下载文档原格式
《英语常用学术词汇表》是由一些应用语言学家统计出来，最常用的有570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalytical analytically analyzeanalyzedanalyzes economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishlegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesanalyzing approachapproachable approachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessment unassessed assumeassumedassumes disestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimatesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimatemethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentpercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleassuming assumption assumptionsauthorityauthoritativeauthoritiesavailableavailability unavailablebenefitbeneficial beneficiary beneficiaries benefited benefiting benefitsconceptconception concepts conceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedunderestimated underestimatesunderestimating evidentevidencedevidenceevidential evidentlyexportexported exporterexporters exporting exportsfactorfactored factoring factorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierprincipled principlesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedure procedures proceeded proceeding proceedingsproceedsprocessprocessed processes processingrequirerequired requirementrequirements requires requiringresearchresearched researcherconceptualises conceptualising conceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies inconsistency inconsistent constituteconstituencies constituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutions financiersfinancingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableresearchersresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantconstitutional constitutionally constitutiveunconstitutional contextcontexts contextualcontextualisecontextualised contextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualizedcontractcontracted contracting contractor contractors contractscreatecreatedidentification identified identifiesidentifyingidentities identityunidentifiableincomeincomes indicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicator indicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualism individualistinsignificantl significancesignificantly signified signifies signify signifyingsimilardissimilarsimilarities similarity similarlysourcesourced sources sourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurecreatescreatingcreationcreations creativecreatively creativity creatorcreatorsrecreaterecreated recreates recreatingdatadefinedefinable defineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitions redefineredefined individualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedinterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingrestructuredrestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvarianceredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributing distributiondistributional distributions distributive distributordistributors redistribute redistributed redistributes reinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalityvariantvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingredistributing redistributionlegallySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievable achieved achievement achievements achieves achievingacquireacquired acquires acquiring acquisitionacquisitionsadministrateadministrates administration administrationsadministrativeadministrativelydistinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelementsequateequated equatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesparticipateparticipant participants participated participatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceived perceives perceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyadministrator administrators affectaffected affectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffectedappropriateappropriacy appropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriate inappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingevaluating evaluationevaluations evaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinal finalise finalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityprimaryprimarilypurchasepurchased purchaser purchasers purchases purchasingrangerangedranges rangingregionregional regionally regionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingassistsunassisted categorycategoriescategorisation categorisecategorisedcategorisescategorising categorization categorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissioned commissioner commissioners commissioning commissions communitycommunities complex finallyfinalsfocusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesregulationregulationsregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingcomplexities complexity computecomputationcomputational computations computablecomputercomputedcomputerised computerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusively inconclusive inconclusively conduct injuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiessecurityseekconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructions constructive constructsreconstructreconstructed reconstructing reconstruction reconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumers investorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalseekingseekssoughtselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingconsumesconsuming consumption creditcreditedcrediting creditorcreditors credits cultureculturalculturally culturedcultures uncultured designdesigneddesignerdesigners designing designs abnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainablesurveystexttextstextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternatively alternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentaries commentarycommentator commentators commentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensated compensates compensating compensationcompensations compensatory componentcomponentry emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancy inconstantly constrainconstrained constraining constrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contribute exclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedpublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorcontributed contributes contributing contribution contributions contributor contributors conveneconventionconvenes convened convening conventionalconventionally conventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinated coordinates coordinatingcoordination coordinatorimmigrating immigration implyimplied implies implyinginitialinitiallyinstanceinstances interactinteractedinteracting interaction interactions interactive interactively interacts justifyjustifiable justifiably justification reactors register deregister deregistered deregistering deregisters deregistration registered registering registers registration relyreliabilityreliable reliablyreliance reliant relied reliesrelying unreliable removecoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinating co-ordination co-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondingly corresponds justificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematicschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualcriteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstrating demonstration demonstrations demonstrative demonstratively demonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentation relocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatedsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquedocumented documenting documents dominatedominance dominantdominated dominates dominating domination negatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipstechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvolSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibility errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequacies inadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximately approximates approximating approximation approximations attitude ethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionpredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributes attributing attribution civilcodecodedcodescoding commitcommitmentcommitments commitscommittedcommitting communicatecommunicable communicated communicatesimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionintegrateintegratedintegratesintegratingintegrationinternalinternaliseprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotionsregimeregimesresolveresolutioncommunicating communication communications communicative communicatively uncommunicative concentrateconcentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring conferscontrastcontrasted contrasting contrastive contrastsinternalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigateinvestigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators jobjobslabellabeled labelingresolvedresolves resolving unresolved retainretained retaining retainer retainersretainsretention retentiveseries statisticstatistician statisticians statisticalstatistically statisticsstatus stressstressedcyclecycled cycles cyclic cyclical cyclingdebatedebatable debated debates debatingdespite dimensiondimensionaldimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomestically domesticate domesticateddomesticating domesticslabelled labelling labelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviously occupyoccupancy occupant occupants occupationoccupational occupations occupiedoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoptionoptional optionsstresses stressful stressing unstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummation summed summing sumssummarysummaries summarise summarised summarises summarising summarisation summarisations summarization summarizations summarizeemergeemerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoutputoutputsoverallsummarized summarizes summarizing undertakeundertaken undertakes undertaking undertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademia academicacademically academics academies adjustadjusted adjustingadjustment adjustments adjustsexpandexpanded expandingexpands expansion expansionism expansive exposeexposedexposes exposing exposureorientorientate orientatedorientates orientation orientating oriented orienting orients reorient reorientation perspectivereadjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjustsalteralterablealteration alterations altered altering alternatealternating altersunalterable unaltered amendamended amending amendmentamendments exposures externalexternalisation externalise externalised externalises externalising externalityexternalization externalize externalized externalizes externalizingexternally facilitatefacilitated facilitates facilities facilitating facilitation facilitatorfacilitatorsperspectives preciseimprecise precisely precision primeprimacy psychologypsychological psychologically psychologist psychologistspursuepursued pursues pursuing pursuit pursuitsratioratios rejectrejectedamends aware awareness unawarecapacity capacities incapacitate incapacitated challenge challenged challenger challengers challenges challenging clauseclauses compoundcompounded compounding compoundsconflictconflicted facility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgenerates generating generationgenerationsimageimagery images liberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisation liberalisedliberalises liberalising liberalization liberalizeliberalizedrejecting rejection rejects rejectionsrevenuerevenues stableinstability stabilisation stabilise stabilised stabilises stabilising stabilization stabilizestabilized stabilizes stabilizing stabilityunstable stylestyledconflicting conflicts consultconsultancy consultant consultants consultation consultations consultative consulted consultsconsulting contact contactable contactedcontacting contactsdeclinedeclined declines declining discreteliberalizes liberalizing liberateliberated liberates liberation liberations liberating liberator liberators liberallyliberalslicencelicences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogical illogicallystyles styling stylish stylise stylised stylises stylising stylize stylized stylizes stylizing substitutesubstituted substitutes substituting substitution sustainsustainable sustainability sustained sustaining sustainsdiscretely discretion discretionary indiscrete indiscretion draftdrafted drafting drafts redraft redraftedredrafting redraftsenableenabled enables enablingenergyenergeticenergetically energies enforcelogical logically logician logicians marginmarginal marginally marginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentality mentally modifymodification modifications modified modifies modifyingunmodified monitormonitoredsustenance unsustainable symbolsymbolic symbolically symbolise symbolises symbolised symbolising symbolism symbolize symbolized symbolizes symbolizing symbolstargettargeted targeting targets transittransited transitingenforcedenforcement enforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolvesevolutionary evolutionist evolutionists monitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworked networking networks notionnotions objectiveobjectively objectivitytransition transitional transitions transitory transits trendtrends versionversions welfarewheSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstractabstraction abstractions abstractly enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedabstracts accurateaccuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledgeacknowledged acknowledgesacknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregateaggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocateallocated allocates allocatingenhancing estateestatesexceedexceeded exceeding exceedsexpertexpertise expertlyexperts explicitexplicitly federalfederationfederations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexibleinflexibility neutralises neutralising neutrality neutralization neutralize neutralized neutralizes neutralizingnevertheless overseas precedeprecededprecedenceprecedent precedespreceding unprecedented presumepresumablypresumed presumespresumingallocation allocations assignassignedassigning assignment assignments assignsreassignreassigned reassigning reassigns unassigned attachattachedattachesattaching attachment attachments unattached authorauthored furthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesincidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilities capabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedciting indexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructionrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapecites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperatively co-operateco-operatedco-operatesco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminatediscriminated discriminates discriminatingdiscrimination displaydisplayeddisplaying instructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentintervalintervalslecturelecturedlecturerlecturerslectureslecturingmigratemigrantmigrantstapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformationstransformedtransformingtransformstransporttransportationtransportedtransportertransporterstransportingtransportsunderliedisplays diversediverselydiversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversitydomaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors editsmigrated migrates migratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministering ministerial ministries motivemotivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motives unmotivatedunderlay underliesunderlying utiliseutilisation utilised utilises utilising utiliserutilisers utility utilities utilization utilize utilized utilizes utilizingSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadaptadaptability adaptableadaptationadaptations adaptedadaptingadaptiveadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocating aidaidedaiding equipequipmentequippedequippingequipsextractextractedextractingextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitelyfoundationfoundationsglobeprohibitprohibitedprohibitingprohibitionprohibitionsprohibitiveprohibitspublicationpublicationsquotequotationquotationsquotedquotesquotingreleasereleasedreleasesreleasingreverse。
《英语常用学术词汇表》是由一些应用语言学家统计出来，最常用的有570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysing analysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalytical analytically analyzeanalyzedanalyzes economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomicalenvironmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishlegislatelegislatedlegislateslegislatinglegislationlegislativelegislatorlegislatorslegislaturemajormajoritiesmajoritymethodmethodicalmethodologicalmethodologiesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessingassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessed assumeassumedassumes disestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishmentsestimateestimatedestimatesestimatingestimationestimationsover-estimateoverestimateoverestimatedoverestimatesoverestimatingunderestimateunderestimatedmethodologymethodsoccuroccurredoccurrenceoccurrencesoccurringoccursreoccurreoccurredreoccurringreoccurspercentpercentagepercentagesperiodperiodicperiodicalperiodicallyperiodicalsperiodspolicypoliciesprincipleprincipledassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisation conceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualises underestimatesunderestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidentlyexportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersprinciplesunprincipledproceedproceduralprocedureproceduresproceededproceedingproceedingsproceedsprocessprocessedprocessesprocessingrequirerequiredrequirementrequirementsrequiresrequiringresearchresearchedresearcherresearchersconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies inconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituencies constituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutional financingformulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulatereformulatedreformulatingreformulationreformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationresearchesresearchingrespondrespondedrespondentrespondentsrespondingrespondsresponseresponsesresponsiveresponsivenessunresponsiverolerolessectionsectionedsectioningsectionssectorsectorssignificantinsignificantinsignificantlyconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatesidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiableincomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicatorsindividualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticsignificancesignificantlysignifiedsignifiessignifysignifyingsimilardissimilarsimilaritiessimilaritysimilarlysourcesourcedsourcessourcingspecificspecificallyspecificationspecificationsspecificityspecificsstructurerestructurerestructuredcreatingcreationcreations creativecreatively creativity creatorcreatorsrecreaterecreated recreatesrecreating datadefinedefinable defineddefinesdefining definitiondefinitions redefineredefined redefines individuallyindividualsinterpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpretedinterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretationsinvolverestructuresrestructuringstructuralstructurallystructuredstructuresstructuringunstructuredtheorytheoreticaltheoreticallytheoriestheoristtheoristsvaryinvariableinvariablyvariabilityvariablevariablesvariablyvariancevariantredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivatives derivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributing distributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributinginvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallyvariantsvariationvariationsvariedvariesvaryingredistributionSublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieveachievableachievedachievementachievementsachievesachievingacquireacquiredacquiresacquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrateadministratesadministrationadministrations administrative administratively administrator distinctdistinctiondistinctionsdistinctivedistinctivelydistinctlyindistinctindistinctlyelementelementsequateequatedequatesequatingequationequationsevaluateevaluatedevaluatesevaluatingevaluationparticipateparticipantparticipantsparticipatedparticipatesparticipatingparticipationparticipatoryperceiveperceivedperceivesperceivingperceptionperceptionspositivepositivelypotentialpotentiallypreviouspreviouslyprimaryprimarilyadministratorsaffectaffectedaffectingaffectiveaffectivelyaffectsunaffected appropriateappropriacyappropriatelyappropriatenessinappropriacyinappropriateinappropriately aspectaspectsassistassistanceassistantassistantsassistedassistingassists evaluationsevaluativere-evaluatere-evaluatedre-evaluatesre-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeaturedfeaturesfeaturingfinalfinalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalizefinalizedfinalizesfinalizingfinalityfinallyfinalspurchasepurchasedpurchaserpurchaserspurchasespurchasingrangerangedrangesrangingregionregionalregionallyregionsregulatederegulatedderegulatesderegulatingderegulationregulatedregulatesregulatingregulationregulationsunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryregulatorregulatorsregulatoryunregulatedrelevantirrelevanceirrelevantrelevanceresideresidedresidenceresidentresidentialresidentsresidesresidingresourceresourcedresourcefulresourcesresourcingunresourcefulunder-resourcedrestrictcomputecomputationcomputational computations computablecomputercomputedcomputerised computerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusiveinconclusively conductconductedconducting uninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsinvestorinvestorsrestrictedrestrictingrestrictionrestrictionsrestrictiverestrictivelyrestrictsunrestrictedunrestrictivesecureinsecureinsecuritiesinsecuritysecuredsecurelysecuressecuringsecuritiessecurityseekseekingseekssoughtconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption investsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationselectselectedselectingselectionselectionsselectiveselectivelyselectorselectorsselectssitesitesstrategystrategicstrategiesstrategicallystrategiststrategistssurveysurveyedsurveyingsurveystexttextscreditcreditedcrediting creditor creditorscredits cultureculturalculturally cultured culturesuncultured designdesigned designer designers designing designs normalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainabletextualtraditionnon-traditionaltraditionaltraditionalisttraditionallytraditionstransfertransferabletransferencetransferredtransferringtransfersSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstance emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingphilosophyphilosopherphilosophersphilosophicalcircumstancescommentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphaticallyensureensuredensuresensuringexcludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusivelyframeworkframeworksfundfundedphilosophicallyphilosophiesphilosophisephilosophisedphilosophisesphilosophisingphilosophizephilosophizedphilosophizesphilosophizingphysicalphysicallyproportiondisproportiondisproportionatedisproportionatelyproportionalproportionallyproportionateproportionatelyproportionspublishpublishedconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained constraining constrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributed contributes contributingcontributioncontributions contributorcontributors conveneconventionfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsillustrativeimmigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigrationimplyimpliedimpliesimplyinginitialinitiallypublisherpublisherspublishespublishingunpublishedreactreactedreactsreactingreactionreactionariesreactionaryreactionsreactivereactivatereactivationreactorreactorsregisterderegisterderegisteredderegisteringderegistersconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators core instanceinstancesinteractinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteractsjustifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustifiedlayerlayeredlayeringlayerslinkderegistrationregisteredregisteringregistersregistrationrelyreliabilityreliablereliablyreliancereliantreliedreliesrelyingunreliableremoveremovableremovalremovalsremovedremovesremovingschemeschematiccorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporations correspondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstratedlinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatelocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocationmaximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedschematicallyschemedschemesschemingsequencesequencedsequencessequencingsequentialsequentiallysexsexessexismsexualsexualitysexuallyshiftshiftedshiftingshiftsspecifyspecifiablespecifiedspecifiesdemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminorsnegatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegativesoutcomeoutcomespartnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsspecifyingunspecifiedsufficientsufficiencyinsufficientinsufficientlysufficientlytasktaskstechnicaltechnicallytechniquetechniquestechnologytechnologicaltechnologicallyvalidinvalidateinvalidityvalidatevalidatedvalidatingvalidationvalidityvalidlyvolumevolumesvol Sublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximated errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizeparallelparalleledparallelledparallellingparallelsunparalleledparameterparametersphasephasedphasesphasingpredictpredictabilitypredictablepredictablypredictedpredictingpredictionapproximatelyapproximates approximating approximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributable attributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitmentscommitscommittedcommitting communicate hypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypotheticallyimplementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionintegrateintegratedintegratespredictionspredictsunpredictabilityunpredictableprincipalprincipallypriorprofessionalprofessionallyprofessionalsprofessionalismprojectprojectedprojectingprojectionprojectionsprojectspromotepromotedpromoterpromoterspromotespromotingpromotionpromotionscommunicablecommunicatedcommunicatescommunicating communicationcommunications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrateconcentratedconcentratesconcentratingconcentration conferconferenceconferencesconferredconferringconfers contrastcontrastedcontrasting