2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案

2021考研英语2作文2021考研英语二作文题目，The Impact of Online Education。

参考范文：The Impact of Online Education。

In recent years, online education has becomeincreasingly popular and has had a profound impact on traditional education. This trend has sparked a heated debate on whether online education will replace traditional education. In my opinion, online education will not replace traditional education, but it will definitely have a significant impact on it.First and foremost, online education has made education more accessible to people from all walks of life. With the advancement of technology, people can now access high-quality educational resources from the comfort of their own homes. This has made it easier for people in remote areasor with busy schedules to pursue their education. Additionally, online education has also made it possiblefor people to learn at their own pace, which can be especially beneficial for those who struggle in atraditional classroom setting.Moreover, online education has also revolutionized the way we think about education. With the rise of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), people now have access to a wide range of courses from top universities around the world. This has allowed for a more diverse and personalized learning experience, as people can choose the courses that best suit their interests and career goals. Furthermore, online education has also made it easier for people to acquire new skills and knowledge, which is essential in today's rapidly changing job market.However, despite the many benefits of online education, it is important to acknowledge that it also has its limitations. One of the main concerns is the lack of face-to-face interaction between students and teachers. This can make it difficult for students to receive personalizedattention and feedback, which is crucial for their academic and personal development. Additionally, online education also requires a certain level of self-discipline and motivation, as students need to be able to manage their time effectively and stay focused on their studies.In conclusion, while online education will not replace traditional education, it will undoubtedly have a significant impact on it. The accessibility and flexibility of online education have made it a valuable supplement to traditional education, providing people with more opportunities to learn and grow. However, it is important to recognize the limitations of online education and continue to strive for a balance between the two. Ultimately, both forms of education have their own strengths and weaknesses, and it is important to embrace the diversity and innovation that online education has to offer.。

2021年研究生MBA英语(二)真题及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. A. therefore B. however C. again D. moreover2. A. Emphasize B. Identify C. Assess D. Explain3. A. nearly B. curiously C. eagerly D. quickly4. A. claim B. prove C. check D. recall5. A. threatened B. ignored C. mocked D. blamed6. A. punctuality B. hospitality C. competition D. innovation7. A. Yet B. So C. Besides D. Still8. A. hired B. trained C. rewarded D. grouped9. A. only B. rather C. once D. also10. A. comfort B. revenue C. efficiency D. security11. A. friendly B. quiet C. cautious D. diligent12. A. purpose B. problem C. prejudice D. policy13. A. interesting B. revealed C. admitted D. noticed14. A. break B. trip C. departure D. transfer15. A. moral B. background C. style D. form16. A. interpret B. criticize C. sacrifice D. tolerate17. A. task B. secret C. product D. cost18. A. leading to B. calling for C. relating to D. accounting for19. A. specify B. predict C. restore D. create20. A. modify B. review C. present D. achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text1Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 percent of the "core skill" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy, ultimately retraining 18,000 employees. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 percent and 13.7 percent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be doctor in few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 percent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests ______.A. an increase in full-time employmentB. an urgent demand for new job skillsC. a steady growth of job opportunitiesD. a controversy about the "core skills"22.AT&T is cited to show ______.A. an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyB. an immediate need for government supportC. the importance of staff appraisal standardsD. the characteristics of reskilling program23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada ______.A. have driven up labour costsB. have proved to be inconsistentC. have met with fierce oppositionD. have appeared to be insufficient24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was ______.A. a call for policy adjustmentB. a change in hiring practicesC. a lack of medical workersD. a sign of economic recovery25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to ______.A. great job vacancies for the unemployedB. retrain their cabin staff for better servicesC. prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsD. finance their staff's college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in, some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 percent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health. Sounds great—but bow feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 percent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 percent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively-meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 percent of the county's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 percent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 percent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26. Some people argue that food self-sufficient in UK would ______.A. be hindered by its population groundB. post a challenge to its farming industryC. become a priority of governmentD. contribute to the nation's well-being27. The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK ______.A. farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB. factory-style production needs reformingC. most land is used for meat and dairy productionD. more green fields will be converted for farming28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to ______.A. its farming technologyB. its dietary traditionC. its natural conditionsD. its commercial interests29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people ______.A. rely largely on imports for fresh produceB. enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC. are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD. are trying to grow new varieties of grains30. The author's attitude to food self-sufficient in the UK is ______.A. defensiveB. doubtfulC. tolerantD. optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr. Arnold's own business often depends on selling start- ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5trillion, rifling through such small deals--many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise--might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1billion acquisitions over the past five years---a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitions?A. Their market values declinedB. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products were re-priced32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to ______.A. ignore public opinionsB. treat new tech talent unfairlyC. exaggerate their product qualityD. eliminate their potential competitors33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might ______.A. harm the national economyB. worse market competitionC. discourage start-up investorsD. weaken big tech companies34. The US Federal Trade Commission intends to ______.A. examine small acquisitionsB. limit Big Tech's expansionC. supervise start-ups' operationsD. encourage research collaboration35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have ______.A. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC. set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4We're fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15- second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we're better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you’re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision wascomplex--when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rule comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech). Then the rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings”, “hunches”, “my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambady's study deals with ______.A. instructor student interactionB. the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD. People's ability to influence others37. In Ambaby's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants ______.A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video clipsD. discussed with on another38. Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that ______.A. memory can be selectiveB. reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to ______.A. following your feelingsB. list your preferencesC. seek expert adviceD. collecting enough data40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Generating new products takes timeB. Intuition may affect reflective tasksC. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativityD. Objective thinking may boost intuitivenessPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A–G for each numbered paragraph (41–45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don't make judgmentsD. Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF. Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41.__________________You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through, the whole discussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your think---all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you're in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.__________________Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about---it may be the credibility of their team on getting a project done on time. You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a “higher purpose”. When you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You'll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who's trying to advance a shared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43.__________________This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful person “psychological safety” and control. You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?” This gives the person a choice, allowing them to verbally opt in. And, assuming they say yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.__________________You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person calm down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45.__________________Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying something like, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we'll never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we will make that deadline.” Having asserted your position (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are organizing an online meeting, write an email to Jack, an international student, to1) invite him to participate, and2) tell him about the details.You should write about 100 words on your ANSWERSHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address. (10points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET (15points)某市居民体育锻炼方式调查2021研究生英语(二)答案及解析答案：一、完形填空1-5 BADCB 6-10 ABCDB 11-15 CBDBA 16-20 CDCAD二、阅读理解21-25 BADCB 26-30 DCCAB 31-35 BDAAA 36-40 CBBAB41-45 EGFAB翻译+写作：见详解详解：一、完形填空1. 【B】第一句中的not difficult 和本句中much harder 存在转折关系，因此选B。

2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。

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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二)考试大纲（非英语专业）(2019年版）I. 考试性质英语(二）考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。

其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔.II 。

考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1。

语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;（5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7)各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;（8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法.2。

