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材料科学基础_08PPT课件

材料科学基础_08PPT课件

0.85R0 R0 1.15R0 R
Dorken-Gurry graphic
4. Electron concentration factor, e/a e: the number of valence electrons a: the number of atoms e/a = average number of valence electrons per atom.
②
Structure vs. e/a
for CuZn alloy system α(CuZn) —— e/a = 3/2 = 21/14 β(Cu5Zn8)—— e/a = 21/13 γ(CuZn3) —— e/a = 7/4 = 21/12
1. What is size factor metallic radii rA+rB =d Atomic radii
ionic radii r++r - =d
covalent radii single bond radius
Van der Waals radii
CN
radii
BCC
FCC
3 CN of BCC:8( a )+6(a) 2 3 3 a = rα = 0.290nm 4 4 = 0.12557nm
EBB—— bonding energy between B-B atoms EAB—— bonding energy between A-B atoms
3. Electron concentration ( e/a ) Electron concentration ( e/a ) is the number of valence electrons per atom on the average. i.g. for CuZn : e/a = 3/2 =1.5

材料科学基础--第2章晶体缺陷PPT课件

材料科学基础--第2章晶体缺陷PPT课件
辐照：在高能粒子的辐射下，金属晶体点阵上的原子 可能被击出，发生原子离位。由于离位原子的能量高， 在进入稳定间隙之前还会击出其他原子，从而形成大量 的间隙原子和空位（即弗兰克尔缺陷）。在高能粒子辐 照的情况下，由于形成大量的点缺陷，而会引起金属显 著硬化和脆化，该现象称为辐照硬化。
12
2.1.5点缺陷与材料行为
Or, there should be 2.00 – 1.9971 = 0.0029 vacancies per unit cell. The number of vacancies per cm3 is:
17
Other Point Defects
Interstitialcy - A point defect caused when a ‘‘normal’’ atom occupies an interstitial site in the crystal.
11
2.1.4 过饱和点缺陷
晶体中的点缺陷浓度可能高于平衡浓度，称为过饱和点 缺陷，或非平衡点缺陷。获得的方法：
高温淬火：将晶体加热到高温，然后迅速冷却（淬火 ），则高温时形成的空位来不及扩散消失，使晶体在低 温状态仍然保留高温状态的空位浓度，即过饱和空位。
冷加工：金属在室温下进行冷加工塑性变形也会产生 大量的过饱和空位，其原因是由于位错交割所形成的割 阶发生攀移。
6
2.1.1 分类
3.置换原子（Substitutional atom） 异类原子代换了原有晶体中的原子，而处于晶体点阵的结 点位置，称为置换原子，亦称代位原子。 各种点缺陷，都破坏了原有晶体的完整性。它们从电学
和力学这两个方面，使近邻原子失去了平衡。空位和直 径较小的置换原子，使周围原子向点缺陷的方向松弛， 间隙原子及直径较大的置换原子，把周围原子挤开一定 位置。因而在点缺陷的周围，就出现了一定范围的点阵 畸变区，或称弹性应变区。距点缺陷越远，其影响越小 。因而在每个点缺陷的周围，都会产生一个弹性应力场 。

最新2材料科学基础英文版课件_(10)

最新2材料科学基础英文版课件_(10)

External Surfaces
• Surface atoms are not bonded to the nearest neighbors above the surface, leading to a higher energy state, i.e., a surface energy
• To be stable, materials need to reduce the surface energy.
Edge dislocation
Screw dislocation
Mixed dislocation
• Effects of dislocations on the properties of materials
–ormation of materials
Tilt boundary
Twist boundary
Use to represent the extent of CSL e.g., 3, 15, etc.
CSL boundary (coincidence site lattice boundary) Special boundary
Grain boundary segregation
• Observation of dislocations
Dark lines - dislocations
Plane Defects
Features: two dimensional
Outline
• External surfaces • Grain boundaries • Twin boundaries • Stacking faults • Phase boundaries
– Dislocation strengthening is one of the major strengthening mechanisms for metallic materials

20172材料科学基础英文版

20172材料科学基础英文版

Segregation kinetics
C t C 0 Ceq C 0
1
exp
4Dt
2 2
d
2
erfc
4Dt
22d 2
2 Ceq Cg
erfc(x) = 1 – erf(x)
2020/4/1
(McLean, 1957)
Equilibrium grain boundary segregation (3)
e.g., in structural materials, such as steel and Ni alloys Segregation of detrimental elements such as S, P, Sn, and Sb – decreasing the grain boundary cohesion – grain boundary weakening Segregation of beneficial elements such as B, C and Be – increasing the grain boundary cohesion – grain boundary strenthening
Gi
RT ,
i I, M
GI GI0 IM CMeq CMg
(Guttmann, 1975)
GM GM0 IM CIg
exp
Gi
RT ,
i I, M
2020/4/1
(Seah, 1977)
Equilibrium grain boundary segregation (2)
• Stress-induced non-equilibrium grain boundary
segregation – Introduction, experiment, results and discussion,

