升降横移立体车库英文文献原文

附录A 外文文献The structural characteristics of non-independent suspension on both sides of the wheel is an integral frame connected by the wheels together with the adoption of flexible suspension bridge hanging in the frame or body of the following. Non-independent suspension has a simple structure, low cost, high strength, easy maintenance, driving changes in the small front wheel alignment advantages, but because of its comfort and handling stability are poor, largely in the modern car is no longer in use more used in trucks and large passenger on. Independent suspension on each side of the wheel is individually through the elastic suspension is hanging in the frame or body below. The advantages are: light weight, reduced body shocks, and improve adhesion of the wheels on the ground; available small soft spring stiffness, improve vehicle comfort; can reduce engine position, car center of gravity is reduced, thereby improve the car's driving stability; about beating the wheel alone, independent of each other, can reduce the body's tilt and vibration. However, there are complex independent suspension, high cost and maintenance problem of inaccessibility. Modern cars are mostly used independent suspension, according to the different structure, independent wishbone suspension can be divided into longitudinal arm, multi-link, candle and McPherson suspension and so on. Arm Suspension means the horizontal plane in the car wheel independent suspension swing, according to the number of how many arm is divided into wishbone and single-arm suspension. Single-Arm has a simple structure, roll center height, with a strong anti-roll capability advantages. But with the increased speed of modern vehicles, roll center is too high will cause the wheel tread beats changes, tire wear increased, and in a sharp turn around the wheel vertical force when the transfer is too large, resulting in increased rear extraversion. Reduce rear-wheel cornering stiffness, resulting in a serious condition high-speed drift. Single-wishbone independent suspension in the rear suspension on a multi-application, but can not meet the requirements of high speed, the current limited application. Multi-link suspension are combined by the root pole position change control of the wheel suspension. Multi-link can wheel around the axis line with the vehicle at an angle within the swing axis is horizontal arm and vertical arm of the compromise, choose the right arm with the motor axis into a vertical line of the angle, can be varying degrees of access to wishbone suspension with the advantages of vertical arm, which can meet different performance requirements. Multi-link suspension of the main advantages are: the wheel tread and beating little change before the beam, both cars are in driving, braking status can be carried out by the driver of the Yi Tu smooth transition to its shortcomings in the automotive when the phenomenon of high-speed shaft swing. Mainly in the FR-link drive mode, and around the back axle of the integration (and the middle of the differential rigid connection) for use where, in the past to use more leaf spring support body, and now from the increased driving comfort considerations, multi-use Link back to say that the swing arm type and style, and use a good coil spring ride. Link in the left side of a pair, divided into upper and lower tie rod, as thelateral force transmission (car drivers) body, usually with a horizontal thrust bar again with the composition of the five-link form. Connect one end of the body lateral thrust rod, one end of the connecting axle, its purpose is to prevent the axle (or body) horizontal traverse. When the axle moves up and down because of the rough, the lateral thrust rod will be connected to contacts with the body axis, an art movement arc, through the General Assembly if the swing angle made between the axles and the body produces significant lateral relative motion, and the lower arm principle similar to the horizontal thrust rod longer than should be designed to reduce the swing angle. Link suspension and axle forming an integrated whole, the mass of the spring below, and not the independence movement around the wheel, so to face bumpy road vehicle impact energy generated by relatively large, poor ride comfort. So there arm methods, this approach is the only fixed-axle differential among left and right half shaft in the differential and universal joints located between the wheel and the center of its swing, used between the wheel and the frame Y-connection under the arm. "Y" at one end and a separate rigid wheel, the other two endpoints and the frame to connect and form a rotation axis. According to the rotation axis is parallel with the axle, swing arm type suspension is divided into full drag-type arm and half drag-style swing arm, parallel to the whole drag-style, non-parallel type is called semi-drag.Because comfort is the car one of the most important performance, and comfort with the body's natural vibration characteristics, whereas the body's natural vibration characteristics of a feature associated with the suspension. Therefore, the vehicle suspension is to ensure the comfort of the important parts. Meanwhile, the vehicle suspension as a frame (or body) and the axle (or wheel) to make the connection between the mechanical power transmission, it is important to ensure the safety of motor cars and parts. Therefore, the vehicle suspension components are often incorporated into the car as an important technical specifications of the table, as one of the indicators to measure the quality of cars.Active suspension is developed in the last ten years, a new type of computer-controlled suspension. It brings together mechanics and electronics, technical knowledge, is a more complex high-tech devices. For example, the installation of the French Citroen Sang Diya active suspension, the center of the car suspension system is a microcomputer, the suspension on five kinds of sensors were transmitted to the micro-computer speed, front wheel brake pressure, ride a fixed throttle pedal speed, body vertical amplitude and frequency, steering wheel angle and steering velocity data. Computer continuously receives the data and with pre-set threshold to compare, select the appropriate suspension state. Meanwhile, the microcomputer independent control of each wheel on the implementation of the components only by controlling the hydraulic shock absorber of changes within the tic, which can at any time, any wheels that meet the requirements of the suspension movement. Therefore, Sang Diya car a wide range of driving mode selection, drivers need only flip a deputy on the dashboard in the "normal" or "sport" button will automatically set the car's suspension in top condition, in order to The best comfort.Active suspension control of body movement with the function. When the car when braking or turning the inertia caused by the spring deformation, the active suspension forces will have to confront a force used to reduce the body position changes. 2000 Mercedes-Benz CL models such as Germany-based sports car, when the suspension when the vehicle turning sensor will immediately detect the body's tilt and lateral acceleration. Computer based on the sensor information, and pre-set threshold value of calculations to determine what position once the load will be added to the suspension on how to minimize body tilt.Wishbone independent suspension by upper and lower arm is so long, is divided into equal length wishbone and unequal length wishbone suspension of two. And other long-wishbone suspension in the wheel up and down beats, kingpin inclination to maintain the same, but the wheelbase change greatly (and similar single-Arm), resulting in severe tire wear, is now rarely used. The unequal length wishbone suspension, when properly selected to optimize the length of the upper and lower arm, and through a reasonable layout, you can make changes in tread and the front wheel alignment parameters were within acceptable limits to ensure the car good driving stability. Present unequal length wishbone suspension has been widely used in cars, front and rear suspension, the part of the sports car and the car's rear wheel has adopted this - suspension structure. Suspension roleSuspension is an important vehicle in the assembly, it is to frame the flexibility to link with the wheel bearing on a variety of performance cars. In appearance, a car suspension only by a number of rods, cylinders and springs form, but do not think it is very simple, opposite a car suspension is more difficult to achieve the perfect vehicle assembly requirements, this is because both suspension to meet the car's comfort requirements, but also to meet the requirements of its handling and stability, while these two aspects are mutually antagonistic. For example, in order to achieve good comfort, requires much buffer vehicle vibration, the spring must be designed so soft, but, it is easy for the spring soft place car brake "nod", the "rise" and roll about serious adverse tendency is not conducive to the car turn easily lead to vehicle handling and instability. Therefore, if the suspension is poorly designed, will significantly affect the performance of automotive products (such as turning a heavy, swing, tire eccentric wear and affect tire life, etc.).附录B 中文翻译非独立悬架的结构特点是两侧车轮由一根整体式车架相连，车轮连同车桥一起通过弹性悬架悬挂在车架或车身的下面。