词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组（详见附录相关部分)。

考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。

（二)语言技能1。

阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。

题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。

根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义；(2)理解文中的具体信息;（3）理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系；（4）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；（5）进行一定的判断和推理；（6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度.2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作.短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。

2020全国硕士研究生考试《英语》模拟试题及答案(二)卷面总分：70分答题时间：90分钟试卷题量：35题一、单选题（共16题，共32分）1.He ________ me that he decided to leave on Monday.A. spokeB. saidC. talkedD. told2.This test ________ a number of multiple choice questions.A. composes ofB. composes inC. consists ofD. consists in3.I prefer this diagram ________ that one.A. thanB. more thanC. rather thanD. to4.I have been studying here for four years, by next summer I ________.A. shall graduateB. shall be graduatedC. shall be graduatingD. shall have graduated5.Hardly had he finished his speech ________ the audience started cheering.A. andB. whenC. thanD. as6.I wish you ________ like that.A. don ’t talkB. won ’t talkC. wouldn ’t talkD. not to talk7.Only when you have obtained sufficient data ________ come to a sound conclusion.A. can youB. would youC. you willD. you can8.I found ________ to answer all the questions within the time given.A. no possibilityB. there was impossibilityC. impossibleD. it impossible9.You ________ go now. It ’s getting late.A. had ratherB. would ratherC. would ratherD. would better10.Hot metal ________ as it grows cooler.A. contractsB. reducesC. condensesD. compresses11.Wood does not conduct electricity; ________.A. so doesn’t rubberB. also doesn ’t rubberC. nor does rubberD. nor rubber does12.Comrade Li ________ be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago.A. mustn ’tB. can ’tC. may notD. isn ’t able to13.I know it isn ’t important but I can ’t help ________ about it.A. but to thinkB. thinkingC. thinkD. to think14.The more we looked at the picture, ________.A. the less we liked itB. we like it lessC. better we liked itD. it looked better15.To succeed in a scientific research project ________.A. one needs to be persistentB. persistence is neededC. one needs be a persistent personD. one needs be a persistent person16.This diploma ( 毕业文凭) ________ that you have completed high school.A. entitlesB. certifiesC. securesD. approves二、填空题（共19题，共38分）17.Those who’d like to visit the exhibition ________ (sign) your names here.18.A great number of small power stations ________ (set up) in theircounty since liberation.19.He asked me whether my brother ________ (fly) to Beijing.20.He fell asleep immediately last night; he must ________ (be) very tired.21.“Have you moved into the new flat? ”“Not yet. The rooms ________ (paint). ”22.The director recommended that she ________ (study) more English before going abroad.23.he teacher told them since light ________ (travel) faster than sound,lightning ________ (appear) to go before thunder.24.How long ________ they ________ (dig) the ditch?25.He refused to tell us whether he ________ (undertake) the job.26.Matter is the name ________ (give) to everything which has weight and occupies space.27.I shall never forget ________ (meet) the late Premier Zhou during his inspection of our factory.28.I wonder if he could get it ________ (do) before tomorrow.29.A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ________ (make) to do so with the help of a reflecting device30.Night ________ (fall), we hurried home.31.We were busy ________ (get) things ready for the trial production when he phoned us.32.Some molecules are large enough ________ (see) under the electronic microscope.33.The floor does not look so bad when ________ (sweep) clean.34.________ (fail) several times, they need some encouragement.35.________ (catch) in the rain, he was wet to the skin.答案一、单选题1D 2C 3C 4D 5B 6C 7A 8D 9C 10A 11C 12B 13B 14C 15A 16B二、填空题17sign 18、have been set up 19、had flown 20、have been21、are being painted 22、study 23、travels, appears24、have … been digging25、would undertake 26、given 27、meeting 28、done 29、made 30、falling 31、getting 32、to be seen 33、swept 34、Having failed 35、Caught (Having been caught,Being caught)。

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Being a good parent is what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger one.3 , there's another sort of parent that's easier to4 ; a parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still ,5 , every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy6 , sometimes, parents get exhausted and arc unable to maintain a7 style with their kids. I understand this.You're only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far. And then the 9 happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was too 10 and does nobody any good. You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over. We've all been there.12 , even though it's common, it's vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your child's self-esteem.If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to maintain emotional control when 17 by stress is one of the most significant of all life’s skills. Certainly, it's 18 to maintain patience at all times with your kids. A more practical goal is to try to be as calm as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.l.[A] pleasant(B] tricky[C] tedious[D] instructive2. [A] at once[B] in addition[C] for example[D] by accident3. [A] Fortunately[B] Occasionally[C] Accordingly(D) Eventually4. [A] amuse[B] train[C] assist[D] describe5. (A] once(B] because[C] unless(D] while6. [A] choice[B] answer[C] task(D] access7. [A] formal[B] tolerant[C] rigid[D] critical8. [A] move[B] send[C] drag[D] push9.(A] inevitable[B] illogical[C] mysterious[D] suspicious10.[A] boring[B] harsh[C] naive[D] vague11.[A] turn back[B] take apart[C] set aside[D] cover up12.[A] Overall[B] Instead[C] otherwise[D] However13.[A] believe[B] regret(C] miss[D] like14. [A] justify[B] raise[C] affect[D] reflect15.[A]bond[B]time[C]race[D]cool16.[A]nature[B] secret[C]context[D] importance17. [A] confronted[B]defeated[C]cheated[D] confused18. [A] strange[B]terrible[C]hard[D] wrong19.[A] exciting[B]trying[C]Surprising[D] changing20. [A] withdraw[B]hide[C]emerge[D] escape【完型填空答案解析】今年完形填空的难度系数很小，基本无生词，长难句也很少。