材料科学基础(英)2

材料科学基础(英)2
点缺陷与线缺陷和面缺陷的一个主要区别在于点缺陷是 一种热力学稳定的缺陷，在晶体中，点缺陷始终处于不 断产生和消失的过程中，最终达到一个稳定的平衡值， 此时晶体中点缺陷数目不变，可以通过统计热力学的方 法进行计算。 两种点缺陷中，空位具有比较小的畸变能。 10
At equilibrium, the fraction of lattice that is vacant at a given temperature (T) is given approximately by the equation: n where n is the number of vacant sites in N sites and Es is the energy required to move an atom from the interior of a crystal to its surface. k is Boltzmann’s constant and equal to 1.380*10-23JK-1. Additional vacancies in metals can be introduced by plastic deformation, rapid cooling, and bombardment with energetic particles such as neutrons.
15
C04CATER.MOV
16
• 1934 年,Taylor 、Orowan 和Polanyi 几乎同时分 别独立地提出了位错模型,认为晶体存在有一种 线缺陷—刃型位错,它在切应力下容易滑移,并 可引起范性形变。其中以Taylor 的工作最为深 入,他把位错与晶体塑性时的滑移过程联系起来 。滑移时,晶体的上半部相对于下半部不是同时 作整体刚性的移动,而是通过位错在切应力作用 下于晶体中逐步地移动来进行。当位错由晶体 的一端移到另一端时,只需其邻近原子作很小距 离的弹性偏离就可能实现,而晶体中其它区域的 原子仍处于正常位置,因而滑移时所需的切应力 大为减少。

材料科学与工程专业英语课件

材料科学与工程专业英语课件
• These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance
1.1.1 Iron and Steel
The iron ore which we find on earth is not pure. It contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen that is necessary for the reduction of the ore.
1.1.1 Iron and Steel
• We can melt this down again in another furnace-a cupola-with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into molds. This is cast iron. Cast iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension.

材料科学基础双语课件

材料科学基础双语课件
control the material properties (for example by altering the
grain structure, or the presence of defects in the atom
packing) or to fabricate the material into the desired shape.
extra material, joining parts (e.g., by soldering or welding),
forming (forging, rolling, bending, etc.), or compacting particles which are then fused together (sintering, used for
gases (and most engineering materials are used in solid
form).
1.1 What is Materials Science and Engineering?
It may seem abstract and remote from real engineering to
The Science and Engineering of Materials
Aim
English atmosphere: speaking, reading, writing and lisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ening; Specialty vocabulary; Specialty knowledge;
form. As this mixture solidifies, different structures form as a function of temperature. The phase diagrams that provide

材料科学基础英文版课件（ＰＤＦ）

材料科学基础英文版课件（ＰＤＦ）

Law • Steady State: the concentration profile doesn't
change with time.
Steady State:
J x(left)
J x(right) J x(left) = J x(right)
x
Concentration, C, in the box doesn’t change w/time.
Non Steady State Diffusion
• Concentration profile,
dx
C(x), changes with time. J (left)
J (right)
• To conserve matter:
J (right)
− J (left)
=
dC −
dx
dt
dJ = − dC
ΔJ y
=
− ∂J y ∂y
dxdydzδt
ΔJ z
= − ∂J z ∂z
dxdydzδt
对整个元体积：
−
⎜⎜⎝⎛
∂J x ∂x
+
∂J y ∂y
+
∂J z ∂z
⎟⎟⎠⎞dxdydzδt
若 δt 时间内粒子浓度变化δc ，则在dxdydz
元体积中粒子变化为
δcdxdydz
∴ ∂c ∂t
=
−⎜⎜⎝⎛
∂J x ∂x
Fick’s Second Law
δt 时间内沿x方向扩散
元体积dxdydz
流入的粒子数： J x dydzδt
流出的粒子数：
(J x
+
∂J x ∂x
dx)dydzδt