Link mechanismLinkages include garage door mechanisms, car wiper mechanisms, gear shift mechanisms. They are a very important part of mechanical engineering which is given very little attention...A link is defined as a rigid body having two or more pairing elements which connect it to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting force or motion . In every machine, at least one link either occupies a fixed position relative to the earth or carries the machine as a whole along with it during motion. This link is the frame of the machine and is called the fixed link.An arrangement based on components connected by rotary or sliding interfaces only is called a linkage. These type of connections, revolute and prismatic, are called lower pairs. Higher pairs are based on point line or curve interfaces.Examples of lower pairs include hinges rotary bearings, slideways , universal couplings. Examples of higher pairs include cams and gears.Kinematic analysis, a particular given mechanism is investigated based on the mechanism geometry plus factors which identify the motion such as input angular velocity, angular acceleration, etc. Kinematic synthesis is the process of designing a mechanism to accomplish a desired task. Here, both choosing the types as well as the dimensions of the new mechanism can be part of kinematic synthesis.Planar, Spatial and Spherical MechanismsA planar mechanism is one in which all particles describe plane curves is space and all of the planes are co-planar.. The majority of linkages and mechanisms are designed as planer systems. The main reason for this is that planar systems are more convenient to engineer. Spatial mechanisma are far more complicated to engineer requiring computer synthesis. Planar mechanisms ultilising only lower pairs are called planar linkages. Planar linkages only involve the use of revolute and prismatic pairsA spatial mechanism has no restrictions on the relative movement of the particles. Planar and spherical mechanisms are sub-sets of spatial mechanisms..Spatial mechanisms / linkages are not considered on this pageSpherical mechanisms has one point on each linkage which is stationary and the stationary point of all the links is at the same location. The motions of all of the particles in the mechanism are concentric and can be repesented by their shadow on aspherical surface which is centered on the common location..Spherical mechanisms/linkages are not considered on this pageMobilityAn important factor is considering a linkage is the mobility expressed as the number of degrees of freedom. The mobility of a linkage is the number of input parameters which must be controlled independently in order to bring the device to a set position. It is possible to determine this from the number of links and the number and types of joints which connect the links...A free planar link generally has 3 degrees of freedom (x , y, θ ). One link is always fixed so before any joints are attached the number of degrees of freedom of a linkage assembly with n links = DOF = 3 (n-1)Connecting two links using a joint which has only on degree of freedom adds two constraints. Connecting two links with a joint which has two degrees of freedom include 1 restraint to the systems. The number of 1 DOF joints = say j 1 and the number of joints with two degrees of freedom = say j 2.. The Mobility of a system is therefore expressed as mobility = m = 3 (n-1) - 2 j 1 - j 2Examples linkages showing the mobility are shown below..A system with a mobility of 0 is a structure. A system with a mobility of 1 can be fixed in position my positioning only one link. A system with a mobility of 2 requires two links to be positioned to fix the linkage position..This rule is general in nature and there are exceptions but it can provide a very useful initial guide as the the mobility of an arrangement of links...Grashof's LawWhen designing a linkage where the input linkage is continuously rotated e.g. driven by a motor it is important that the input link can freely rotate through complete revolutions. The arrangement would not work if the linkage locks at any point. For the four bar linkage Grashof's law provides a simple test for this conditionGrashof's law is as follows:For a planar four bar linkage, the sum of the shortest and longest links cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining links if there is to becontinuous relative rotation between two members.Referring to the 4 inversions of a four bar linkage shown below ..Grashof's law states that one of the links (generally the shortest link) will be able to rotate continuously if the following condition is met...b (shortest link ) + c(longest link) < a + dFour Inversions of a typical Four Bar LinkageNote: If the above condition was not met then only rocking motion would be possible for any link..Mechanical Advantage of 4 bar linkageThe mechanical advantage of a linkage is the ratio of the output torque exerted by the driven link to the required input torque at the driver link. It can be proved that the mechanical advantage is directly proportional to Sin( β ) the angle between the coupler link(c) and the driven link(d), and is inversely proportional to sin( α ) the angle between the driver link (b) and the coupler (c) . These angles are not constant so it is clear that the mechanical advantage is constantly changing.The linkage positions shown below with an angle α = 0 o and 180 o has a near infinite mechanical advantage. These positions are referred to as toggle positions. These positions allow the 4 bar linkage to be used a clamping tools.The angle β is called the "transmission angle". As the value sin(transmission angle) becomes small the mechanical advantage of the linkage approaches zero. In these region the linkage is very liable to lock up with very small amounts of friction. When using four bar linkages to transfer torque it is generally considered prudent to avoid transmission angles below 450 and 500.In the figure above if link (d) is made the driver the system shown is in a locked position. The system has no toggle positions and the linkage is a poor design Freudenstein's EquationThis equation provides a simple algebraic method of determining the position of an output lever knowing the four link lengths and the position of the input lever. Consider the 4 -bar linkage chain as shown below..The position vector of the links are related as followsl1 + l2 + l3 + l4 = 0Equating horizontal distancesl 1cos θ 1 + l 2cos θ 2 + l 3cos θ 3 + l 4cos θ 4 = 0Equating Vertical distancesl 1sin θ 1 + l 2sin θ 2 + l 3sin θ 3 + l 4sin θ 4 = 0Assuming θ 1 = 1800then sin θ 1= 0 and cosθ 1 = -1 Therefore- l 1 + l 2cosθ 2 + l 3cosθ 3 + l 4cos θ 4 = 0and .. l 2sin θ 2 + l 3sin θ 3 + l 4sin θ 4 = 0Moving all terms except those containing l 3 to the RHS and Squaring both sidesl 32 cos 2θ 3 = (l 1 - l 2cos θ 2 - l 4cos θ 4 ) 2l 32 sin 2θ 3 = ( - l 2sin θ 2 - l 4sin θ 4) 2Adding the above 2 equations and using the relationshipscos ( θ 2 - θ 4) = cos θ 2cos θ 4+ sin θ 2sin θ 4 ) and sin2θ + cos2θ = 1the following relationship results..Freudenstein's Equation results from this relationship asK 1cos θ 2 + K2cos θ 4 + K 3= cos ( θ 2 - θ 4 )K1 = l1 / l4K2 = l 1 / l 2K3 = ( l 32 - l 12 - l 22 - l 2 4 ) / 2 l 2 l 4This equation enables the analytic synthesis of a 4 bar linkage. If three position of the output lever are required corresponding to the angular position of the input lever at three positions then this equation can be used to determine the appropriate lever lengths using three simultaneous equations...Velocity Vectors for LinksThe velocity of one point on a link must be perpendicular to the axis of the link, otherwise there would be a change in length of the link.On the link shown below B has a velocity of v AB= ω.AB perpendicular to A-B." The velocity vector is shown...Considering the four bar arrangement shown below. The velocity vector diagram is built up as follows:∙As A and D are fixed then the velocity of D relative to A = 0 a and d are located at the same point∙The velocity of B relative to a is v AB= ω.AB perpendicular to A-B. This is drawn to scale as shown∙The velocity of C relative to B is perpedicular to CB and passes through b∙The velocity of C relative to D is perpedicular to CD and passes through d∙The velocity of P is obtained from the vector diagram by using the relationship bp/bc = BP/BCThe velocity vector diagram is easily drawn as shown...Velocity of sliding Block on Rotating LinkConsider a block B sliding on a link rotating about A. The block is instantaneously located at B' on the link..The velocity of B' relative to A = ω.AB perpendicular to the line. The velocity of B relative to B' = v. The link block and the associated vector diagram is shown below..Acceleration Vectors for LinksThe acceleration of a point on a link relative to another has two components:∙1) the cen tripetal component due to the angular velocity of the link.ω 2.Length∙2) the tangential component due to the angular acceleration of the link....∙The diagram below shows how to to construct a vector diagram for the acceleration components on a single link.The centripetal acceleration ab' = ω 2.AB towards the centre of rotation. The tangential component b'b = α. AB in a direction perpendicular to the link..The diagram below shows how to construct an acceleration vector drawing for a four bar linkage.∙For A and D are fixed relative to each other and the relative acceleration = 0 ( a,d are together )∙The acceleration of B relative to A are drawn as for the above link∙The centripetal acceleration of C relative to B = v 2CB and is directed towards B ( bc1 )∙The tangential acceleration of C relative to B is unknown but its direction is known∙The centripetal acceleration of C relative to D = v 2CD and is directed towards d( dc2)∙The tangential acceleration of C relative to D is unknown but its direction is known.∙The intersection of the lines through c1 and c 2 locates cThe location of the acceleration of point p is obtained by proportion bp/bc =BP/BC and the absolute acceleration of P = apThe diagram below shows how to construct and acceleration vector diagram for a sliding block on a rotating link..The link with the sliding block is drawn in two positions..at an angle dωThe velocity of the point on the link coincident with B changes from ω.r =a b 1to ( ω + dω) (r +dr) = a b 2The change in velocity b1b2has a radial component ωr d θ and a tangential component ωdr + r dωThe velocity of B on the sliding block relative to the coincident point on the link changes from v = a b 3 to v + dv = a b 4.The change in velocity = b3b4 which has radial components dv and tangential components v d θThe total change in velocity in the radial direction = dv- ω r d θRadial acceleration = dv / dt = ω r d θ / dt = a - ω2 rThe total change in velocity in the tangential direction = v dθ + ω dr + r αTang ential acceleration = v dθ / dt + ω dr/dt + r d ω / dt= v ω + ω v + r α = α r + 2 v ωThe acceleration vector diagram for the block is shown belowNote : The term 2 v ω representing the tangential acceleration of the block relative to the coincident point on the link is called the coriolis component and results whenever a block slides along a rotating link and whenever a link slides through a swivelling block连杆机构连杆存在于车库门装置，汽车擦装置，齿轮移动装置中。