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists. Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 ,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time. There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective. 1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D] moreover2. [A] Emphasize[B] Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain3. [A] nearly [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D] quickly4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check[D] recall5. [A] threatened [B] ignored[C] mocked [D] blamed6. [A] punctuality[B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation7. [A] Yes [B] So[C] Besides [D] Still8. [A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded[D] grouped9. [A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also10. [A] comfort [B] revenue[C] efficiency [D] security11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious[D] diligent12. [A] purpose [B] problem[C] prejudice [D] policy13. [A] reported [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed14. [A] break [B] trip[C] departure [D] transfer15. [A] moral [B] background[C] style [D] form16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice[D] tolerate17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cast18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to[D] accounting for19. [A] specify[B] predict [C] restore [D] create20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1“Reskilling” is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skill are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with afire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy. Though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best. And have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers. Even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 percent and 5.5 P.C. respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the U.S. were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 P.C. and 13.7 percent, and although may worker shortages, has disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example. The pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages, of doctors, nurse and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor. In a few weeks. But even if you cannot close the gap, maybe you can close others and doing so would be to the benefit of all concern. That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough 90 P.C. of their cabin staff. Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that res killed the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests .[A] an increase in full-time employment[B]an urgent demand for new job skills[C] a steady growth of job opportunities[D]a controversy re about the “core skills”22.AT&T is cited to show .[A]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[B]an immediate need for government support[C]the importance of staff appraisal standards[D]the characteristics of res-killing programs23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada .[A]have driven up labour costs[B]have proved to be inconsistent[C]have met with fierce opposition[D]have appeared to be insufficient24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was .[A]a call for policy adjustment[B]a change in hiring practices[C]a lack of medical workers[D]a sign of economic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to .[A]create job vacancies for the unemployed[B]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs[C]retrain their cabin staff for better services[D]finance their staff’s college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almostthree-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industr y, political sovereignty and even the nation’s health. Sounds great — but how feasible is this vision？According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds，UK，85 per cent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn’t allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much moreself-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively — meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based die t wouldn’t help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country’s land is suitable forcrop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg — which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes — we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would .[A]be hindered by its population growth[B]contribute to the nations well-being[C]become a priority of the government[D]post a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK .[A]farmland has been inefficiently utilised[B]factory style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D]more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to .[A]its farming technology[B]its dietary tradition[C]its natural conditions[D]its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people .[A]rely largely on imports for fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C]are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D]are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author’s attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is .[A]defensive[B]doubtful[C]tolerant[D]optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft’s own Office dominates the market for “productivity” software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world. Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features inits own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many “acqui-hires” that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft’s critics, the fates of Wunder list and Sunrise are exa mples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. “They bought the seedlings and closed them down,” complained Paul Amold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold’s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: “I think these t hings are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don’t know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request hasraised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such small deals — many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise — might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five years —a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft’s critics believe that the big tech companies tend to .A.exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might .A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to .A.limit Big Tech’s expansionB.encourage research collaborationC.examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-ups’ operations35.For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have .A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD.generated considerable profitsText 4We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she called “thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students’end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we’re better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on in tuition instead of reflection. “It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you’re fine. Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather thanon details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process. Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “hunches,” “my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambady’s study deals with .[A]the power of people’s memory[B]the reliability of first impressions[C]instructor- student interaction[D]people’s ability to influence others37.In Ambady’s study, rating accuracy dropped when participants .[A]focused on specific details[B]gave the rating in limited time[C]watched shorter video clips[D]discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that .[A]reflection can be distracting[B]memory may be selective[C]social skills must be cultivated[D]deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to .[A]collect enough data[B]list your preferences[C]seek expert advice[D]follow your feelings40.What can we learn from the last paragraph？[A]Generating new products takes time[B]Intuition may affect reflective tasks[C]Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity[D]Objective thinking may boost intuitivenessPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do ned to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Stay calm.B.Stay humble.C.Decide whether to wait.D.Be realistic about the risks.E.Don’t make judgements.F.Identify a shared goal.G.Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than youYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won’t work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should y ou say? Here’s how to disagree with someone more powerful than you. 41. CYou may decide it’s best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree, too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your thinking —all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It’s also a g ood idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42. FBefore you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about — it maybe the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time. You’re more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you’re seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who’s trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43. GThis step may sound overly deferential, but it’s a smart way to give the power ful person psychological safety and control. You can see something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won’t work. I’d like to layout my reasoning. Would that be OK?” This gives the person a choice, allowing him to verbally opt in.And, assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44. AYou might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even 英语（二）试题第9页（共10 页）tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren’t.45. BEmphasize that you’re only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be awell-informed, well-researched opinion, but it’s still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.” Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Section III Translation46.Directions：Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging t hat we didn’t expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.我们经常认为朋友和家庭成员是我们交流、大笑和温暖的最主要来源。

2024考研英语二试题及答案2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）Section A21-25题，每题1分，共5分阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

Passage OneIn recent years, the popularity of online learning has surged as more and more people recognize the convenience and flexibility it offers. With the advent of technology, students can now access a wide range of courses from the comfort of their own homes. This has led to a significant shift in the way education is delivered and received.21. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The drawbacks of online learning.B. The benefits of online learning.C. The rise in online learning popularity.D. The challenges faced by traditional education.22. What can be inferred from the passage about the impact of technology on education?A. It has made education less accessible.B. It has increased the cost of education.C. It has improved the quality of education.D. It has made education more convenient.23. According to the passage, what is one advantage of online learning?A. It is less expensive.B. It offers more variety.C. It requires less technology.D. It is more structured.24. What is a possible reason for the shift in the way education is delivered?A. The high demand for traditional classroom settings.B. The limited availability of online courses.C. The preference for face-to-face interaction.D. The recognition of the convenience of online learning.25. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Decline of Traditional EducationB. The Future of Online LearningC. The Convenience of Online EducationD. The Cost of Online Courses答案：21. C22. D23. B24. D25. C二、完形填空（共10分）Section B26-30题，每题1分，共5分阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