integratingintegrationinternalinternaliseinternalisedinternalisesinternalisinginternalizeinternalizedinternalizesinternalizinginternallyinvestigateinvestigatedinvestigatesinvestigatinginvestigationinvestigationsinvestigativeinvestigatorinvestigatorsjobjobslabelregimeregimesresolveresolutionresolvedresolvesresolvingunresolvedretainretainedretainingretainerretainersretainsretentionretentiveseriesstatisticstatisticianstatisticiansstatisticalstatisticallystatisticsstatusstresscontrastivecontrastscyclecycledcyclescycliccyclicalcyclingdebatedebatabledebateddebatesdebatingdespitedimensiondimensionaldimensionsmultidimensional domesticdomesticallydomesticatedomesticateddomesticatingdomestics emerge labeledlabelinglabelledlabellinglabelsmechanismmechanismsobviousobviouslyoccupyoccupancyoccupantoccupantsoccupationoccupationaloccupationsoccupiedoccupieroccupiersoccupiesoccupyingoptionoptionaloptionsoutputstressedstressesstressfulstressingunstressedsubsequentsubsequentlysumsummationsummedsummingsumssummarysummariessummarisesummarisedsummarisessummarisingsummarisationsummarisationssummarizationsummarizationssummarizesummarizedemergedemergence emergent emerges emerging outputsoverallsummarizessummarizingundertakeundertakenundertakesundertakingundertookSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademyacademiaacademicacademicallyacademicsacademies adjustadjustedadjustingadjustmentadjustmentsadjustsreadjustreadjusted expandexpandedexpandingexpandsexpansionexpansionismexpansiveexposeexposedexposesexposingexposureexposuresexternalorientorientateorientatedorientatesorientationorientatingorientedorientingorientsreorientreorientationperspectiveperspectivespreciseimprecisereadjustingreadjustment readjustmentsreadjusts alteralterablealterationalterations alteredalteringalternatealternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware externalisationexternaliseexternalisedexternalisesexternalisingexternalityexternalizationexternalizeexternalizedexternalizesexternalizingexternallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacilityfundamentalfundamentallygeneratepreciselyprecisionprimeprimacypsychologypsychologicalpsychologicallypsychologistpsychologistspursuepursuedpursuespursuingpursuitpursuitsratioratiosrejectrejectedrejectingrejectionrejectsrejectionsrevenuerevenuescapacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengers challengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancy consultantconsultantsconsultation generatedgeneratesgeneratinggenerationgenerationsimageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesstableinstabilitystabilisationstabilisestabilisedstabilisesstabilisingstabilizationstabilizestabilizedstabilizesstabilizingstabilityunstablestylestyledstylesstylingstylishstylisestylisedstylisesstylisingconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contactcontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdrafts liberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberalslicencelicenceslicenselicensedlicensinglicensesunlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogiciansmarginmarginalmarginallystylizestylizedstylizesstylizingsubstitutesubstitutedsubstitutessubstitutingsubstitutionsustainsustainablesustainabilitysustainedsustainingsustainssustenanceunsustainablesymbolsymbolicsymbolicallysymbolisesymbolisessymbolisedredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolving marginsmedicalmedicallymentalmentalitymentallymodifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodifiedmonitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitorednetworknetworkednetworkingnetworksnotionnotionsobjectivesymbolisingsymbolismsymbolizesymbolizedsymbolizessymbolizingsymbolstargettargetedtargetingtargetstransittransitedtransitingtransitiontransitionaltransitionstransitorytransitstrendtrendsversionversionswelfarewheevolvesevolutionary evolutionist evolutionists objectively objectivitySublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstracta bstractiona bstractionsa bstractlya bstractsaccuratea ccuracya ccuratelyi naccuracyi naccuraciesi naccurate acknowledgea cknowledgeda cknowledgesa cknowledginga cknowledgementa cknowledgements aggregate enhanceenhancedenhancementenhancesenhancingestateestatesexceedexceededexceedingexceedsexpertexpertiseexpertlyexpertsexplicitexplicitlyfederalfederationneutralneutralisationneutraliseneutralisedneutralisesneutralisingneutralityneutralizationneutralizeneutralizedneutralizesneutralizingneverthelessoverseasprecedeprecededprecedenceprecedentaggregateda ggregatesa ggregatinga ggregationallocatea llocateda llocatesa llocatinga llocationa llocationsassigna ssigneda ssigninga ssignmenta ssignmentsa ssignsr eassignr eassignedr eassigningr eassignsu nassignedattacha ttachedafederationsfeefeesflexibleflexibilityinflexibleinflexibilityfurthermoregendergendersignorantignoranceignoreignoredignoresignoringincentiveincentivesincidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingprecedesprecedingunprecedentedpresumepresumablypresumedpresumespresumingpresumptionpresumptionspresumptuousrationalirrationalrationalisationrationalisationsrationaliserationalisedrationalisesrationalisingrationalismrationalityrationalizationrationalizationsttachesa ttachinga ttachmenta ttachmentsu nattachedauthora uthoreda uthoringa uthorsa uthorshipbondb ondedb ondingb ondsbriefb revityb riefedb riefingb rieflyb riefscapablec apabilitiesc apabilityi ncapableciteincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructrationalizerationalizedrationalizesrationallyrecoverrecoverablerecoveredrecoveringrecoversrecoveryrevealrevealedrevealingrevealsrevelationrevelationsscopesubsidysubsidiarysubsidiessubsidisesubsidisedsubsidisessubsidisingc itationc itationsc itedc itingc itescooperatec ooperatedc ooperatesc ooperatingc ooperationc ooperativec ooperativelyc o-operatec o-operatedc o-operatesc o-operationc o-operativec o-operatively discriminated iscriminatedd iscriminatesd iscriminatingd iscriminationinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentintervalintervalslecturelecturedlecturerlecturerslectureslecturingmigratemigrantmigrantsmigratedsubsidizesubsidizedsubsidizessubsidizingtapetapedtapestapingtracetraceabletracedtracestracingtransformtransformationtransformationstransformedtransformingtransformstransporttransportationtransportedtransportertransporters。
teamlab太虚境原理英文回答：The concept of TeamLab Borderless is based on the principles of immersive and interactive digital art. It combines various technologies such as projection mapping, sensors, and computer graphics to create a virtual worldthat blurs the boundaries between art and the viewer. The key principle behind TeamLab Borderless is to create aspace where the art is not confined to a canvas or aphysical object, but instead exists in a constantlyevolving and interactive digital realm.One of the main technologies used in TeamLab Borderless is projection mapping. This technique involves projecting images onto three-dimensional surfaces, such as walls or floors, to create the illusion of movement and depth. By using multiple projectors and carefully aligning the images, TeamLab is able to create seamless and immersive visual experiences.Another important aspect of TeamLab Borderless is the use of sensors. These sensors detect the presence and movements of visitors in the exhibition space, allowing the artwork to respond and interact with them. For example, there may be a digital flower that blooms and changes color when someone approaches it, or a virtual waterfall that reacts to the movements of people passing by.Computer graphics also play a crucial role in creating the virtual world of TeamLab Borderless. Artists and designers use computer software to create stunning visual effects, realistic textures, and lifelike animations. These graphics are then projected onto the physical space, creating a seamless integration between the digital and physical realms.TeamLab Borderless is designed to be a highly interactive and immersive experience. Visitors are encouraged to explore the exhibition space freely, interact with the artwork, and even become part of the art themselves. For example, there may be a room filled withfloating digital balloons, and as visitors touch or push the balloons, they react and change color. This level of interactivity and engagement creates a unique and memorable experience for each visitor.中文回答：TeamLab太虚境的概念基于沉浸式和互动式数字艺术的原理。
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎以下是《了不起的盖茨比》第七章中出现的一些单词及其用法解释：1. Debauch: (verb) to corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality.Example: The wild party in Gatsby's mansion was filled with debauchery and excess.2. Sotto voce: (adverb) in a low voice, or in an undertone.Example: Jordan spoke to Nick sotto voce, revealing a secret that nobody else could hear.3. Affront: (verb) to insult intentionally.Example: Tom felt affronted when Gatsby openly declared his love for Daisy.4. Elude: (verb) to evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill.Example: Despite all efforts, the truth about Gatsby's past eluded everyone.5. Nebulous: (adjective) hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused.Example: Gatsby's actual identity remained nebulous to many of his party guests.6. Meretricious: (adjective) alluring by a show of flashy or vulgar attractions, but often without real value.Example: Daisy was not impressed by the meretricious displays of wealth at Gatsby's parties.7. Contemptuous: (adjective) showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful.Example: Tom looked at Gatsby with a contemptuous expression, as he considered him a social climber.8. Ineffable: (adjective) incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible.Example: Daisy experienced an ineffable sense of longing when Gatsby took her for a drive in his fancy car.9. Ramification: (noun) a consequence or implication; a branching out.Example: The ramification of Gatsby's obsession with Daisy was the destruction of his own life.10. Libertine: (noun) a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, especially a dissolute man.Example: Gatsby was often seen as a libertine, indulging in extravagant parties and relationships.11. Sluggish: (adjective) displaying slow or lazy movements or responses.Example: The sluggish summer heat made everyone at the party feel lethargic and unmotivated.12. Pander: (verb) to cater to the lower tastes or base desires of others.Example: Gatsby's extravagant parties were seen by some as an attempt to pander to the desires of the wealthy elite.13. Incarnation: (noun) a particular physical form or state; a concrete or actual form of a quality or concept.Example: Gatsby believed that he could recreate himself into an incarnation of the man Daisy truly desired.14. Inexplicable: (adjective) unable to be explained or accounted for.Example: Daisy's sudden attraction towards Gatsby seemed inexplicable to many, considering their past.15. Insidious: (adjective) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.Example: Tom warned Daisy about Gatsby's insidious intentions, accusing him of trying to steal her away.16. Supercilious: (adjective) behaving or looking as though one thinks they are superior to others; arrogant.Example: Tom's supercilious attitude towards Gatsby was evident in his condescending mannerisms.17. Saunter: (verb) to walk in a slow, relaxed, and confident manner.Example: Gatsby sauntered across the lawn towards Daisy, trying to appear nonchalant.18. Harrowed: (adjective) distressed or disturbed.Example: Gatsby's harrowed expression revealed the emotional turmoil he was experiencing.19. Truculent: (adjective) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.Example: Tom showed his truculent nature when he confronted Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy.20. Portentous: (adjective) of or like a portent; foreboding; full of unspecified meaning.Example: The dark clouds and thunderous sky seemed portentous, as if something significant was about to happen.21. Gaudiness: (noun) the quality of being tastelessly showy or overly ornate.Example: Despite the gaudiness of Gatsby's mansion, the guests were drawn to its opulence.22. Indiscernible: (adjective) impossible to see or clearly distinguish.Example: In the chaos of the party, individual voices became indiscernible and blended into a cacophony.23. Intermittent: (adjective) occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.Example: The intermittent rain throughout the night dampened the enthusiasm of the party guests.24. Stratum: (noun) a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.Example: Gatsby tried to climb the social stratum, hoping to be accepted by the upper class.25. Harlequin: (noun) a character in traditional pantomime; a buffoon.Example: Gatsby's harlequin smile hid the sadness and longing he felt for Daisy.26. Disconcerting: (adjective) causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed.Example: Daisy's disconcerting confession about her true feelings left Gatsby feeling disoriented and hurt.请注意，以上的双语例句是根据所给的单词和上下文进行编写的，但并非《了不起的盖茨比》中的原文。
《英语常用学术词汇表》《英语学术词汇表》(The Academic Word List, AWL)是一个由Victoria University of Wel lington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来的词汇表，它包含了学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords)。
《英语学术词汇表》分10个sublists (小类)，除了第10小类包含30个词目外，其他小类均含有60个词目。
Sublist 1（第1类）包含的词汇最常用，sublist 2（第2类）中的词汇使用频率稍低，其他的sublist3 依次类推。
