2013考博协和真题

写在前面的话：本人学临床的，跨专业报考医学细胞与分子生物学博士研究生，由于上班忙，根本没有太多时间复习。

幸运的是，通过上网找到了许多高校的历年考题，最终仅用两周时间复习的情况下，顺利考上。

非常感谢那些参加过考试的网友将自己获得的考试信息无私奉献给后来者！其实，题目做多了就会发现，考来考去，重点也就是那些。

在此，我也毫不保留地将我考试用过的资料（历年真题题目+我整理的参考答案）献给有需要的朋友，希望对你的复习有所帮助。

如果考上了，不妨告诉我一声，让我分享你成功的喜悦！——****************2013苏州大学（分子生物学+免疫学）考博真题发布日期：2013-06-10（一）2013苏州大学分子生物学名词解释：组蛋白组蛋白（histones）真核生物体细胞染色质中的碱性蛋白质，含精氨酸和赖氨酸等碱性氨基酸特别多，二者加起来约为所有氨基酸残基的1/4。

组蛋白与带负电荷的双螺旋DNA结合成DNA-组蛋白复合物。

因氨基酸成分和分子量不同，主要分成5类。

组蛋白是真核生物染色体的基本结构蛋白，是一类小分子碱性蛋白质，有六种类型：H1、H2A、H2B、H3、H4及古细菌组蛋白，它们富含带正电荷的碱性氨基酸，能够同DNA中带负电荷的磷酸基团相互作用。

DNA重组DNA重组（DNA recombination）指DNA分子内或分子间发生的遗传信息的重新共价组合过程。

包括同源重组、特异位点重组和转座重组等类型，广泛存在于各类生物。

体外通过人工DNA重组可获得重组体DNA，是基因工程中的关键步骤。

转录转录是遗传信息由DNA转换到RNA的过程。

作为蛋白质生物合成的第一步，转录是mRNA以及非编码RNA（tRNA、rRNA等）的合成步骤。

(逆转录（reverse transcription）是以RNA为模板合成DNA的过程，即RNA指导下的DNA 合成。

此过程中，核酸合成与转录（DNA到RNA）过程与遗传信息的流动方向（RNA到DNA）相反，故称为逆转录。

医学考博--普外专业真题系列资料第三军医大学2013年外科专业基础之人体解剖真题名词解释：胸骨角纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产生，排出的主要特点问答皮质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷走神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013年中山大学外科学博士外科学试题（骨科部分）一、必答题：1.糖皮质激素运用于治疗感染性休克的机制是什么？2.胃癌腹腔镜治疗的禁忌症？3、黑色素瘤的临床特点？4. 糖尿病术前重点评估指标和围手术期血糖处理原则？5. AFP,CEA,PSA,CA199，CA125的中文名称是什么？用于检测什么肿瘤？6.防止术后伤口裂开的预防措施有哪些？7、先天性胆总管扩张的分型？8、食管静脉曲张的非手术治疗措施？喷门周围血管离断术为什么能治疗此疾病？9、低渗性缺水的病因？2013年南方医科大学外科学专业普通外科学真题（绝对真实）第一部分外科学总论（共28分）一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分）1、痈2、SIRS3、三期愈合4、急性肾衰竭二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1、无菌术是什么，有何内容，灭菌和消毒的区别2、代谢性酸中毒的治疗原则3、肠外营养的指征4、肿瘤共同的临床表现三、问答题（共6题，每题8分，选答4题）1、腹主动脉瘤的五大症状？2、腹部损伤行损伤控制性手术的三个阶段？3、腹腔间隔室综合征的五大减压措施或手段？4、腹股沟直疝与腹股沟斜疝手术中唯一鉴别的解剖学基础？5、腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术后并发症？6、多吉美（索拉菲尼）治疗原发性肝癌的原理？四、论述题（共4题，选答两题，每题20分）1、急性乳腺炎的发病机制？如何治疗？2、原发性腹膜炎发生的细菌入侵四大途径？并举例说明。