考研英语（二）2011到2020年10年真题及答案解答2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points)Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual property _1_from creative thinking and may include products, _2_, processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected _3_ misappropriation (盗用) Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without _4_ compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protection is provided for the _5_ of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office _6_ a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is _7_. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner’s _8_ for a period of 20 years.Copyright are similar to patents _9_ that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an _10_ artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy, _11_, display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work. The _12_ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author _13_ an additional 70 years.Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and _14_ it from similar goods of others. A servicemark is similar to a trademark _15_ is used to identify service. A trademark prevents others from using the _16_ or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and _17_ of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. _18_ registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be _19_ for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as _20_ as the mark’s use continues.1. A. retrieves B. deviates C. results D. departs2. A. services B. reserves C. assumptions D. motions3. A. for B. with C. by D. from4. A. sound B. partial C. due D. random5. A. users B. owners C. masters D. executives6. A. affords B. affiliates C. funds D. grants7. A. solemn B. sober C. unique D. universal8. A. perspective B. permission C. conformity D. consensus9. A. except B. besides C. beyond D. despite10. A. absolute B. alternative C. original D. orthodox11. A. presume B. stimulate C. nominate D. distribute12. A. range B. length C. scale D. extent13. A. plus B. versus C. via D. until14. A. distract B. differ C. distinguish D. disconnect15. A. or B. but C. so D. whereas16. A. identical B. analogical C. literal D. parallel17. A. ambiguity B. utility C. popularity D. proximity18. A. From B. Over C. Before D. Upon19. A. recurred B. renewed C. recalled D. recovered20. A. long B. soon C. far D. wellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (40 points)Text 1Within a large concrete room, cut out of a mountain on a freezing-told island just 1,000 kilometers from the North Pole, could lie the future of humanity.The room is a vault (地下库) designed to hold around 2 million seeds, representing all known varieties of the world’s crops. It is being built to safeguard the world’s food supply against nuclear war, climate change, terrorism, rising sea levels, earthquakes and the collapse of electricity supplies. “If the worst came to the worst, this would allow the world to reconstruct agriculture on this planet.”says Cary Fowler, director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, an independent international organization promoting the project.The Norwegian (挪威的) government is planning to create the seed bank next year at the request of crop scientists. The $3 million vault will be built deep inside a sandstone mountain on the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitsbergen. The vault will have metre-thick walls of reinforced concrete and will be protected behind two airlocks and high-security doors.The vault’s seed collection will represent the products of some 10,000 years of plant breeding by the world’s famers. Though most are no longer widely planted, the varieties contain vital genetic properties still regularly used in plant breeding.To survive, the seeds need freezing temperatures. Operators plan to replace the air inside thevault each winter, when temperatures in Spitsbergen are around -18℃. But even if some disaster meant that the vault was abandoned, the permanently frozen soil would keep the seeds alive. And even accelerated global warming would take many decades to penetrate the mountain vault.“This will be the world’s most secure gene bank,”says Fowler. “But its seeds will only be used when all other samples have gone for some reason.”The project comes at a time when there is growing concern about the safety of existing seed banks around the world. Many have been criticized for poor security, ageing refrigeration (冷藏) systems and vulnerable electricity supplies.The scheme won UN approval at a meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome in October 2005. A feasibility study said the facility “would essentially be built to last forever”.21. The Norwegian vault is important in that _________________.A. the seeds in it represent the rarest varieties of world’s crops.B. the seeds in it could revive agriculture if the worst thing should happenC. it is built deep in a mountain on a freezing-cold Arctic islandD. it is strong enough against all disasters caused by man and nature22. The seed bank project was proposed by __________.A. the Norwegian governmentB. Norwegian farmersC. Spitsbergen residentsD. agricultural scientists23. The seeds in the vault will be stored ____________________.A. as samples of world crop varietiesB. as products of world plant breedingC. for their valuable genetic propertiesD. for their resistance to plant diseases24. For the seed bank project to be successful, the most important factor is probably________.A. constructing tight airlocksB. maintaining high securityC. keeping freezing temperaturesD. storing large quantities of seeds25. Which of the following statements is true?A. The Norwegian vault models after existing seed banksB. The Spitsbergen seed bank is expected to last 10,000 yearsC. The existing seed banks have potential problemsD. The UN financed the Spitsbergen seed bankText 2Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a “new factory system”in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation’s manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees.26. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?A. New technological developments had little effect on farmers.B. The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.C. Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.D. Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.27. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the “new factory system?”A. A change in the organization of factories.B. A growth in the complexity of factories.C. An increase in the size of factories.D. An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.28. Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?A. Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.B. Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.C. The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.D. Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation’s economy.29. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Paragraph 3 because it wasA. a well-known metal-worksB. the first plant of its kind in PhiladelphiaC. typical of the large factories that were becoming more commonD. typical of factories that consisted of a single building30. The word “presided over”in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning toA. managedB. led toC. worked inD. producedText 3In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary ofToshiba sold sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post.These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,”may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair.The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.”Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first paycut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business.Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor,”and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welcome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility, If, for instance, US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts, negotiations would probably take on a very different character.31. Why did the chairman of Toshiba resign his position in 1987?A. In Japan, the leakage of a state secret to Russians is a grave crime.B. He had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates.C. In Japan, the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries.D. He had been accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation.32. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to ________.A. apologize promptly for your subordinates' mistakesB. be skillful in accepting blames from customersC. make symbolic sacrifices whenever necessaryD. create a strong sense of company loyalty33. What’s Professor George Lodge’s attitude towards the resignations of Japanese corporate leaders?A. sympatheticB. biasedC. criticalD. approving.34. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL air crash in 1985.B. American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparable.C. School principals bear legal responsibility for students' crimes.D. Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesn’t help solve corporate crises.35. The passage is mainly about ______________.A. resignation as an effective way of dealing with business crisesB. the importance of delegating responsibility to employeesC. ways of evading responsibility in times of crisesD. the difference between two business culturesText 4The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate theiridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed “art glass.”Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920’s. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after theFirst World War. The basic tenet of the movement—that function should determine form—was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline, and complex textural surfaces.36. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?A. Design elements in the Art Nouveau styleB. The popularity of the Art Nouveau styleC. Production techniques for art glassD. Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style37. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?A. To compare different Art Nouveau stylesB. To give examples of famous Art Nouveau artistsC. To explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United StatesD. To show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world38. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form”(para 3, line 6)?A. A useful object should not be attractiveB. The purpose of an object should influence its formC. The design of an object is considered more significant than its functionD. The form of an object should not include decorative elements39. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that itA. clearly distinguished between art and designB. appealed to people who liked complex painted designsC. reflected a common desire to break from the pastD. was easily interpreted by the general public40. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?A. Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.B. It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.C. It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World WarD. It was not attractive to architects and designersPart BDirections: Read the following text and then answer the questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitle. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points)Growth in the market for glass craftsHistorical development of glassArchitectural experiments with glassA former glass technologyComputers and their dependence on glassWhat makes glass so adaptableExciting innovations in fiber opticsGlass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to humans. As one of the most widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly the most versatile, it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt. The uses of this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies: glass fiber optics—more than eight million miles—carrying telephone and television signals across nations; glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs; even a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.41. _____________________________________On the horizon are optical computers. These could store programs and process information by means of light—pulses from tiny lasers—rather than electrons. And the pulses would travel over glass fibers, not copper wire. These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s electroniccomputers and hold vastly more information. Today fiber optics are used to obtain a cleaner image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before—even bacterial viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in fiber optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to meet demand.42. ______________________________________But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of glass as art, a tradition going back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. “I didn’t sell a piece of glass until 1975,”Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the 20th century. He now has a new commission—a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company—for which his fee is half a million dollars.43. ______________________________________But not all the glass technology that touches our lives isultra-modern. Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.44. _______________________________________The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are distributed from their normal positioning the molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements theglass cools. This looseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability”which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.45. ______________________________________Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixture and building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the future, the ‘dynamic skin’”he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colors as the glass in them is made to change colors instantly.”Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colors instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s vision may indeed be on the way to fulfillment.Section III Translation46. Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on Answer Sheet 2 (15 points)The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinction between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact, for example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakefocused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Read the following Chinese and write an abstract of 80-100 words. You should write your abstract on Answer Sheet 2. (10 points)高崚、杨威被华中科技大学“劝退”，暴露出这样一个问题，一些运动员上学，只是名义上的，他们并没有真正走进课堂，也没有读一些应该读的书。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码: 201)考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题纸指定位置的边框区域内，写在其它地方无效。

3.填(书)写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或钢笔书写，涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔填涂。

