英语写作 概要练习 11

2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧专题（十一）概要写作+概写综合训练高考英语综合写作题型除了读后续写外, 另一种便是概要写作。

概要写作也是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。

概要写作的目的不仅是要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写概要。

一．概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍1.了解考纲说明根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇350以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2.明白试题选材的特点提供给考生阅读的短文词数在350以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但是多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。

考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较大。

3.熟知概要写作的评分标准（一）概要写作考查要求：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。

总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。

（二）概要写作高考评分标准:注意：理解准确, 涵盖全部要求, 完全使用自己的语言, 避免抄原句, 准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇, 得分相应比较高。

相反, 如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象, 得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

二．概要写作的能力要求和特点1.把握读后续写的能力要求和读后续写一样, 概要写作是一种读写结合任务, 也体现了读与写的融合。

但相比其它形式的读写结合任务, 概要写作更偏重对考生阅读理解和思维能力的考查, 要求考生具有分析、综合、概括和建构等高阶思维能力。

这些能力是考生进入高校继续学习的必备基础, 所以考生在平时写作训练中, 要有意识地培养这些高阶思维能力, 对概要写作有很大帮助。

概要写作1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Want to join the online fitness program?Online training is one of the fastest growing section of the fitness industry. A 2015 study found that more than half of all smartphone users had downloaded a fitness or health app. If you’re considering joining the online fitness community, consider these benefits and drawbacks.There are many reasons that online training may work for you. As long as you have access to pre-downloaded videos or a WiFi connection for streaming videos, you can work out wherever you are.Besides, compared with similar offline programs, most online fitness programs range in cost between $10 and $20 per month. This is due in part to the wider audience and the greater opportunity to sell programs to more people.All this growth is incredibly positive — it provides health and fitness resources to the general consumer wherever they happen to be, without requiring access to a gym or fitness studio. But it’s not without problems.The first thing to think about when considering an online fitness program is “know yourself.” If you struggle with self-motivation, you don’t like exercising at home, and you prefer a social workout environment, online fitness may not be for you. Not to mention the fact that very few online fitness programs enable the instructor to see you, check your form, and offer modifications or corrections based on your performance. This means you might perform exercises incorrectly, or even unsafely, without knowing it, which is particularly concerning for beginners and those recovering from injuries, as they’re more likely to perform exercises incorrectly.Therefore, like any training format, there are pros and cons to consider when deciding if it is right for you. Take time and make the most suitable decision to reap more benefits._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.The Paper ArchitectFor a long time, Zaha Hadid was known as “the paper architect,” someone whose grand designs never left the page to become real buildings. But in recent years her buildings have sprung up like mushrooms all over the world: the Guangzhou Opera House in China, a car factory in Germany, a contemporary art museum in Rome, a transportation museum in Scotland, and the Aquatics Center for the 2012 Olympics in London.Pinning down her individual style is difficult. Certainly Hadid has been influenced by the modem trend in architecture that likes to play with the traditional shape of buildings and fragment (分解) them, creating unpredictable angles and surfaces. Working in this way, she and her fellow architects have produced some spaceship-like structures that seem to go against the normal laws of engineering.The idea of offering the viewer multiple perspectives from within the building is a theme that runs through Hadid’s work. Her most famous building, MAXXI—a museum for the 21st century— in Rome, is a great example. It is a complex and spectacular structure of interlocking concrete shapes. Inside spaces interconnect Tike winding streets, so that the visitor is surprised and charmed at each turn. The Rosenthal Center in Cincinnati produces a similar effect. Like an extension of the street it sits on, it draws you in, with walkways directing you this way and that, and windows inviting you to sample the view. “It’s about promenading” says Hadid, “being able to pause, to look out, look above, look sideways.”So what inspires someone like Hadid to produce such different buildings? She speaks in complimentary terms about the work of her contemporaries. She also cites the natural landscape and organic geological patterns as an influence. But it is not a question that she seems too concerned with and nor perhaps should we be. Hadid is an artist, sharing with us her vision of what buildings should be like and always, as she does so, trying to keep human interests—our interests as users and viewers—at heart._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Men may eat more in summerWinter may be seen as the time to fill up with food, but in fact, sunny summer months are when men eat more calories—unlike women.The effect seems to occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone (激素), says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University in Israel. Levy and her colleagues noticed the effect in experiments in mice, in which male animals exposed to UV light (紫外线) ate more food.To see if humans do the same, the team used data on about 3000 people who had filled in questionnaires as part of the Israeli government’s national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, the men consumed about 17 per cent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year, while the women’s food intake stayed about the same.Human appetite is influenced by many complex systems, but a substance called ghrelin, a hormone produced in the body that stimulates appetite, seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly produced by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham, UK.Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB (紫外线B 段波) radiation, which is present in sunlight, raised levels of ghrelin production by fat cells in their skin. This was blocked by the female sex hormone, which may explain why the effect wasn’t seen in the female mice or the women. Boosted ghrelin production was also seen in men’s skin samples that were exposed to UV light in the lab.Skin hasn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite, says Gorvin. The reason for the effect is unclear, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Levy.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Should Hand Feeding Dolphins Be Encouraged?Some tourist centers train Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins to approach beachside public sighting areas or boats by hand-feeding them small amounts of fish every day. Because hand-fed males aggressively attack each other over the food, putting themselves and nearby humans in danger, tourist centers focus their hand feeding only on female dolphins, says Valerie Senigaglia at Murdoch University in Perth, AustraliaBut recent studies have shown that only 38% of the calves (崽) of hand-fed wild dolphins survive to three years of age, which is much lower than the average 77% survival rate for wild calves in general. To better understand why, Senigaglia and her colleagues evaluated the social behavior of dolphins around the Bunbury coast in Western Australia. In particular, they observed the individual behavior and movement of 35 dolphins, including 13 that had been hand-fed using a small boat. They regularly followed each dolphin for periods lasting from 20 minutes to 3 hours for two years in a row for a total of 180 hours.They found that hand-fed dolphins swam in relatively large groups, but more readily broke away from them to join different ones. In general, they created weak ties with other group members. “You can feel lonely in a room full of people and it’s the same thing for dolphins,” says Senigaglia. Free-swimming dolphins that are fed by hand become less socially involved with their peers. As a result, their calves may grow up lacking vital social skills-which could explain, at least in part, why they are twice as likely to die before reaching adulthood as wild calves generally.No wonder animal right activists are calling on the practice of hand-feeding dolphins to be stopped._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Is Leather Good or Not?For thousands of years, humans have used leather to make everything from clothing to furniture to footwear. The skin of animals is a material that is strong, hard-wearing and flexible. These qualities make leather a popular material for many different products, but more people are becoming concerned about the potential harm caused by items they buy. Should we respect ancient traditions or is having real leather not as important as it used to be?The treatment of animals raised for their skins is a massive issue. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 2.29 billion cows, pigs and goats are killed each year for their hides. This does not include the animal skin of fancier leather products, such as sheep, crocodiles, kangaroos and lizards.There’s also an environmental problem. Producing leather is a very polluting process, because it requires treating the skins with chemicals. During the procedure, called tanning, chemicals change the fibres (纤维) inside the leather, making it tougher. A tanning facility uses more than 60,000 litres of water for every tonne of leather produced. It uses huge amounts of poisonous chemicals, including substances containing heavy metals such as chromium, which when washed out ends up in nearby soil and drinking water that people use.However, the making of leather is not entirely negative. Selling animal skin is a key source of income for remote populations such as the Inuit people in Canada. Every day, cows, pigs and goats are killed for their meat to be sold in supermarkets. It’s respectful not to waste anything, and without leather their skins would have to be buried or burned.Although there are alternatives to leather, some of these fabrics are only 85% to 90% biodegradable (可生物降解的). Vegan leather can be made from plastics which take years to biodegrade, so it’s actually worse for the planet.