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word Listanalyseanalysedanalyseranalysersanalysesanalysinganalysisanalystanalystsanalyticanalyticalanalyticallyanalyzeanalyzedanalyzesanalyzing approachapproachableapproachedapproachesapproachingunapproachable areaareasassessassessableassessedassessesassessing economyeconomiceconomicaleconomicallyeconomicseconomieseconomisteconomistsuneconomical environmentenvironmentalenvironmentalistenvironmentalistsenvironmentallyenvironmentsestablishdisestablishdisestablisheddisestablishesdisestablishingdisestablishmentestablishedestablishesestablishingestablishmentestablishments estimateestimatedestimateslegismajormethooccurperceassessmentassessmentsreassessreassessedreassessingreassessmentunassessedassumeassumedassumesassumingassumptionassumptions authorityauthoritativeauthorities availableavailabilityunavailablebenefitbeneficialbeneficiarybeneficiariesbenefitedbenefitingbenefitsconceptconceptionconceptsconceptualconceptualisationconceptualiseconceptualisedconceptualisesconceptualisingconceptually consistconsistedconsistencyconsistentconsistentlyconsistingconsistsinconsistencies estimatingestimationestimationsover-estimate overestimateoverestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated underestimates underestimatingevidentevidencedevidenceevidentialevidently exportexportedexporterexportersexportingexportsfactorfactoredfactoringfactorsfinancefinancedfinancesfinancialfinanciallyfinancierfinanciersfinancing formulaformulaeformulasformulateformulatedformulatingformulationformulationsreformulate periopolic princproceproce requi resea respoinconsistencyinconsistent constituteconstituenciesconstituencyconstituentconstituentsconstitutedconstitutesconstitutingconstitutionconstitutionsconstitutionalconstitutionallyconstitutiveunconstitutional contextcontextscontextualcontextualisecontextualisedcontextualisinguncontextualisedcontextualizecontextualizedcontextualizinguncontextualized contractcontractedcontractingcontractorcontractorscontractscreatecreatedcreatescreatingcreationcreationscreativecreativelycreativitycreatorcreators reformulated reformulating reformulation reformulationsfunctionfunctionalfunctionallyfunctionedfunctioningfunctionsidentifyidentifiableidentificationidentifiedidentifiesidentifyingidentitiesidentityunidentifiable incomeincomesindicateindicatedindicatesindicatingindicationindicationsindicativeindicatorindicators individualindividualisedindividualityindividualismindividualistindividualistsindividualisticindividuallyindividuals interpretinterpretationinterpretationsinterpretativeinterpreted role sectisecto signisimil sourc speci strucrecreaterecreatedrecreatesrecreatingdatadefinedefinabledefineddefinesdefiningdefinitiondefinitionsredefineredefinedredefinesredefiningundefined derivederivationderivationsderivativederivativesderivedderivesderiving distributedistributeddistributingdistributiondistributionaldistributionsdistributivedistributordistributorsredistributeredistributedredistributesredistributingredistributioninterpretinginterpretiveinterpretsmisinterpretmisinterpretationmisinterpretationsmisinterpretedmisinterpretingmisinterpretsreinterpretreinterpretedreinterpretsreinterpretingreinterpretationreinterpretations involveinvolvedinvolvementinvolvesinvolvinguninvolvedissueissuedissuesissuinglabourlaborlaboredlaborslabouredlabouringlabourslegalillegalillegalityillegallylegalitylegallytheorvarySublist 2 of the Academic Word Listachieve achievable achieved achievement achievements achievesachievingacquire acquiredacquires acquiringacquisitionacquisitions administrate administratesadministration administrationsadministrative administratively administratoradministrators affect affected affecting affective affectively affectsunaffected appropriate appropriacy appropriately appropriateness inappropriacy inappropriateinappropriately aspectaspects assistassistance assistant assistants assisted assistingassists distinctdistinction distinctions distinctive distinctively distinctly indistinct indistinctlyelementelements equate equatedequatesequating equationequations evaluate evaluated evaluates evaluatingevaluationevaluations evaluative re-evaluate re-evaluated re-evaluates re-evaluatingre-evaluationfeaturefeatured features featuring final finalisefinalisedfinalisesfinalisingfinalize finalized finalizes finalizing finality finallyfinalspartipercepositpotenpreviprimapurchrangeregioregulunassisted categorycategoriescategorisationcategorisecategorisedcategorisescategorisingcategorizationcategorizedcategorizescategorizing chapterchapters commissioncommissionedcommissionercommissionerscommissioningcommissions communitycommunities complexcomplexitiescomplexity computecomputationcomputationalcomputationscomputablecomputercomputedcomputerisedcomputerscomputing concludeconcludedconcludesconcludingconclusionconclusionsconclusiveconclusivelyinconclusive focusfocusedfocusesfocusingfocussedfocussingrefocusrefocusedrefocusesrefocusingrefocussedrefocussesrefocussingimpactimpactedimpactingimpactsinjureinjuredinjuresinjuriesinjuringinjuryuninjuredinstituteinstitutedinstitutesinstitutinginstitutioninstitutionalinstitutionaliseinstitutionalisedinstitutionalisesinstitutionalisinginstitutionalizedinstitutionalizesinstitutionalizinginstitutionallyinstitutionsinvestinvestedinvestinginvestmentinvestmentsrelevresidresourestrsecurinconclusively conductconductedconductingconducts consequentconsequenceconsequencesconsequently constructconstructedconstructingconstructionconstructionsconstructiveconstructsreconstructreconstructedreconstructingreconstructionreconstructs consumeconsumedconsumerconsumersconsumesconsumingconsumption creditcreditedcreditingcreditorcreditorscreditscultureculturalculturallyculturedculturesuncultured designdesigneddesignerdesignersinvestorinvestorsinvestsreinvestreinvestedreinvestingreinvestmentreinvestsitemitemisationitemiseitemiseditemisesitemisingitemsjournaljournalsmaintainmaintainedmaintainingmaintainsmaintenancenormalabnormalabnormallynormalisationnormalisenormalisednormalisesnormalisingnormalizationnormalizenormalizednormalizesnormalizingnormalitynormallyobtainobtainableobtainedobtainingobtainsunobtainableseekselecsitestratsurvetexttraditransdesigningdesignsSublist 3 of the Academic Word Listalternativealternativelyalternatives circumstancecircumstances commentcommentariescommentarycommentatorcommentatorscommentedcommentingcomments compensatecompensatedcompensatescompensatingcompensationcompensationscompensatory componentcomponentrycomponents consentconsensusconsentedconsentingconsents considerableconsiderably constantconstancyconstantlyconstantsinconstancyinconstantly constrainconstrained emphasisemphasiseemphasisedemphasisingemphasizeemphasizedemphasizesemphasizingemphaticemphatically ensureensuredensuresensuring excludeexcludedexcludesexcludingexclusionexclusionaryexclusionistexclusionsexclusiveexclusively frameworkframeworks fundfundedfunderfundersfundingfundsillustrateillustratedillustratesillustratingillustrationillustrationsconstrainingconstrainsconstraintconstraintsunconstrained contributecontributedcontributescontributingcontributioncontributionscontributorcontributors conveneconventionconvenesconvenedconveningconventionalconventionallyconventionsunconventional coordinatecoordinatedcoordinatescoordinatingcoordinationcoordinatorcoordinatorsco-ordinateco-ordinatedco-ordinatesco-ordinatingco-ordinationco-ordinatorco-ordinators corecorescoringcored corporatecorporatescorporationcorporationsillustrative immigrateimmigrantimmigrantsimmigratedimmigratesimmigratingimmigration implyimpliedimpliesimplying initialinitially instanceinstances interactinteractedinteractinginteractioninteractionsinteractiveinteractivelyinteracts justifyjustifiablejustifiablyjustificationjustificationsjustifiedjustifiesjustifyingunjustified layerlayeredlayeringlayerslinklinkagelinkageslinkedlinkinglinkslocatecorrespondcorrespondedcorrespondencecorrespondingcorrespondinglycorresponds criteriacriterion deducededuceddeducesdeducingdeductiondeductions demonstratedemonstrabledemonstrablydemonstrateddemonstratesdemonstratingdemonstrationdemonstrationsdemonstrativedemonstrativelydemonstratordemonstrators documentdocumentationdocumenteddocumentingdocuments dominatedominancedominantdominateddominatesdominatingdominationlocatedlocatinglocationlocationsrelocaterelocatedrelocatesrelocatingrelocation maximisemaxmaximisedmaximisesmaximisingmaximisationmaximizemaximizedmaximizesmaximizingmaximizationmaximumminorminoritiesminorityminors negatenegativenegatednegatesnegatingnegativelynegatives outcomeoutcomes partnerpartnerspartnershippartnershipsSublist 4 of the Academic Word Listaccessaccessedaccessesaccessibilityaccessibleaccessinginaccessible adequateadequacyadequatelyinadequaciesinadequacyinadequateinadequately annualannually apparentapparently approximateapproximatedapproximatelyapproximatesapproximatingapproximationapproximations attitudeattitudes attributeattributableattributedattributesattributingattribution civilcodecodedcodescodingcommitcommitmentcommitments errorerroneouserroneouslyerrorsethnicethnicitygoalgoalsgrantgrantedgrantinggrantshencehypothesishypotheseshypothesisehypothesisedhypothesiseshypothesisinghypothesizehypothesizedhypothesizeshypothesizinghypotheticalhypothetically implementimplementationimplementedimplementingimplementsimplicateimplicatedimplicatesimplicatingimplicationimplicationsimposeimposedimposesimposingimpositionparallelparameterphasepredictprincipalpriorprofessioprojectpromotecommits committed committing communicate communicable communicated communicates communicatingcommunication communications communicative communicativelyuncommunicative concentrate concentrated concentratesconcentrating concentration conferconference conferences conferred conferring confers contrast contrasted contrasting contrastive contrasts cycle cycled cycles cyclic cyclical cycling debate debatable debated debatesdebating despite dimensiondimensionaldimensions integrate integrated integrates integrating integration internal internalise internalised internalises internalising internalize internalized internalizes internalizing internally investigate investigated investigates investigating investigation investigations investigative investigator investigators job jobs label labeled labeling labelled labelling labels mechanism mechanisms obvious obviously occupy occupancy occupant occupants occupation occupational occupations occupied regimeresolve retainseries statisticstatus stresssubsequensumsummarymultidimensional domestic domestically domesticate domesticated domesticating domestics emerge emerged emergence emergent emerges emergingoccupieroccupiers occupies occupyingoption optionaloptions outputoutputsoverall undertakeSublist 5 of the Academic Word Listacademy academia academic academically academics academies adjust adjusted adjusting adjustment adjustments adjusts readjust readjusted readjusting readjustment readjustments readjusts alter alterable alteration alterations altered alteringalternate expandexpanded expandingexpands expansionexpansionismexpansive expose exposed exposes exposing exposure exposures external externalisation externalise externalisedexternalisesexternalising externality externalization externalize externalized externalizesexternalizingalternatingaltersunalterableunaltered amendamendedamendingamendmentamendmentsamendsawareawarenessunaware capacitycapacitiesincapacitateincapacitated challengechallengedchallengerchallengerschallengeschallenging clauseclauses compoundcompoundedcompoundingcompounds conflictconflictedconflictingconflicts consultconsultancyconsultantconsultantsconsultationconsultationsconsultativeconsultedconsultsconsulting contact externallyfacilitatefacilitatedfacilitatesfacilitiesfacilitatingfacilitationfacilitatorfacilitatorsfacility fundamentalfundamentally generategeneratedgeneratesgenerating generationgenerations imageimageryimagesliberalliberaliseliberalismliberalisationliberalisedliberalisesliberalisingliberalizationliberalizeliberalizedliberalizesliberalizingliberateliberatedliberatesliberationliberationsliberatingliberatorliberatorsliberallyliberals licencecontactablecontactedcontactingcontacts declinedeclineddeclinesdeclining discretediscretelydiscretiondiscretionaryindiscreteindiscretion draftdrafteddraftingdraftsredraftredraftedredraftingredrafts enableenabledenablesenabling energyenergeticenergeticallyenergies enforceenforcedenforcementenforcesenforcing entityentities equivalentequivalence evolveevolutionevolvedevolvingevolves licences licenselicensed licensing licenses unlicensedlogicillogicalillogicallylogicallogicallylogicianlogicians marginmarginalmarginallymargins medicalmedically mentalmentalitymentally modifymodificationmodificationsmodifiedmodifiesmodifyingunmodified monitormonitoredmonitoringmonitorsunmonitored networknetworkednetworkingnetworks notionnotions objectiveobjectivelyobjectivityevolutionary evolutionist evolutionistsSublist 6 of the Academic Word Listabstract abstraction abstractions abstractlyabstracts accurate accuracy accurately inaccuracy inaccuracies inaccurate acknowledge acknowledged acknowledges acknowledging acknowledgement acknowledgements aggregate aggregated aggregates aggregating aggregation allocate allocated allocates allocating allocation allocations assignassigned assigning assignment assignments assigns reassign reassignedreassigning enhanceenhanced enhancement enhancesenhancingestateestates exceed exceeded exceedingexceeds expertexpertise expertly expertsexplicitexplicitly federalfederation federations feefees flexibleflexibility inflexible inflexibility furthermore gendergenders ignorant ignorance ignore ignored ignoresignoringincentiveincentives neutralneverthe