skja_06CrystallographicFormulas材料科学基础英文课件

skja_06CrystallographicFormulas材料科学基础英文课件

(u1a)2 (v1b)2 (w1c)2 (u2a)2 (v2b)2 (w2c)2
For hexagonal: cos
u1u2
v1v2
w1w2
(
c a
)2
1 2
(u1v2
u2v1)
u12
v12
w12
(
c a
)2
u1v1
u22
v22
w22
(
c a
)2
u2v2
10. The volume of unit cells V
材料科学基础
Fundamental of Materials
Prof: Tian Min Bo
Tel: 62795426 ，62772851 E-mail: tmb@ Department of Material Science and Engineering Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084
For hexagonal crystals:
1 d2
4 3
h2
hk a2
k2
l2 c2
7. The length of [u v w]
L[uvw] (ua )2 (vb )2 (wc )2 2vwbccos 2uwac cos 2uvabcos
For cubic: L[uvw] a u2 v2 w2
For simple cubic (001) aaaa…… (110) abab……
shift 1 [1 10], along [1 10] 2
This sequence is called the stacking order
Ⅱ.Comparison of stacking mode of HCP and FCC

【大学】材料科学基础(中英版)

【大学】材料科学基础(中英版)
Materials in first industrial revolution (1881-1935). Materials in second industrial revolution (1935-1980). Materials today – too,ooo,ooo… many (1980- ）.
第21页
Materials science and engineering
The relationship between materials science and materials engineering
Materials science Why it has…
Materials engineering How to make…
Time: Location: Activities:
Present new study material Announce reading and homework Take quizzes
第4页
授课信息
授课人： 时间： 地点： 主要活动：
教授新课 布置作业 课堂测验
第5页
Recitations
第1Байду номын сангаас页
What is material?
Classifications of materials
Based on the chemical composition: Metals, Non-metal inorganic materials (ceramic mateials) Polymers, Composites
Materials, energy and information are the three pillars of current human civilization.

材料科学与工程基础大纲(英文)

材料科学与工程基础大纲(英文)
a、Component ; b、System ; c、Phase ; d、Solubility Limit ; e、Phase Equilibrium
.
3-2 Binary System Phase Diagrams
1、Binary Isomorphous System 2、Binary Eutectic System 3、Binary Peritectic System 4、Binary Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phase or Compounds
•
Chapter 1 Crystallography
• 0-0 Introduction
• 0-1、Historical Perspective • 0-2、Materials Science and Engineering
• 0-3、Classification of Materials
• 0-4、Crystallography and Crystal Structures
Chapter 2
1、Vacancy Mechanisms
Diffusion
2-1 Diffusion Mechanisms
2、Interstitial Mechanisms
2-2 Macroscopic Theory of Diffusion
1、Steady-State Diffusion a、Fick`s First Law b、Example Problem 2、Nonsteady-State Diffusion a、Fick`s Second Law b、Example Problem
1-3 Crystallographic Directions

2材料科学基础英文版课件_

2材料科学基础英文版课件_

(Seah, 1977)
Equilibrium grain boundary segregation (2)
Segregation kinetics
C C etq C C 0 0 1exp 4 2 2 D dt2 erfc
4D t
2 2d2
AES
Hardness test
Hardness
Impact test
SEM
Metallographic
analysis
Grain zize
Experimental procedure
Boundary concentration
DBTT Fraction of Intergranular fracture
25 520oC
P
P
P
20
15
10
Mo
Mo
Mo
5
0
300
500
800
Ageing time (h)
2019/11/6
20
560oC
P
P
P
16
12
8
Mo
Mo
Mo
4
0
100
300
500
Ageing time (h)
Results and discussion (4)
Boundary concentration (at.%) Segregation energy (kJ/mol)
Fracture surface of AES specimen
2019/11/6
Results and discussion (1)
1000 500 0 -500

材料科学基础英文版课件_(10)

材料科学基础英文版课件_(10)

2
additives used to enhance the performance and properties
Understand the role of
of polymers.
plasticizers in increasing the
flexibility and workability of
Construction Materials
Discover the use of polymers in construction for their durability and energy efficiency.
Conclusion
1 Importance of Polymers in Modern Society
Electrical Properties
Understand the electrical conductivity and insulation properties of polymers.
Polymer Processing
Types of Polymer Processing
• Injection Molding
Learn about the process of forcing melted polymer through a shaped die to create continuous profiles.
Polymer Composites
1 Definition of Composites 2 Types of Composites
Explore the various materials used as reinforcements in polymer composites.