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________6．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Why Don’t We Use the Math We Learn in School?How much of the math you’ve learned in school is used in everyday life? For the majority of people, the answer is surprisingly little. Clearly, some people learn math very well and apply it in everyday problem-solving settings. The question is why most people don’t, in spite of spending many years practicing it.The first explanation blames the failure of education. One of the major barriers to using a skill in real life is automaticity. We tend to find the least-effort solution to our problem. If struggling through a math problem is hard for you, you’ll find a different way to solve it that doesn’t rely on math. The familiar model for teaching mathematics revolves around teachers telling students certain rules, applying those rules to examples and students then practicing problems similar to the examples seen in class. By teaching in this way, a lot of the work and deep thought that went into the creation of these mathematical rules is lost. In that sense, people were never taught math thoroughly enough to use it automatically in real life.The second explanation is a little different. It argues that people may develop competence in math classes, but they struggle to translate real-life problems into a format where they can use their mathematics knowledge. This seems most apparent in the case of applying algebra (代数). Students struggle with algebra, but they particularly struggle with word problems. Yet, the equivalent real-life problems are typically much harder than word problems. From this perspective, what people struggle with is not doing math, but recognizing where and how to apply math to real problems.Educational researchers now emphasize the importance of transfer and deep understanding. They believe we need to give students more training in noticing and converting everyday situations into the math problems they know how to solve. By using real-life math applications,students can make connections between math and everyday life._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________7．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Oceans Silent?Most sea creatures, from whales and dolphins to fish, sharks and shrimps, respond to sound, and many can produce it. They use it to hunt and to hide, find mates and food, send messages and give warnings, establish territories, warn off competitors, confuse their targets, deceive enemies, and sense changes in water and conditions. Marine animals click bones, grind teeth and belch gases (磨牙打嗝); use special organs to make various noises. Far from the ‘silent deep’, the oceans are so noisy.Into this age-long confused noise, in the blink of an evolutionary eye, has entered a new thunder: the trembling sound of mighty engines as 46,220 large ships passed the world’s shipping courses. Scientists say that background noise in the ocean has increased roughly by 15 decibels (分贝) in the past 50 years. It may not sound like much in overall terms, but it is enough, according to many marine biologists, to mask the normal sounds of ocean life going about its business. At its most intense, some even say noise causes whales to become disoriented, dolphins to suffer from ‘the bends’, fish to go deaf, leave their breeding grounds or fail to form groups—enough to disorganize the basic biology of two thirds of the planet.“Undersea noise pollution is like the death of a thousand cuts”, says Sylvia Earie, chief scientist of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Each sound in itself may not be a matter of critical concern, but taken all together, the noise from shipping,earthquake-related surveys, and military activity is creating a totally different environment than existed even 50 years ago. That high level of noise is bound to have a hard, sweeping impact on life in the sea._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________8．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.ChatbotsWhat if instead of clicking on link after link on a company’s website, you could type a question and get an immediate, customized answer? Some companies are working to make this a reality using chatbots. Chatbots are computer programs that can communicate with human beings by phone, on messaging apps or on websites.There are two types of chatbots: open and closed. A closed chatbot follows a script, which may or may not involve using AI (artificial intelligence) to understand users’ messages. An open chatbot uses AI both to figure out what users want and to generate responses. Open chatbots are able to learn from their conversations and thus improve their ability to communicate over time. This means that open chatbots can respond to a wider range of inquiries, compared with closed chatbots. Communicating with them feels more natural, but if they have not been correctly trained, users may have a bad experience with them.One significant advantage of chatbots is that they are available all the time, even in the middle of the night. Plus, a single chatbot can cater to multiple users at once. This means that users can get immediate answers to their questions rather than waiting for a human representative. Chatbots have the potential to overcome several technological problems people face. These include difficulty in searching websites and trouble finding basic information and answers to simple questions.However, in order for chatbots to work, humans are still indispensable (不可或缺的). Someone has to program the chatbots initially, train them, and maintain and improve the chatbot system. Further, even open chatbots may not have the answers to detailed questions, and many people simply prefer speaking to a human rather than a chatbot. Thus, chatbots are unlikely tocompletely replace human agents. Rather, they will help users resolve simple problems so that customer service representatives can focus on more difficult issues._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________9．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Graduates Turn to TeachingChina has witnessed a 66-fold increase in the number of applicants for teaching qualification tests over the past decade, and experts say the popularity has mainly been driven by more graduates chasing stable jobs. According to the latest figures from the Ministry of Education, the number of applicants for teaching exams each year has grown from 172,000 to 11.44 million in the past decade.Experts said the sharp increase corresponds with the increase in teachers’ salaries and status within society, and it is expected to bring about an overall improvement in quality teaching. However, another big reason for the enthusiasm for teaching posts is that the challenging and complicated employment situation is driving graduates toward stable jobs such as working as teachers and government officials.Chu Zhaohui, a senior researcher at the National Institute of Education Sciences, said the popularity of teaching posts is closely associated with people’s changing perception of the economic situation, job stability and security, which are major concerns for graduates.In view of the coronavirus epidemic in recent years, many college graduates just want a stable job, so teaching suddenly becomes a very popular profession, and many students fromwell-known universities have joined the competition. Of course, everyone has their own ideas. Take Wang Lin for example. Wang Lin, who graduated from a famous university, said she had wanted to be a history teacher since middle school, inspired by her own history teacher. She added she had a good impression of her teachers from an early age and was grateful to those who had taught her. In fact, there are many such cases.While passing the teaching qualification test is the first step to becoming a teacher in China, landing a post at schools in big cities can be very competitive._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________10．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Out of Sight, Out of MindTechnology has made paying all sorts of bills incredibly easy. The real-time budget apps, which capture our spending and pay our bills automatically, should theoretically give us more control over our money. But why, in real life, do they do the opposite?It helps to think about how we used to pay. My parents describe a process that would involve three separate points of contact whenever they paid for something with a credit card: first, at the cash register, then when a bill came in the mail and finally when they wrote a check to cover it. While each of the checkpoints is technically still there, automation has given us a chance to skip the second and the third. For bills paid automatically through a banking app, even the first checkpoint can be gone. We know that it is happening in the background, but it’s so far out of view that it might as well not be there. How do we get that connection back, without giving up the convenience that technology has brought us?The good news is that though technology has taken away something, it can also give. Much of the battle is simply recognizing what we’ve lost. If we want to be smart about our money and have thorough control over it, we need to bridge that gap between what we spend on and how much we pay. We can start using personal-finance apps to do more than make our lives easier. These apps can send us notifications when each automatic payment is being made and categorize purchases, sending us instant spending reports. Admittedly, those tools require the user to sign up for these services and make conscious efforts to take full advantage of them. In this way, they are arguably better practice than balancing a checkbook on a Saturday morning._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________参考答案：1．The advantages and disadvantages of online training should be both considered when people decide whether to take part in. Easy access and lower prices of online training programs contributes to its popularity. However, for those who lack self-motivation and need in-person instruction, these programs aren’t suitable and may even be unsafe. Hence, think twice before making the decision. (58 words)【导语】本文是一篇说明文。