overseasprecedepresumerationalreassignsunassigned attachattachedattachesattachingattachmentattachmentsunattached authorauthoredauthoringauthorsauthorship bondbondedbondingbondsbriefbrevitybriefedbriefingbrieflybriefs capablecapabilitiescapabilityincapablecitecitationcitationscitedcitingcites cooperatecooperatedcooperatescooperatingcooperationcooperativecooperativelyco-operateco-operatedco-operates incidenceincidentincidentallyincidentsincorporateincorporatedincorporatesincorporatingincorporationindexindexedindexesindexinginhibitinhibitedinhibitinginhibitioninhibitionsinhibitsinitiateinitiatedinitiatesinitiatinginitiationinitiationsinitiativeinitiativesinitiatorinitiatorsinputinputsinstructinstructioninstructedinstructinginstructionsinstructiveinstructorinstructorsinstructsintelligentintelligenceintelligentlyunintelligentrecoverrevealscopesubsidytapetracetransforco-operation co-operative co-operatively discriminate discriminated discriminates discriminating discrimination displaydisplayed displaying displays diverse diversely diversification diversified diversifies diversify diversifying diversity domaindomains editedited editing edition editions editor editorial editorials editors edits interval intervals lecturelectured lecturer lecturers lectureslecturingmigratemigrant migrantsmigratedmigratesmigratingmigration migrations migratoryminimum ministryministeredministeringministerialministries motive motivate motivated motivates motivating motivation motivations motivesunmotivatedtransporunderlieutiliseSublist 7 of the Academic Word Listadapt adaptability adaptable adaptation adaptations adapted adaptingadaptiveequip equipment equipped equipping equipsextract extractedextractingprohibitpublicatadaptsadultadulthoodadults advocateadvocacyadvocatedadvocatesadvocatingaidaidedaidingaidsunaided channelchannelledchannellingchannels chemicalchemicallychemicals classicclassicalclassics comprehensivecomprehensively comprisecomprisedcomprisescomprising confirmconfirmationconfirmedconfirmingconfirms contrarycontrarily convertconversionconversionsconvertedconvertibleconvertingconvertsextractionextractsfilefiledfilesfilingfiniteinfiniteinfinitely foundationfoundationsglobeglobalgloballyglobalisationglobalizationgradegradedgradesgradingguaranteeguaranteedguaranteeingguaranteeshierarchyhierarchicalhierarchiesidenticalidenticallyideologyideologicalideologicallyideologiesinferinferenceinferencesinferredinferringinfersinnovateinnovationinnovatedinnovatesinnovatingquotereleasereversesimulatesolesomewhatsubmitsuccessosurvivecouplecoupledcouplingcouplesdecadedecadesdefinitedefinitelydefinitiveindefiniteindefinitely denydeniabledenialdenialsdenieddeniesdenyingundeniable differentiatedifferentiateddifferentiatesdifferentiatingdifferentiation disposedisposabledisposaldisposeddisposesdisposing dynamicdynamicallydynamics eliminateeliminatedeliminateseliminatingelimination empiricalempiricallyempiricisminnovationsinnovativeinnovatorinnovatorsinsertinsertedinsertinginsertioninsertsinterveneintervenedintervenesinterveninginterventioninterventionsisolateisolatedisolatesisolatingisolationisolationismmediamodemodesparadigmparadigms phenomenonphenomenaphenomenalpriorityprioritiesprioritisationprioritiseprioritisedprioritisesprioritisingprioritizationprioritizeprioritizedprioritizesprioritizingthesistopictransmitultimateuniquevisiblevoluntarSublist 8 of the Academic Word Listabandonabandonedabandoningabandonmentabandons accompanyaccompaniedaccompaniesaccompanimentaccompanyingunaccompanied accumulateaccumulatedaccumulatingaccumulationaccumulates ambiguousambiguitiesambiguityunambiguousunambiguously appendappendixappendedappendsappendingappendicesappendixes appreciateappreciableappreciablyappreciatedappreciatesappreciatingappreciationunappreciated arbitraryarbitrarinessarbitrarily automateautomaticautomatedautomatesautomating detectdetectabledetecteddetectingdetectiondetectivedetectivesdetectordetectorsdetectsdeviatedeviateddeviatesdeviatingdeviationdeviationsdisplacedisplaceddisplacementdisplacesdisplacingdramadramasdramaticdramaticallydramatisedramatiseddramatisingdramatisesdramatisationdramatisationsdramatistdramatistsdramatizationdramatizationsdramatizedramatizeddramatizesdramatizingeventualeventualityeventuallyexhibitexhibitedminiminucleaoffsetparagrpluspractipredomprosperadicarandomreinforestorautomaticallyautomationbiasbiasedbiasesbiasingunbiasedchartchartedchartingchartsunchartedclarifyclarificationclarifiedclarifiesclarifyingclarity commoditycommodities complementcomplementarycomplementedcomplementingcomplements conformconformableconformabilityconformanceconformationconformedconformingconformistconformistsconformityconformsnonconformistnonconformistsnonconformitynon-conformistnon-conformistsnon-conformity contemporarycontemporaries exhibiting exhibition exhibitions exhibitsexploitexploitationexploitedexploitingexploits fluctuatefluctuatedfluctuatesfluctuatingfluctuationfluctuations guidelineguidelines highlighthighlightedhighlightinghighlights implicitimplicitly induceinducedinducesinducinginduction inevitableinevitabilityinevitably infrastructureinfrastructures inspectinspectedinspectinginspectioninspectionsinspectorinspectorsinspects intenseintenselyintenseness revise schedu tense termintheme thereb unifor vehiclvia virtuacontradictcontradictedcontradictingcontradictioncontradictionscontradictorycontradicts crucialcrucially currencycurrencies denotedenotationdenotationsdenoteddenotesdenotingintensificationintensifiedintensifiesintensifyintensifyingintensionintensityintensiveintensively manipulatemanipulatedmanipulatesmanipulatingmanipulationmanipulationsmanipulativevisualwidespSublist 9 of the Academic Word Listaccommodateaccommodatedaccommodatesaccommodatingaccommodation analogyanalogiesanalogous anticipateanticipatedanticipatesanticipatinganticipationunanticipated assureassuranceassurancesassuredassuredlyassuresassuring attainattainable diminishdiminisheddiminishesdiminishingdiminutionundiminisheddistortdistorteddistortingdistortiondistortionsdistortsdurationerodeerodederodeserodingerosionethicethicalethicallyethicsunethicalpreliminprotocolqualitatrefinerelaxrestrainattainedattainingattainmentattainmentsattainsunattainable behalfbulkbulkyceaseceasedceaselessceasesceasing coherentcoherencecoherentlyincoherentincoherently coincidecoincidedcoincidescoincidingcoincidencecoincidencescoincidentcoincidental commencecommencedcommencescommencementcommencingrecommencesrecommencedrecommencing compatiblecompatibilityincompatibilityincompatible concurrentconcurrently confineconfinedconfines formatformattedformattingformatsfoundfoundedfounderfoundersfoundingunfoundedinherentinherentlyinsightinsightfulinsightsintegralintermediatemanualmanuallymanualsmatureimmatureimmaturitymaturationmaturationalmaturedmaturesmaturingmaturitymediatemediatedmediatesmediatingmediationmediummilitaryminimalminimalisationminimaliseminimalisesminimalisedminimalisingminimalistminimalistsrevolutirigidroutescenariospheresubordinsupplemesuspendteamconfiningunconfined controversycontroversiescontroversialcontroversiallyuncontroversial converseconversely devicedevicesdevotedevoteddevotedlydevotesdevotingdevotiondevotionsminimalisticminimalizationminimalizeminimalizedminimalizesminimalizingminimallymutualmutuallynormnormsoverlapoverlappedoverlappingoverlapspassivepassivelypassivityportionportionstemporartriggerunifyviolatevisionSublist 10 of the Academic Word Listadjacentalbeitassembleassembledassemblesassembliesassemblingassembly collapsecollapsedcollapsescollapsiblecollapsing colleaguecolleagues compilecompilation depressdepresseddepressesdepressingdepressionencounterencounteredencounteringencountersenormousenormityenormouslyforthcominginclineinclinationinclinationsinclinedongoingpanelpersistposereluctance。
中国平安保险(集团)股份有限公司信息管理中心PAFA新架构名词解释创建日期： 2005-06-21定版日期：目录1.简介 (4)1.1本文档的目的 (4)1.2阅读对象 (4)2.内容说明 (4)3.PAFA新架构名词 (4)3.1PAFA (4)3.2PAFA新架构 (4)3.3新PAFA (4)3.4PAFA WEB层 (4)3.5PAFA业务层 (4)3.6PAFA集成层 (5)3.7PAFA核心层 (5)3.8BO(B USINESS O BJECT) (5)3.9DTO(D ATA T RANSFER O BJECT) (5)3.10P AFA AC(P AFA A PPLICATION C ONTROLLER) (5)3.11A CTION (5)3.12S ERVICE (5)3.13P AFA SAO (5)3.14P AFA DAO (6)3.15S ERVICE R EQUEST (6)3.16S ERVICE R ESPONSE (6)4.业界规范名词 (6)4.1J2EE (6)4.2B/S架构 (6)4.3多层应用（架构） (6)4.4容器（C ONTAINER） (6)4.5轻量级容器（L IGHT W EIGHT C ONTAINER） (6)4.6设计模式（D ESIGN P ATTERN） (6)4.7JNDI (6)4.8JSTL（J AVA S ERVER P AGES S TANDARD T AG L IBRARY） (6)4.9AOP (6)4.10IOC (6)4.11事务（T RANSACTION） (6)4.12分布式事务（D ISTRIBUTED T RANSACTION） (7)4.13JMS异步消息 (7)4.14POJO（P LAIN O LD J AVA O BJECT） (7)4.15EJB（E NTERPRISE J AVA B EAN） (7)4.16S ESSION B EAN (7)4.17无状态S ESSION B EAN (7)4.18MVC (7)4.19HTTP GET (7)4.20HTTP POST (7)4.21C ONTEXT (7)4.22I BATIS (7)4.23S INGLETON(单例模式) (7)4.24U SER C ASE (7)4.25C ODE T ABLE(基表) (7)4.26T ILES（一种展示框架） (7)4.27NEW TERM (7)PAFA 新架构名词解释1.简介1.1本文档的目的PAFA新架构中出现了大量的新名词和术语，同时引用到了J2EE规范中的很多名词和术语。
国际关系专业英语词汇buffer state 缓冲国statecraft 治国术comprehensive power 综合国力dual nationality 双重国籍host country 东道国vassal state 附庸国protectorate 保护国a defeated country战败国satellite state 卫星国victorious nation战胜国neutrality stated, neutral country 中立国neutralized stated 永久中立国Axis Powers 轴心国nonaligned state 不结盟国家signatory state of the treaty (convention) 缔约国hegemonic state 霸权国political science 政治学comparative politics 比较政治学low politics 低级政治high politics 高级政治politics of scale 规模政治规模政治Realpolitik 现实政治bureaucratic politics 官僚政治political geography 政治地理politicization 政治化political psychophysiology 政治精神心理学ecopolitics 生态政治学political elite 政治精英zero-sum game 零和游戏nonzero-sum game 非零和游戏game theory 博弈论two-level game or two-tier game 双层博弈paradigm 范式localization 本土化irreversibility 不可逆转性convention 常规deconstruction 解构balance of power 均势均势association agreement 联系协定exclusivity 排他性critique theories 批判理论equilibrium 平衡globalization 全球化identity 认同或特性spill-over 外溢relative gain 相对收益absolute gain 绝对收益interdependence 相互依赖loyalty-transferring 效忠转移marginal cost 边际成本public domain 公共领域public choice theory 公共选择理论公共选择理论interstate transaction cost 国家间交易成本国家间交易成本transaction benefit 交易收益interests group 利益集团prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境transferring rights 权利让渡anarchy 无政府状态constitutionalism 宪政asymmetric information 信息不对称quantitative analysis 定量分析qualitative analysis 定性分析transactionism 交流理论complex interdependence 复合相互依赖case study 个案研究theoretical framework 理论体系dialectical method 辩证法world system theory 世界体系理论世界体系理论alienation 异化natural selection 物竞天择pagan 异教徒falsification 证伪appeasement 绥靖asymmetrical strategy 不对称战略representative forms of government 代议制政府dependency theory 依附理论telecommunications revolution 电讯革命containment policy 遏制政策counterculture 反主流文化dewesternization 非西方化nonlinearity 非线性utilitarian philosophy 功利主义哲学supply-side economics 供应学派经济学rational actor model 理性行为体模型理性行为体模型classical liberal school 古典自由主义学派古典自由主义学派decentralization 分散化utopian theory 乌托邦理论normative theory 规范理论1 value judgment 价值判断价值判断class struggle 阶级斗争阶级斗争mirror image 镜像镜像comparative study 比较研究比较研究cybernetic theory; cybernetics 控制论控制论控制论 predictability 可预测性可预测性cross-cultural comparative analysis 跨文化比跨文化比较分析较分析marginalization 边缘化边缘化assured destruction 确保摧毁确保摧毁intellectual property 知识产权知识产权 homogeneous civilization 同质文明[,h m 'd i:ni s, ,h u-] homogenization 同质化同质化Heterogeneou 异质化[,het r u'd i:nj s] futurology 未来学未来学clash of civilizations 文明的冲突文明的冲突文明的冲突 theoretical foundation 理论基础理论基础grand theory 大理论大理论information revolution 信息革命信息革命 ideological conflict 意识形态冲突意识形态冲突 barbarism 野蛮状态野蛮状态lobbying 游说游说nonwhite people 有色人种有色人种metaphysics 形而上学形而上学long-circle theory 长周期理论长周期理论resource theory 资源理论资源理论autonomous 自治自治case study 案例研究案例研究cyclical theory 周期理论周期理论shared ideas 共同观念共同观念global governance 全球治理全球治理the nature of man 人性人性cognitive psychology 认知心理学认知心理学civil society 市民社会市民社会ideology 意识形态意识形态brain trust 智囊团智囊团bandwagon 搭便车搭便车autarky 自给自足, 闭关自守闭关自守atrocity 暴行暴行democratization 民主化民主化constitutional democracy 宪政民主宪政民主 current history approach 当代史方法当代史方法当代史方法end of history 历史终结历史终结历史终结socialization 社会化社会化self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现的预言自我实现的预言 structural violence 结构性暴力结构性暴力 survival of the fittest 适者生存适者生存 xenophobia 仇外, 排外排外ontology 本体论本体论Copenhagen School 哥本哈根学派哥本哈根学派 duality of structure 结构二重性结构二重性结构二重性 internalization 内化内化 institutionalization 制度化制度化 secularization 世俗化世俗化think tank 思想库思想库public goods 公共物品公共物品non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒非关税壁垒 informal agreement 非正式协议非正式协议 tariffs reduction 关税减让关税减让Tariffs Union 关税同盟关税同盟reciprocity 互惠互惠Great Depression 大萧条大萧条Industrial Revolution 工业革命工业革命 Industrial Age 工业时代工业时代antitrust law 反托拉斯法反托拉斯法 industrialization 工业化工业化stock market clash 股票市场崩溃股票市场崩溃股票市场崩溃 floating exchange rate 浮动汇率浮动汇率浮动汇率fixed exchange rate 固定汇率固定汇率固定汇率 currency exchange rate 外汇汇率外汇汇率外汇汇率gold standard 金本位金本位financial institution 金融机构金融机构 economic determinism 经济决定论经济决定论 economic globalization 经济全球化经济全球化 economic sanction 经济制裁经济制裁 economic circle 经济周期经济周期 transnational corporation, multinational corporation 跨国公司跨国公司money laundering 洗钱洗钱energy crisis 能源危机能源危机Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合乌拉圭回合surplus value 剩余价值剩余价值interest rate 利率利率balance of trade 贸易平衡贸易平衡贸易平衡trade deficit 贸易赤字贸易赤字treasury bond 公债公债central bank 中央银行中央银行free market system 自由市场体系自由市场体系自由市场体系 urbanization 城市化城市化economic growth 经济增长经济增长 sustainable development 可持续发展可持续发展customs union 关税同盟关税同盟 emerging market 新兴市场新兴市场 stagflation 滞胀滞胀nondiscrimination 非歧视原则非歧视原则 nontariff barriers (NTBs) 非关税壁垒非关税壁垒非关税壁垒 package deal 一揽子交易一揽子交易 market failure 市场失灵市场失灵 bourgeoisie 资产阶级资产阶级 