1综述

文献综述1. 国外研究现状国际贸易融资的发展实际可以分为以下几个阶段：从最初的企业与企业之间直接融资到银行作为第三方介入的融资；从国内的贸易融资发展为国际间贸易融资；从传统的贸易融资到结构性贸易融资。

从理论意义上来看，结构性贸易融资逐渐在自偿性贸易融资的基础上发展起来。

起源于西方国家的自偿性贸易融资理论，是在巴塞尔协议中作为一个理论而提出来的。

主要是以贸易融资的还款来源稳定作为基础，其风险主要在于贸易背景是否真实以及双方的资信状况是否正常。

而近几十年来兴起的结构性贸易融资，是利用组合的理论，通过结合传统的和新型的贸易融资方式，来降低整体业务的风险，来满足日益发展的国际贸易双方逐渐壮大的需求。

Schwartz(1974)在报告中主要以贸易双方作为研究对象，他认为贸易融资相对于其他的融资方式优点在于：首先，在还款来源稳定的情况下，贸易融资方式相比于其他的方式更经济，成本更低。

其次，贸易是建立在双方背景真实的情况下，因此双方的资信状况都较好；最后，若在贸易融资中存在风险，那么其中一方可通过控制另一方的还款来源来降低风险。

若是将资金提供方改为银行，那么他的理论同样适用于商业银行对企业的贸易融资。

巴塞尔协议是1988年首次订立的，推出了资本充足率的要求，主要是为了降低信用风险和市场风险，使银行在市场稳定的基础上公平竞争。

在1998年提出了新的资本协议，内容涉及面更广，专门提出了标准法和内部评级法来处理信用风险。

标准法也即是外部评级法，是由外部的较权威的评级公司来评级，内部评级是指由银行内部来对客户的违约概率进行计量。

由于我国较为权威的评级公司较少，且成本高，因此标准法较少使用，各银行都有其对客户的评级法。

Altman(1968)运用财务比率的方法，提出了可以差别是否为破产公司的模型，即多元z计分模型。

该模型的数据是用统计的方法进行取舍，并运用多元判别法来分析已筛选出的变量，由此得出Z判别函数。

再根据各个公司的变量值代入，得出Z值的大小，以此来判断是否为破产公司。

机械行业典型事故案例分析尽管国家和企业对安全工作非常重视，但每年还是有成百上千的机械事故不断发生。

原因虽然是多方面的，但一些操作人员的安全意识薄弱却是事故发生的根本原因。

要想降低机械事故的发生率，提高大家的安全意识是非常重要的，下面我们引用了一些事故案例，希望大家看后，对事故发生的原因能有一个更深的认识；能吸取这些事故案例的经验教训；得到一些有用的启示，真正把安全放在我们一切工作的首位。