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：裴吉星学号： 052116292015年 4 月 6 日外文原文The Stereo Garagege1.1An overview of the stereo garageVehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social,economic and transport development to a certain extent the result,Garage Equipment development in foreign counties,especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years.Whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success.China is also in the beginning of tht 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment,which was 10years in the past.Because a lot of new residentd in the district with the ratio of 1:1.To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle’s unique characheristics,the majority of users have been accepted.Compared with the traditional natural underground garage,Machinery garage demonstrates its superiority in many respects.First,the mechanical garage must elapse enough lanes,the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters,If the use of double-mechanical garage,which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%,If using ground multi-storey(21 storey),three-dimensional garage,50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40cars,which can greatly save the limited land resources,Civil and save demelopment costs. To underground garage,Mechanical garage can be more effective to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location,the entire electronic control equipment would not operate.It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking,it also can remove the heating ventilation;therefore,Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower.Mechanical garage don’t usually do complete system,but as a single machine containers.This will give full play to its small space,the adwantages of decentralized,Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building.This garage of the district can solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions right now.Currently,three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms:lifting and transferring,aisle stacking garage,vertical garage,vertical cycle,box-level cycle,the level of circulating round.1.1.1Lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design,each module can be designed into two,three,four levels,the five-story,swmi-submerged in various forms,such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds.Three-dimensional garage applies to the ground and underground car parks,configuration flexibility and cost is low.1.Product fratures:⑴Save land,the configuration flexibility,and shorter construction period.⑵Low prices,firefighting and exterior decoration,with a total investment on smallfoundations.⑶Use automatic control,simple structure,safe and reliable.⑷Access to a quick,short waiting time.⑸Run a smooth,low noise⑹Applies to commercial,offices,and residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2.Safety devices:anti-dropping device,a photoelectric sensor,spacing protectors, Emergency stop switch.1.1.2Aisle stacking garageAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles.All vehicles are stacking machine access,so the techinal requirements for stacker higher,a single stacker cost is higher.So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage need a few more customers.1.1.3Vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layout spaces.Generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away.Vertical Garage generally higher high(tens of meters),safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high,high cost,but has the smallest area.1.1.4Vertical cycleProduct features:⑴cover an area of small;two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.⑵The decoration can be added only roof,fire hydrants available.⑶Low prices,foundation.external decoration,fire and other small investmentmshort construction periods.⑷Use automatic control,safe and reliable operation.2.1The stereo garage automatic control systemThe modern large-scale building mainstream is intelligent mansion and community.So,automated parking equipment or garage automatic control system will become intelligent mansion and an important part of community.Simple,fast,easy to use,safe,reliable.and less maintenance,to provide users with a safe,easy to use equipment operating conditions , vehicles parked in time , vehicle storage Malaysia,Garage storage capacity.Vehicles kept high and low peaks,and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator,and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information,thus achieving all the intelligent management.Buliding and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associate with social nerworking functions.Information released to the collection coming out or expands utilization of the garage social and economic benefits.This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems:automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system,automatic gate,control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room,for customers planning Garage form of management,Published garage inventory capacity,traffic control program.2.1The stereo garage automatic control systemThe modern large-scale building mainstream is intelligent mansion and community.So,automated parking equipment or garage automatic control system will become intelligentmansion and an important part of community.Simple,fast,easy to use,safe,reliable,and less maintenance,to provide users with a safe,easy to use environment operating conditions,vehicles parked in time,vehicle storage Malaysia,garage storage capacity.Vehicles kept high and low peaks,and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator,and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control,management information,thus achieving all the intelligent management.Buliding and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associate with networking rmation released to the collection coming out or expands utilization of the parage social and economic benefits.This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems:automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system,automatic Gate,control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room,for customers planning Garage form of management,Published garage inventory capacity,traffic control program.2.1.1Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charge adopts contactless IC card.IC card points long-term card and the stored-card.For fixed users,the issue of long-term cards,the cost of fixed users pays management fees paid together;on the temporary users,issue stored-value cards,namely:the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.2.1.2Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system is generally controlled by small PLC.Including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars ers enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards,reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system,PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location,the garage door opened,shorten the time access to cars.Truck drivers light singles in accordance with be normal light-Kai.Access car after thr completion of the garage doors shut down automatically.Mobile site contains car,the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state,including long signal detection,Detection in place,the position detection limit,officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection.If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage,all vehicles disc will contain no ancion.If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared.Above,signals are hardware signals,in addition,the software can also be installed to control signal protection,such as the protection of the time,to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to singal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.2.1.3Remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN,MODEN through remote management,monitoring the operation of the scane,when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management,e-office secutity personnel.2.1.4Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader,and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards,the system automatically discriminates validity of the card,if valid,the Gate open automatically,through induction coils,Automatic self-closing fence;If invalid,the Gate is not open,sound and alarm.2,1,5Monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions.It has motion detection,licence plate recognition,network connections,different types of alarm systems linkage,and other functions,can be achieved unguarded.System catalog:Video monitoring function:the garage entrances,and the duty,the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras.On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms,in order toachieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring.If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions:setting up the night in the garage of motion diction retion,detecting when there a moving target,Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs. LPR functions:it can set up the garage lighr vehicle license plates,vehicle.When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance,the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation,issued awarning signal and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage function:all can move even the police mainframe,if activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions:it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image to enlarge and local amplification,recording,playback,backup can be conducted all kinds of information. Reportedly,has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage.Taking into account the cost and maintenance,the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment,mass storage mechanical garage also rarely.Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following:1、The sense of light yellow instructions garage operationRed lamp was ongoing operating instructions,please wait;Green light is currentlyno operating instructions,can operate;yellow light instructions were to fail,the garage cannot work.2、The operationDriver of vehicles enter from the garage entrance.At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards,induction process completed,the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage.The fence shut down automatically after vehicles entering.Card is the controller to read spaces,corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location,Automatic garage door open units.Car drivers entering and parking in place,Latin hand brake,alighted out of the garage,using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down pleted deposit truck operators.3、Collect the car operationDriver entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact secsors Reader formor regionalshaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces,corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site qautomatically transfer vehicle location,Automatic garage door open modules,drivers entering the garage and drive out,in the garage exit of the automatic reader receive information,Host controller cutomatically recorded,prepaid,automatically raising the fence,the driver drove the playing field,appeared after fencing to shut down automatically.Meanwhile,Controller automatically read spaces,corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically.Vehicle operation finished. The garage has a complete self-protection device in the course of operation.A series of photoelectric switches,proximity switches,trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role;falling unique defense installations,broken rope warning device,speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played.Detection of long vehicles,vehicle parking is not in place detection,and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.翻译立体车库1.1立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30-40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。