(说明：下面两个题为病例分析题，只能写个大概，确实没办法一字一句的记下来，有不对的请大家补充)3、左肝原发性肝癌（具体位置确实记不清了）患者，全麻下行腹腔镜下左肝叶部分切除，术中气腹压力维持在15mHg，手术中发生肝左静脉破裂，出血约1100ml，止血后约5分钟出现心率下降，血压下降等，立即撤除气腹，抢救3小时患者死亡。

2013年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练Passage FourAfter years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism, a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? It's partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least.Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from antivivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to changeThat is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with skepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization the UK's NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analyzed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximized and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of inflation published.Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years. We can't afford to get this wrong scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done. When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is much scope for improvement. It is time for scientists --funders, researchers and editors--to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.54. According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal researchare______.A. those ignorant of scienceB. governmentofficialsC. some of their colleaguesD.antivivisection groups55. The passage suggests that the change of heart among animalresearchers refers to______.A.their reconsideration of their research.B.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to animal right groupsD.their confession to their work failures56. The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal researchneeds to be______.A. directiveB. comprehensiveC. affirmativeD. authoritative57. The UK's NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animalresearch______.A. needs government fundingB. needs publishingguidelinesC. involves some serious problemsD. involves analysesand variations58. For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic reviewwould be something ______.A. newB. hardC.pleasant D. unthinkable59. The best title for this passage is ______.A. Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB. Improve Quality of Animal ResearchC. Make Every Animal Experiments CountD. Give Public Support to Animal Research中科院考博英语真题阅读理解训练文章大意及参考答案【华慧独家解析：文章大意】本文主要讲述不少人对动物实验的批判引起动物实验的革命。

2013年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．Shoes of this kind are______to slip on wet ground.A．feasibleB．approprateC．aptD．fitting正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。

feasible“可行的”；appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；apt “恰当的，有……倾向的”；fitting“适合的，适宜的”。

根据语义“这样的鞋子在湿地上很容易打滑。

”可知，C选项意为“有……倾向的”，符合句意，因此本题选C。

2．I bought an alarm clock with a(n)______dial which can be seen clearly in the dark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．audibleD．amplified正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

supersonic“超音速的，超声波的”；luminous“发光的，明亮的”；audible“听得见的”；amplified“放大的，扩充的”。

根据空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判断空格处应填入与光亮相关的词，故答案为B。

3．Her jewelry______under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正确答案：B解析：近义词辨析。

四个选项都有“发光”的意思，但glare强调发炫光，发耀眼的强光，通常指光亮平滑的表面发出的光；glitter指闪闪地发光，发光点较小；blaze指猛烈燃烧所发出强烈的光；glow多指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。