一、装置失效酿苦果，违章作业是祸根。

违章作业是安全生产的大敌，十起事故，九起违章。

在实际操作中，有的人为图一时方便，擅自拆除了自以为有碍作业的安全装置；更有一些职工，工作起来，就把“安全”二字忘得干干净净。

下面这两个案例就是违章作业造成安全装置失效而引发的事故。

(案例一)2001年5月18日，四川广元某木器厂木工李某用平板刨床加工木板，木板尺寸为300X25X3800毫米，李某进行推送，另有一人接拉木板。

在快刨到木板端头时，遇到节疤，木板抖动，李某疏忽，因这台刨床的刨刀没有安全防护装置，右手脱离木板而直接按到了刨刀上，瞬间李某的四个手指被刨掉。

在一年前，就为了解决无安全防护装置这一隐患，专门购置了一套防护装置，但装上用了一段时间后，操作人员嫌麻烦，就给拆除了，结果不久就发生了事故。

(案例二)2000年10月13日，某纺织厂职工朱某与同事一起操作滚筒烘干机进行烘干作业。

5时40分朱某在向烘干机放料时，被旋转的联轴节挂住裤脚口摔倒在地。

待旁边的同事听到呼救声后，马上关闭电源，使设备停转，才使朱某脱险。

但朱某腿部已严重擦伤。

引起该事故的主要原因就是烘干机马达和传动装置的防护罩在上一班检修作业后没有及时罩上而引起的。

以上两个事故都是由人的不安全行为违章作业，机械的不安全状态失去了应有的安全防护装置和安全管理不到位等因素共同作用造成的。

安全意识低是造成伤害事故的思想根源，我们一定要牢记：所有的安全装置都是为了保护操作者生命安全和健康而设置的。

文献综述写作第一章选择主题1 找出研究兴趣或要探讨的问题1.1 我的研究兴趣或问题是什么？1.2 它有几个部分？1.3 这个研究兴趣包含哪些主要观点？2 理解个人观点2.1 对于研究兴趣，你已有哪些知识？2.2 有哪些个人经历会影响到你对这个兴趣或问题的研究？2.3 对于研究兴趣或研究问题，你有哪些看法、偏见和观点？2.4 是什么让你对这个研究兴趣或问题有某些结论？2.5 你将如何辨别并控制你的个人偏见、观点、感情和直觉，从而能保持研究者应有的中立？3 选择研究的关注点3.1 你能否清晰地界定研究兴趣的关注点？3.2 你关注的对象是个体、群体还是组织机构？3.3 你是否已经给研究的个体、群体或组织机构以特定的具体称谓？4 选择研究角度4.1 哪些学术领域能最好地帮助你进行研究或者给你提供切入的角度？4.2 这个学术领域的哪些具体知识能最好地帮助你探索和确定研究兴趣？4.3 你还要学习哪些学术领域的知识，为进行研究打好牢固的基础？小结研究兴趣陈述1 你的具体研究兴趣是什么？2 什么研究成果能凸显研究的重要性？3 你的研究期待、价值观、偏见和观点是什么？4 你的主题是什么？用正确的专业术语讲研究兴趣陈述改写为研究主题陈述。

本章注：1 一个好的研究课题通常是从对现实问题的兴趣中产生的。

这种兴趣必须要从日常生活语言转化为研究课题的想法（ideas）。

这个研究课题必须是一个明确的问题，并与具体的学术领域相联系。

使用学科语言、提炼研究兴趣、选择学术观点，这是建立研究课题的必经之路。

2 研究兴趣大多来自人们对日常生活工作中的一些矛盾、争端、焦点问题和信念的好奇。

兴趣一是指对某一对象的强烈兴趣或关注，而是指这一对象本身。

分别表示“为什么研究”和“研究什么”。

3 研究课题，第一要具体化，只有具体的问题才能作为研究对象；第二要问题聚焦，专注于一个研究对象，对象须明确解析，界限清晰设定；第三选择视角，从学科角度或立场出发，根据学术领域的研究需求产生，从相关学术讨论或辩论中产生或从学术作品中衍生出来。