2012届学生毕业论文（设计）存档编号：毕业论文（设计）论文题目：旋转式停车机构的研究与设计【英文】：rotary parking mechanism research and design系部：机电与建筑工程学部专业：机械设计及自动化姓名：学号：指导老师：2012年月日承诺书本人的毕业论文（设计）无剽窃、剽窃现象。

本人熟知学校对毕业论文（设计）剽窃、剽窃现象按作弊处置，对已毕业的学生，学校将追回毕业证和学位证书。

如本人毕业论文（设计）有以上违纪现象，所造成的知识产权等纠纷，一切后果由本人承担。

许诺人：_2021年月日摘要立体车库是专门实现各类车辆的自动停放及科学寄放的仓储设施。

随着城市汽车保有量的不断增加，停车难问题己经成为大中型城市的一个普遍现象。

机械式立体车库可充分利用上地资源，发挥空间优势，最大限度地停放车辆，成为解决城市静态交通问题的重要途径。

通过对市场上各类立体车库的调研提出一种新的立体车库结构设计方案。

综合考虑立体车库制造本钱、运行效率、空间利用率。

此新机械结构的设计是在对国内外车库现状及进展趋势做了充分调研的基础上提出来的。

立体车库组成大致可分为三大部份：车库机械结构部份、传动机构部份和操纵系统部份。

本文重点介绍了车库的主体结构设计和特点，对车库的操纵系统也作了简单的说明。

为了使停车设备知足利用要求，依照国家关于机械式停车设备通用平安要求的标准、起落横移式立体车库的实际，在起落横移式立体车库中利用了一些必要的平安技术，如此保证了车辆的绝对平安，使得整个车库能够平安平稳的运行。

关键词：立体车库，操纵系统，机械结构AbstractSolid the garage is in the implementation of the automatic vehicle parking and scientific check the warehousing is becoming a big problem with more and more car in the big city.mechanics solid the garage to make full use of space uwachi resources, the maximum parking to solve traffic problem of urban static so many survey about all kind of solid garage we come up with a new consider of the manufacturing cost,operating efficiency,space utilization.The new mechanical structure design is in the domestic and international current situation and development trend of Garage Based on sufficient investigation carried out.Stereo garage composition can be roughly divided into three parts: the garage mechanical structure, transmission parts and control system.This paper introduces the main structure and characteristics of the design of garage, the garage control system also made a simple description. In order to make parking equipment to meet the use requirements, according to the country about mechanical parking equipment General requirements for safety standards, up-down and translation stereo garage is actual, in the up-down and translation stereo garage to use some safety technique, so as to ensure the absolute safety of vehicles, the garage can be safe and steady operation. Keyword: Stereo garage,Control system,Mechanical structure目录目录 ................................................................................................... - 1 -第一章绪论 ....................................................................................... - 1 -课题背景和意义 ........................................... - 1 -立体车库的进展概况 ....................................... - 2 -旋转立体车库方案的提出.................................... - 3 -通过对国内外的车库进展情形，尤其国内此刻立体车库处于进展的初期，存在一些问题。