2013MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.C. In his house.D. No idea about where he left it.4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has trouble finishing his work.5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 1367. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.C. He went out looking for Dan.D. He went to Michigan on business.8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.C. He is very rich.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.9. A. To ask local people for help.B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C. Try to act like the people from that culture.D. Stay with your country fellows.10.A. She married because of loneliness.B. She married a millionaire.C. She married for money.D. She married for love.11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.C. He went to see the doctor.D. The weather was nasty.13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C. It’s a very popular magazine.D. It doesn’t sell very well.14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. It is a genetic disorder.B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.C. It is an illness from birds to humans.D. It is a gastric ailment.17.A. Eating pork.B. Raising pigs.C. Eating chicken.D. Breeding birds.18.A. Running nose.B. Inappetence.C. Pains all over.D. Diarrhea.19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.C. To avoid medications.D. To go to the nearby clinic.20.A. It is a debate.B. It is a TV program.C. It is a consultation.D. It is a workshop.Passage One21.A. About 10,000,000.B. About 1,000,000.C. About 100,000.D. About 10,000.22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D. The combination of minerals.23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.C. The eardrums.D. The inner ear ossicles.24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.C. NIH.D. All of above.25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.Passage Two26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.B. The link between obesity and diabetes.C. The risk of birth abnormalities.D. The harmful effects of obesity.27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.C. Cleft lip and palate.D. Diabetes.28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.C. 400 million.D. 40 million.29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.C. A change of life style.D. More exercise.30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.B. How obesity may cause birth defects.C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.D. How obesity may cause diabetes.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.A. overlappedB. segregatedC. intersectedD. interspersed32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.A. sternB. slackC. sumptuousD. glamorous33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best ina slightly acid ___________.A. mechanismB. miniatureC. mediumD. means34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.A. flexibilityB. moralityC. capacityD. productivity35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines – once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.A. denialB. reversalC. intervalD. withdrawal36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.A. wholesomeB. contagiousC. vulgarD. stagnant37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.A. sustainableB. renewableC. revivableD. merchandisable38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.A. rationalB. radicalC. conservativeD. progressive39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.A. ripplingB. waningC. fluctuatingD. devastating40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.A. at largeB. at randomC. on endD. on averageSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word orphase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold ata discount.A. deficitsB. deviationsC. drawbacksD. discrepancies42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.A. despiseB. evadeC. demandD. undertake43. After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.A. improvedB. burdenedC. inspectedD. tariffed44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.A. a fit of enthusiasmB. a scream of frightC. a burst of laughterD. a cry of anguish45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.A. loanB. paymentC. withdrawalD. retrieval46. The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.A. fineB. suddenC. finiteD. absolute47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.A. irritatedB. tamedC. stampedD. probed48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.A. inductionB. perceptionC. interpretationD. penetration49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.A. presentationB. gestureC. rhythmD. pronunciation50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.A. untimelyB. unexpectedlyC. unreasonablyD. unconventionallyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefitfrom blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.”The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said.Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.51. A. crucial forB. available inC. resulting fromD. ascribed to52. A. in disguise ofB. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is howB. That’s whyC. It is not thatD. There exists54. A. paidB. paysC. payD. paying55. A. thoughB. not to sayC. not just oneD. as well56. A. UntilB. WhileC. UnlessD. Once57. A. as opposed toB. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefitsB. defectsC. approachesD. risks59. A. in caseB. in advanceC. in returnD. in particular60. A. effectB. reasonC. outcomeD. conclusionPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThere is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality – attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, shouldn’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.A. in terms of physical environmentB. form a biological perspectiveC. based on the empirical dataD. in a statistical way62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, asindicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.A. a particular gene is passed on in familiesB. child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendencyD. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocialand criminal behavior ___________.A. boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD. active measures ought to be taken at an early age64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it apoint to consider ___________.A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB. the consequences of compromising democracyC. the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD. the greater cost of failing to intervene65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Parenting Strategies for KidsB. The Making of a CriminalC. Parental EducationD. Abusive ParentingPassage twoAfter 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?A. The end of the world.B. A candle of hope.C. A Nobel prize.D. A Quick Fix.67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had alsodeveloped leukemia would ___________.A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapyB. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionC. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD. would change the way we look at those with AIDS68. As another bit of good news, ___________.A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ARTC. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.A. governments will invest more in improving ARTB. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the declineC. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.A. idealismB. activismC. criticismD. optimismPassage ThreeArchaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.A. seem to have no answers whateverB. are intended to dig for ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brain73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years agosuggests that ___________.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environment74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, wemight conclude that ___________.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable consequence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer world77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to the poles78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles。