1 综述的定义和特点综述是查阅了某一专题在一段时期内的相当数量的文献资料，经过分析研究，选取有关情报信息，进行归纳整理，作出综合性描述的文章。

综述的特点：①综合性：综述要"纵横交错"，既要以某一专题的发展为纵线，反映当前课题的进展；又要从本单位、省内、国内到国外，进行横的比较。

只有如此，文章才会占有大量素材，经过综合分析、归纳整理、消化鉴别，使材料更精练、更明确、更有层次和更有逻辑，进而把握本专题发展规律和预测发展趋势。

②评述性：是指比较专门地、全面地、深入地、系统地论述某一方面的问题，对所综述的内容进行综合、分析、评价，反映作者的观点和见解，并与综述的内容构成整体。

一般来说，综述应有作者的观点，否则就不成为综述，而是手册或讲座了。

③先进性：综述不是写学科发展的历史，而是要搜集最新资料，获取最新内容，将最新的信息和科研动向及时传递给读者。

综述不应是材料的罗列，而是对亲自阅读和收集的材料，加以归纳、总结，做出评论和估价。

并由提供的文献资料引出重要结论。

一篇好的综述，应当是既有观点，又有事实，有骨又有肉的好文章。

由于综述是三次文献，不同于原始论文(一次文献)，所以在引用材料方面，也可包括作者自己的实验结果、未发表或待发表的新成果。

综述的内容和形式灵活多样，无严格的规定，篇幅大小不一，大的可以是几十万字甚至上百万字的专著，参考文献可数百篇乃至数千篇；小的可仅有千余字，参考文献数篇。

一般医学期刊登载的多为3000～4000字，引文15～20篇，一般不超过20篇，外文参考文献不应少于1／3。

2 综述的内容要求选题要新：即所综述的选题必须是近期该刊未曾刊载过的。

一片综述文章，若与已发表的综述文章"撞车"，即选题与内容基本一致，同一种期刊是不可能刊用的。

说理要明：说理必须占有充分的资料，处处以事实为依据，决不能异想天开地臆造数据和诊断，将自己的推测作为结论写。

层次要清：这就要求作者在写作时思路要清，先写什么，后写什么，写到什么程度，前后如何呼应，都要有一个统一的构思。

综述怎么写
写作综述是一项考虑到深度以及广度的艰苦任务。

只有通过详细的研究，才能够写出充实、客观、有说服力的综述文章。

因此，在写作综述时，要做到以下几点：
首先，在写作综述之前，需要充分了解研究领域的基本概念，并且要对研究问题有清晰的认识。

这样，才能够正确定位自己的文章内容，写出合乎要求的综述文章。

其次，在开始具体写作之前，需要采取一些调查研究措施，以便更好地了解研究领域的关键问题和最新发展。

为了掌握所有相关信息，我们可以多看几本书、查阅学术文献或者从网络论坛上获取信息。

第三，在具体写作过程中，应该采用较为清晰的语言和逻辑性强的文本结构，以最大程度地改善文章的表达效果。

另外要避免无谓的抽象，而是要专注于文章的实质内容，使之更加具有说服力和可读性。

最后，在进行文章结构的设计时，需要特别注意突出文章的中心思想，以及对于每一个论点的重要性。

另外，不要忘记在每一个段落中添加一些具体例子，以加强文章的真实性和权威性。

总而言之，编写综述文章需要在研究、收集信息和写作三个层面上下工夫，并且要求有必要的耐心和勤勉，才能最终撰写出可读的有质量的文章。

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马克思异化理论视域下人的情感异化问题研究综述把情感异化问题作为我的论文选题，既感惊喜又迷茫。

惊喜是因为，国内外至今还没有对情感异化做系统的研究，在涉猎诸多文章之后发现，有关该方向的研究只是轻描淡写般呈现，有似乎发现新大陆之感；迷茫是因为，有关情感异化该如何界定的问题、有价值的文献相对较少等等问题接踵而至。

对此，在尽量搜集更多资料的基础上，对文献做必要的综述就显得尤为重要，也希望以此可以作为对后续的研究提供些许启发和参考。

针对该选题主要考察的是情感异化问题，是作为情感和异化两方面内容的复合研究，因此，有必要对情感、异化及情感异化分别做研究综述。

一、国外对情感异化的研究现状首先，国外对情感问题的研究。

在西方，关于情感论的研究相对较丰富深刻，包括生理学、心理学、社会学、哲学等各个方面。

主要的理论和观点有：（1）詹姆士——兰格的情感理论；（2）拉扎罗斯等人的近代心理学理论；（3）肯珀、霍克希尔德等人的近代社会学理论与马克思、韦伯、德克海默即西美尔的较为古典的社会学理论；（4）弗洛伊德的情感模型；（5）拉康关于他人、谈话、欲望及历史的精神分析理论；（6）谢弗的情感宣泄理论；（7）萨特的情感理论等。