译文原文题目：Three-dimensional garage 译文题目：立体车库学院：电子信息学院专业班级：测控技术与仪器09级2班学生姓名：学号：原文：Three-dimensional garage1.A three-dimensional outlines garage ：Vehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social, economic and transport development to a certain extent the result, Garage Equipment development in foreign countries, especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years. whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success. China is also in the beginning of the 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment, which was 10 years in the past. As many new households within the district and the parking ratio of 1:1. To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle's unique characteristics, the majority of users have been accepted. Machinery garage with the traditional natural underground garage, in many respects to demonstrate its superiority. First, the mechanical garage with a prominent section of superiority. Past due to the underground garage must elapse enough lanes, the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters, If the use of double-mechanical garage, which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%, If using ground multi-storey (21 storeys), three-dimensional garage, 50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40 cars, which can greatly save the limited land resources, Civil and save development costs.Mechanical garage and underground garage can be more effective than to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location, the entire electronic control equipment would not operate. It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking, but also can remove the heating, ventilation, therefore, Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower. Machinery sets are usually not in the garage, but a single from the packaging. This will give full play to its smallspace, the advantages of decentralized, Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building. This garage right now the district to solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions.Currently, three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms : lifting and transferring, tunnel-stacker, vertical-type, Vertical circulation, box-level cycle, the level of circulating round.(1) lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design, each module can be designed into two, three, four levels, the five-story, semi-submerged in various forms, such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. This applies three-dimensional garage on the ground and underground car parks, configuration flexibility and low cost.1. Product features :1) save land, the configuration flexibility, shorter construction period.2) low prices, firefighting and exterior decoration, with a total investment on small foundations.3) use automatic control, simple structure, safe and reliable.4) access to a quick, short waiting times.5) Run a smooth, low noise.6) applies to commercial, offices, residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2. Safety devices : anti-dropping device, a photoelectric sensor, spacing protectors, emergency stop switch.(2) - Roadway StackerAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles, All vehicles are stacking machine access, so the Stacker higher technical requirements, single stacker higher costs So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage needs a few more customers.(3) vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layoutspaces. generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away. Vertical Garage generally higher high (tens of meters), safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high, high cost, but has the smallest area.(4) Vertical cycleProduct features :1) covers an area of small, two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.2) The decoration can be added only roof, fire hydrants available.3) low prices, foundation, external decoration, fire and other small investment, short construction periods.4) use automatic control, safe and reliable operation.2.three-dimensional garage automatic control system :Large modern architectural mainstream intelligent buildings and residential communities. So auto-parking garage equipment or automatic control system will become intelligent buildings and residential communities an important component of pm. Simple, fast, easy to use, safe, reliable, and less maintenance, to provide users with a safe, easy to use environment, This is auto-parking feature of the basic equipment. All parking equipment operating conditions, vehicles parked in time, vehicle storage Malaysia, garage storage capacity. Vehicles kept high and low peaks, and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator, and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information, thus achieving all the intelligent management. Building and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associated with social networking functions. Information released to the collection coming out or expand utilization of the garage social and economic benefits. This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems : automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system, automatic Gate, control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room, for customers planning Garage form of management, Published garage inventory capacity, traffic control program.(1) Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charging non-contact IC cards. IC cards with the long-card two. For fixed users, the issue of long-term cards, the cost of fixed users pay management fees paid together; On the temporary users, issue stored-value cards, namely : the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.(2) Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system generally small PLC control. including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars process. Users enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards, reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system, PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location, the garage door opened, shorten the time access to cars. Cun truck drivers light signals in accordance with the guidelines created only when vehicles parked in a safe location, Parking will be normal light-Kai. Access car after the completion of the garage doors shut down automatically. Mobile site contains car, the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state, including long signal detection, Detection in place, the position detection limit, officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection. If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage, all vehicles disc will contain no action, If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared. Above signals are hardware signals, in addition, the software can also be installed to control signal protection, such as the protection of the time, to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to signal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.(3) remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN, MODEN through remote management, monitoring theoperation of the scene, when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management, e-office security personnel.(4) Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader, and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards, the system automatically discriminant validity of the card, if valid, the Gate open automatically, through induction coils, Automatic self-closing fence; If invalid, the Gate is not open, and sound and light alarm.(5) monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions. It has motion detection, license plate recognition, network connections, different types of alarm systems linkage, and other functions, can be achieved unguarded.System :Video monitoring function : the garage entrances, and the duty, the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras, On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms, in order to achieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring. If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions : setting up the night in the garage of motion detection region, detecting when there are a moving target, Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs.LPR functions : it can set up the garage light vehicle license plates, vehicle. When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance, the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation, issued a warning signal, and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage functions : all can move even the police mainframe, If activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions : it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image toenlarge and local amplification, recording, playback, backup can be conducted all kinds of information.Reportedly, has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage. Taking into account the cost and maintenance, the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment, mass storage mechanical garage also rarely. Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following :1) The sense of light yellow instructions garage operation.Red lamp was ongoing operating instructions, please wait; Green light is currently no operating instructions, can operate; yellow light instructions were to fail, the garage can not work.2) Stores in operationDrivers of vehicles entering from the garage entrance. At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards, induction process completed, the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage. Vehicles, fencing to shut down automatically. Card is the controller to read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open units. Car drivers entering and parking in place, Latin hand brake, alighted out of the garage, using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down automatically. Completed deposit truck operators.3) the operatorDrivers entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open modules, drivers entering the garage and drive out, in the garage exit of the automatic reader before induction regional dazzle your own IC cards, sensors finished, the reader receive information, Host controller automatically recorded, prepaid, automatically raising the fence, the driver drove the playing field, appeared after fencing to shut down automatically.Meanwhile, Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically. Vehicle operation finished.Garage in the course of operation, a complete self-protection devices. A series of photoelectric switches, proximity switches, trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role; Falling unique defense installations, broken rope warning device, speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played. Detection of long vehicles, vehicle parking is not in place detection, and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.Garage is a hot topic in large and medium-sized cities. State Economic and Trade Commission, "city Solid Garage" as "the recent focus on the development of technology industries." With the continuous increase in domestic cars, trucks contradictions exist in public places and communities, the problem will become increasingly conspicuous green vehicles crowded. in the awareness of the environment and enhance the quality of life when the "garage" is becoming a hot topic. Automated machinery garage will be in the development of new developments and commercial agents.译文：立体车库车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济和交通发展到一定程度的结果，车库设备在国外发展，尤其是在日本近30—40年。