national self-determination 民族自决民族自决 national liberation 民族解放民族解放 racial issue 种族问题种族问题 ethnic identity 民族身份民族身份 ethnic conflict 种族冲突种族冲突 geopolitics 地缘政治地缘政治 sea power 海权海权 land power 陆权陆权 air power 空权空权Balkan 巴尔干巴尔干 Age of Exploration 地理大发现时代地理大发现时代地理大发现时代 Geoeconomics 地缘经济学地缘经济学 Indochina 印度支那印度支那 Formosa 福尔摩萨福尔摩萨 Pacific Rim 环太平洋地区环太平洋地区 heartland 大陆心脏大陆心脏 Latin American 拉丁美洲拉丁美洲 Strait of Malacca 马六甲海峡马六甲海峡马六甲海峡 continental country 大陆国家大陆国家 Kashmir 克什米尔克什米尔 geographic location 地理位置地理位置 Serbia 塞尔维亚塞尔维亚 Shatterbelt 破碎地带破碎地带 Netherlands 尼德兰尼德兰 Eurasia 欧亚大陆欧亚大陆 lebensraum 生存空间生存空间 core-periphery model 中心-边缘模式边缘模式 Global North 北方世界北方世界 Global South 南方世界南方世界 人名人名Karl W. Deutsch 卡尔•多伊奇多伊奇 Francis Fukuyama 弗朗西斯•福山福山 Hans J. Morgenthau 汉斯汉斯•摩根索摩根索 Jean Monnet 让•莫内莫内 Joseph S. Nye 约瑟夫约瑟夫•奈 Kenneth N. Waltz 肯尼思•沃尔兹沃尔兹 Hugo Grotius 雨果•格劳秀斯格劳秀斯 Jean Bodin 让•博丹博丹William Olson 威廉•奥尔森奥尔森John Ikenberry 约翰•伊肯伯里伊肯伯里 Harold Nicolson 哈罗德•尼科尔森《外交学》 Francesco Guicciardini 弗朗切斯科•圭恰迪尼《意大利史》尼《意大利史》 Thomas Hobbes 托马斯•霍布斯霍布斯 Henry Kissinger 亨利•基辛格基辛格 Robert Gilpin 罗伯特•吉尔平吉尔平 Arnord Wolfers 阿诺德•沃尔弗斯沃尔弗斯 Edward Karl 爱德华•卡尔卡尔 Peter Katzenstein 彼得•卡赞斯坦卡赞斯坦 George Kennan 乔治•凯南凯南 Stephen Krasner 史蒂芬•克拉斯纳克拉斯纳 Paul Kennedy 保罗•肯尼迪肯尼迪 John Ruggie 约翰•鲁杰鲁杰 Niccol Machiavelli 马基雅维利马基雅维利 John Mearsheirmer 约翰•米尔斯海默米尔斯海默 Adam Smith 亚当•斯密斯密 David A. Baldwin 大卫大卫•鲍德温鲍德温 Thucydides 修昔底德修昔底德 Raymond Aron 雷蒙•阿隆阿隆 Stephen Walt 斯蒂芬•沃尔特沃尔特 Martin Wight 马丁•怀特怀特Max Weber 马克斯•韦伯(德国社会学家) Alexander Wendt 亚历山大•温特温特 Brace Russett 布鲁斯•拉西特拉西特Immanuel Wallerstein 伊曼纽尔•沃勒斯坦沃勒斯坦 Jean-Jaques Rousseau 让•雅克•卢梭卢梭 Sir Ernest Satow 欧内斯特欧内斯特•萨道义爵士《外交实践指南》交实践指南》 John Locke 约翰•洛克洛克 Jeremy Bentham 杰里米•边沁边沁 France Bacon 弗朗西斯•培根培根 Hedley Bull 赫德利•布尔布尔 Herbert Butterfield 赫伯特•巴特菲尔德巴特菲尔德 George Canning 乔治•坎宁坎宁 Socrates 苏格拉底苏格拉底 Plato 柏拉图柏拉图Benedict de Spinoza 本尼迪克特本尼迪克特•德•斯宾诺莎Dante 但丁但丁Lassa Oppenheim 拉萨•奥本海奥本海 Joseph A. Schumpeter 约瑟夫约瑟夫•A•熊彼特熊彼特 Hans Kelsen 汉斯•凯尔森凯尔森 V oltaire 伏尔泰伏尔泰Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠孟德斯鸠John Courtney Murray 约翰约翰•考特尼•默里默里 Reinhold Niebuhr 莱因霍尔德•尼布尔尼布尔 John Dowey 约翰•杜威杜威Denis Diderot 丹尼斯•狄德罗狄德罗Erasmus 伊拉斯谟伊拉斯谟Ludwig Feuerbach 路德维希•费尔巴哈费尔巴哈 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林富兰克林 Homer 荷马荷马Graham T. Allison 格雷汉姆格雷汉姆•艾利森艾利森 Tommaso Campanella 托马索•康帕内拉康帕内拉 David Hume 大卫•休谟休谟Jack S. Levy 杰克杰克•列维列维Walter Lippmann 沃尔特•李普曼李普曼Quincy Wright 昆西•赖特赖特Susan Strange 苏珊•斯特兰奇斯特兰奇Richard Ashley 理查德•阿什利阿什利David Mitrany 戴维•米特兰尼米特兰尼Charles de Visscher 查理查理•德维舍德维舍Michael W. Doyle 迈克尔•多伊尔多伊尔John Hertz 约翰•赫茨赫茨Fredric Latzel 弗里德里希•拉采尔拉采尔Rudolf Kjellen 鲁道夫•契伦契伦Karl Haushofer 卡尔•豪斯霍夫豪斯霍夫Nicolas Spykman 尼古拉斯•斯皮克曼斯皮克曼Sir Halford Mackinder 麦金德麦金德麦金德Douhet 杜黑杜黑Alfred Thayer Mahan 艾尔弗雷德艾尔弗雷德•马汉马汉 David Mitrany 戴维•米特兰尼米特兰尼Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大•汉密尔顿汉密尔顿 Stanley Hoffmann 斯坦利•霍夫曼霍夫曼 Kenneth W. Thompson 肯尼思•汤普逊汤普逊 Robert O. Keohane 罗伯特罗伯特•基欧汉基欧汉Robert Cox 罗伯特•考克斯考克斯Friedrich von Hayek 弗里德里希弗里德里希•冯•哈耶克哈耶克 John W. Burton 约翰•伯顿伯顿Morton Kaplan 莫顿•卡普兰卡普兰John Ikenberry 约翰•埃肯伯里埃肯伯里Arnold Toynbee 阿诺德•汤因比汤因比Francois de Callieres 弗朗索瓦弗朗索瓦•德•卡利埃《外交的艺术》《外交的艺术》Abraham de Wicquefort 亚伯拉罕亚伯拉罕•德•威克福,《大使及其职能》《大使及其职能》Robbery Jervis 罗伯特•杰维斯杰维斯Barry Buzan 巴里•布赞布赞Joseph Grieco 约瑟夫•格里科格里科Sigmund Freud 西蒙•弗洛伊德弗洛伊德 Jurgen Habermas 尤尔根•哈贝马斯哈贝马斯 George W. F. Hegal 黑格尔黑格尔黑格尔Immanuel Kant 伊曼纽尔•康德康德Walter Lippmann 沃尔特•李普曼李普曼 Thomas Aquinas 托马斯•阿奎那阿奎那 Fernand Braudel 费尔南•布罗代尔布罗代尔Karl von Clausewitz 凯尔凯尔•冯•克劳塞维茨克劳塞维茨 Christopher Columbus 克里斯托弗•哥伦布哥伦布 Auguste Comte 奥古斯特•孔德孔德 Herodotus 希罗多德希罗多德Martin Luther 马丁•路德路德Richelieu 黎塞留黎塞留John L. Gaddis 约翰约翰•加迪斯加迪斯Herbert Spencer 赫伯特•斯宾塞(英国社会学家) Oswald Spengler 奥斯瓦尔德•施宾格勒(德国历史哲学家) Talleyrand 塔列朗塔列朗Caliphate 哈里发哈里发Joseph Stalin 斯大林斯大林Dwight D. Eisenhower 德怀特德怀特•艾森豪威尔艾森豪威尔 Eisenhower Doctrine 艾森豪威尔主义艾森豪威尔主义 Harry Truman 哈里•杜鲁门杜鲁门Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义杜鲁门主义Jimmy Carter 吉米•卡特卡特Ronald Reagan 罗纳德•里根里根Thomas Jefferson 托马斯•杰斐逊杰斐逊 Coolidge 柯立芝柯立芝Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义门罗主义Richard Nixon 理查德•尼克松尼克松Nixon Doctrine 尼克松主义尼克松主义Winston Churchill 温斯顿•丘吉尔丘吉尔 Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗•威尔逊威尔逊 Wilsonianism 威尔逊主义威尔逊主义Neville Chamberlain 内维尔•张伯伦张伯伦Adolf Hitler 阿道夫•希特勒希特勒Otto von Bismarch 奥托奥托•冯•俾斯麦俾斯麦 Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑•波拿巴波拿巴 Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝亚历山大大帝亚历山大大帝 Aristotle 亚里士多德亚里士多德Augustine 奥古斯丁奥古斯丁Frederick the Great 腓特烈大帝腓特烈大帝腓特烈大帝Prince Metternich 梅特涅亲王梅特涅亲王Charles de Gaulle 戴高乐戴高乐戴高乐Yassir Arafat 阿拉法特阿拉法特Julius Caesar 凯撒凯撒Brezhnev Doctrine 勃列日涅夫主义勃列日涅夫主义 Abbas I 阿拔斯一世阿拔斯一世Constantine (Byzantine emperor) 君士坦丁君士坦丁(拜占庭皇帝) Hideyoshi 丰臣秀吉丰臣秀吉 Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗•克伦威尔克伦威尔 Ivan the Terrible (Tsar) 伊凡雷帝伊凡雷帝伊凡雷帝 Justinian 查士丁尼查士丁尼 Genghis Khan 成吉思汗成吉思汗 Mahomet 穆罕默德穆罕默德 Peter the Great 彼得大帝彼得大帝彼得大帝 William I (Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror, King of England) 威廉一世威廉一世威廉一世 Yoshida Doctrine 吉田主义吉田主义 Robespierre 罗伯斯庇尔罗伯斯庇尔 Catherine the Great 叶卡捷琳娜大帝叶卡捷琳娜大帝叶卡捷琳娜大帝 Charlemagne 查理曼大帝查理曼大帝 Sun Yat-sen 孙中山孙中山 Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫赫鲁晓夫 军事防御军事防御 military base 军事基地军事基地 military coup 军事政变军事政变 military expenditures 军费开支军费开支 military assistance 军事援助军事援助 military integration 军事一体化军事一体化 military intervention 军事干预军事干预 military provocation 军事挑衅军事挑衅 military-technical revolution 军事技术革命军事技术革命 mutual deterrence 相互威慑相互威慑 demilitarization of outer space 外层空间的非军事化军事化armed force 军队, 武装力量武装力量 massive retaliation 大规模报复大规模报复WMD, Weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器杀伤性武器preemption 先发制人先发制人 cruise missile 巡航导弹ballistic missile defense 弹道导弹防御弹道导弹防御弹道导弹防御 intercontinental ballistic missile 洲际弹道导洲际弹道导弹intermediate-range ballistic missile 中程弹道中程弹道导弹导弹theater missile defense (TMD) (战区)导弹防御系统防御系统low-intensity conflict 低烈度冲突低烈度冲突 first-strike strategy 第一次打击战略第一次打击战略second-strike capacity 第二次打击能力第二次打击能力atomic bomb 原子弹原子弹 strategic weapon 战略武器战略武器 tactical weapon 战术武器战术武器 naval blockade 海上封锁海上封锁 naval force 海军海军 air force 空军空军 land force 陆军陆军 arms race 军备竞赛军备竞赛 arms control 军备控制军备控制 naval capability 海军实力海军实力 Pentagon 五角大楼五角大楼 peace keeping operation 维和行动维和行动维和行动 defense policy 防务政策防务政策 guerilla war 游击战游击战information warfare (IW), infowar 信息战信息战 mercenary 雇佣军雇佣军 open sea 公海公海 high seas ，international waters 公海；国际水域水域outer space 外层空间外层空间 territorial integrity 领土完整领土完整 territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权领土管辖权 territorial water 领水领水 territorial air 领空领空 territorial sea 领海领海 limits of territorial sea 领海范围领海范围 limits-to-growth proposition 增长极限论增长极限论 Persian Gulf War 海湾战争海湾战争 Indo-Pakistani War 印巴战争印巴战争 Vietnam War 越南战争越南战争 conventional war 常规战争常规战争 war by proxy 代理人战争代理人战争代理人战争 Indo-Chinese War 中印战争中印战争 just war 正义战争正义战争 limited nuclear war 有限核战争有限核战争有限核战争 preventive war 预防性战争预防性战争 postmodern war 后现代战争后现代战争 total war 总体战争总体战争 Korean War 朝鲜战争朝鲜战争 preemptive war 先发制人的战争先发制人的战争 Crimean War 克里米亚战争[krai'mi [krai'miəən] Falklands War 马岛战争马岛战争 Franco-Prussian 普法战争普法战争 Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争日俄战争Opium War 鸦片战争['['əəupi upiəəm] Great Northern War 北方战争北方战争北方战争 War of Pacific 太平洋战争太平洋战争太平洋战争 Thirty Years War 三十年战争三十年战争 the Peloponnesian War 伯罗奔尼撒战争[,pel [,peləəp ə'ni:'ni:ʃəʃəʃən] n] Boer War 布尔战争Boer ['b əu ə; b ɔ:] nuclear weapons 核武器核武器 nuclear free zone 无核区无核区无核区 non-first use 不首先使用(核武器) nonlethal weapon 非致使武器非致使武器 Chernobyl nuclear accident 切尔诺贝利核事切尔诺贝利核事故verification 核查核查antinuclear movements 反核运动反核运动 nuclear deterrence 核威慑核威慑 nuclear winter 核冬天核冬天 nuclear technology 核技术核技术 nuclear age 核时代核时代CTB, Comprehensive test ban 全面禁止核试验Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 全面禁止核全面禁止核试验条约试验条约peaceful settlement of disputes 和平解决争端peace dividend 和平红利和平红利 peaceful coexistence 和平共处和平共处 democratic peace 民主和平论民主和平论 institutional peace theory 制度和平论制度和平论制度和平论 partnership of peace 和平伙伴关系和平伙伴关系和平伙伴关系 genocide 种族屠杀种族屠杀 apartheid 种族隔离种族隔离 racial discrimination 种族歧视种族歧视 ethnic cleansing 种族清洗种族清洗 ethnocentrism 种族优越感种族优越感 国际组织：国际组织： The Andean Pact 安第斯条约集团安第斯条约集团安第斯条约集团 NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定北美自由贸易协定 the Council of Ministers （欧盟）部长理事会（即欧盟理事会）（即欧盟理事会）the COREPER, Committee of Permanent Representatives 常驻代表委员会常驻代表委员会 the Dayton Peace Accords 代顿协议代顿协议ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations 东南亚国家联盟东南亚国家联盟community sense 共同体意识共同体意识 economic integration 经济一体化经济一体化EMU, Economic and Monetary Union 经济与货币联盟与货币联盟ECJ, the European Court of Justice 欧洲法院欧洲法院 EC, European Community 欧洲共同体欧洲共同体欧洲共同体 the European Council 欧洲委员会欧洲委员会（Council of Europe 1）Council of the European Union ：欧盟理事会2（俗称欧盟部长理事会the Council of Ministers ）EMS, European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系体系EU, European Union 欧洲联盟欧洲联盟欧洲联盟 the European Commission 欧盟委员会31Council of Europe ：欧洲委员会，是由爱尔兰、比：欧洲委员会，是由爱尔兰、比利时、丹麦、法国、荷兰、卢森堡、挪威、瑞典、意大利和英国通过1949年5月5日在伦敦签订《欧洲委员会法规》所成立，具有国际法地位、并且为联合国观察员身份的国际组织，是欧洲整合东欧进程中最早成立的机构。
The world of Naruto,a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto,is a rich tapestry of complex characters,intricate storylines,and profound themes.It tells the comingofage story of Naruto Uzumaki,a young ninja from the village of Konohagakure,who dreams of becoming the Hokage,the leader of his village.Naruto is an orphan,born with the spirit of the NineTails,a powerful demon fox,sealed within him.This has led to him being ostracized by the villagers who fear and despise the foxs destructive power.Despite this, Naruto is a determined and optimistic character,always striving to prove himself and earn the respect of his peers.The series begins with Narutos graduation from the Ninja Academy,where he forms a team with two other young ninjas,Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno,under the guidance of their sensei,Kakashi Hatake.Together,they embark on various missions,ranging from simple tasks to highstakes battles against formidable enemies.Sasuke,a prodigy from the prestigious Uchiha clan,is initially portrayed as a quiet and distant character,driven by a desire for power and revenge against his older brother,Itachi,who massacred their clan.Sakura,on the other hand,is a strongwilled and intelligent girl who harbors a deep affection for Sasuke but also grows to appreciate Narutos unwavering spirit.As the story progresses,the narrative expands to include a diverse cast of characters,each with their own unique abilities and personal struggles.Theseries delves into themes of friendship,perseverance,and the pursuit of ones dreams,while also exploring the darker aspects of human nature, such as jealousy,hatred,and the desire for power.One of the most significant plotlines in Naruto is the ongoing conflict between the villages of ninja,particularly Konohagakure and its rival,the hidden village of Akatsuki.Akatsuki,a criminal organization led by Pain and Itachi,seeks to capture all nine Tailed Beasts,including the NineTails sealed within Naruto,to unleash their combined power and bring about a new world order.Throughout the series,Naruto faces numerous challenges and adversaries, including the powerful Orochimaru,a rogue ninja with aspirations of immortality,and the enigmatic Madara Uchiha,a legendary figure from the past with a mysterious connection to Sasuke.These encounters test Narutos resolve and force him to confront his own insecurities and fears.In addition to its engaging storyline,Naruto is renowned for its dynamic action sequences and visually stunning animation.The series showcases a wide array of ninja techniques,known as jutsu,which range from elemental attacks to advanced genjutsu,illusions that manipulate the minds of opponents.The journey of Naruto and his friends is not only a physical one but also a spiritual and emotional one.They learn valuable lessons about teamwork, selfsacrifice,and the importance of never giving up,no matter the odds. The series also explores the concept of the Will of Fire,a philosophy thatemphasizes the importance of protecting ones village and loved ones, even at the cost of ones own life.Naruto has had a profound impact on its audience,inspiring fans with its message of hope and resilience.The series has spawned numerous sequels, spinoffs,and adaptations,including the continuation Naruto:Shippuden, which follows the adventures of a more mature Naruto and his friends as they face even greater challenges and threats to their world.In conclusion,Naruto is more than just an actionpacked adventure series it is a story of growth,friendship,and the unyielding spirit of a young boy who,despite his troubled past,rises above adversity to become a symbol of hope and strength for his village and the world at large.。
洪荒之力最接地气的英文表达“洪荒之力”的英文表达可以是“primeval might”。
"洪荒之力" 这个词汇在中文中常用来形容非常强大、压倒性的力量，有时候也用于形容某人的超凡能力。
在英文中，你可以使用一些表达来传达类似的强烈、霸道的力量概念。
以下是一些表达方式：1.Overwhelming Force:Example: The team approached the game with overwhelm ing force, dominating their opponents from start to finish.2.Unstoppable Might:Example: The hurricane hit the coast with unstoppable might, causing widespread destruction.3.Inexorable Power:Example: The glacier moved with inexorable power, reshaping the landscape as it advanced.4.Majestic Force:Example: The waterfall descended with majestic force, creating a breathtaking display of nature's power.5.Titanic Strength:Example: The titan displayed titanic strength, effor tlessly lifting objects that seemed impossible for others.这些表达强调了强大力量、不可阻挡的特性，可以根据具体语境选择合适的表达方式。