《材料科学基础》培训讲座PPT(35张)

《材料科学基础》培训讲座PPT(35张)
在飞机发动机中一 种掺镍化合物制成称作 718合金被广泛的用于制 造波音777客机上的发动 机的压缩机、叶片及紧 固件。
• 形状记忆合金
形状记忆合金百叶窗
超级钢 近来，钢铁工业已经开发出一种汽车用钢，比原先的轻24%，而强度
34%，称为超级钢。其优点是：高撞击能量吸收率；高强度-质量比；实用
材料科学基础是进行材料科学研究的基础理论，它将各种材料（包括 属、陶瓷、高分子材料）的微观结构和宏观结构规律建立在共同的理论基础 用于指导材料的研究、生产、应用和发展。它涵盖了材料科学和材料工程的 础理论。
材料科学基础的地位
人类社会发展的历史阶段常常用当时主要使用的材料来划分。从古代到现 人类使用材料的历史共经历了七个时代，各时代的开始时间：
结构材料实际上是一种按结合键种类 来分类的方法。由此可将材料分为金属、 陶瓷、高分子和由金属、陶瓷和高分子分 别组合成的各种复合材料材料。
金属材料：黑色金属材料（钢铁）、有色黑色金属材料（除钢铁 以外的） 陶瓷材料：氧化物陶瓷、非氧化物陶瓷 高分子材料：塑料、橡胶合成纤维 复合材料：金属基复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料、树脂基复合材料 功能材料：电子材料、光电子材料、超导材料
《材料科学基础》
《Foundations of Materials Science》
主讲：徐敏虹
绪论
一、《材料科学基础》的基本概念 二、《材料科学基础》的地位 三、学习《材料科学基础》的意义 四、《材料科学基础》的内容 五、如何学好《材料科学基础》
《材料科学基础》的基本概念
材料是指人类社会能接受地，经济地的制造有用物品的物质。 材料科学是研究材料的成分、组织结构、制备工艺、加工工艺、材料的 能与材料应用之间的相互关系的科学。材料科学是当代科学技术发展的基础 工业生产的支柱，是当今世界的带头学科之一。纳米材料科学与技术是20世 80年代发展起来的新兴学科，成为21世纪新技术的主导中心。

材料科学基础 英文版

材料科学基础 英文版

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
To sum up, by learning this course, you could
Improve your English, learning new phrases or terms and concepts of materials science. Expand your knowledge about the Principal of Materials Science and Engineering. Know how to write an abstract ,a resume properly, how to do translation between English and Chinese; how to communicate effectively.
Course Organization(课堂组织)
We meet twice a week for two successive 50minute periods. The time will be used for text study, problem discussing, in-class practicing and practical skills training for example, translation skills training. You are allowed to use both English and Chinese, but the former is encouraged.
2．The iron-carbon system
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
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1) Composites
Composed of more than one material type – one: matrix; other(s): reinforcing addition
Matrix – polymeric, metallic, or ceramic materials
Reinforcing addition: glass fibers, carbon fibers, ceramic fibers (e.g. basalt fibers) or nanoparticles (e.g. SiC, SiN, etc)
To modify existing materials and develop new materials, we need to know MSE
Classification of materials
In terms of chemical makeup and atomic structure Metals; Ceramics; Polymers
2材料科学基础英文版课件_(8)
Assessment Structure
• Written examination (50%) • Oral presentation (20%, any topics in
Chapter 7 – Mechanical Properties, 4 students as a group, 15 minutes) • Report (20%, any topics in materials science and engineering) • Assignment (10%)
What is materials science and engineering
• Materials science Concerned with the relationship between
composition, structure and properties of materials • Materials engineering
3) Polymeric: organic compounds based on carbon, hydrogen and other nonmetallic elements – plastics and rubbers Normally low density and relatively flexible
Concerned with designing or engineering the structure to produce a predetermined set of properties
The structure of a material depends on what composition it has and how it is processed. Also, the performance of a material is a function of its properties • MSE: Composition-processing-structureproperties-performance relationship
Designed to display a combination of the best properties of each of the components
2) Semiconductors
Electrical properties being intermediate between conductors and insulators and being very sensitive to their composition and environmental conditions (e.g., functional ceramics: microwave dielectric ceramics, ferroelectric and piezoelectric ceramics)
2) Ceramic: compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements – oxides, nitrides, and carbides Very insulative to electricity and heat – very low electrical and thermal conductivities Highly resistant to high temperatures and corrosive environments Very hard but very brittle
Additional types of material
Composites; Semiconductors; and Biomaterials
They originate from the three basics (metals, ceramics and polymers), but they have special us study materials science and engineering
All applied scientists and engineers in any engineering areas: design problems involving materials
To select a right material from many thousands according to service conditions and property requirements, we need to have the knowledge of MSE
1) Metallic: combinations of metallic elements Free electrons – good electrical and thermal conductivities Strong but deformable – extensive use in structural applications