfred, Lord Tennyson1809-1892I statusThe most representative, if not the greatest, Victorian poetII Major works①In Memoriam 1833-1850 悼念集131 short poemsA powerful expression of the poet’s philosophical and religious thoughts②Idylls of the king 1850-1855•12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table• A modern interpretation of the classic mythIII Tennyson’s best-known short poems①Ulysses②Break, Break, BreakSadness over the loss of a dear friend, combiningnature and his inner world③Crossing the BarIV Writing features （理解）Robert BrowningI Dramatic monologueII His major works①Pauline②Paracelsus 1835 帕拉塞尔萨斯③Sordello 索尔戴洛④Pippa passes 比芭走过⑤Dramatic Lyrics 1842⑥Dramatic Romances 1845⑦Men and Women 1855⑧The Ring and the Book 1868-1869III Artistic features①The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection.its maturity and perfection.②Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical③The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets.His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.IV Selected Reading:“My Last Duchess”Best example of dramatic monologuePart IX Twentieth Century Literature The transition from 19th to the 20th Century in English LiteratureBackground of history•Imperialism•Social reformLiterature①A period of struggle between realistic and anti-realist trendsRealistic writersGeorge Meredith（1828-1909）乔治·梅瑞迪斯Samuel Butler （1865-1902）萨缪尔·巴特勒Thomas Hardy (1840-1828) 托马斯·哈代George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 乔治·巴纳德·萧Herbert George Wells(1866-1946) 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯John Galsworthy 约翰·高尔斯华绥（1867-1833）Features:P 310 –p311 (5 paragraphs )Anti-realistic writersRobert Louis Stevenson 斯蒂文森(1850-1894)新浪漫主义Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1890)唯美主义Joseph Rudyard Kipling 吉卜林(1865-1936)帝国主义诗人（the first English-language writer to receive the Nobel Prize)②ModernismBackground (philosophical ideas)(1)Karl Marx：scientific socialism(2)Darwin’s theory of evolutionThe Social Darwinism, “survival of the fittest”(3) Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.(4)Freud’s analytical psychology(5) Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.(6) Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.(7) Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)English poet and novelistThe Wessex Novelspessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.I His Major WorksHardy himself divided his novels into three groups:1) Novels of Character & Environment （性格与环境小说）2)Novels of Romances & Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity1) Novels of Character and EnvironmentUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872) 《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 《远离尘嚣》The Return of the Native (1878) 《还乡》The Trumpet Major（1880）《号兵长》The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 《卡斯特桥市长》The Woodlanders（1887）《林地人》Tess of the d'Urbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure(1895) 《无名的裘德》II features①Past & Modern②Determinism③Critical realismIII Writing features①Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature like George Eliot, but a meditative story-teller or romancer.②He tells very good stories about very interesting people but seldom stops to ask why.③He is a great painter of nature.④His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted.⑤They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuous beauty.⑥And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor.⑦In style, Hardy is a traditionalist, although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters.John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥Major works①his first book，From the Four Winds（a volume of short stories）1897②The Forsyte Chroniclesthe first trilogy：The Forsyte SagaThe Man of Property (1906)In Chancery（1920）To Let（1921）the second trilogy: A Modern Comedy 1929the third : End of the Chapter1934③playsThe Silver Box (1906)Strife (1909)Justice (1910)Oscar Wilde•Irish poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist• A spokesman for Aestheticism (the school of “Art for Art’s sake”AestheticismWorks①The Picture of Dorian Gray (a novel) 1891道连·格雷的画像②Lady Windermere’s fan③A Woman of No Importance④An Ideal Husband⑤The Importance of Being Earnest(②- ⑤Comedies)⑥The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁监狱之歌》1898 （poem)⑦De Profoundis 1905 《从深处》(prose)。
英国浪漫主义文学英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物及影响所谓浪漫主义文学，是指在现实的基础上，以热情奔放的语言和丰富多彩的想象以及夸张直白的表现手法来抒发自我的人生理想和追求。
英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一，对于本国及世界文学都有一定的影响。
英国的浪漫主义文学代表了19世纪欧洲浪漫主义文学的最高成就。
英国浪漫主义内部思想精神复杂，有柯勒律治的浪漫的超自然主义、华兹华斯的英国国教的正统主义、雪莱的无神论的精神主义、拜伦的革命的自由主义、司各特的对以往时代的缅怀，等等。
但英国的浪漫主义还是有着鲜明的英国气质，即“自然主义”。
英国浪漫主义文学崛起1789年的法国大革命(French Revolution)，给对人类的未来带来了希望，并对英国社会造成冲击（Feudalism vs Capitalism）。
在这个背景下，英国的浪漫主义文学崛起，它产生于18世纪末，19世纪上半叶为繁荣时期。
先驱浪漫主义文学的先驱是18世纪中后期的诗人罗伯特?彭斯(Robert Burns)和威廉?布莱克(William Blake)。
彭斯从苏格兰民歌中吸取养料，其《苏格兰方言诗集》（《Poems，chiefly in Scottish dialcet》）擅长抒情和讽刺，语言通俗；布莱克的《天真之歌》（《Songs of Innocence》）、《经验之歌》(《Songs of Experience》)则憧憬理想的社会秩序，清新奔放，富有独创性。
流派然而，浪漫主义思潮中就形成两种对立的流派，即积极浪漫主义(Active Romanticism)和消极浪漫主义(Passive Romanticism)。
积极浪漫主义是进步的潮流，敢于正视现实，批判社会的黑暗，它引导人们向前看，消极浪漫主义持温和态度，采取消极逃避的态度，反对现状，留恋过去，它引导人们往后看。
特点英国诗人全都是大自然的观察者、爱好者和崇拜者。
表现在文学中有以下几方面体现：首先是对乡村和大海的热爱。
英美文学史5浪漫主义俩个时期的代表人物：第一代：布莱克、彭斯、华兹华斯第二代：拜伦、雪莱、济慈The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义----Romantic writing emphasizes emotionsand feelings instead of reason and logic . 浪漫主义强调的是情感和感觉而不是理性和逻辑。
The time begins with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798),ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)浪漫主义开始的标志是华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》（他和S.T Coleridge联合发表的）发表，结束于斯科特的去世。
一．俩大派别：Lake poets湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negativepoets消极诗人）: Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治Satanic poets魔鬼派(又称：Active poets积极诗人) ：Lord Byron拜伦、Shelley雪莱、Keats济慈二．William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯-----poet-laureate桂冠诗人Lake poets湖畔派诗人（又称：Escapist poets逃避诗人Negative poets消极诗人）:Wordsworth华兹华斯、Southey骚赛、Coleridge柯勒律治作品：I wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独的漫游，像云朵一样（选自The Daffodils《黄水仙》）She Dwelt Among theUntrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方（mourning悲伤的、Dwelt居住）补充了解：1.其他作品Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺、The Prelude序曲（自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry）、The Excursion、the Lucy poems《露西诗》2.Symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.符号是用来代表抽象事物的概念His style：simplicity and purity of the language,love of nature,fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry.简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的18世纪诗歌。