4.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册一并装入试题袋中交回。

SeCtiOn I USe Of EngIiShDireCtions: Read the following text. ChoOSe the best WOrd(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B. COrD On the ANSWER SHEET. (10 POmtS)FIllid intelligence is the type Of intelligence that has to do With ShOrt-term memory and theand abstractly in Order to SOlVe new PrOblems. It _1_ in young ability to think quickly, IOgiCaIly5adulthood. IeVelS OUt for a PeriOd Of time, and then _2_ StartS to SIOWly decline as We age. BUt _3_ aging is inevitable, SCientiStS are finding that Certain ChangeS in brain function may not be.One StUdy found that muscle IOSS and the _4_ Of body fat around the abdomen are associated With a decline in fluid intelligence・ ThiS SUggeStS the _5_ that IifeStyIe factors Inight help PreVent Or _6_ this type Of decline・The researchers IOOked at data that _7_ measurements Of Iean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and WOmen and _8_ that data to reported ChangeS in fluid intelligence OVer a six-year PeriOd・They found that middle-aged PeOPle _9_ higher measures Of abdominal fat _10_ WOrSe On measures Of fluid intelligence as the years _11_・FOr women, the association may be _12_ to ChangeS in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune SyStem did not appear to be _13_・ It is hoped that future StUdieS COUld _14_ these differences and PerhaPS Iead to different —15_ for men and women.—16_ there are StePS you Can _17_ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain Iean muscle mass as you age in Order to PrOteCt both your PhySiCal and mental _18_・The two highly recommended IifeStyle approaches are maintaining Or increasing your —19_ Of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-Style _20_ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly PrOCeSSed foods.1. [A] PaUSeS [B] returns [C] PeakS [D] fades2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally3. [A] While [B] SinCe [C] OnCe [D] Until4. [A] detection [B] accumulation・[C] COnSUmPtiOn [D] SeParatiOn5. [A] POSSibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] Seek [D] UtiliZe7. [A] modified [B] SUPPOrted [C] included [D] PrediCteCi8. [A] devoted [B] COmPared [C] COnVerted [D] applied9. [A] With [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] IiVed [B] managed [C] SCOred [D] PIaYed11. [A] ran OUt [B] Set Off [C] drew in [D] Went by12. [A] SIIPenOr [B] attributable [C] Paranel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] COntrOlled14. [A] alter [B] SPread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] COmPenSatiOn [B] SymPtOmS [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] LikeWiSe [B] MeanWhiIe [C] TherefOre [D] InSteaCI17. [A] Change [B] WatCh [C] COUnt [D] take18. [A] WelI-being [B] PrOCeSS [C] formation [D] COOrdinatiOn19. [A] IeVel [B] IOVe [C] knowledge [D] SPaCe20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] PreSCriPtiOn SeCtiOn II Reading COmPrehenSiOnPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. AnSwer the questions below each text by ChooSiHg A, B, C Or D. Mark your answers On the ANSWER SHEET. (40 POintS)TeXt 1HOW Can the train OPeratOrS POSSiblyjUStify yet another increase to rail PaSSenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every JanUary the COSt Of travelling by train rises, imposing a SignifiCant extra burden On those WhO have no OPtiOn but to USe the rail network to get to WOrk Or OtherWiSe・ ThiS years rise, an average Of 2.7 Per cent, may be a fraction IOWer than IaSt years, but it is Stiil Well above the OffiCial COnSUmer PriCe IndeX (CPr) measure Of inflation ・SUCCeSSiVe governments have Permitted SUCh increases On the grounds that the COSt Of investing in and ∏jnning the rail network ShOuld be borne by those WhO USe it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, ShOUId a car-driving PenSiOner from LinCOlnShire have to SUbSidiSe the daily COnImUte Of a StOCkbrOker from Surrey? EqUany there is a SenSe that the travails Of COmmUterS in the SOUth East, many Of WhOm Will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention COmPared to those WhO must endure the relatively POOr infrastructure Of the MidlandS and the NOrth・However, OVer the PaSt 12 months, those COnImUterS have also experienced SOnIe Of the WOrSt rail StrikeS in years・ It is all Very Wen train OPeratOrS trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but PaSSengerS ShOUld be able to expect a basic IeVel Of SerViCe for the SUbStantial SUmS they are now Paying to travel. The responsibility for the IateSt WaVe Of StrikeS rests On the unions. However, there is a StrOng CaSe that those WhO have been WOrSt affected by industrial action ShOUId receive COmPenSatiOn for the CliSrUPtiOn they have Suffered・The GOVernment has PIedged to Change the IaW to introduce a minimum SerViCe requirement SO that, even When StrikeS occur, SerViCeS Can COntinUe to OPerate・ ThiS ShOUId form Part Of a Wider PaCkage Of measures to address the IOng-running PrObIemS On BritainS railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but PaSSengerS Will not be Wining to Pay InOre indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, UnreIiable services, PUnCtUated by regular ChaOS When timetables are changed, Or Planned maintenance is Inanaged incompetently. The threat Of nationalisation may have been Seen Off for now, but it Will return With a VengeanCe if the justified anger Of PaSSengerS is not addressed in ShOrt order.21 ・ The author holds that this year,s increase in rail passengers* fares ___________ ・[A]Win ease train OPeration,s burden.[B]has kept PaCe With inflation.[C]is a big SUrPriSe to COmmUterS・[D]remains an UnreaSOnable measure・22. The StOCkbrOker in ParagraPh 2 is USed to Stand for _____________ ・[A]Car drivers[B]rail travelers[C]IOCal investors[D]Ordinary taxpayers23・ It is indicated in ParagraPh 3 that train OPeratOrS _________ ・[A]are Offering COmPenSatiOnS to COmmUterS・[B]are trying to repair relations With the UniOnS・[C]have failed to PrOVide an adequate SerViCe・[D]have SUffered huge IOSSeS OWing to the strikes.24. If Unable to Calm down PaSSengers, the railways may have to face ________________ ・[A]the IOSS Of investment.[B]the COnaPSe Of operations.[C] a reduction Of revenue[D] a Change Of OWnerShiP・25・ WhiCh Of the following WOUId be the best title for the text?[A]WhO Are to BIame for the Strikes?[B]COnStant COmPlaining DOeSn,t WOrk[C]Can NatiOnaliZatiOn Bring Hope?