2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧专题（十一）概要写作+概写综合训练高考英语综合写作题型除了读后续写外, 另一种便是概要写作。

概要写作也是综合写作任务的一种常见形式, 被广泛应用于教学和评估活动中。

概要写作的目的不仅是要重述原文的主旨要义, 还要在不改变原文意思的前提下变换词汇和句子结构, 也就是要使用自己的语言写概要。

一．概要写作的考纲说明和题型介绍1.了解考纲说明根据教育部考试中心的相关说明, 概要写作中, 提供给考生一篇350以内的短文, 要求其基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2.明白试题选材的特点提供给考生阅读的短文词数在350以内；所选材料体裁虽然没有限制, 但是多以说明文、议论文为主, 偶尔也会有记叙文或夹叙夹议的阅读材料。

考试说明所给的样题是一篇科普知识类的文章, 句子结构复杂, 难度较大。

3.熟知概要写作的评分标准（一）概要写作考查要求：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。

总之, 概要应具有独立性和自明性, 拥有与文章等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息；其次概要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲；最后概要内容必须完整、一目了然。

（二）概要写作高考评分标准:注意：理解准确, 涵盖全部要求, 完全使用自己的语言, 避免抄原句, 准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇, 得分相应比较高。

相反, 如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象, 得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

二．概要写作的能力要求和特点1.把握读后续写的能力要求和读后续写一样, 概要写作是一种读写结合任务, 也体现了读与写的融合。

但相比其它形式的读写结合任务, 概要写作更偏重对考生阅读理解和思维能力的考查, 要求考生具有分析、综合、概括和建构等高阶思维能力。

这些能力是考生进入高校继续学习的必备基础, 所以考生在平时写作训练中, 要有意识地培养这些高阶思维能力, 对概要写作有很大帮助。

概要写作专项练习（一）1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

While many of us go to sleep before midnight, some teenagers choose to stay up much later. They are not driven by the burning desire to write a better essay or achieve a higher grade. Instead, they are busy playing online games. Known as young Internet addicts, they have long been a problem in China. A report released in 2016 by the China Youth Association for Network Development showed that there were over 24 million young Internet addicts among China’s youn g urban Internet users. The report also said that over 18 million youths had a tendency to develop Internet addiction.To deal with the problem of Internet addiction among teenagers, the Cyberspace Administration of China has released draft regulations which carried out a ban on online gaming. If the regulations are adopted，under-18s would be banned from playing online games between midnight and 8 am.As soon as the government’s draft law surfaced, it drew great attention from the public. Some applauded the law as a way to better protect minors (未成年人)，saying that too much overnight gaming is harmful to minors’health and believing the period between midnight and 8 am to be vital to human physical functions. However, others wondered whether it would be practical if it came into effect, as minors could just borrow their parents’IDs to register accounts to play online games. The Guangming Daily suggested that parents should help their teenagers find a balance between the cyber world and the real world. China is by no means the only one trying to fight against teenager gaming addiction. Germany introduced a regulation in 2002 in an attempt to stop minors from playing online games from 10 pm to 6 am. Meanwhile，the UK，the US and Australia have forced a rating system on computer games to make sure that teenagers cannot access “adult” content such as violence，sex or bad language.【答案】Many teenagers in China have become addicted to overnight online games. Thus，the government released a draft law to solve the long-lasting issue. Some people welcomed the law because it is beneficial to the teenagers’ health，while others doubted whether it would beeffective. Actually, many other countries have also been making laws against the youth online addiction.2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

概要写作1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Have you had a headache during a test? Have you ever been so worried about something that you have a headache or even can’t sleep at night? If so, then you know what stress is.Stress is what you feel when you are worried about something. This worry in your mind can make your body feel bad. You may feel angry, sad, scared, or afraid——all of which can give you a stomachache or a headache.However, there are different kinds of stress. Some kinds of stress are good and others are bad.Good stress might happen when you’re called to answer questions in class or when you have to give a speech. This kind of stress can help you to get things better done. For example, you may do a better job on your test if the stress pushes you to prepare better before the test. On the other hand, bad stress can happen if the stress lasts too long. You may not feel well if your parents are fighting, if a family member is sick, if you’re having problems at school, or if anything else makes you unhappy every day. That kind of stress isn’t going to help you. And it can actually make you sick.The best way to fight the stress is to have a balanced life. Make sure you keep yourself in mind: Sleep, Exercise, Leisure, and Food. If you get enough sleep and eat properly, and if you exercise and leave time for fun, you’ll probably feel less stressed.___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____2．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage with no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sue and Johnsy are friends and they live in one studio.But Johnsy kept her bed. The doctor thought there was uncertain hope and he couldn’t see any confidence in Johnsy.At the same time, Johnsy lay on the bed, looking through the small window and counted “10、9” and “8、7......” She said feebly. When the last leaf fell she must go.Sue heard that and felt sad. She went to invite old Behrman, who was a painter with no achievement. And he always talked of his coming masterpiece.Behrman heard the story of Johnsy from Sue.After the beating rain and fierce wind that had endured through the night, there was still one leaf. And another terrible night, it was still here. Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it. Then she saw the life’s energy and wanted to live.With the help of doctor and Sue, Johnsy was out of danger. But the bad news was that the old Behrman died of pneumonia. And they knew the secret that the last leaf was just a painting, drew by Behramn in that terrible night.This is really a beautiful and sorrowful story. We can give other people energy, hope and love. You can see something glittering in our heart._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________3．阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Summary WritingDirections： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible。

A篇Are Open Offices Good for Us？Four years ago， Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home， but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily。

It quickly became clear，though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10，000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space - complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office - about 70% of US offices are open concept —and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors。