北京中科院2013年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (10%)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantiallyby the corporation.A.boostedB. curtailedC. plungedD. expended2.It is a touching scene that every parent can immediatelybecause they have gone through the same ritual with their own children.e throughB. identify withC. take upD. refer to3.In ancient mythology there was no impassableseparating the divine from the human beings.A.polarityB. splitC. gulfD. void4.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a mamifacturer isA. qualifiedB. agreeableC. compatibleD.liable5. The oil spill had aeffect on seabirds and other wildlife.A. reluctantB. mischievousC. devastatingD.malignant6. A friend is a second self.A. as it isB. as it wereC. as well asD.as though7. He leaned out of anupstairs window and felt a current of warm airfrom the street.A. exaltingB. ascendingC. swayingD. fluctuating8. In a market economy, it is impractical tobig banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises.A. take onB. bear onC. hold onD.count on9. The authorus as consistently fair and accurate about the issues.A. dismissedB. agitatedC. struckD.seized10. The new system is similar to the old onethere is stilla strong central government.A. now thatB. so thatC. in case thatD.in that11. In the final analysis,it is ourof death which decidesour answers to ; all the questions that life puts to us.A. conceptionB. deceptionC. receptionD.presentation12. The great tragedy of life is not that men, but that they cease to love.A.terminateB. expireC. perishD. wither13.His doctor has told him he mustn’t drink, but he still has the occasional brandy.A.on the spotB. on the slyC. in natureD. in short14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient mayhis or her entire annual income.A.exploitB.expelC.expireD.exceed15.The currentwith exam results is actually harming children’s education.A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adheredthe same religious beliefs for several generations.A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the area’s rich plant life had been severelyby the huge herds of cows grazing the land.A. depletedB. decomposedC. corruptedD. corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves.A. on fireB. on edgeC. on earthD. on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesn’ttoo many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work.A. arouseB. offendC. spurD. violate20.The Federal Governmentfarmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.A.piratesB. mediatesC. supplementsD. SubsidizesPart n Cloze (15%)Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids’ attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 21 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 22 the children’s attention spans by 23 their schoolteachers. 24 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 26 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn’t distinguish between the type of 27 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school.“A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 28 obviously does not have a 29 problem with paying attention,” says Green. “30 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren’t being delivered in a school 31?” Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 32 by comparison, and the same may be true 33 video games, the study notes.“We weren’t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 34 nonvio-lent versus violent，” says Swing，35 that the impact that different types of games may have on at-tention is a ripe area for future research.21. A. followedB. trainedC.questionedD.challenged22. A. provokedB. speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed23. A. surveyingB. consideringC.persuadingD.guiding24. A. ContinuedB. terD.Ongoing25. A. far fromB. except forC.as well asD.instead of26. A. forB. toC.onD.of27. A. competitionB. techniqueC.attentionD.strategy28. A. on endB. at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out29. A. similarB. relevantG.seriousD.tricky30. A. WhatB. WhyC.WhenD.Where31. A. settingB. sceneC.frameD.platform32. A. industriousB. limitedC.dullD.funny33. A. onB. atC.inD.for34. A. orB. againstC.whileD.with35.A. addingB. addsC.addedD.having addedPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 1Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers — room-size behemoths — were referred to as “giant brains” or uelectronic brains，" in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence”. DNA,it is said, is the original software.For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that — a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes don’t flap theirwings. “Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the push of necessity.The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight —not today or tomorrow,but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today’s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip’s circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases.To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world’s energy supply, a differentapproach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing,” said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question — answering computer that can play “Jeopardy!” and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. ’s clever machine consumes 85，000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out, ” Dr. Kelly said.Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype “neurosynaptic” microprocessors ,or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.36.Paragraph 1 mainly tells.A.what the biological metaphor isB. how computers have improvedC . when modem computing beganD. why DNA is the original software37.Frederick Jelinek’s quotation implies that.A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsputers can hardly match human brainsD.biology can barely serve to explain computing38.To meet growing demands computers need to be.A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive39.The boldfaced word “frontiers”(in Para. 5) refers to.puting problemsworking regulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online shopping benefits40.The human brain is superior to Watson in.A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition41.In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a ( n) .A.initiatorB. directorC. acceleratorD. contributorPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 2South Korea’s hagwon ( private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the country’s culture of educational masochism. At the national and local levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. One-size-fits-all，government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable，” President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top grades — and often nothing else — have long been prized as essential for professional success. Modem-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after- school instruction ,sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2, 600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. When Singapore’Education Minister was asked last year about his nation’s reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “ We’re not as bad as the Koreans."In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students’ test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nation’s top three universities.From a distance, South Korea’s results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasmSouth Korean parents have for educating their children ,and they lament how far the U. