非谓语动词与从句
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非谓语动词与状语从句的转化非谓语动词与状语从句的转化状语从句是同学们在初中就掌握的内容,笔者现将非谓语动词与状语从句之间转换的规律作一归纳,帮助大家更好地掌握非谓语动词。
一、非谓语动词与时间状语从句间的转换。
1.当主、从句的主语一致,主、从句的谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生时,且从句中谓语动词是主动语态,可用现在分词的一般式转换。
如:When they heard the news,they jumped with joy.Hearing the news,they jumped with joy.当他们听到这则消息时, 高兴得跳了起来。
2.当主、从句的主语一致,从句中的动作发生在主句的动作之前或从句中谓语动词是完成时,可用现在分词的完成式转换。
如:After he(had)returned home,he began to work.Having returned home,he began to work.回到家以后, 他开始工作。
3.当主、从句主语一致时,由after,before,since,assoon as 等引导的从句可分别用after/before/since/on 加动名词短语转换。
如:Since I saw you last,Ihavebeen ill.Since seeing you last,Ihavebeen ill.自从我上次见你后, 就一直在生病。
As soon as he heard this,he couldn’t help crying.On hearing this,he couldn’t help cr ying.他一听到这事, 不禁哭了起来。
4.当主、从句主语一致时,以when,while 引导的从句,也可用when /while加现在分词短语转换。
如While we were walking alongtheriver, weheard someoneshouting.While walking along the river,we heard someone shouting.当我们正沿着河走时,我们听到有人喊叫。
从句与非谓语之间的转换一、当从句的主语与主句的主语一致(定语从句的主语与先行词一致),如果从句中是:1)从句用be动词作谓语be + doing; 省略be;(例10)be + done;省略be;(例4)be + 介词短语;省略be;(例2)be + 形容词 / 副词; be变为being;(例9)be + 名词; be变为being;(例1)2)如果从句中是其他行为动词作谓语是一般现在时或一般过去时就一律用doing的进行时化简;(例3)是完成时态或after引导的一般时态,用having done化简.(例7和11)二、当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,也可按上面第一条中方法化简复合句。
化简后的短语前加上原从句中的主语即可(既是独立主格结构)。
(例5、6、8)1.When he was a young boy,he used to ask lots of questions。
= Being a young boy, he used toask lots of questions.2.When he was in the classroom, he read his book aloud。
= In the classroom, he read his bookaloud。
3.They went to the teacher for help who taught them English. = They went to the teacher teachingthem English for help。
4.When the earth is seen from space, it looks like a huge water ball。
= Seen from space, theearth looks like a huge water ball。
5.When a guest comes to your room, you can say to him "H ave a seat, please”。
知识讲解知识点1:不定式〔短语〕与从句的关系1.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作主语,其功能相当于一个主语从句,因此二者之间可以转换。
(1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you)(2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.)(3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea.(= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)..2.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作宾语或宾补,相当于一个宾语从句(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语)(=when and where we should build a school)(2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see)(3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.).3.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作表语.,相当于一个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave)(2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding).4.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作定语.,相当于一个定语从句(1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. (=that is shortly to open in Beijing)(2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up.(=that grew up).5.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作目的.结果状语.,相当于一个目的.结果状语从句(1).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that)(2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…).6.【考查点】:不定式〔短语〕在句中作原因状语.,相当于一个原因状语从句(1).I trembled to think of being punished by the boss.(=because I though of being punished by the boss)(2).We were disappointed to have lost the game.(=that we have lost the game).知识点2:动名词〔短语〕与从句的关系1.【考查点】:动名词〔短语〕在句中作主语,相当于一个主语从句(1).Your going away (=That you went away) made the professor angry.(2).Mary’s not being made monitor (=That Mary was not made monitor ) made us sad. 被动的动名词在句中作主语时一般不能省(3).Being called a fool(=That he was called a fool) hurt Bob badly..2.【考查点】:动名词〔短语〕再句中作宾语或宾补语,相当于一个宾语从句(1).I remember being taken to Beijing(=that I was taken to Beijing) when I was five.(2).He admitted having married Mary to a soldier(=that he had married Mary to a soldier)..3.【考查点】:动名词〔短语〕在句中作表语.,相当于一个表语从句(1).My duty is serving the people heart and soul.=(that I’ll serve the people heart and soul).(2).The problem is his not having prepared his lessons for the exam.=〔that he hasn’t prepared his lessons fo r the exam〕.(3).The difficulty is Mary’s being caught between the two trees.=〔that Mary is caught between the two trees〕..4.【考查点】:介词+动名词〔短语〕,相当于一个从句(1).He was afraid of being scolded by his mistake.(=that he was…)(2).He was astonished at her knowing you.(=that she knew you)(3).We heard the news of our team having won.