概要写作1The ideal teacher­student relationship is one where both the teacher and the student learn and adapt to new ideas and reasoning. Just as a tour guide can't make you enjoy the time you spend wandering around the scenery, a teacher, despite their title, can't be the force that is responsible for the student's learning. However, like a good tour guide, a teacher can make it a lot nicer than it would be otherwise.The most important trait for a teacher to possess is the ability to adapt to their student's needs. If a teacher always works on a fixed schedule and never makes any changes, they will not be able to instruct the student as well as they would otherwise. They must be able to deviate (偏离), spending more time in the places that create confusion and less in the places that are quickly understood.In an ideal relationship, both the teacher and the student need to be gaining as much as possible at all times. Obviously knowledge is the most important thing to be gained but along with that there needs to be a level of satisfaction or accomplishment along with enjoyment. Someone can work like crazy and complete more than everyone else combined, but unless they feel that they have truly accomplished something. The task has no meaning simply because they will have done nothing in their minds. Whenever I become bored with something, I stop paying attention to it and start doing something else. It is therefore important for some form of enjoyment to be present otherwise nothing can be gained.The last requirement for an ideal teacher­student relationship is that both are ready and willing to commit themselves to either their instructing or learning. Now this applies mainly to the student who is for the most part required to be there and less to the teacher who chooses to be there. The imbalance comes from the simple logic that the teacher is almost automatically committed. There are plenty of other professions out there. On the other hand a student is more obligated to be there instead of choosing to be there and thus has a much higher chance of not being committed than the teacher.[精彩范文]The perfect teacher­student relationship is one where both the teacher and the student learn and adjust to new ideas and reasoning. (要点1) The teacher needs to adapt to the student's needs. (要点2) Both of them need to acquire knowledge along with satisfaction or accomplishment along with enjoyment. (要点3) And they must be ready and willing to commit themselves to either their coaching or learning. (要点4)概要写作2In recent years, publishers, directors and TV producers have taken a keen interest in popular online novels, thanks to their originality and solid fan base.Genre is an important factor. According to a survey by Chinese online literature platform Cloudary, of 100 online novels whose copyrights were sold by Cloudary for adaption in 2012, novels about city life, legends of historical tales and stories based on war were the most popular.Online author Liu Chenfeng's best­known novel A Clear Midsummer Night is a love story. It attracted more than 30 million Web hits and won the top prize in the annual competition for Chinese romance novels in 2012. A TV adaption of the book, was a huge hit when broadcast in 2013. The success of the TV adaption has brought Liu greater popularity and more confidence in writing.Popular online writer Bao Jingjing worked with director Teng Huatao as the screenwriter for one of her online novels. The movie Love Is Not Blind, adapted from her story, became an instant hit in 2012. Bao graduated from Beijing Film Academy with a degree in literature. Her background gave her extra weight in winning the director's trust. The experience has led Bao on a new career path. She won the award for best adapted screenplay at the 49th Golden Horse Award in Taiwan in 2012.Literature websites have played an important role in this trend. Major websites, such as and Hongxiu. com, which are owned by Cloudary, haveestablished special branches to help film and TV producers who are looking for good stories and to deal with copyright licensing.Liu, who has entrusted the literature website to deal with her copyright licensing, thinks it makes things easier for writers and allows them to focus more on their works.However, many other writers have sought to work closely with film and TV producers and play an active role in the adaption process of their own works. The authors' unique understanding about the original works is valued by producers and directors.[精彩范文]The article discusses the impact of popular online novels. (要点1) The reason why people pay so much attention to the online novels is that there are both some reliable fans and original works, whose popular themes mostly correspond to people's feelings. (要点2) Of all the online authors, Liu Chenfeng and Bao Jingjing are representatives of the most successful. (要点3) And to their credit, they both become famous because their original works are highly praised by producers and directors, even other relevant departments. (要点4)概要写作3“I can't survive without music，” says fifteen­year­old Steve. In the morning, Steve wakes up to his favourite music radio station. He listens to rock on the radio while he eats his breakfast. He puts on his personal stereo before he leaves the house and carries his cassette player on the bus to school.“Last week I put my headphones on in the maths class，” admits Steve. “Theteacher was really annoyed. She took my headphones away and I couldn't use them for a week. It was terrible.” At home Steve does his homework to music—loud music.“My mother usually shouts, ‘Turn it down！’”says Steve. “She can't understand how I can work with music on, but music helps me to fix my attention upon my studies.” Steve would like to make music himself. “I'm learning to play the guitar. Unluckily, it doesn't sound too good at the beginning. But I'm going to keep practising！”For teenagers like Steve, music is a very important part of life. Music is social; it brings people together at discos, parties and concerts. Fast, loud music is full of energy; it helps people to forget their problems and have fun. Music talks about love, freedom and imagination. There are always new songs and new styles.Meanwhile Steve's mother agrees that music brings some problems. “Steve is a sensible boy，” she says. “I don't think he would ever take drugs hearing rock. But I do worry about his hearing with all that loud music. And it drives me crazy！”