立体仓库中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)由一个单一的存储/检索机服务的多巷道自动化立体仓库存在的拣选分拣问题摘要随着现代化科技的发展，仓库式存储系统在设计与运行方面出现了巨大的改革。

自动化立体仓库（AS / RS）嵌入计算机驱动正变得越来越普遍。

由于AS / RS 使用的增加对计算机控制的需要与支持也在提高。

这项研究解决了在多巷道立体仓库的拣选问题，在这种存储/检索（S / R）操作中，每种货物可以在多个存储位置被寻址到。

提出运算方法的目标是，通过S/R系统拣选货物来最大限度的减少行程时间。

我们开发的遗传式和启发式算法，以及通过比较从大量的问题中得到一个最佳的解决方案。

关键词：自动化立体仓库，AS / RS系统，拣选，遗传算法。

1.言在现今的生产环境中，库存等级保持低于过去。

那是因为这种较小的存储系统不仅降低库存量还增加了拣选货物的速度。

自动化立体仓库（AS / RS），一方面通过提供快速响应，来达到高操作效率；另一方面它还有助于运作方面的系统响应时间，减少的拣选完成的总行程时间。

因此，它常被用于制造业、储存仓库和分配设备等行业中。

拣选是仓库检索功能的基本组成部分。

它的主要目的是，在预先指定的地点中选择适当数量的货物以满足客户拣选要求。

虽然拣选操作仅仅是物体在仓储中装卸操作之一，但它却是“最耗时间和花费最大的仓储功能。

许多情形下，仓储盈利的高低就在于是否能将拣选操作运行处理好”。

（Bozer和White）Ratliff和Rosenthal，他们关于自动化立体仓库系统（AS/RS）的拣选问题进行的研究，发明了基图算法，在阶梯式布局中选取最短的访问路径。

Roodbergen 和de Koster 拓展了Ratliff 和Rosenthal算法。

他们认为，在平行巷道拣选问题上，应该穿越巷道末端和中间端进行拣选，就此他们发明了一种动态的规划算法解决这问题。

就此Van den Berg 和Gademann发明了一种运输模型(TP)，它是对于指定的存储和卸载进行测算的仪器。

Status of the development of solid garageStereo garage is the storage which is used for automatic parking and scientific storage of kinds of automobile. As the quantity of urban automobile has increased continuously in nowadays ,the hard-to-park problem has become a common phenomenon. Mechanical stereo garage can use land resource sufficiently and bring space advantage into play and maximize the number of parking cars. It has become an important way for static traffic problem of cities. The issue studies the type mechanical parking system which named up-down and translation stereo garage, and regards of the two factors of manufacture and operational efficiency synthetically.On the basis of investigation on current situation and developing trend of garage in domestic and abroad, we choose three-layer and three-formulistic garage structure as the research model. According to the form of the dragging-forms of multi player up-down and translation ear-base, it is made of three pares -part of ear-base structure part of driving-framework and part of control system. The paper simply introduces main structure and characteristics of garage and also gives a short introduction to its control system. The finite element reliability checking of steel structure of garage is utilized according to the operation principle of up-down and translation stereo garage, the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage the mechanics was used to comprehensively analyze the up-down and translation stereo garage. Including intension of the framework structure axes etc. The paper adopted PLC as control system in designing the up-down and translation stereo garage, PLC software of OMRON company was used to weave the program of control system, through debugging running. The result proved that adopted PLC as control system is simple and easy to realize. The characteristic of stabilization ,credibility , speediness and high capability made the control system very perfection of mechanical parking systems-general safety requirement and the facts of the up-down and translation stereo garage the paper introduced some safety technique which was used in the up-down and translation stereo garage. This can ensure absolute safety for car and make the whole stereo garage safety and running smooth .On the base of the project "Optimal design of the mechanisms in the stereoscopic garage"，some mechanisms in the lift park garage has been designed optimally. At the first, we established the running mode and the structure of the mechanisms adapted to the running mode. And then, we chose the immobile comb as the parking space andthe steel structure framework as support, the optimal design on the two mechanisms was carried through. The optimal design on the immobile comb and the steel structure framework was carried through with augmented multipliers method. At the end, the result of the optimal design is that the immobile comb will be more reasonable and decreased the whole weight of the garage and the load of the steel structure framework, and the weight of the steel structure framework become more light.With the rapid development of shanghai ,the settlement of the difficult of parking of shanghai has already reached the very urgent stage. In the city center where every inch of land is precious ,especially the area which such vehicles as the hotel ,market ,shopping center location ,etc. Dr.eye.concentrate ,can only develop to the sky ,to underground ,so has built and already to a great deal of three-dimensional garage parking reached the essential stage ,at the same time there are many advantages too in the three-dimensional garage parking.First ,economize the space. Generally speaking ,its floor space is about 1/2~1/25 of the level parking area ,machinery type "three-dimensional" .The garage can both be installed with ground underground ,the greatest advantage can fully utilize the small area to develop to the high altitude, try one's best to store more vehicles ,the place that the land resource in short supply ,the vehicle is big in capacity to park in the way best. For example ,are most suitable for using "vertical circulation" on the limited residential quarter ground on the space three-dimensional garage of the type. 8 storey s of every groups of this kind of garage ,that is to say ,only parked the three-dimensional garage built up on the area of a car and park 8 cars originally.Second ,automation is controlled ,easy to use. The three-dimensional automatic degree of garage parking is very high ,can hoist or lower the rotatory type ,for example ,district residents come off duty and park ,so long as according to the number that the brass-wind instrument is corresponding with the parking stall ,this parking stall will be rotated and landed to the ground ,after the car owner parks the good vehicle ,and then according to the number ,the parking stall circles round and rises ,restored to the throne again. From a complete set and install the intellectual administrative system of the parking area after installing the large-scale underground parking of the three-dimensional garage ,go on one on duty to manage hour through professional staff member of technical training.Third ,three-dimensional garage build cost lower than the traditional parking area greatly. It is reported, the occupation of land and building cost in the traditional parking area is quite high. Do not generally get on very well ,ordinary each occupation of land in the parking stall ,about 15 square meters ,the floors ,the floor space of each parking stall of underground parking is above 25 square meters at least on the ground. If use the three-dimensional garage parking, can park one group and 8 parking stalls of three-dimensional garage parking on the vacant lot of 30 square meters ,the average floor space of each parking stall is less than 4 square meters. In respect to building cost ,the house property developer of the district builds an underground parking stall to need to invest 60,000-80,000 yuan at present ,the construction cost of some top-grade underground parking stalls of office building is up to more than ten ten thousand yuan especially. If install the three-dimensional garage ,is it increase parking stall is can cost stand thin to reach 50,000-60,000 yuan each construction of parking stall to try one's best in a situation that the area of space does not change.Fourth, it is safe and reliable and beautifying the environment. Allocate the automatic detection system, various kings of sage organizations, autoalarm , fire-fighting system and other stick precautions facility. The automobile will not damage , loses. Suit measures to local conditions, utilize fragmentary vacant lot , shape beautiful garage beyond mix ,beautify the urban environment.。