a rX iv:mat h /58583v1[mat h.LO]29A ug25CONSTRUCTING THE HYPERDEFINABLE GROUP FROM THE GROUP CONFIGURATION TRISTRAM DE PIRO,BYUNGHAN KIM AND JESSICA MILLAR Abstract.Under P (4)−-amalgamation,we obtain the canonical hyperdefinable group from the group configuration.The group configuration theorem for stable theories given by Hrushovski [5],which extends Zilber’s result for ω-categorical theories [17],plays a central role in producing deep results in geometric stability theory (For a complete exposition of it,see [14]).For example,it is pivotal in the proof of the dichotomy theorem for Zariski’structures (See [9]).It is fair to say the group configuration theorem is one of the foundational theorems in geometric stability theory and its applications to algebraic geometry.The theorem roughly says that one can get the canonical non-trivial type-definable group from the group configuration,a certain geometrical configuration,in stable theories.The complete generalization of the theorem into the context of simple theories seemed unreach-able.In their topical paper [1],Ben-Yaacov,Tomasic and Wagner generalize the group configuration theorem by obtaining an invariant group from the group configuration in sim-ple theories.However the group they produce does not completely fit into the first-order context.On the other hand,Kolesnikov in his important thesis [12],categorizes simple theories by strengthening the type-amalgamation property (the independence theorem [10]),along the lines of early suppositions by Shelah [15]and Hrushovski [6].These works suggest to us the possibility of using higher amalgamation for the group configuration problem.This approach proves successful,and in this paper we succeed in getting the canonical hyperdefinable group from the group configuration under stronger type-amalgamation in simple theories.The element of the group is a hyperimaginary,an equivalence class of a type-definable equivalence relation,and the group operation is type-definable,hence the group belongs to the domain of the standard first-order logic.We assume that the reader is familiar with basics of simplicity theory [16].Throughout the paper,T is a complete simple theory.We work in a saturated model M of T withhyperimaginaries,and a,b,...are (possibly infinitary)hyperimaginaries,M,N are small el-ementary submodels.(Note that tuples from M eq are also hyperimaginaries).As usual,a ≡A b (a ≡L A b )means a,b have the same type (Lascar strong type,resp.)over A .We point out that usually bdd (a )denotes the set of all countable hyperimaginaries definable over a [16,3.1.7].Here,depending on the context,it can be either a specific sequence which linearly orders the set bdd (a );or,since a sequence of hyperimaginaries is again a hyperimaginary (of a large arity),a fixed hyperimaginary interdefinable with the sequence.We thank Frank O.Wagner for valuable correspondence on our earlier note which improves the presentation.1.Around the generalized amalgamation propertyThe usual amalgamation property(or the independence theorem)for Lascar strong types in simple theories is stated as follows:For B⌣|A C with A⊆B,C,if p is a Lascar strong type over A and p B,p C are nonforking Lascar strong type extensions of p over B,C,respectively, then there is d|=p A∪p B such that d⌣|A BC.We call it‘3-amalgamation’[8](rather than2-amalgamation[13])which shall be compatible with Definition1.3.Note that we can think of B,C(after naming A)as two vertices of a base edge of a triangle and d a top vertex,and p B=Lstp(d/B),p C=Lstp(d/C)are the2types to be amalgamated.One would expect higher amalgamation to be a natural generalization of3-amalgamation,using a tetrahedron and higher dimensional simplices instead of a triangle.Indeed,this is the case, but the following example draws attention to why we need extra care in defining the general n-amalgamation property.Example 1.1.In the random graph M in L={R},choose distinct a i,b i,c i∈M and imaginary elements d i={a i,b i}(i=0,1,2).We can additionally assume that R(a0,c0)∧R(b0,c1)∧¬R(a0,c1)∧¬R(b0,c0)and tp(a0b0;c0c1)=tp(a1b1;c1c2)=tp(a2b2;c2c0).Now it follows that Lstp(d2/c0)=Lstp(d0/c0),Lstp(d0/c1)=Lstp(d1/c1)and Lstp(d1/c2)= Lstp(d2/c2).However it is easy to see that Lstp(d0/c0c1),Lstp(d1/c1c2),Lstp(d2/c2c0)have no common realization.In above example,{c0,c1,c2}can be considered as a base triangle,and Lstp(d0/c0c1), Lstp(d1/c1c2),Lstp(d2/c2c0)form other3triangles attached to the base triangle.The ex-ample shows that even if the edges of the3triangles are compatible over the base vertices, there is no common vertex joining the3triangles.On the other hand,due to the nature of the random graph if we only work in the home-sort,then any desired3types attached on a base triangle with compatible edges will be realized.As we want the notion of higher amal-gamation to be preserved in interpreted theories,Kolesinkov suggests,in his revised works [12][13],the following as higher amalgamation which we call here K(n)-amalgamation.We briefly explain the notation.In this paper,strong type indeed means Lascar strong type. Likewise,p∈S L(A)means p is a Lascar strong type over A,and for B⊆A,p⌈L B(or simply p⌈B)denotes Lstp(a/B)for any(some)a|=p.Note that for q∈S L(B),q⊆p means p⌈B=q or equivalently p⊢q.Definition1.2.•We say strong types p i∈S L(A i)are compatible over A(⊆A i)if each p i does not fork over A and for i,j,p i⌈L A i∩A j=p j⌈L A i∩A j.(Hence p i⌈L A= p j⌈L A).We say these A-compatible strong types p i are(generically)amalgamated if there is q∈S L( i A i)nonforking over A such that∪i p i⊆q(i.e.q⊢p i).•We say T has K(n)-amalgamation over B if for B-independent A={a1,...,a n} and any B-compatible p i∈S L(BA i)where A i=A {a i}(i=1,..,n),whenever for a|=p1⌈L B(=p i⌈L B)bdd(aB)⊆dcl(aB),then p1∪...∪p n is generically amalgamated.We say T has K(n)-amalgamation if it has K(n)-amalgamation over an arbitrary set.The mend is that the realizations of strong types need be boundedly closed over the parameter set,i.e.in above bdd(aB)⊆dcl(aB).Note that K(2)-amalgamation is equivalent2to 3-amalgamation (usual amalgamation),and due to weak elimination of imaginaries,it can now be seen that the random graph has K (n )-amalgamation for all n .Each stable theory has K (n )-amalgamation as well,by stationarity.However when we use inductive arguments for example,often we need to mind not only bounded closures of vertices of amalgamated types but also those of higher dimensional surfaces as well,since after naming parameters the surface dimension is increasing.Indeed,there exists in the literature another notion of amalgamation,called P (n )−-amalgamation,which was introduced by Hrushovski [6]prior to Kolesnikov’s work.In the notion,above concern is already taken care of.Moreover differently from K (n )-amalgamation (or the statement of the independence theorem),the base simplex is not regarded as an embedded parameter,but another type to be amalgamated.We think this is conceptually more correct and we shall take it to be n -amalgamation .Definition 1.3.Let I =P (n )−(=P (n )\{n }),ordered by inclusion.Let ({A i }i ∈I ,{πi j }i ≤j ∈I )be a directed ly,each πi j :A i →A j is an elementary map between the two sets,and for i ≤j ≤k ∈I ,πj k ◦πi j =πi k and πi i =id .We say T has P (n )−-amalgamation ,orsimply n -amalgamation if whenever for any u ∈I ,(1){π{i }u (A {i }):i ∈u }is π∅u (A ∅)-independent,(2)A u =bdd (∪i ∈u π{i }u (A {i })),then we can extend the direct family to the one indexed by P (n )(by finding A n and πj n )so that (1),(2)hold for n too.We say T has P (n )−-amalgamation (n -amalgamation)over A ,if A ∅=bdd (A ).Since the definition is not transparent to conceptualize with the above notation,we give a rewritten definition as in [2]or [7].Recall that when we say a hyperimaginary b =¯a /E realizes a type r over d =¯c /F ,we mean r =r (¯x )is a (real)type such that i)r (¯a );ii)whenever E (¯e ,¯e ′),then r (¯e )iffr (¯e ′);iii)r (¯a ′)if ¯a ′/E =f (b )for some d -automorphism f .If additionally the converse of iii)holds,we call r a complete type of b over d .Definition 1.4.We say T has n -complete amalgamation over a set B if the following holds:Let W be a collection of subsets of {1,...,n }=u n ,closed under subsets.For each w ∈W ,complete type r w (x w )over B is given where x w is possibly an infinite set of variables.Suppose that(1)for w ⊆w ′,x w ⊆x w ′and r w ⊆r w ′.Moreover for any a w |=r w ,(2){a {i }|i ∈w }is B -independent,(3)a w is as a set bdd (∪i ∈w a {i }B )(and the map a w →x w is a bijection).Then there is a complete type r u n (x u n )over B such that (1),(2),(3)hold for all w ∈W ∪{u n }.We say T has n -complete amalgamation (n -CA)if it has n -complete amalgamation over any set.We leave the reader to show that T has n -CA over B iffT has m -amalgamation over B for all m ≤n .The following can be freely used:For B -independent A ={a 1,...,a n },{A w |w ∈P (u n )}is a partition of bdd (BA ),where A w =bdd (∪a i B |i ∈w )\ v ∈P (w )−bdd (∪a i B |i ∈v ).For example n =2,{bdd (B ),bdd (a 1B )\bdd (B ),bdd (a 2B )\bdd (B ),bdd (Ba 1a 2)\(bdd (a 1B )∪3bdd(a2B))}is a partition of bdd(Ba1a2),since using the fact that a1⌣|B a2,we have bdd(a1B)∩bdd(a2B)=bdd(B).It also follows in1.4,for v,w∈W,x v∩x w=x v∩w.Any simple T has P(3)−-amalgamation due to usual amalgamation,and we shall see that4-amalgamation implies K(3)-amalgamation(1.8).For each n>2,there is a simple theoryhaving n-CA but not having(n+1)-CA over any set[13].(The example also shows n-amalgamation does not necessarily imply k-amalgamaion for k<n.)All stable theorieshave n-amalgamation over a model(1.6).Many important simple structures also have n-CAfor all n such as the random graph(1.6),every PAC-structure(over some parameter)[7],and ACFA[2].In the recent work[11],corrections of terminologies in[12][13]in regard to n-CA are made.For instance,the definition of K(n)-simplicity is presented in terms of an infinite Morley sequence.Kolesnikov’s ideas in[12]go through to show the equivalence of K(2)-simplicityand4-amalgamation.(The equivalence of K(1)-simplicity and3-amalgamation is the wayof proving the independence theorem[10].)Hence it is naturally conjectured that T beingK(n)-simple and T having(n+2)-CA are equivalent,for n>2.However surprisingly, counterexamples are constructed.Then,the revised concept of n-simplicity(implying K(n)-simplicity)defined via afinite Morley sequence is shown to be equivalent to(n+2)-CA forevery n.The lemma1.5and1.6.1,2below essentially come from the proof of the generalized inde-pendence theorem[2].We thank Zoe Chatzidakis for her explanation.Lemma1.5.Let T be stable.(1)Suppose that for a set C,whenever a⌣|C b with b=b1∪...∪b n,then dcl(acl(ab1C)...acl(ab n C))∩acl(bC)=dcl(acl(b1C)...acl(b n C))(♯).Then the following are satisfied.(a)tp(acl(ab1C)...acl(ab n C)/acl(b1C)...acl(b n C))is stationary.(b)Let A={a1,...a n},B={c1,...,c n}be C-independent,respectively.For1≤i≤n,let v i={1,...,n}\{i}.Now given k≤n,assume there is a bijective maph:∪1≤i≤k acl(a vi C)→∪1≤i≤k acl(c viC)where a vi ={a j|j∈v i}such that h(a i)=c i,h⌈C=id and,for each v i,h⌈acl(a vi C)is elementary.Then h is C-elementary.(2)In fact,the condition(♯)holds when the set C is a universe of a model M.(Hence(1)(a),(b)also are true over a model.)Proof.We can safely assume a,a i,b i,c i arefinite tuples from M eq=M.(1)(a)is immediate from(♯).(Recall that cb(c/d)⊆dcl(cd)∩acl(d).)(1)(b)For1≤i≤k,let h i=h⌈acl(a vi C).Then let h j=h1∪...∪h j(h k=h)andD j a=dom(h j)=∪i=1,...,j acl(a vi C)and D j c=ran(h j)=∪i=1,...,j acl(c viC).For induction,assume h j−1is elementary(1<j).We shall show h j is elementary too.Now for each i<jlet w i=v j∩v i.Then a vi ={a j}∪a wi.Now since h j is elementary,there is an automorphismˆh j extending h j.Then by induction,ˆh(D j−1a)and D j−1chave the same type via h j−1◦ˆh−1,in particular have the same type over the set∪i=1,...,j−1acl(c wiC)fixed by h j−1◦ˆh−1.Notenow that c j⌣|C c w1...c wj−1and c vi={c j}∪c wi.Hence we can apply(1)(a)to conclude thatˆh(D j−1a )and D j−1c=∪i=1,...,j−1acl(c viC)also have the same type over acl(c vjC),i.e.thereis an elementary map g sendingˆh(D j−1a )to D j−1cfixing acl(c vjC)=ran(h j).Therefore itfollows h j(⊆g◦ˆh)is elementary.4(2)It suffices to show for e ∈dcl (acl (ab 1M )...acl (ab n M ))∩acl (bM ),e ∈dcl (acl (b 1M )...acl (b n M )).Since e ∈dcl (acl (ab 1M )...acl (ab n M )),there are e 1...e n and L (M )-formulas ϕ(x ;y 1...y n ),ψi (y i ,zw i )with ϕ(e ;e 1...e n ),ψi (e i ,ab i )such that |=ϕ(u ;v )implies u is definable over vM ,and ψi (u ′,v ′)implies u ′is algebraic over v ′M .Therefore |=∃y 1...y n (ϕ(e,y 1...y n )∧ i ψi (y i ,ab i )).Now since e ∈acl (bM ),a ⌣|M eb and so tp (a/Meb )is a coheir extension of tp (a/M ).Thuswe have m ∈M such that |=∃y 1...y n (ϕ(e,y 1...y n )∧ i ψi (y i ,mb i )).Hence e ∈dcl (acl (b 1M )...acl (b k M )). Proposition 1.6.(1)Let T be stable.If a set C satisfies (♯)in 1.5.1,then for each n ,T has n -CA over C .(2)All stable theories have n -CA over a model.(3)The random graph has n -CA over any set.Proof.(1)In a stable theory T we can work in M eq and substitute algebraic closures for bounded closures.We use the notation in 1.4.It suffices to show the case W =P (u n )−with the corresponding types r w (x w )(w ∈W ).Again for 1≤i <k ≤n ,let v i ={1,...,n }\{i }and w i =v k ∩v i .We shall show that ∪1≤i ≤n r v i is consistent and realized by ∪1≤i ≤n a v i such that {a {1},...,a {n }}is B -independent.