[精彩范文]Teenagers like Steve can't survive without music. Steve is listening to music at any time, at any place and in any way. (要点1) He just felt terrible without listening to music for a week. (要点2) In Steve's opinion, music is beneficial in fixing his attention upon his studies. (要点3) There is no denying that music is an important part of life for teenagers. However, parents worry that loud music can affect teenagers' hearing. (要点4)概要写作4Specialists say it is not easy to get used to life in a new culture. “Culture shock”is the term these specialists employ when talking about the feelings that people have in a new environment. There are three stages of culture shock, say the specialists. In the first stage, the newcomers like their new environment. Then, when the fresh feeling dies, they begin to dislike the city, the country, the people there, and everything else. In the last stage, the newcomers begin to get used to their surroundings and, as a result, enjoy their life.There are some obvious factors in culture shock. The weather may be unpleasant. The customs may be different. The public service system—the telephone, post office, transportation—may be hard to work out. The simplest things seem to be big problems. The language may be difficult.Who feels culture shock? Everyone does in this way or that. But culture shock still surprises most people. Very often the people having the worst culture shock are those who seldom had difficulties in their home countries and were successful in their community. Coming to a new country, those people find they do not have the same established positions. They find themselves without a role, almost without an identity. They have to build a new self­image.Culture shock gives rise to a feeling of disorientation (迷失方向). This feeling may be homesickness. When homesick, people like staying alone all the time. They want to protect themselves from the strange environment, and create an escape anywhere for a sense of safety. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for a short term, but it does nothing to make the person familiar with the culture. Getting to know the new environment and gaining experience are the long­term solution to the problem of culture shock.[精彩范文]The first paragraph of the article gives the definition of “culture shock” and describes the three stages when people adapt to a new culture. (要点1) The second paragraph lists some factors in culture shock. (要点2) And the third paragraph tells the readers what kind of people will be the most affected by culture shock. (要点3) At last the author talks about the disadvantages culture shock has brought and ways toovercome it. (要点4)概要写作5Almost everyone has read about the Taj Mahal in India. It is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. Over three hundred years ago, Shah Jehan built the Taj Mahal as the tomb for his wife. Shah Jehan wanted his wife's tomb to be perfect. He did not care about time or money. He brought together workmen from all Asia. Altogether, over 20,000 men worked on the building, and it took them over seventeen years to finish it.The building rests on a platform of red sandstone. Four thin white towers rise from the corners of the platform. A large dome rests from the centre of the building. Around this large dome there are four smaller ones.The building is made of fine white and coloured marble. It has eight sides and many arches. There is an open corridor just inside the outer walls. From this corridor, the visitor looks through the marble screen to a central room. The bodies of Shah Jehan and his wife lie in a tomb below this room.A beautiful garden surrounds the Taj Mahal. The green trees make the marble look even whiter. In front of the main entrance to the building there is a long, narrow pool. If you look in this pool, you can see all the beauty of the Taj Mahal in the reflection from the water.Many people think the Taj Mahal is the most beautiful at sunset. Then the marble picks up the colour of the sunset, and the building and its reflection in the pool gleam like red jewels.[精彩范文]The passage describes the famous Taj Mahal in India. The first paragraph explains why the Taj Mahal was built and how much time and labour were spent on it. (要点1) The second paragraph describes the location and appearance of the Taj Mahal. (要点2) The third paragraph details the building materials and the architecture styleof the Taj Mahal. (要点3) The last two sections picture the environment around the Taj Mahal. (要点4)概要写作6A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher emphasised the importance again and again. But recently, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be surprised. Gently shaking his head and shrugging his shoulders, he said, “You don't say！” “You don't say！”I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this was not a proper topic. “Well, I'd better change the topic.” So I said to him, “Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been to the Great Wall？” “Certainly, everyone back home would laugh at me if I left China without visiting it. It is wonderful.” He was deep in thought when I began to speak like a tourist guide. “The Great Wall of China is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it.” Soon I was stopped again by his words：“You don't say！” I couldn't help asking, “Why do you ask me not to talk about it？” “Well, I didn't ask you to do so，” he answered, greatly surprised. I said, “Didn't you say ‘you don't say’？”Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, “‘You don't say’ actually means ‘Really’！It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't payattention to English idioms.” Only then did I know how foolish I had been. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions.[精彩范文]概要写作7Einstein is a most famous and beloved scientist and recognized as an “icon” of “humanity in the face of the unknown”. Will science ever produce another Einstein?The problem isn't that modern physicists can't match Einstein's intellectual firepower. It's the fact that there are so many brilliant physicists alive today that it has become harder for any individual to stand apart from the pack.For the first half of the last century, physics yielded not only deep insights into nature but also history－jolting technologies like the atomic bomb, nuclear power, radar, lasers, transistors and all that make up the computer and communications industries. Physics mattered.Over the past few decades, many physicists have got stuck in pursuing a goal that obsessed Einstein in his later years: a theory that combines quantum physics and general relativity. Seekers of this “theory of everything” have wandered into fantasy realms of higher dimensions with little connection to our reality.After Israel's first president, the chemist Chaim Weizmann, died in 1952, the Israeli cabinet asked Einstein if he would consider becoming the country's president. Einstein politely declined.It is hard to imagine any modern scientist being treated in this manner. Einstein took advantage of his fame to speak out on nuclear weapons, nuclear power, militarism and other vital issues through lectures, essays, interviews, petitions and letters to world leaders. When he spoke, people listened.Einstein also possessed a moral quality that set him apart even in his own time. According to Robert Oppenheimer, the dark angel of nuclear physics, Einstein showed us “a wonderful purity, at once childlike and profoundly stubborn\”．