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the country’s leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stall — and fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressure of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system. ” Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, but Koreans are not happy with it. ”42.South Korea’s educational system.A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students’ creativityC.shames the country’s cultureD.offers easy admissions43.Shadow education .A.casts a shadow in students’ mindsB.makes the students’ scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring44.In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities.A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring45.Parents in South Korea.ually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids’ reading and mathC.devote much of their energy to their kids’ educationment the way the US parents educate their children46.South Korea’s education obsession.A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the country’s economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nation’s fertility ratesD.has won world notoriety for South Korean parents47.With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians.A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesG. wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD.hope to expand the scope of private tutoringPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 3A dispute that, according to Members of Parliament (MPs) , threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met) , the capital’s biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto London’s streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Met’s governors.“ Save our Staff”and London Met on the Roper”，a reference to the university’s vicechancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners.The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attracted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council ( Hefc) to claw back more than ￡ 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaidfor student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts.“The University and College Union ( UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,” said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they have not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments. ”One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefcconsiders them to have dropped out and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless ；UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can get to complete the course.The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of the cuts —- an 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years—“ throws the future operability of the university into doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capital’s economic health. ”48.The dispute mentioned is partly between.A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Mefs staff and its governorsD.London Met’s students and lorry drivers49.“London Met on the Roper” implies that.A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility50.Hefc is to take back over ￡ 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, thelatter.A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has overpaid its governors and staffC.has been unfair to some instructorsD.has had lots of students quitting school51.The unions are angry with the school management because the latter.A.has been indifferent to the possible job cutsB.has been negligent in approving appointmentsC.has unwisely widened the student enrollmentD.has unreasonably forced its 500 staff to leave52.According to UCU, Hefc should include in its funding system the students who choose to take their assessments.A. several timesB. outside schoolC.in later yearsD. at a lower cost53.It is likely that the House of Commons will.A.urge Hefc to be reconciled to London MetB.intervene concerning Hefc’s decisionsC.back up the governors of London MetD.question London Met’s qualificationsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 4After years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism,a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? It’s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least.Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from anti vivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with scepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization, the UK’S NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analysed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximised and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published.Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years. We can’t afford to get this wrong, scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done.When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is muchscope for improvement. It is time for scientists ——funders，researchers and editors ― to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.54.According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal research are.A.those ignorant of scienceB. government officialsC. some of their colleaguesD. antivivisection groups55.The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refersto _.A.their reconsideration of their researchB.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to animal right groupsD.their confession to their Work failures56.The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be.A. directiveB. comprehensiveC. affirmativeD. authoritative57.The UK’s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research.A. needs government fundingB. needs publishing guidelinesC. involves some serious problemsD. involves analyses and variations58.For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic review would be Something.A. newB. hardG. pleasantD. unthinkable59.The best title for this passage is.A.Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB.Improve the Quality of Animal ResearchC.Make Every Animal Experiment CountD.Give Public Support to Animal ResearchPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 5Likenesses of Buddha are these days SO commonplace — the casual adornment of fashionable spas, fusion restaurants and Parisian nightclubs — that it is strange to think that artists once hesitated, out of reverence, to portray the Buddha incorporeal form. In 2nd century India, judging by a 2nd century sandstone carving excavated from Mathura, it was sufficient to simply depict an empty throne — the implication that the Buddha was a spiritual king being very clearly understood by anyone who saw it. But as the stunning new gallery of Buddhist sculpture at London’s Victoria and Albert Museum makes Plain, somewhere along the line the reticence （沉默）about rendering the Buddha’s likeness gave way, and the world embarked on two millenniums of rich iconography and statuary. The gallery’s 47 masterworks, chosen from the museum’s renowned Asian collections, trace the Buddha’s portrayal from the 2nd to the 19th centuries, in places as diverse as India, Java and Japan.Inspiration came from unexpected sources. Some sculptors in Sri Lanka and China simply shaped the Buddha in their own likenesses. A 4th century stucco bust unearthed in Afghanistan features the full lips associated with Indian Gupta art, but also fulsome curls that reflect the Greco-Roman artists brought to the region by Alexander the Great.Other