[D]EVer-rising FareS Aren,t SUStainableTeXt 2LaSt year marked the third year in a row Of When IndOneSias bleak rate Of deforestation has SIOWed in PaCe・ One reason for the turnaround may be the COUntry,s antipoverty PrOgram.In 2007, IndOneSia Started PhaSing in PrOgram that gives money to its POOreSt residents Under Certain conditions, SUCh as requiring PeOPIe to keep kids in SChOOl Or get regular medical Care・Caned COnditiOnal CaSh transfers Or CCTs, these SOCial assistance PrOgramS are designed to reduce inequality and break the CyCle Of POVerty. They,re already USed in dozens Of COUntrieS WOrldWide・In Indonesia, the PrOgram has PrOVided enough food and medicine to SUbStantially reduce SeVere growth PrObIemS among Childre n.BIlt CCT PrOgramS don't generally COnSider effects On the environment. In fact, POVerty alleviation and environmental PrOteCtiOn are Often VieWed as COnfliCting goals, SayS PaUl Ferraro, an economist at JOhnS HOPkinS UniVerSity.Thats because economic growth Can be COrrelated With environmental degradation, WhiIe PrOteCting the environment is SOmetimeS COrreIated With greater POVerty. However, those COrrelatiOnS don,t PrOVe CaUSe and effect. The Only PreViOUS StUdy analyzing causality, based On an area in MeXiCO that had instituted CCTs, SUPPOrted the traditional VieW・ There, as PeOPIe got more money, SOme Of them may have more Cleared Iand for Cattle to raise for meat, FerrarO SayS・SUCh PrOgramS do not have to negatively affect the environment, though・ FerrarO Wanted to See if IndOneSiaS POVerty-alleviation PrOgram WaS affecting deforestation. IndOneSia has the third-largest area Of tropical forest in the WOrId and One Of the highest deforestation rates.FerrarO analyzed Satenite data ShOWing annual forest IOSS from 2008 to 2012- including during IndOneSiaS PhaSeOf the antipoverty PrOgram-in 7, 468 forested VinageS across 15 PrOVinCeS and multiple islands・The duo SeParated the effects Of the CCT PrOgram On forest IOSS from Other factors, Iike Weather and macroeconomic Changes, WhiCh Were also affecting forest loss. With that, H We See that the PrOgram is associated With a 30 PerCent reduction in deforestation/1 FerrarO SayS ・ThatS Iikely because the ιβural POOr are USing the money as InakeShift insurance POliCieS against inclement weather, FerrarO SayS・ Typically, if rains are delayed, PeOPle may Clear Iand to Plant more rice to SUPPlement their harvests・ With the CCTs, individuals instead Can USe the money to SUPPIement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess・ FerrarO SUggeStS the importance Of growing rice and market access・ And regardless Of transferability, the StUdy ShOWS that WhatS good for PeOPIe may also be good for the VaIUe Of the avoided deforestation just for CarbOn dioxide emissions alone is more than the PrOgram costs.26.ACCOrding to the first two paragraphs, CCT PrOgramS aim to ________________・[A]facilitate health Care reform.[B]help POOr families get better off.[C]improve IOCal education systems.[D]IOWer CiefOreStatiOn rates.27.The StUdy based On an area in MeXiCO is Cited to ShOW that _____________ ・[A]Cattle rearing has been a major means Of IiVeIihOOd for the poor.[B]CCT PrOgramS have he helped PreSerVe traditional lifestyles.[C]antipoverty efforts require the PartiCiPatiOn Of IOCal farmers.[D]economic growth tends to CaUSe environmental degradation・28.In his StUdy about Indonesia, FerrarO intends to find OUt ___________ ・[A]its acceptance IeVel Of CCTS・[B]its annual rate Of POVerty alleviation・[C]the relation Of CCTS to its forest loss.[D]the role Of its forests in CIimate Change・29.ACCOrding to Ferraro, the CCT PrOgram in IndOneSia is most ValUabIe in that _______________ .[A]it Will benefit Other ASian countries.[B]it Will reduce regional inequality.[C]it Can PrOteCt the environment.[D]it Can boost grain PrOdUCtiOn.30.What is the text Centered on?[A]The effects Of a PrOgram・[B]The debates OVer a PrOgram・[C]The PrOCeSS Of a StUdy・[D]The transferability Of a StUdy.TeXt 3AS a historian who,s always SearChing for the text Or the image that makes US reevaluate the past, Γve become PreOCCUPied With IOOking for PhOtOgraPhS that ShOW OUr ViCtOrian ancestors SmiIing (What better Way to Shatter the image Of 19th-century PnIdery?). Γve found quite a few, an d—SinCe I Started POSting them On TWitter—they have been CaUSing quite a stir. PeOPle have been SurPriSed to See evidence that ViCtOrianS had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the ViCtOrianS SUddenly Seem to become InOre human as the hundred-or-so years that SeParate US fade away through OUr COmmOn experience Of IaUghter.Of course, I need to COnCede that my COneCtiOn Of 1Smiling Victorians* makes UP OnIy a tiny PerCentage Of the VaSt CataIOgUe Of PhOtOgraPhiC POrtraitUre Created between 1840 and 1900, the majority Of WhiCh ShOW SitterS POSing miserably and Stiffly in front Of Painted backdrops, Or Staring absently into the middle distance. HOW do We explain this trend?DUring the 1840s and 1850s, in the early ClayS Of photography, exposure times Were notoriously long: the daguerreotype PhOtOgraPhiC method (PrOdUCing an image On a SilVered COPPer Plate) COllld take SeVeral minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as SitterS Shifted POSitiOn Or adjusted their limbs. The thought Of holding a fixed grin as the CanIera PerfOrmed its magical duties WaS too much to COntemPlate, and SO a non-committal blank Stare became the norm・But exposure times Were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction Of the BOX BrOWnieand Other POrtabIe CameraS meant that, though SlOW by today,s digital Standards, the exposure WaS almost instantaneous. SPOntaneOUS SmileS Were relatively easy to CaPtllre by the 1890s, SO We must IOOk elsewhere for an explanation Of Why ViCtOrianS Still hesitated to Smile・One explanation might be the IOSS Of dignity displayed through a CheeSy grin. H NatUre gave US IiPS to COnCeal Our teeth/ ran One POPUlar ViCtOrian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth Of PrOPer dentistry, InOUthS Were Often in a ShOCking State Of hygiene・ A flashing Set Of healthy and clean, regular PearIy whites* WaS a rare Sight in ViCtOrian society, the PreSerVe Of the SUPer-rich (and even then, dental hygiene WaS not guaranteed)・A toothy grin (especially When there Were gaps Or blackened teeth) IaCked class: drunks, tramps, PrOStitUteS and buffoonish music hall PerfOrmerS might gurn and grin With a SInile as Wide as LeWiS CarrOIrS gum-exposing CheShire Cat, but it WaS not a becoming IOOk for PrOPerIy bred PerSOnS・ EVen Mark Twain, a man WhO enjoyed a hearty laugh, Said that When it CanIe to PhOtOgraPhiC POrtraitS there COUId be H nOthing more damning than a silly, foolish SnIile fixed foreverπ.31 ・ ACCOrding to ParagraPh 1, the authors POStS On TWitter _____________[A]Changed PeOPle,s impression Of the Victorians.[B]highlighted SOCial media s role in ViCtOrian studies.[C]re-evaluated the Victorians1 notion Of PUbIiC image.[D]illustrated the development Of ViCtOrian PhOtOgraPhy.32.What does author Say about the ViCtOrian POrtraitS he has collected?[A]They are in POPUIar USe among historians.[B]They are rare among PhOtOgraPhS Of that age.[C]They mirror 19th-century SOCial COnVentions.[D]They ShOW effects Of different exposure times.33.What might have kept the ViCtOrianS from Smiling for PiCtUreS in the 1890s?