The aspiring scientists and engineers I met at school give me hope that science has a bright future. But I suspect that we will never see Einsteins again because he was a unique product of the special time and nature.Einstein didn't think he lived up to his own reputation. “I am no Einstein，\” he once said. On top of all his other qualities, the man is modest.[精彩范文]What has been puzzling the world is why we haven't seen another Einstein since he died. (要点1) Actually, so many brilliant physicists stand out but no one can be singled out like Einstein. (要点2) Einstein made incomparable achievements against his peers, and his special quality and contributions to the world peace are beyond comparison. (要点3) In a word, Einstein is the unique combination of time, achievements, especially his super quality. (要点4)概要写作8Works of literature can be written in a wide variety of forms. These different types or sorts of writing are known as genre (类型). We can classify literary works by what they have in common—their styles or what they are about, for example. On a simple level, organizing works of literature into genres helps us understand the variety of literary works.Prose writing can be divided into two main types: fiction and non­fiction. Fiction includes stories that are made up by the author. They are not true in a factual sense but they may be based on scientific, historical or geographic facts. Within the broad area of fiction, we can distinguish two main types: realistic fiction and historical fiction.Realistic fiction includes stories that are set in the contemporary world and are about people and events that could happen. Most best­sellers are of this style. Realistic fiction itself has many subdivisions (划分) such as crime fiction, adventure stories and romantic stories. Stories set in the past and based on historical facts are historical fiction. Some of the characters in the stories are imaginary, while others may be real people from the past. Much of this type of fiction centers on wars or political events.Non­fiction books are based on facts and include genres such as biography, history, popular science and reference works such as dictionaries.[精彩范文]Different types of literary works can be called genres. (要点1) For example, fiction can be divided into two main types. (要点2) Stories in realistic fiction are about events that could happen in the contemporary world, while historical fiction is about stories that are based on historical facts. (要点3) Non­fiction books are written according to facts. (要点4)概要写作9February has long been a month of romance. With the sweet smell of roses in the air, romantic films hit cinemas and love stories fill newspapers and magazines.On the 14th day, it is a custom for a boy to take his girlfriend out to dinner, buy her flowers and chocolate, write poems, sing to her or even spell out her name with rose petals! This is what you see on Valentine's Day, a day named after Valentine who was a priest in the third century Rome. When the emperor decided that single men could become better soldiers than those with wives, he didn't allow marriage.But Valentine continued to perform marriage ceremonies for young lovers in secret. When his actions were discovered, the emperor sentenced him to death. While in prison, it is said that V alentine fell in love with the daughter of his prison guard. Before his death, he wrote her a letter, which he signed “From your Valentine”，an expression that is still in use today. Valentine died for what he believed in and so he was made a saint, as well as becoming one of the most romantic characters in history.Nowadays, Valentine's Day is still popular among Chinese young people. Some students are planning to make Valentine's cards for parents, teachers and friends. Others want to hold parties at which they will exchange small gifts and eatheart­shaped cakes. The idea is to have fun and encourage people to share in the spirit of St. Valentine.[精彩范文]February is considered to be a month full of romance, because Valentine's Day falls on February 14th. (要点1) It is also a day named after Valentine and observed in honour of the priest. (要点2) Valentine hated war and performed marriage ceremonies for young lovers secretly. He was regarded as one of the most romantic characters inhistory. (要点3) With more western festivals coming to China, Valentine's Day is still popular among Chinese young people, but it has been granted more meaning and purposes. (要点4)概要写作10American English began in the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the English language was brought to North America by colonists from England. They used the language spoken in England, that is, the language used by Shakespeare.In order to exploit new resources in America, British colonists settled down there and from 1607 to 1732 set up thirteen colonies, including Virginia North Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. In these thirteen areas, English was a common language used by all people. The first colonists established the English form in America.As time went by, the English language gradually changed on both sides of the Atlantic. Foreigners longing for wealth set foot in the coastal area to trade. Americans adopted many words from foreign languages and invented numerous new words to meet their commercial needs.Following American Independence, famous people like Thomas Jefferson, the President, began to consider that the country should have a language of its own. Noah Webster compiled (编撰) three elementary books on English. Later, he expressed the idea that as an independent nation, America should have a system of its own in language as well as in government. After the second half of the 19th century, many great writers such as Mark Twain helped the development of American English.English in America has developed a character of its own, reflecting the life and the physical and social environment of the American people. Since the rise of the United States to a position of world importance, American English has beendeveloping and changing. There is no doubt that American English will enrich the English language greatly. With the rapid development of modern mass media and the common needs of economic, cultural and political exchanges, American English will be more widely used in the world than British English.[精彩范文]。