以上从不同角度对情感的研究，对于我们进一步研究情感具有十分重要的借鉴意义。

其次，国外关于情感异化的理论研究至今无法找到。

但关于马克思异化理论的研究成果颇多，特别就西方马克思主义者而言，他们继承和发扬了马克思异化理论，如卢卡奇从商品拜物教的角度分析了资本主义社会的物化问题，弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者弗洛姆从人性异化的角度具体化了西方马克思主义的异化理论，哈贝马斯从科学技术成为意识形态的角度，对人的生存的异化问题进行了研究等等，都大大丰富和发展了马克思的异化理论。

二、国内对情感异化问题的研究现状首先，国内对马克思异化理论的研究。

国内关于异化问题的研究始于上个世纪80年代，我国开始对国外异化理论的重要文献进行翻译和研究，它们大多来自对西方马克思主义者，如卢卡奇、霍克海默、马尔库塞、哈贝马斯、弗洛姆等人的思想和著作的研究。

音乐研究综述(1） -一直以来，音乐研究的重心都集中在地区。

发端于本世纪５0年代的近现代音乐研究，即是始于地区的，这从50年代中后期进行的几项对音乐的搜集、整理工作均可以反映出来,例如:50年代以音乐史学家杨荫浏等学者组成的音乐普查小组，对地区的民间音乐进行了普查，其中对**地区的音乐等作了调查，并与以文字、记谱方式和音乐等的调查结果一起登载于《音乐普查报告附录之一音乐》中；其后，相继有《**艺术集》、《**音乐介绍》等不同地区音乐资料问世(注：《音乐普查报告附录之一音乐》民族音乐研究所编，该所1958年油印,音乐1９６0年出版《**艺术集》舞蹈艺术研究会1９57年油印《**音乐介绍》**市文联编，１958年油印).自70年代中后期，中断了20余年的音乐的收集和整理又重新复苏和兴起（仍主要集中于对地区音乐的研究)。

音乐学院研究者陈大灿等开展对及其临近地区音乐的录音录像工作；**音乐学院部分师生对武当山音乐的收集整理；音乐学院等音乐院校的一些学者，分别对白云观、**太清宫、青城山等宫观的音乐进行的收集整理等.此外，中文大学音乐资料馆先后与文化促进中心、圆玄学院和《人民音乐》编辑部等联合,分别于1９8３年和１989年在了“国际科仪及音乐研讨会”和“第一届科仪音乐研讨会”；199０年艺术研究院、协会等单位在白云观了音乐学术研讨会；１９91年圆玄学院、人民音乐、《音乐研究》编辑部和**音乐学院在联合了“第二届科仪音乐研讨会”。

这一切促使以收集整理为基础的对音乐进行深入研究的局面正式（注：参见曹本冶、史**《科仪音乐研究现状与展望》载《音乐研究》19９1（4),页65～６６）. 以上所述的**项研究成果反映出当今学术界对地区音乐的研究已取得了令人鼓舞的成果。

少数民族地区的音乐与地区的音乐不尽相同,它往往是本民族固有文化与传统文化交融的产物，既蕴涵着本民族固有文化特质，也不乏传统文化风貌，内涵甚为丰富，颇具学术研究价值。

企业业绩评价文献综述一、前言企业业绩评价是为了实现企业的发展战略，运用特定的指标，采用科学的方法，对企业经营活动过程做出的一种价值判断。

目前，对企业绩效评价的研究，最活跃的两个领域是企业绩效评价内容的扩展和评价方法技术的完善与创新。

随着经济全球化的发展，企业所面临的外部环境从简单、静态变得更为复杂、动态，随之出现了大量有关企业综合绩效评价的思想，企业综合绩效评价指标体系由单一化过渡为多元化，企业绩效评价在评价内容上也已从传统意义上的财务评价，向更加注重战略机会选择、核心竞争能力和持续发展与企业治理结构、环境适应性和资源合理配置的有机结合与互动影响评价发展。