[A]Their inherent SOCial SenSitiVeneSS・[B]Their tension before the Camerae[C]Their CliStnJSt Of new inventions・[D]Their UnheaIthy dental COnditiOn・34.Mark TWain is quoted to ShOW that 什Ie disapproval Of SmileS in PiCtUreS WaS _____________ .[A] a deep-root belief.[B] a misguided attitude・[C] a COntrOVerSial VieW.[D] a thought-provoking idea・35・ WhiCh Of the following questions does the text answer?[A]Why did most ViCtOrianS IOOk Stern in photographs?[B]Why did the ViCtOrianS Start VieW photographs?[C]What made PhOtOgraPhy develop SlOWIy in the ViCtOrian period?[D]HOW did Smiling in PhOtOgraPhS become a POSt-ViCtOrian norm?TeXt 4FrOm the early days Of broadband, advocates for COnSUmerS and Web-based COmPanieS WOrried that the Cable and PhOne COmPanieS Selling broadband COnneCtiOnS had the POWer and incentive to favor affiliated WebSiteS OVer their rivals. That,s Why there has been SUCh a StrOng demand for rules that WOUld PreVent broadband PrOViderS from PiCking WinnerS and IOSerS online. PreSerVing the freedom and innovation that have been the IifeblOOd Of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in Part because Of PUShbaCk from broadband providers, anti-regulatory COnSerVatiVeS and the courts. A federal appeals COUrt Weighed in again Tuesday, but instead Of PrOViding badly needed resolution, it OnIy PrOlOnged the fight. At issue before 什W U. S. COUrt Of APPealS for the DiStriCt Of COlUmbia CirCUit WaS the IateSt take Of the Federal COmmUniCatiOnS COmnIiSSiOn (FCC) On net neutrality, adopted On a Party-Iine VOte in 2017・The RePUbliCan-Penned Ord er not Only eliminated the StriCt net neutrality ∏jles the FCC had adopted When it had a DemOCratiC majority in 2015, but rejected the COmmiSSiOnS authority to require broadband PrOViderS to do much Of anything. The Order also declared that State and IOCal governments couldn't regulate broadband PrOViderS either・The COmnIiSSiOn argued that Other agencies WOUId PrOteCt against anti-competitive behavior, SUCh as a broadband-providing COnglOmerate Iike AT&T favoring its OWn VideO-Streaming sen r ice at the expense Of NetfliX and APPIe TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations Of broadband PrOViderS that imposed data CaPS On their rivals* Streaming SerViCeS but not their OWn・On Tuesday, the appeals COUrt UnanimOUSly IIPheId the 2017 Order deregulating broadband providers, Citing a SUPreme COUrt ruling from 2005 that UPheId a SinIiIarly dereguIatory move・ BUt JUdge PatriCia Minett rightly argued in a COnCUrring OPiniOn that πthe result is Unhinged from the realities Of modern broadband service/ and Said COngreSS Or the SUPreme COUrt COUld intervene to H aVOid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism/*In the meantime, the COUrt threw OUt the FCCs attempt to block all State rules On net neutrality, While PreSerVing the COmnIiSSion,s POWer to PreenIPt individual State IaWS that Undermine its order. That means more battles Iike the One now going On betweenthe JUStiCe DePaIiment and California, WhiCh enacted a tough net neutrality IaW in the Wake Of the FCC,s abdication・The endless Iegal battles and back-and∙fo"h at the FCC Cry OUt for COngreSS to act. It needs to give the COmmiSSiOn explicit authority OnCe and for all to bar broadband PrOViderS from meddling in the traffic On their network and to Create CIear rules PrOteCting OPenneSS and innovation Online.36.There has IOng been COnCern that broadband PrOViderS WOUld ________________ ・[A]bring web-based firms Under COntrOL[B]SIOW down the traffic On their network・[C]ShOW PartiaIity in treating clients.[D]intensify COmPetitiOn With their rivals.37.FaCed With the demand for net OeUtrality rules, the FCC _____________ ・[A]StiCkS to an OUt-Of-date order.[B]takes an anti-regulatory StanCe・[C]has issued a SPeCiaI resolution.[D]has allowed the StateS to intervene・3& What Can be Iearned about AT&T from ParagraPh 3?[A]It PrOteCtS against Unfair COmPetitiOn.[B]It engages in anti-competitive PraCtiCeS・[C]It is IInder the FCCS investigation.[D]It is in PUrSUit Of quality SerViCe・39.JUdge PatriCia Minett argues that the appeals court's decision ____________ ・[A]focuses On trivialities.[B]COnVeyS an ambiguous message.[C]is at OddS With its eaιβlier rulings.[D]is OUt Of touch With reality.40.What does the author argue in the IaSt Paragraph?[A]COngreSS needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B]The FCC ShOUId be PUt Under StriCt SUPerViSiOn.[C]RUIeS need to be Set to diversify OnIine services.[D]BrOadband providers1 rights ShOUlCl be PrOteCted・1() / 19PartBDireCtions: In the following text, SOmeSentenCeS have been removed. FOr questions 4]- 45, ChOOSethe most SHitable One from the IiStA-G to fit into each Ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, WhiClI do Uotfit in any Ofthe gaps. Mark your answers On ANSWER SHEET. (IOpOintS) In the movies and On television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as SOmething SiniSter that Will UPend OUr Way Of life. When it COmeS to Al in business, We Often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending IOSS Of jobs, but in What WayS is Al Changing COnIPanieS and the Iarger economy that don,t involve doom-and- gloom mass IInemPIOylnent PrediCtions?A recent SUrVey Of manufacturing and Sen r iCe industries from Tata COnSUItanCy SerViCeS found that COInPanieS CUrrently USe Al InOre Often in COmPUter-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One COmmOn application? PreVenting electronic SeCUrity breaches, which, Kuher than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those PerSOnnel more Vaklable to employers, because they help firms PreVent hacking attempts.Here are a few Other WayS Al is aiding COnIPanieS WithOUt replacing employees:Better hiring PraCtiCeSCOnIPanieS are USing artificial intelligence to remove SOme Of the UnCOnSCiOUS bias from hiring decisions. M There are experiments that ShOW that, naturally, the results Of interviews are much more biased than What Al does/' SayS PedrO Domingos, author Of The MaSter Algorithm: HOW the QUeSt for the UltiInate Learning MaChine Will Remake OlIr WOrId and a COmPUter SCienCe PrOfeSSOr at the UniVerSity Of WaShingtOn・(41) ・OIW COmPany that,s doing this is Caned BIendOor. It USeS analytics to help identify Where 什Iere may be bias in the hiring PrOCeSS・MOre effective marketingSOme Al SOftWare Can analyze and OPtimiZe marketing email SUbjeCt IineS to increase OPen rates. One COmPany in the UK, Phrasee. ClaimS their SOftWare Can OUtPerfOrm humans by UP to 10 PerCent When it COmeS to email OPen rates・ ThiS Can mean millions more in revenue・(42) ・There are H tOOIS that help PeOPIe USe data,not a replacement for people/ SayS PatriCk H. Winston, a PrOfeSSOr Of artificial intelligence and COinPUter SCienCe at MIT・SaVlng CUStOmerS moneyEnergy COmPanieS Can USe AI to help