S u m m a r y W r i t i n gDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A篇Are Open Offices Good for UsFour years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before – moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research t hat we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. Howeve r, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Christmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with yo ur deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.B篇When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money What should our attitude to beggars be There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beggars.Certainly, most of the world's great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed Maybe what was morally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride andself-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.C篇One of the toughest things about being a high school student is that you never seem to get enough sleep at night, which often leaves you nodding o任during classes. Spending either less than six or more than nine hours in sleeping puts your health at risk. A popular solution to a lack of sleep at night is to take a "power nap （小睡）during the day, but does this work Generally speaking, it can be beneficial. Research shows that a nap in the day - even a brief one as short as ten minutes—can clear your mind and leave you with increased energy and improved productivity.Here are some things you need to know to nap correctly. To start with' every time you doze o圩（打瞌睡）during the day does not count as a "power nap". The best time to take a power nap is in the mid-afternoon, when your energy level tends to decrease. Try to avoid naps after 4pm, for sleeping too late in the day can make it harder to fall asleep at night.How long should a power nap be Grabbing 10-30 minutes of rest is usually best for a middle-of-the-day nap. You are not really getting established sleep if you nod 0行for only five minutes.However, napping more than 40 minutes can leave you feeling sleepier than when you start, meaningYou'II have to go through the whole waking-up process after you go into the deeper stage of sleep.However, as refreshing as it might be, if you are getting adequate sleep at night, taking a power nap isn't such a wise choice. The reason is that sleeping during the day can interfere with(妨碍)your body's biorhythms（生理节奏）．The brain gets used to going to bed at roughly the same time each night and getting up at the same time each day, and you don't want to disturb this routine.概要写作参考答案【A篇答案】Are Open Offices Good for UsPara 1-3: Though open offices is meant to raise cooperation, employees feel it hard to concentrate, thus reducing productivity.(3分)Para 4: Quiet and closed spaces are better choices for jobs demanding concentration, but some have a feeling of discomfort or weakness to work alone.(2分)【参考】Recently, a research sparked heated discussion about open offices. Some argue that though open offices is meant to raise cooperation, employees feel it hard to concentrate, thus reducing productivity. Meanwhile, others indicate that quiet and closed spaces are better choices for jobs demanding concentration, but some have a feeling of discomfort or weakness to work alone. (56)【B篇答案】What’s your attitude when meeting with a beggar Nowadays, many people choose not to give money because beggars pretend to be poor and may misuse the money. Actually, government should take responsibility for poverty, not ordinary people. Anyway, there's nothing wrong with people giving money to those who really need help. (51 words)【解析】1. 拿到一篇文章首先分析它可以分为几个主要部分，分割完之后对每个部分主要内容进行总结概括即可。