enlightened souls are shown beside the Buddha. Among the gallery’s most glorious artifacts are depictions of bodhisattvas —those who deliberately postpone their passage to nirvana （涅槃），Buddhists believe, in order to help others along the eightfold path. In the 14th century, metalworkers from Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley crafted the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, manifestation of the Buddhist lord of compassion, in gilded copper and precious-stone inlay. An androg Y nous -looking deity with wide hips and sensuous form （in Chinese tradition, Avalokiteshvara or Guan Yin is female, in others male） , Avalokiteshvara serene face projects the harmony to which all Buddhists aspire. John Clarke, the gallery’s principal curator, says that Avalokiteshvara is sometimes depicted holding a blooming lotus — a symbol of spiritual purity. “It comes up from the mud, flowers, and remains untouched by the dirt that surrounded it，” he says. You could say the same thing for the wonderful richness of Buddhist art.60.Spas, restaurants and nightclubs are stated to show that.A.images of Buddha are often seen in those placesB.those places are frequented by many Buddhist artistsC.those places are filled with flavor of Buddhist cultureD.Buddhist worshippers regularly go to those places61.The 2nd century Indian case mentioned denotes that artists at that time considered it disrespectful to.A. depict the figure of BuddhaB. reflect things about BuddhismC. paint Buddha in a vague formD. distort Buddhist spirituality62.The new gallery at London’s Victoria & Albert Museum indicates that.A.Buddha’s portrayal came to a surge in the year of 2000B.some Buddha sculptures have a history of about 2,000 yearsC.the image of the Buddha has been distorted for 2,000 yearsD.the silence on portraying Buddha was broken in 200063.The gallery’s sculptures of Buddha reflect.A.the sculptors’ secular views about BuddhismB.the sculptors’ imitation of an alien cultureC.something about the sculptors, own culturesD.something associated with modem art64.To Buddhists, Avalokiteshvara is a deity that can help one.A. against arroganceB. control his temperC. out of greedinessD. out of sufferings65.The last sentence of the passage implies that Buddhist art.A.emerges from other art forms but retains its own featuresB.needs to be further explored in its complex structuresC.keeps its dominant position over any other form of artD.remains a symbol of spiritual purity in the world of artistsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 1In August 1969 an unmarried pregnant woman living in Texas wanted to terminate her pregnancy by having an abortion. Her doctor refused this request because Texas law made it a crime to have an abortion unless the operation was necessary to save the mother’s life. 66 Throughout the legal proceedings, the woman was identified as Jane Roe to protect her anonymity. Roe’s lawyers claimed that the Texas abortion laws violated her rights under the due process clause of the 14 th Amendment, which prohibited states from depriving their citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.67 Justice Harry Blackmun recognized that a woman’s right to an abortion could be limited by “ a compelling state interest” to protect her health and life. Based on medical evidence, Justice Black-mun concluded that during the second trimester”of a woman’s pregnancy (months 4 to 6) ,the stat might intervene to regulate abortion to protect the mother’s well-being. And the state could regulate or prohibit abortion during the third trimester (months 7 to 9) .68The Roe decision has generated continuing controversy. 69 Its critics can be roughly divided into two groups: those who oppose the decision because they believe abortion is murder and those who believe that the Court improperly substituted its policy preference for the will of the people as expressed through their elected representatives in state governments. 70 And so it has been since 1973，when the Hoe case was decided. Efforts to modify or overturn the Roe decision have continued.In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989)，for example, the Court upheld provisions of a Missouri law that restricted the right to an abortion, a retreat from the Roe decision that stopped short of overturning it.A.However, during the first trimester ( months 1 to 3) of a pregnancy, it seemed unlikely that there would be “a compelling state interest” to restrict abortion rights to protect the health and life of the mother.B.Abortions performed in the first trimester (months 1 to 3)pose virtually no long-term risk of such problems as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion ( miscarriage) or birth defect,and little or no risk of preterm or low-birth-weight deliveries.C.So the woman sought legal help and filed suit against Henry Wade, district attorney for Dallas County, Texas.D.The Supreme Court ruled that the Texas statutes on abortion were unconstitutional and that a woman did have the right to terminate her pregnancy.E.Justice Byron White accurately remarked in his dissent that the right to an abortion is an issue about which “reasonable men may easily and heatedly differ. ”F.Women’s rights advocates have hailed Roe as a landmark victory.Part III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 2In 1998, a Belgian student named Sacha Klein left Brussels and enrolled as a four-year student at a U. S. university, graduating with a computer-science degree, and landing a summer internship at Virginia-based consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, where management liked him enough to offer him a full-time position. Today, he designs information systems for Booz Allen, and studies toward a master’s degree in business.He is deaf. 71 In 1990，the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) opened the door for people like klein to contribute to the U. S. economy in ways no one imagined before. The ADA requires businesses to make accommodations to allow a person with a disability to do a job for which he or she is qualified.In addition, the ADA requires public facilities to remove architectural barriers that hinder people with disabilities from shopping, going to the theater, or using public toilets. 72 Katherine McCary，president of a business group that promotes hiring people with disabilities, said European managers tell her they want to hire people with disabilities, but that they can’t get to work.73Had he stayed in Europe, he said, he would not have been able to become a white-collar professional, but would have been put on track for factory work. 74A federal hotline offering advice on workplace accommodations went from handling 3,000 calls per year before the law to 40,000 calls per year in the mid-1990s.The cost of accommodations turned out to be zero in half the cases and averaged about $500 in the other half, according to the Labor Department 75 Compliance with the law is good for business :87 percent of consumers prefer to patronize companies that hire people with disabilities, according to a January 2006 survey by the University of Massachusetts. In addition, workers with disabilities could help relieve a labor shortage.A.Klein thinks attitudes matter, too.B.Employers report that workers with disabilities are loyal and productive.C.Klein said he has learned a lot at Booz Allen about teamwork and communication.D.While one can paint a rosy picture of the U. S. companies embracing people with disabilities, in the early 1990s, the ADA was greeted with panic by the business。