Quick fix: replacement of an old wooden bridge in St Petersburg was completed earlier this year.Rising traffic levels and development demands led to an old tramway bridge being rebuilt as a cable-stayed crossing in the Russian city of St Petersburg. The new Lazarevsky Bridge across the Malaya Nevka was opened to traffic earlier this year, replacing an old wooden structure which was built for trams but recently had only been used by pedestrians.The bridge is located in Petrograd district and connects Krestovsky and Petrogradsky Islands along Pionerskaya and Sportivnaya Streets, both of which are importanat links for local traffic. When it was built in 1949, the crossing was called the Koltovsky Bridge, after the adjacent Malaya Nevka river embankment. But in 1952, it was renamed to commemorate the legendary Russian admiral Mikhail Lazarev. The embankment and the bridge were redesignated the Admiral Lazarev Embankment and Lazarevsky Bridge respectively.Built to the design of engineer VV Blazhevich, the original bridge had 11 spans, the central one being a single-leaf drawspan. It was originally designed for trams and was the only tramway bridge in the city at that time. Its total length was 141m and its width was 11m, the deck consisting of metal baulks and wooden plank flooring. The timber post piers rested on piled foundations of steel pipes. But in 2002 the tramway was closed and since then, the bridge has only been used by pedestrians.Its location meant that Lazarevsky Bridge served the western part of the city--the Petrograd districts including Krestovsky island. All the road traffic to Krestovsky island used the main Krestovsky Bridge which as a consequence was considerably overloaded. Since the Lazarevsky Bridge carried no vehicular traffic it was not considered part of the road network of the district. But plans to build a new stadium at the Seaside Victory Park on Krestovsky Island just 3km from the bridge site meant that a reliable transport connection to the rest of the city was required. The local authority decided that reconstruction of the Lazarevsky Bridge was the best way to provide this.The size of new bridge was determined based on the predicted traffic levels, taking into account the prospective development of the district. According to the forecast, the annual average daily traffic intensity on Lazarevsky Bridge will rise to 16,000 vehicles per day by 2025. Peak loads occur during major sporting events at the stadium when the bridge will be required to help relieve the area of traffic within one hour. This traffic flow includes 4,500 to 5,000 cars, so even if the Petrovsky Bridge were to be rebuilt, the Lazarevsky Bridge needed two lanes of traffic in both directions in order to do this.Taking into consideration the fact that the timber structures of the bridge had been in use for more than 55 years, if the bridge reconstruction had been restricted to the widening and strengthening of the existing superstructure and piers, it would not have ensured the longevity of the fixed bridge and might have led to high operation costs. Another consideration was that the appearance of a multi-span structure with bulky piers would not have fitted into the architectural style that is emerging with construction of modern buildings on Krestovsky Island and the adjacentembankments.As a result, the decision was taken to completely demolish the existing bridge and replace it with a new structure on the same alignment. As part of the project, some of Sportivnaya Street on the right bank had to be widened, and improvement of the adjacent area was also included.The history of the project dates back more than a decade to 1998, when JSC Institute Strojproect won the tender to carry out a feasibility study into the reconstruction of Lazarevsky Bridge and its approaches.Even at this time, the architect Igor Serebrennikov had developed an original architectural concept of the bridge which involved use of a cable-stayed system. This concept was approved by the city's committee for development but financial problems meant that the design was suspended for seven years before it resumed.In 2003, the project was included in the target programme of design and survey works, and the tender for design development was officially announced. Again these works were awarded to JSC Institute Strojproect. The reconstruction design was completed in 2007 and was received positively by the State Expert Review Board; construction began at the end of that year.The structural concept of the bridge was approved based on the comparison of technical and economical options. One of the main restrictions was the strict limitation on the superstructure construction depth. On the one hand, it was limited by the need to maintain underbridge clearance for navigation, while on the other hand the deck level was governed by the height of Admiral Lazarev Embankment, which could not be raised, according to the requirements of the committee for protection of monuments.To meet these almost incompatible conditions it was necessary to make the longitudinal profile of the deck with a vertical curve of radius 1,000m, a radius which is allowable only for very constrained conditions. But even with this minimum vertical curve radius, the limitation for the deck construction depth remained fairly strict--it had to be 1.4m at the maximum. This condition could be met either by a classic five-span continuous beam scheme or by a cable-stayed system. The costs of both options are practically the same but the cable-stayed option was preferred as it was considered more attractive from the architectural point of view. Another benefit was that it would take less time for construction as there was no need for intermediate piers to be built in the river bed.The unconventional appearance of the structure, particularly the shape of the tower and its asymmetric arrangement with its single span, put demands on the design abilities of the engineers from JSC Institute Strojproect, requiring them to cope with non-standard problems. One such problem was the need to provide the required rigidity to the deck while at the same time minimising its weight in order to decrease the moments in the tower elements and balance the system. Hence a single-span cable-stayed bridge with steel deck, orthotropic carriageway slab and a steel tower was selected for construction. The deck is supported by two rows of stays, with five stays in each row. The cable stays pass through the tower and are anchored in the reinforced concrete slab of the counterweight which is located beyond the bridgeabutment on Krestovsky Island. The front arch of the tower, which is inclined towards the riverbed, carries the dead anchorages by which means the cable stays and backstays are secured. Tensioning of both sets of cables was carried out by means of active anchors located at the deck and in the counterweight slab. To minimise the total width of the deck, the anchorages are removed to the front surfaces of the main beams. The optimum force distribution in the tower elements was obtained by means of the arch shape that became sharper and elongated in the transverse section of the bridge.The deck consists of a system of longitudinal and transverse H-beams connected via the orthotropic slab with its U-shape stiffeners. The anchorages are located along the transverse beams. At the tower, the deck is rigidly fixed and at pier one it rests on Maurer spherical bearings. The steel part of the deck is made of low-alloy steel grade 10 and 15 and the tower of steel grade 10 (400MPa).The cable stays are VSL standard monostrands and each one is made up of from 50 to 73 strands. The total length of strand used in the bridge is about 31km. Meanwhile the bridge deck pavement consists of two layers of asphalt/concrete 40mm and 50mm placed over the Technoelastomost-S membrane waterproofing layer.The pier foundations are formed of high pile caps resting on bored piles driven deep into the bearing stratum of firm clay. Above the foundation top, the piers are made of cast in situ concrete and faced with granite.Construction was carried out by Mostootryad No 75, a branch of OAO Mostotrest No 6, while the steel deck structure was manufactured by JSC Zavod Metallokonstruktsiy and the steel tower structure was manufactured by NPO Mostovik.For development of the detail design the specialists of automation division of the Institute prepared complex 3-D models of the tower and cable stay anchorages in PRO-E software which were used for analysis and as a basis for the fabrication of the structures by NPO Mostovik. The use of this successful PRO-E modelling enabled the complicated tower structures to be manufactured within a relatively short time.Taking into consideration the constraints imposed on the bridge construction, JSC Institute Strojproect suggested some modifications to the detailed design. One such proposal was to replace the cable backstays of the tower with rigid ties made of low-alloy steel grade 10 which would be fixed rigidly at the tower arches and counterweight. Temporary supports would be installed under the deck anchorages These modifications allowed the erection of the back-stays to be considerably simplified, and would also eliminate the need to tension the backstays, cutting in half the time for the cable-stay installation.In addition it meant that the cable-stays supporting the deck could be tensioned in a single operation, once the asphalt and concrete pavement had been installed on the bridge. Analysis included successive tensioning of cable-stay pairs from the longest pair down to the shortest pair with the subsequent final tensioning of the two longest pairs. Apart from the forces, the vertical displacements of the deck at the 'breakaway' points on the temporary supports had to be controlled. The actual tensioning works were carried out in compliance with the design solutions. The data on the forces and displacements at each stage were handed over by the general contractor to thedesigners, and if necessary, the required corrections were introduced to the design. On the whole, the calculated data showed a high correlation with the actual parameters.In fact it took the general contractor only 17 months to complete construction of all the works involved in the bridge construction. The new cable-stayed bridge has fitted harmoniously into the surrounding landscape. By avoiding placement of intermediate piers in the riverbed it was possible to open up views along the Malaya Nevka. The arch tower acts as a symbolic gateway to the island and stands out distinctly against its background of sky and trees. The architectural expressiveness of the bridge is determined by the general asymmetrical composition and the dynamic shape of the tower formed by two inclined arches, a light and gently-curved deck, and the elegant outline of the cable stay arrangement. At night time, the appearance of the bridge is highlighted by architectural lighting.Tatiana Gurevich is project manager and Yuri Krylov is head of the structural steel department at JSC Institute Strojproect。