概要写作1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Cycling isn’t always easy. Busy streets, honking horns, and inadequate bike lanes can make it an uphill battle. But not even these difficulties can stop Europeans’ passion for cycling. According to BBC, bicycles outsold cars in most of the European Union’s states last year.There are traditional bicycle capitals”, such as Amsterdam in the Netherlands and Copenhagen in Denmark. But in many other traditionally car-made countries, the shift to bikes is striking. Italians, for instance, bought 1.6 million bikes against 1.4 million cars in 2012.So what has led to cycling’s growing popularity in Europe?The economic crisis has played an important role in the issue. “The economic crisis has had an effect on all areas of people’s lives, including on transport,” Giulietta Pagliaccio, head of the Italian cycling federation FIAB, told the Australian Associated Press.Since the European debt crisis broke out in 2009, more people lost their jobs while the cost of living, including fuel costs, continued to rise. It forced many people to give up driving to save money, the Guangzhou-based New Express commented. Take Greece, a country seriously hit by the crisis, for example. It sold 320,000 bikes last year against 58,000 cars.More importantly, people have changed their views toward cars and bikes. Cars are losing their appeal as status symbols. Yet, cycling is now seen as “a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around town”, the Daily Star concluded. “It not only reduces traffic jam and pollution, but also contributes to public health.”However, with more and more people turning to cycling, questions remain about traffic and safety problems.To ease people’s worries, dozens of cities have joined a European Union to make bicycles equal to cars as a form of urban transport. Quite a few cities now offer well-marked bike lanes, such as the cycling super-highway marked in blue in London. It runs all over the city, from the center to the suburbs._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _2．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.91. The Problem of PackagingA large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to recycling company for processing.The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain alert and do their part._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _3．Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago.”What are Lindsey and Tori talking about? I can tell you what they are saying is not nice and not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip. I have noticed the effects of gossip.An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic - breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out -that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie, people often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? That answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group”.Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.It’s no laughing matterMuch research has been conducted about why humans laugh and what they laugh at—not only by psychologists, but also by philosophers, for the study of laughter crosses many disciplines. So, why do we laugh?The general belief is that humans laugh as a social bonding mechanism. Studies have shown that humans are over 30 times more likely to laugh with others than alone. Even “laughing gas” works more effectively on a group of people than on a single person. We all know that laughter can be very infectious.Some researchers believe that laughter in humans was born out of the relief our ancestors felt after danger had passed. If smiling in humans is considered an extension of the “fear” face in primates (灵长类动物), then laughter is a signal that the fear has gone. When we laugh, our “fight or flight” reaction to danger is temporarily switched off, further indicating that we now feel relaxed. So laughter is a way of discharging stress and anxiety.Although laughter is universal, people don’t always laugh at the same things, and what people find funny often changes as they get older. Children find a lot to laugh about, as they are encountering so many things for the first time, which offers constant surprises. Teenagers often like jokes that adults find annoying, while adults often laugh at jokes about funny things in their own everyday lives. Furthermore, because a lot of our humor comes from a shared cultural background, countless jokes don’t cross language and cultural barriers, with the result that what’s funny in Australia may well not be in Austria.Regardless of what different people find funny, people ought to laugh as much as they can. While we’re laughing, we increase the killer cells that destroy viruses. So, the next time someone tells you they nearly died laughing, tell them it’s far from the truth!______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。