全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。

2013协和考博病理学题目回忆完整版一、名解（顺序记不住，5分/题）Borderline tumor Goodpasture Syndrome 桥本氏甲状腺炎（英文忘了）卵巢Krukenburger瘤P-J综合征（英文忘了）肺原发综合征绒毛心（英文忘了）慢性肉芽肿性炎（英文忘了）二、选择（30个，1分/题）三、问答（10分/题）1、CIN 组织学分类标准2、Barrett食管定义、形态学变化、有何临床意义3、肺结核病理特点和临床表现4、AML的病理学特点和诊断标准四、论述（20分/题）1、（1）1)全身脏器急性粟粒性结核、结核性脑膜炎2) 诊断依据是什么？（2）上述病变是由哪种病变转变而来的？2、（1）糖尿病（1型？）、慢性肾小球肾炎、糖尿病微循环病变期、糖尿病神经末梢病变期、视神经萎缩？（2）至少列举4种不同器官的病理改变2013年协和医院普外科考博真题外总75分一，单选题40*1.5二，判断题10*1.5基本外科三，单选题30*1.5四，判断题15*1五，简答题3*5肠梗阻的分类结节性甲状腺肿手术指征胰岛细胞瘤定性定位诊断2013年协和医学院外科总论一、选择（选项记不清，不再罗列，见教材即是）1.腰麻术中并发症；（麻醉共有3-4道题，具体见教材）2.哪项不是全身炎症反应综合征的指标？（见外科学教材4项指标）3.人体每日需要基本的能量是（25kcal）4.物理灭菌法：5.应激性溃疡6.代谢性酸碱中毒7.每日所需蛋白质（1g）8.哪项错误？（颅内压增高病人禁用吗啡）9.手术适应症：（心梗病人6个月后才可以手术）10.哪项错误：（”高血压和指端手术，使用去甲“，错，不能用去甲，会导致肢体坏死）11.胃瘫哪项错误：（选项”引流物中含有胆汁“为错误）二、判断只记得有两道物理灭菌法和呼碱的题目，不过知识点和前面选择大概是重复的。

Part ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys-better vision. Playing "action" video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It's also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, "A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__."The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. "__56__ you've had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that's coming in __57__ your improved eyesight."Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction garners played The Sims 2, a "life simulation" video game. The players of nonaction video games didn't see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly.51. A. crucial for B. available in C. resulting from D. ascribed to52. A. in disguise of B. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is how B. That's why C. It is not that D. There exists54. A. paid B. pays C. pay D. paying55. A. though B. not to say C. not just one D. as well56. A. Until B. While C. Unless D. Once57. A. as opposed to B. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefits B. defects C. approaches D. risks59. A. in case B. in advance C. in return D. in particular60. A. effect B. reason C. outcome D. conclusion Keys：1-5 ABBDC 6-10 DCADB。