(=that our team had won).知识点3:分词〔短语〕与从句的关系1.【考查点】:分词〔短语〕作定语,相当于一个定语从句(1).The hospital was an old building built in 1931(=that was built in 1931).(2).Do you know the girl standing over there(=who is standing over there)?(3).The man speaking to us the other day(= who spoke to us the other day) has gone to Japan..2.【考查点】:分词独立结构,相当于一个状语从句,其中伴随状语多与并列句转换(1).Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow.(=If weather permits)(2).The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.(=When the dark clouds had disappeared)(3).The monitor being ill we’d better put the meting off.(=As the monitor was ill)(4).Other things being equal(=If other things are equal), I’d b uy the black dress.(5).Given more time(=If we were given more time), we could have done it better.(6).He came back, his hands tied to his back(=his hands were tied to his back)..3.【考查点】:分词短语,相当于一个状语从句(1).On arriving(=As soon as I arrive) there, I’ll te lephone you.〔时间〕(2).(While)waiting(=While I was waiting )for the bus, I caught sight of her.〔时间〕(3).Educated(=As he was educated ) by the party, he became a great fighter.〔原因〕(4).Not having received(=Because I hadn’t received an answer, I wrote to him again.〔原因〕(5).(If) given(=If we had been given )enough time, e could have done it better.〔条件〕(6).(Though) having made(=Though he had made) great achievements, he didn’t pride.(让步).4.【考查点】:分词短语作状语,可表伴随,结果,相当于and 的并列句,也可和with 转换(1).He died, leaving his daughter much money.(=and left)(2).The teacher entered the lab, followed by our students.(=and he was followed by our students =with us following him=and we followed him).5.【考查点】:分词短语在句中作宾语或宾语补足语,相当于一个宾语从句(1).He found the windows broken.(=He found that the windows were broken.)(2).I felt my heart beating fast at the news of bomb explosion.(=I felt that my heart was besting fast at the news of bomb explosion).知识点4:特殊转换1.【考查点】:动名词复合结构相当于从句(1).Sophia’s having seen them(=That Sophia had seen them) didn’t surprised us.(2).I can’t bear his (him) staying up so late(=that he stays up so late).(3).We encourage students’ living in the school(=that students live in the school).(4).What was disappointing was our not being able to go for a picnic (that we were not able to go for a picnic)..2.【考查点】:there+being+其他成分(1).There being nothing to do, we played games.(=Because there was nothing to do) (原因)(2).They closed the store, there being no customers.(=Because ther was no customers) (原因).四、例题精析【例题1】Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.A. enterB. to enterC. enteringD. entered【答案】B【解析】容易误选A。
从句与非谓语动词之间的转换非谓语动词和从句可以相互转换,那么如何将复合句改为简单句呢?首先,需要分清主从复合句,然后取消从句,一般要把引导从句的连词去掉。
例如,将"When he was waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"改为"Waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"。
其次,如果从句的谓语动词是主动式,就要把谓语动词改为现在分词;如果从句的谓语动词是被动式,就要把谓语动词改为过去分词,并且要注意时态的变化。
例如,将"After he had finished his homework。
he went home"改为"Having finished his homework。
he went home"。
另外,使用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。
如果主从句的主语不一致,在取消掉从句变为-ing或-ed形式时,要把从句的主语保留,其它部分和以前的改法一样。
例如,将"As it was hot。
we went swimming"改为"It being hot。
we went swimming"。
需要注意的是,在使用分词短语作状语时,它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构。
在很多情况下,它都表示一种伴随的动作或表示一种原因。
例如:1.If the weather allows。
I will go there.2.After the rain ped。
XXX.3.His XXX。
and he prepared to return to his institute.4.With so many comrades absent。
XXX.From the above examples。
we can see that the present participle (-ing) usually indicates an n that is happening at the same time as the main verb in the sentence。
非谓语动词相关从句非谓语动词概述:非谓语动词与名词性从句非谓语动词与定语从句非谓语动词与状语从句There are some people insisting that they shouldn’t learn English.非谓语动词概述:动名词Ving;现在分词Ving; 过去分词ved; to do不定式分词短语从本质上而言:是由动词派生而来的形容词。
如,a sleeping baby, a used car, a frightening experience, a frightened child, etc.A baby who is sleeping.A car which is usedving形式由动词的主动形式派生而来;表示主动的动作或正在进行的动作Ved形式由动词的被动形式派生而来:表示被动的动作或已完成的动作The fallen leavesThe falling leavesThe custom fascinates me.The fascinating custom has been the subject of many books.The baby will sleep until eight.Try not to wake a sleeping baby.Some movies are rated X.Children shouldn’t see X-rated movies. My leg was broken in three places.My broken leg is healing slowly.The sinking ship= the ship that was sinking The sunken ship=the ship that has sunken. Falling leaves=Fallen leaves=现在分词的完成时态:表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前。