企业绩效评价系统也从传统的杜邦分析法发展到经济增加值（EV A）和平衡计分卡（BSC）。

虽然上述经典的绩效评价模式在企业管理的研究历程中具有划时代的意义，但在实际运用也表现出了局限性，针对实际运用中存在的不足，国内外学者又开始对现行的绩效评价模式进行了反思，并且提出了新的绩效评价模型。

二、绩效评价的几种模式回顾（一）、财务模式财务评价模式是在杜邦分析法的基础上发展起来的。

20世纪初期，美国杜邦公司引入了著名的“杜邦公式”，即“资产报酬率＝销售净利率×总资产周转率”，并且在此基础上综合了企业的各种财务指标，通过各个财务指标间的内在联系，对销售净利率、总资产周转率进行了层层分解，将净资产收益率用企业所熟悉的财务指标表示，构成了著名的杜邦分析模型。

与衡量企业绩效的独立财务指标不同，杜邦分析模式表现出了很强的综合性，将各种财务指标相结合，明确地展现出了相互之间的内在联系，并且逐层向上共同影响企业的净资产收益率，每个指标对于公司的整体业绩都起到了举足轻重的作用。

杜邦分析模型包括了六层指标，净资产收益率是整个分析体系的核心，由企业的总资产净利率和权益乘数决定，综合性的反应了股东投入资本的盈利能力，杜邦分析模型以净资产收益率为核心，体现出了股东价值最大化的企业目标。

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。

文献综述随着人类的不断进步和发展，生产力的提高，人们的生活水平的提高，企业所处的时代和环境也在不断改变。

竞争优势将越来越不具有可保持性，企业战略需要针对瞬息万变的环境不断进行调整。

在这样的背景下，建立高度灵活、富有弹性、适应市场变革、对市场需求能够快速相应的动态柔性组织结构，成为了21世纪企业生存和发展的趋势。

一、前言20世纪90年代以来，信息技术以惊人的速度发展，知识经济如浪潮般涌现在面前，组织面临的环境更加复杂化，组织结构出现了扁平化、柔性化的趋势。

在这种环境下，组织面对着竞争环境变现出了一种“超竞争”的特征，企业战略行为的“保质期”在不断的被缩小，战略的更新更是以惊人的速度在发展，在这样的高度多变的环境中，组织的外部环境发生了混乱和高度的不确定性，这让组织的竞争优势荡然无存。

在这样混乱和高度不确定性的新竞争环境里，某个产业或企业不可能再一直稳定并且长期存在，我们可以从二十一世纪以后全球范围的产业重组和企业结构及运行方式持续变化中可以看出。

二、国外研究现状在动态环境中，组织的柔性化对企业的成败至关重要，人们对组织柔性的研究也表现出越来越浓厚的兴趣。

早期的研究主要集中在对柔性的界定这一方面，比较有代表的是马斯查克（Marschak）和尼尔森(Nelson)，他们从三个方面界定了柔性：1.选择余地的大小，即最初的富有柔性的行动，使得企业在随后的一段时期内拥有更多的行动选择；2.边际成本，即富有柔性的工厂在转向新的定位时，往往需要较小的额外成本；3.边际期望利润，即富有柔性的工程在转向新的定位时，往往可以获得更多的利润或遭受较小的损失。

随后，有关柔性的研究更是如火如荼。

例如Thompson对柔性专业化进行了剖析，认为柔性专业化意味着竞争性质的重大变化，意味着以横向合作竞争平衡取代新古典传统下不受约束的原子竞争；科利（Correa）论证了制造系统的柔性、产出变动与不确定性的关系，探讨了汽车制造中的技术柔性与人力资源柔性等相关问题；陈豪尔（Chenhall）对制造柔性与组织绩效的测量关系进行了实证分析；沃尔伯达(V olberda)对快速变化环境下的柔性组织的构建问题进行了讨论；佩吉尔（Pagell）利用多种方法对制造柔性与环境的不确定性进行了研究。