英语作文-探索停车服务行业的智慧停车解决方案与技术应用In the realm of urban mobility, parking stands out as a significant challenge, often causing frustration and congestion. However, advancements in technology are reshaping the landscape of parking services, paving the way for smarter solutions. Let's delve into the realm of intelligent parking solutions and their technological applications, exploring how they are revolutionizing the parking service industry.One of the most prominent innovations in the parking industry is the utilization of smart parking systems. These systems leverage various technologies such as sensors, cameras, and data analytics to provide real-time information about parking availability. By deploying sensors in parking spaces, these systems can detect whether a spot is occupied or vacant. This data is then relayed to a centralized platform, accessible to both parking operators and users through mobile applications or digital displays.Moreover, the integration of machine learning algorithms enables predictive analytics, allowing users to anticipate parking availability based on historical data and current trends. This proactive approach not only enhances user experience but also optimizes parking space utilization, reducing congestion and emissions associated with circling for parking.Furthermore, mobile payment solutions have transformed the parking experience, eliminating the hassle of carrying cash or searching for a payment kiosk. Users can simply pay for parking through mobile applications, facilitating seamless transactions and reducing the risk of fines due to expired meters. Additionally, some smart parking systems offer dynamic pricing based on demand, incentivizing users to choose less congested areas or off-peak hours, thus balancing parking demand across the city.In addition to improving user experience, smart parking solutions also offer significant benefits for parking operators and city planners. By harnessing data collected from parking sensors and user interactions, operators can gain insights into parkingpatterns, peak hours, and revenue generation. This data-driven approach enables better decision-making regarding infrastructure investments, pricing strategies, and policy implementations.Moreover, smart parking systems facilitate enforcement and compliance through automated license plate recognition (ALPR) technology. By seamlessly identifying vehicles in violation of parking regulations, authorities can efficiently enforce parking rules, deter illegal parking, and ensure fair access to parking spaces.Furthermore, the integration of smart parking with broader urban mobility initiatives such as public transit and ride-sharing services promotes multimodal transportation options. By providing seamless connectivity between different modes of transportation, cities can reduce dependency on private vehicles, alleviate traffic congestion, and improve air quality.In conclusion, the convergence of technology and urban planning has unlocked tremendous potential for transforming the parking service industry. Smart parking solutions offer a plethora of benefits, ranging from enhanced user experience and optimized space utilization to data-driven decision-making and sustainable urban mobility. As cities continue to evolve, embracing these intelligent parking solutions will be crucial in creating more efficient, accessible, and livable urban environments.。

立体车库外文翻译原文编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（立体车库外文翻译原文）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。

本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为立体车库外文翻译原文的全部内容。

AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATESADVANTAGES AND CRITERIARICHARD S。

BEEBE, DIRECTORPARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGCONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP， INC.55 E。

EUCLID AVE.， MT。

PROSPECT, IL 60056USAPRESENTEDATWORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM IIIST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 2001AUTOMATED PARKING – THE ENVIRONMENTALSOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGEADVANTAGES AND CRITERIAGUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENT♦The current state—of-the-art automated parking systems • Types• Capacities• Operating Systems• Site Area Criteria♦ Financial/Operating Advantages• Land Area and Savings•Operation’s Savings• Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security• Time and Motion♦ Environmental Advantages• Reduced Miles of Interior Travel• Reduced Emissions Production• Reduced Noise Generation• Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity ♦ System Applications• Location – Freestanding or Inside Buildings• Capacity and Structure Design• User Populations and Specific Needs• Traffic and Exterior Conditions♦ Typical Installations• Above Ground• Below Ground• Site and Operating Statistics♦ Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development• Parking Interests• Potential User Interests• International Media Attention• Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001INTRODUCTIONMechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U。