非谓语动词和从句的转换----一.不定式(短语)与从句的关系1.不定式(短语)在句中作主语,其功能相当于一个主语从句,因此二者之间可以转换。
(1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you)(2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.)(3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea.(= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.)2.不定式(短语)在句中作宾语或宾补,相当于一个宾语从句(1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语)(=when and where we should build a school)(2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see)(3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.)3不定式(短语)在句中作表语.,相当于一个表语从句(1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave)(2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding.(=that they can get a good understanding)4.不定式(短语)在句中作定语.,相当于一个定语从句(1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing.(=that is shortly to open in Beijing)(2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up)5.不定式(短语)在句中作目的.结果状语.,相当于一个目的.结果状语从句(1).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that)(2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she could n’t…)7.不定式(短语)在句中作原因状语.,相当于一个原因状语从句(1)I trembled to think of being punished by the boss.(=because I though of being punished by the boss)(2).We were disappointed to have lost the game.(=that we have lost the game)二.动名词(短语)与从句的关系1. 动名词(短语)在句中作主语,相当于一个主语从句(1).Your going away (=That you went away) made the professor angry.(2).Mary’s not being made monitor (=That Mary was not made monitor ) made us sad.被动的动名词在句中作主语时一般不能省(3).Being called a fool(=That he was called a fool) hurt Bob badly.2. 动名词(短语)在句中作宾语或宾补语,相当于一个宾语从句(1).I remember being taken to Beijing(=that I was taken to Beijing) when I was five.(2).He admitted having married Mary to a soldier(=that he had married Mary to a soldier).3.动名词(短语)在句中作表语.,相当于一个表语从句(1).My duty is serving the people heart and soul (that I’ll serve the people heart and soul).(2).The problem is his not having prepared his lessons for the exam(=that he hasn’t prepared his lessons for the exam)(3).The difficulty is Mary’s being caught between the two trees(=that Mary is caught between the two trees).4.介词+动名词(短语),相当于一个从句(宾语从句或同位语从句 0(1)He was afraid of being scolded by his mistake.(=that he was…)(2).He was astonished at her knowing you.(=that she knew you)(3).We heard the news of our team having won.(=that our team had won)三.分词(短语)与从句的关系1.分词(短语)作定语,相当于一个定语从句(1)The hospital was an old building built in 1931(=that was built in 1931).(2).Do you know the girl standing over there(=who is standing over there)?(3).The man speaking to us the other day(= who spoke to us the other day) has gone to Japan.本节值得注意的问题:现在分词短语作定语时,所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作,也不可以表示将来。
非谓语动词非谓语动词(不能作谓语用)包括不定式、分词及动名词。
一、动词不定式1.常用形式:一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:1)一般式:表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动作之后,或没有时间限制。
例如:They often watch us play table tennis.(与谓语动作同时)She hopes to go there again.(在谓语动作之后)It is necessary and important to read English every day.(无时间限制)The factory to make radios is over there.(无时间限制)m sorry to have kept you waiting.2)完成式:表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
如:I /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.3)进行式:表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。
例如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I come in.注:不定式的被动式:名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时,一般用不定式被动式,例如:What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long.不定式的否定式 not to do2.语法功能:可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。
例如:1)主语:To master a foreign language is very important.2)表语:My job is to drive them to the company every day.3)宾语:Do you want to visit the Great Wall?Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4)宾补:The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn’t notice them come in.注:see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带to,其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth. help(帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.5)不定式作定语:作后置定语,位于被修饰词后如:Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?He is the man to depend on/to believe in.不定式作定语,与被其修饰的词可构成逻辑上的以下关系:a.动宾关系 e.g. I have a lot of work to do.b.主谓关系 e.g. He is always the first to help me.c.其它关系(多为固定搭配) e.g. tell me a way to solve the problem.6)状语: in order toA.目的状语:She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English.to注:in order to 可以位于句首或句中,so as to 不能位于句首。