(Then the type of its algebraic closure over B extending ∪1≤i ≤n r v i is the desired r u n (x u n ).)Now due to usual amalgamation there is a v 1a v 2|=r v 1∪r v 2such that {a {1},...,a {n }}is B -independent.Then for induction,assume that there is a v 1...a v k −1|=r v 1∪...∪r v k −1(2<k )such that a v 1...a v k −1extends a {1},...,a {n }.Now let b v k |=r v k .Then there is a map h :∪1≤i<k b w i →∪1≤i<k a w i such that h sends b w i to a w i .Hence by 1.5.1(b),h is elementary and hence extended to an automorphism ˆh .Then we have a v k =ˆh (b v k )|=r v k .Now then a v 1...a v k realizes r v 1∪...∪r v k if for y =x v k ∩(x v 1∪...∪x v k −1),a v 1...a v k −1⌈y =a v k ⌈y .But this clearly holds since from the remark after 1.4,y =x w 1∪...∪x w k −1.This finishes the proof of (1).(2)It follows from 1.5.2and (1)above.(3)Note that for the random graph M =(¯M,R ),we can work in M eq and substitute algebraic closures for bounded closures.Now since the random graph has weak elimination of imaginaries,for any A there is A ′in the home sort ¯M such that acl (A )=dcl (A ′).Hence when we check n -CA of 1.4,we can assume each r w is a type of a set in ¯M.Then in ¯M ,since tp (A/B )is determined by equality and R relations of pairs in A ∪B ,due to randomness of R we clearly have the desired unifying type of a set in ¯M . However,there is a stable theory which does not even have 4-amalgamation over an alge-braically closed set.We thank Ehud Hrushovski for supplying us with this example.Example 1.7.Let A be an infinite set with [A ]2={{a,b }|a,b ∈A,a =b },and let B =[A ]2×{0,1}where {0,1}=Z /2Z .Also let E ⊆A ×[A ]2be a membership relation,and let P be a subset of B 3such that ((w 1,δ1)(w 2,δ2)(w 3,δ3))∈P iffthere are distinct a 1,a 2,a 3∈A such that for {i,j,k }={1,2,3},w i ={a j ,a k },and δ1+δ2+δ3=0.Now let M be a model with the 3-sorted universe A,[A ]2,B equipped with relations E,P and the projection f :B →[A ]2.Then since M is a reduct of (A,Z /2Z )eq ,M is stable.We work in M and show M does not have P (4)−-amalgamation.Note first that dcl (∅)=acl (∅),and for a ∈A ,dcl (a )=5acl(a).Now choose distinct a1,a2,a3,a4∈A.For{i,j,k}⊆{1,2,3,4},fix an enumerationa i a j),and let x1ij be the variable forb ij.Note that b ij=({a i,a j},δ)and b′ij=({a i,a j},δ+1)have the same type over a i a j.Hence there is(under subsets.For each w∈W,complete type r w(x w)over a model M is given where x w is possibly an infinite set of variables.Suppose that(1)for w⊆w′,x w⊆x w′and r w⊆r w′.Moreover for any a w|=r w,(2){a{i}|i∈w}is M-independent,(3)a w is as a set bdd(∪i∈w a{i}M)(and the map a w→x w is a bijection).Then there is a complete type r un+1(x un+1)over M such that(1),(2),(3)hold for all w∈W∪{u n+1}.Each of stability,(n+1)-CA over models,or n-CA implies model-n-CA for every n.Model-n-CA also holds in aforementioned algebraic examples such as ACFA and PAC-structures. Model-4-CA is the property we shall use,hence covers the case that T is stable.2.The group configurationDefinition 2.1.By a group configuration we mean a6-tuple of hyperimaginaries C= (f1,f2,f3,x1,x2,x3)over a hyperimaginary e such that,for{i,j,k}={1,2,3},(1)f i∈bdd(f j,f k;e),(2)x i∈bdd(f j,x k;e),(3)all other triples and all pairs from C are independent over e.If the group configuration C=(f1,f2,f3,x1,x2,x3)over e has the property that bdd(f i;e)= bdd(cb(x j x k/f i e);e),we call such C a bounded quadrangle.If additionally x i,x j are inter-definable over f k e,then we call C a definable quadrangle over e.f1f2 f3x23 x1Fact2.2.(1)If C=(f1,f2,f3,x1,x2,x3)is a group configuration/bounded quadrangle over e and bdd(f i e)=bdd(f′i e),bdd(x i e)=bdd(x′i e),then C′=(f′1,f′2,f′3,x′1,x′2,x′3) is also a group configuration/bounded quadrangle over e.In this case,we say C and C′are(boundedly)equivalent over e.(2)For C a group configuration/bounded quadrangle over e and e′⊇e,if C⌣|e e′thenC also is a group configuration/bounded quadrangle over e′.(3)In a group configuration(f1,f2,f3,x1,x2,x3)over e even if we replace f i by f′i=cb(x j x k/ef i)for{i,j,k}={1,2,3},(f′1,f′2,f′3,x1,x2,x3)is still a group configuration (hence a bounded quadrangle)over e.Proof.We sketch the proof.(1)Obvious for a group configuration.For a bounded quad-rangle notice that in general cb(a1/a2)and cb(b1/b2)are interbounded as far as a i,b i areinterbounded.(2)Easy.(3)Since x i x j⌣|f′k f k e and x i⌣|xj f′kf k e,x i,x j are interboundedover f′k(*).On the other hand,x j⌣|fk e f i implies x i x j⌣|fk ef i f j(**),x i x j⌣|fk f i ef j andthus x i x j x k⌣|fk f i e f j and x i x j x k⌣|fk f i f j f′j ef j.Then from(**),it follows x i x k⌣|f′jf i f j f k e7and from(*)x i x j⌣|f′i f′jf i f j e.Therefore f′k=cb(x i x j/f k e)=cb(x i x j/f i f j e)∈bdd(f′i f′j).Other independences over e come easily. From now on,assume that a group configuration overˆe=A/¯E is given.We shall produce the non-trivial canonical hyperdefinable group from it.By above2.2.3,we can replace it by a bounded quadrangle C=(ˆf,ˆg,ˆh,ˆa,ˆb,ˆc)over a model M containing A.After naming M,we freely assume that∅=bdd(∅).We further supposeˆf,ˆg,ˆh,ˆa,ˆb,ˆc are all boundedly closed(by extending each to its bounded closure,if necessary.)Clearly C still is a bounded quadrangle over∅.Let p=tp(ˆf)(=Lstp(ˆf)),q=tp(ˆg),r=tp(ˆh)and letΓq(uv)=q(u)∧q(v)∧u⌣|v. (Later we shall omit q inΓq.)Now we can think ofˆh as a multi-valued function such that dom(ˆh)=tp(ˆa/ˆh)=Lstp(ˆa/ˆh)and rag(ˆh)=Lstp(ˆb/ˆh).More precisely b∈k r(a)means k r|=r,k r ab≡ˆhˆaˆb.Similarly we write a∈h q(c),b∈g p(c)for h q ca|=ˆgˆaˆc,g p cb|=ˆfˆbˆc, respectively.In the same way,b∈dom(f p)≡∃c(f p bc|=tp(ˆfˆbˆc)),and so on.We say a set A is n-independent if any subset of A having n elements is independent.Now we define R=R q to be a symmetric type-definable relation over∅on the set of independent realizations of q such thatR(fg;f′g′)ifff,g,f′g′|=q,{f,g,f′,g′}3-independent,and there are b anda⌣|fgf′g′such that f(a)∩g(b)=∅,f′(a)∩g′(b)=∅.It is easy to see that a⌣|fgf′g′above can be replaced by b⌣|fgf′g′.Similarly,one can define R p,R pq by replacing f,g,f′g′|=q by f,g,f′g′|=p or f,f′|=p,g,g′|=q,respectively. Lemma2.3.(1)If fg|=Γq,and c∈f(a)∩f(b)with c⌣|fg,then(a)f,g are interbounded over e:=bc(ba/fg),and(b)e⌣|f,e⌣|g.(2)(1)still holds when we replace f,g|=q by f,g|=p,or f|=p,g|=q.(3)If(fg,f′g′)|=R(or R p,R pq),then any element in{f,g,f′,g′}is in the boundedclosure of the other3elements.Proof.(1)(a)Note that from ab⌣|e fg and that a,b interbounded over fg,it follows that a,b are interbounded over e,too(*).Now from c⌣|g f,ca⌣|g fe.Moreover from c⌣|f g,c⌣|fe g and then by(*),ca⌣|fe g.Hence g∈bdd(cb(ca/g))⊆bdd(fe).By a similar argument, f∈bdd(ge)can be shown too.(1)(b)There are h1u1,h2u2such that h1fbu1c,h2gau2c|=ˆfˆgˆaˆbˆc.Then since c is boundedly closed,by amalgamation we havehu|=tp(h1u1/cbf)∪tp(h2u2/cag).such that{u,c,f,g}independent.Then we have k,k′such that hgkauc,hfk′buc|=ˆfˆgˆhˆaˆbˆc. From c⌣|fgh,we have ba⌣|fg kk′.From b⌣|fgh and u,a∈bdd(kk′b),it follows ba⌣|kk′fg and thus e∈bdd(kk′)(†).On the other hand,f⌣|h g implies k′⌣|h gk and k′⌣|gk.Hence {g,k,k′}is independent.Similarly{f,k,k′}is independent.Then from(†),e⌣|f,e⌣|g.(2)Similar to(1).(3)There are c,c′,b and a⌣|fgf′g′such that c∈f(a)∩g(b),c′∈f′(a)∩g′(b).Hence ab⌣|fg f′g′and ab⌣|f′g′fg.Therefore e=cb(ab/fg)and e′=cb(ab/f′g′)are interbounded (**).From(1)(a),f,g are interbounded over e,and so are f′,g′over e′.Hence it follows from(**),g′∈bdd(f′e′)=bdd(f′e)⊆bdd(f′fg)and similarly for the other relations.8The proof of2.3.1(b)above is essentially due to Frank O.Wagner.Lemma2.4.(1)For fg,f′g′|=Γq,R(fg,f′g′)iffthere are b and a⌣|fgf′g′such that f(a)∩g(b)=∅,f′(a)∩g′(b)=∅and fg⌣|e f′g′where e=cb(ba/fg).(2)Given independent f,g|=q,there are f′,g′such that R(fg,f′g′).(3)Above(1)(2)hold for R p,R pq,as well.Proof.(1)(⇒)Note that since a⌣|fgf′g′,ba⌣|fg f′g′,ba⌣|f′g′fg.Hence e,e′=cb(ba/f′g′) are interbounded.Then due to2.3.1(a),f′,g′are interbounded over e.Now from fg⌣|f′, fg⌣|e f′,thus fg⌣|e f′g′.(⇐)Again since a⌣|fgf′g′,e,e′are interbounded.Then from fg⌣|e f′g′,equivalently fg⌣|e′f′g′,and2.3.1(b),{f,g,f′,g′}is3-independent.(2)By amalgamation there is c∈ran(f)∩ran(g)such that c⌣|fg.Choose a∈g−1(c),b∈f−1(c).Then,by the extension axiom,we have f′g′such that{ab,fg,f′g′}is e-independent where e=cb(ba/fg)and f′g′≡abe fg.Then the right hand side of(1)follows easily. (3)Clear. The following lemma is crucial to our argument.Lemma2.5.Let R(fg,f′g′).Namely,{f,g,f′,g′}3-independent,and we canfind d and a⌣|fgf′g′such that c∈f(a)∩g(d),c′∈f′(a)∩g′(d).Then there are h,h′|=p and b such that c∈h(b),c′∈h′(b),b⌣|hh′ff′gg′,{f,h,f′,h′}is3-independent,and hh′⌣|ff′gg′.It follows R pq(hf,h′f′)and R pq(hg,h′g′).fghf′g′h′cc′da bProof.Note since fac,f′ac′|=ˆgˆaˆc,there are k0,b0;k1,b1such that f′k0ab0c′,fk1ab1c|=ˆgˆhˆaˆbˆc.Then by amalgamation,we have kb,hh′such thatkb|=tp(k0b0/af′)∪tp(k1b1/af),kb⌣|a ff′and h′f′kabc′,hfkabc|=ˆfˆgˆhˆaˆbˆc.We can further assume that hh′⌣|ff′a gg′.Then it follows from ab⌣|k ff′,b⌣|k ff′hh′and ab⌣|hh′ff′gg′,b⌣|ff′gg′hh′.Moreover from f⌣|k f′,hf⌣|k h′f′,{f,h,f′,h′}is3-independent.Then since hh′⌣|ff′gg′,{g,h,g′,h′}is3-independent as well.Therefore R pq(hf,h′f′)and R pq(hg,h′g′).Now define R′=(R′)q by9R′(fg;f′g′)ifff,g,f′g′|=q,{f,g,f′,g′}3-independent,and for any a,b suchthat f(a)∩g(b)=∅and a⌣|fg,there are a′b′≡L fg ab such that a′⌣|fgf′g′,f′(a′)∩g′(b′)=∅.Again we also define(R′)p,(R′)pq by substituting f,g,f′g′|=p or f,f|=p,gg′|=q, respectively.We shall prove that R and R′are equivalent under4-amalgamation.For the rest of this paper,we assume that T has4-CA,or more weakly model-4-CA.Note that clearly R′implies R.Notation For bounded closed sequences a,b,c,we usehf, fg,fac=bdd(fc)=bdd(fa),h′bc′≡fa1c1≡gd1c1≡fa2c2fg≡gd1c1hf hf hg hghb2c2/fg;h),Lstp(hbc/h′g;h).Here the base parameter is h(here is the point where we need model-4-CA,since indeed the parameter is Mh),and each realization is boundedly closed over the parameter.Each type does not fork over h.Additionally due to(*),it can be seen that the3strong types are h-compatible.Hence we havefhabc=bdd(f,bc;h)extending hbc.Also since c′∈bdd(h′,bc;h)we havehbc,hgbdc=bdd(g,bc;h)extending gdc. Note that here4-amalgamation indeed says that there exist elementary maps˜h1,˜h2,˜h3with dom(˜h1)=bdd(f,bc;h)bdd(h′,bc;h)bdd(fh′;h),dom(˜h2)=bdd(f,b2c2;h)bdd(g,b2c2;h)bdd(fg;h),dom(˜h3)=bdd(h′,bc;h)bdd(g,bc;h)bdd(h′g;h),fixing bdd(fh′;h),bdd(fg;h)bdd(gh′;h),respectively such that˜h1(hb2c2)=˜h(hb3c3the generic solution.Moreover they are compatible with elementary maps 3sending fha2b2c2,hgb2d2c2and hh′bcc′.(In particular,maps ˜h⌈bdd(h′,bc;h)=˜h3⌈bdd(h′,bc;h).)Hence there are a3,c′3,d3such that a3=˜h1(a)=˜h2(a2), 1c′3=˜h1(c′)=˜h3(c′),d3=˜h2(d2)=˜h3(d)and(1)hh′b3c3c′3≡bdd(fh′;h)hh′bcc′;(2)hgb3d3c3≡bdd(fg;h)hgb2d2c2;10(3)hgb 3d 3c 3≡bdd (gh ′;h )hgbdc .Then by (*)and (2),a 1d 1≡L fg a 2d 2≡L fg a 3d 3.Also since f ′∈bdd (fh ′h ),from (1),c ′3∈f ′(a 3)∩h ′(b 3)and c 3∈f (a 3).Note that,since R (hg,h ′g ′),g ′∈bdd (gh ′h ).Then,similarly from (3),c ′3∈g ′(d 3)and c 3∈g (d 3).Therefore R ′(fg,f ′g ′).3.Type-definability of the transitive closure of RIn this section,we use R ≡R ′(Theorem 2.6)to prove that,the transitive closure of R is type-definable.The proof is similar to the proof in [4]that the transitive closure of the relation ∼1forms a hyperimaginary canonical base,(or the improvement of this proof in [16,3.3.1]).Let ˜Rbe the transitive closure R .We remark that if both {a,b,c,d },{a ′,b ′,c,d }are 3-independent and ab ⌣|cd a ′b ′,then {a,b,a ′,b ′}is also 3-independent.Lemma 3.1.Suppose that R (fg,hk ),R (hk,f ′g ′)and fg ⌣|hk f ′g ′.Then R (fg,f ′g ′)andfg ⌣|f ′g ′hk .Proof.By the previous remark,{f,g,f ′,g ′}is 3-independent (*).Now since R (fg,hk ),there are b and a ⌣|fghk such that f (a )∩g (b )=∅,h (a )∩k (b )=∅(so ab ⌣|hk fg ).Thensince R ′(hk,f ′g ′),there are a ′b ′≡L hk ab such that a ′⌣|hkf ′g ′,f ′(a ′)∩g ′(b ′)=∅.Hence by amalgamation,we havea ′′b ′′|=Lstp (ab/hk,fg )∪Lstp (a ′b ′/hk,f ′g ′),and a ′′b ′′⌣|hk fgf ′g ′.It follows then a ′′⌣|fgf ′g ′and f (a ′′)∩g (b ′′)=∅,f ′(a ′′)∩g ′(b ′′)=∅.This with (*)saysR (fg,f ′g ′).It remains to show fg ⌣|f ′g ′hk .Since g ⌣|hkf ′g ′,g ⌣|f ′g ′hk .Now by 2.3.3,f ∈bdd (gf ′g ′),and therefore fg ⌣|f ′g ′hk .The proof is finished.Theorem 3.2.The following are equivalent.(1)˜R (¯f,¯g ).(2)For some ¯h ,R (¯h,¯f )and R (¯h,¯g ).(3)For some ¯h with ¯h ⌣|¯f¯g and ¯h ⌣|¯g ¯f ,R (¯h,¯f )and R (¯h,¯g ).Proof.It suffices to show (1)implies (3).We prove this by induction on the length of an R -chain.Note that 2.4.2gives the induction step for length 0.Now assume that there are ¯f,¯f n ,¯h ′such that ˜R (¯f,¯f n )with the R -chain length n and R (¯f n ,¯h ′).By the inductionhypothesis for n ,there is ¯h such ¯h ⌣|¯f ¯f n and ¯h ⌣|¯f n ¯f (*),R (¯h,¯f )and R (¯h,¯f n ).By extension,we can assume ¯h ⌣|¯f ¯f n ¯h ′(**).Then by (*),¯h ⌣|¯f n ¯h ′¯f (***).In particular,¯h ⌣|¯f n ¯h ′.Hence from the lemma 3.1,R (¯h,¯h ′)and ¯h ⌣|¯h ′¯f n .Then it follows from (***),¯h ⌣|¯h ′¯f .Moreover again by (*)(**),we have ¯h ⌣|¯f¯h ′.Hence the induction step for n +1is shown. 4.The generic group operation on Γ/˜RRecall that in section 2,we define Γ(xy )=Γq (xy )=q (x )∧q (y )∧x ⌣|y .Now since R is symmetric,clearly ˜R is an equivalence relation on Γ.By putting (˜R (¯x ,¯y )∧Γ(¯x )∧Γ(¯y ))∨¯x =¯y ,we can extend ˜Rto a type-definable equivalence relation on the whole universe.We shall find the canonical hyperdefinable group from the hyperdefinable generic group operation on Γ/˜R.First we state some more properties of R and ˜R .11。