CUStOInerS reduce their electricity bills SaVing them money WlIile helping the environment. COmPanieS Can also OPtimiZe their OWn energy USe and CUt down On the COSt Of electricity. InSUranCe COmPanieS meanwhile, Can base their PrenIiUmS On Al modelsthat more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the OneS WhO felt Iike a high risk Or Charge them too much,” SayS DOmingos, (43),, .,'InIPrOVed accuracyH MaChine Iearning Often PrOVideS a InOre reliable form Of StatiStics, WhiCh makes data more valuable/ SayS WinStOn・ It M heIPS PeOPIe make SInarter decisions/1 (44)PrOteCting and maintaining infrastructureA number Of companies, PartiCUlarIy in energy and transportation, USe Al image PrOCeSSing technology to inspect infrastructure and PreVent equipment failure Or IeakS before they happen・"If they fail first and then you fix them, its Very expensive/1 SayS DOmingos. (45) ・[A]Al replaces the boring PartS Of your job・ If you're doing research, you Can have Al go OUtand IOOk for relevant SOUrCeS and information that OtherWiSe you just WOIlldrft have time for.[B]One accounting firm, EY, USeS an Al SyStem that helps review COntraCtS during an audit. ThiSprocess, along With employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate・[C]There are also COmPanieS Iike Acquisio, WhiCh analyzes advertising PerfOrmanCe across multipleBing and SOCial media and makes adjustments Or SUggeStiOnS about Where ChanneIS Iike Adwords5advertising funds Wiil yield best results.[D]YOll Want to PrediCt if SOmething needs attention now and POint to Where it,s USefUl foremployees to go to.[E]Before, they might not insure the OneS WhO felt Iike a high risk Or Charge them too much, Orthey WOUld Charge them too Iittle and then it WOuld COSt [the company] mone y.[F]Were also giving OUr CUStOmerS better ChannelS VerSUS PiCking UP the PhOne to accomplishSOmething beyond human SCale・[G]Al IOOkS at resumes in greater numbers than humans WOUld be able to, and SeIeCtS the InOrePrOmiSing CandidateS・PartCDireCtions: Read the following text CarefIlIIy and then translate the Imderlmed SegmentS into Chinese. YOUr translation ShOlIld be Wntten neatly On the ANSWER SHEET. (10 POmtS) WOrId War II WaS the WaterShed event for higher education in modern WeStern societies. (46) ThOSe SOCietieS Came OUt Of the WJr With IeVelS Of emollment that had been roughly COnStQnt at 3・5% Of the relevant age groups during the decides before the war. BUt after the war, great SOCial and POlitiCal ChangeS arising OUt Of the SUCCeSSfUl War against FaSCiSIn Created a growing demandin EUrOPean and AmeriCan economies for increasing numbers Of graduates With more than a SeCOndary SChOOl education. (47) And the demand thcιt rose in those SOCietieS for entry to higher education extended to groups and SOCiaI ClaSSeS that had not thought Of attending a ImiVerSity before the war. TheSe demands resulted in a Very rapid expansion Of the SyStemS Of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing Very rapidly (though UneVenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth Of higher education manifests itself in at IeaSt three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different SetS Of PrOblems. There WaS first the rate Of growth: (48) in many COllrnieS Of WeStem Europe, the numbers Of StlldentS in higher education doubled Within five∙yeαr periods during the 196OS and doubled “gain in SeverL eight or 10 yenrs by the middle Of the 1970s. SeCOnd growth ObViOUSIy affected the absolute SiZe both Of SyStemS and individual institutions. And third growth WaS reflected in ChangeS in the PrOPOrtiOn Of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions Of higher education ・EaCh Of these manifestations Of growth Carried its OWn PeCUIiar PrOblemS in its Wake・ FOr example, a high growth rate PlaCed great StrainS On the existing StnJCtUreS Of governance, Of administration, and above all Of SOCialiZatiOn・ When a faculty Or department grows from, say, five to 20 members Within three Or four years, (49) Cmd when the new Staff PIedOminιmtly young men and women fresh from POStgInduate study、they largely define the norms Of JCJdemiC Iife in that faculty. And if the POStgradUate StUdent POPUIatiOn also grows rapidly and there is IOSS Of a CIOSe apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the StUdent CUItUre becomes the Chief SOCialiZing force for new POStgradUate students, With COnSeqUenCeS for the intellectual and academic Iife Of the institution-this WaS Seen in AmeriCa as Wen as inFrance, Italy, WeSt Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the ChanCeS for academic innovation, they also Weakened the forms and PrOCeSSeS by WhiCh teachers Jnd StlIdCntS Jre admitted into a COmmlmity Of SCholarS during PeriOdS Of StabiIity Or SIOW growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, EUrOPean UniVerSitieS SaW marked ChangeS in their governance arrangements, With empowerment Of junior faculty and to SOme degree Of StUdentS as WeILSeCtiOn IiI WritingPart A51. DireCtiOnSA foreign friend Of yours has recently graduated from COnege and intends to find a job in China・Write hin√her an email to make SOme SUggeStions.YOU ShOuId Write about IOO WOrdS On ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not Sign your OWn name at the end. USe H Li Ming M instead.YOU do not need to Write the address・Part B52∙ DireCtIons:Write an essay Of 160-200 WOrdS based On the following PiCtUre・ In your essay, you ShOUId1) describe the PiCtUre briefly,2)interpret the intended meaning, and3)give your COmmentSYOU ShOuld Write neatly On the ANSWER SHEET. (20 POintS)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）参考答案SeCtiOn □ USe Of EngliSh1.[C] PeakS2.[D] generally3.[A] WhiIe4.[B] accumulation5.[A] POSSibiIity6.[A] delay7.[C] included& [B] COnIPared9.[A] With10.[C] SCOred11.[D] Went by12.[BJattributable13.[C] involved14.[D] explain15.[D] treatments16.[B] MeanWhiIe17.[D] take18.[A] well-being19.[A] IeVel20.[C]dietSeCtiOn □ Reading COmPrehenSiOn Part ATeXt 121 ・[D] remains an UnreaSOnabIe measure・22.[B] rail travelers23.[C] have failed to PrOVide an adequate SerViCe・24.[D] a Change Of OWnerShiP・25.[D] Ever-rising FareS Aren,t SUStainabIeTeXt 226.[B] help POOr families get better off.27.[D] economic growth tends to CaUSe environmental degradation. 2& [C] the relation Of CCTS to its forest loss.29.[C] it Can PrOteCt the environment.30.[A] The effects Of a PrOgram.TeXt 331 ・[A] Changed PeOPIe,s impression Of the Victorians.32.[B] They are rare among PhOtOgraPhS Of that age.33.[D] Their Unhealthy dental COnditiOn・34.[A] a deep-root belief.35.[A] Why did most ViCtOrianS IOOk Stern in photographs?TeXt 436.[C] ShOW PIlrtiality in treating ClientSe37.[B] takes an anti-regulatory StanCe・38.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.39.[D] is OUt Of touch With reality.40.[A] COngreSS needs to take action to ensure net neutrality・。