中石化职称英语(高级含教授级)汉译英复习材料(通用+炼化工程)

中国石油化工集团公司2007年工程系列高级任职资格外语考试试卷英语（炼化工程）（120分钟内完成）一、阅读理解（阅读短文，简要回答问题，共25分）短文1（12.5分）Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. Banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits, this they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.1. What must almost all companies involved in new production and development depend on according to the passage?2. How is the money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects raised?3. What do the savers do when they want their money back?4. In what conditions are all the essential services on which we depend?5. Why do companies invite people to lend money to them or take a share in the business?短文2（12.5分）Like street–corner prophets proclaiming that the end is near, scientists who study the earth’s atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof. So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics—especially Gingrichian politicians—plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity.Until now, a draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global-temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers—who have been criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), a respected UN-sponsored body made up of more than 1,500 leading climate experts from 60 nations.This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unlike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human-generated gases —carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro-carbon from leaky refrigerators and spray cans—are pumped into the model’s virtual atmospheres.Until recently, the computer models weren’t working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past century or so, the results didn’t mesh with reality; the models said the worldshould now be warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures; sulfur dioxide that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming.Once the scientist factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991, when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists’confidence that they finally know what they’re talking about—and can predict what may happen if green house gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked.1. Why can’t scientists and experts offer any concrete proof of impending doom?2. What does a current draft report on the Internet confirm?3. How do climate experts do lab experiments on their specialty?4. What important factor mentioned in paragraph four can also affects global temperatures?5. The simulated computer models are proved reliable when__________.二、英译汉（将下列短文译成汉语，共45分）短文1（20分，A、B两篇，只翻译一篇，任选其一）A How do scientists separate the hydrocarbons? They distil the oil. They turn the oil into vapor and then turn the vapor into liquids.The theory of distillation is very easy. Most liquids boil when they reach a certain temperature. When crude oil boils, it sends out vapor and condenses. All the different hydrocarbons in crude oil are at different temperatures. And their vapors all make separate liquids. So, in order to separate the hydrocarbons, the scientists distill the crude oil. Because the hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures, their vapors must also condense at different temperatures.When the hydrocarbons boil, their vapors condenses separately. So the oil breaks down into its fractions and forms different liquids.The oil distilled in a very large steel tower, the technical name of which is the “fractionating tower.” The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameteris one to three meters. It is divided into “chambers”, each of which contains a layer of trays. There are holes in the trays. The vapors go through these holes and condense on the trays. The chambers are at different heights, and the temperature at each height is different. The temperature inside the tower is highest at the bottom, and it is lowest at the top. So each layer of trays is cooler than the layer below it. There are not enough chambers of different temperatures in one tower, so two or three towers are needed.B The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as source of raw materials. It is likely that in excess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types, it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals, household chemicals, fertilizers, and paints, as will as intermediates for the manufacture of products, such as synthetic rubber and plastics.Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.短文2（25分，A、B两篇，只翻译一篇，任选其一）A The energy efficiency of an ethylene plant can be improved in many ways. Modification of a basic plant design to improved energy efficiency can be divided into two categories.(1) Those that reduce the energy requirements of the individual processsteps, and(2) Those that provide these energy requirements in the most efficient manner possible.This article will deal with recent optimization studies that fall into this latter category. The objective in carrying out these studies was to make full use of well-known energy saving principles, while staying within the bounds of proven technology and equipment. Two basic schemes were developed, both based on an energy balanced plant in which neither steam nor electric power are exported or imported.The feature in both schemes that provides the greatest savings in energy is the use of a gas turbine. It is necessary, of course, to recover the sensible heat in the turbine exhaust gas to realize energy savings. In the first scheme, this heat is recovered in a heat recovery boiler. A small amount of supplemental firing is also used here to generate sufficient steam balance. In the second scheme, the gas turbine exhaust is used as combustion air for the pyrolysis furnaces. In this case, steam balance is effected by a small economizer coil, which supplements heat input from the transfer line exchanger system.B The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. In the great majority of evaporations the solvent is water. Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution or thick liquor. Evaporation differs from drying in that residue is a liquid rather than solid; it differs from distillation in that the vapor is usually a single component, and even when the vapor is a mixture, no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions; it differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. In certain situations, e.g., in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt, the lie between evaporation and crystallization is far from sharp. Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystals in a saturated mother liquor.Normally, in evaporation the thick liquor is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded. Mineral-bearing water is often evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed, for special process requirements, or for human consumption. This technique is often called water distillation, buttechnically it is evaporation. Large-scale evaporation process is being developed and used for recovering potable water from sea water. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in the feed is recovered, and the remainder is discarded.三、汉译英（将下列句子、段落译成英语，共30分）1. 句子翻译（10分）（1）从另一方面说，可供选择的替代燃料也有其缺陷。

英译汉There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country. 译为：我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为：我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultur-al,scientific , technical and human ties.译为：我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。

Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe译为：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom ,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics 译为：如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response in-herent in a gas turbine proulsion system译为：电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。

英译汉考纲解读通过分析总结历年中石化职称英语考试的翻译部分试题，我们发现中石化职称英语考试翻译部分考查的目的和要求很明确：考生需具备的一定的技巧和能力，掌握必备的专业词汇，能够运用一定的翻译策略进行英译汉，且译文通顺，用词准确，无明显语法错误、错译和漏译。

本部分正是根据中石化职称英语考试真题的能力要求编写而成的，力求在提高考生的快速提高、正确进行英译汉，培养考生的翻译技巧和能力等方面给予考生尽可能多的、有效的指导和启发。

第一章科技英语的特点及文体风格1. 科技英语的语言特点概述任何作品均有自己特定的文体，文体不同，翻译方法也要因之而异。

试观察下列片断的原文及译文。

"You are quiet tonight, Steve. Did something happen at work today?""You bet it did. The company is having some real problems. I may lose my job.""Oh, Steve, tell me all about it.""It's so depressing. I hate talking about it. Sales have dropped during the last year.""But you've been the top salesman for three years in a row. ""I know, but they are talking about letting all the newer employees go.""That is not fair. You have brought in a lot of money.""I agree. But it's got to do with the politics of the company."“斯蒂夫。

中石化系统职工职称考试英语学习材料1.Shopping Around the Web网上购物2.Disputes over Domain Names域名之争3. Does Travel Broaden the Mind? 旅游开阔思路吗？4. Wind Power风力5. An Introduction to Distillation蒸馏概述6. Permeability渗透率7. Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You致富取决于你自己8. A New Definition of Marketing关于营销的新定义9. Clocks through Time钟的历史10. Tips on Tipping给小费的学问11. Disaster in Oil石油海难12. When Will We Cure Cancer? 我们何时能治愈癌症13. Bursting into Life生命的爆发14. A World without Oil假如世界上没有石油15. Oceans Need Our Attention海洋需要关注16. This Is No Way to Save the Earth拯救地球，此法不通17. The Second Internet Revolution (2) 第二次因特网革命（1）18. The Second Internet Revolution (2) 第二次因特网革命（2）19. Can We Make Garbage Disappear? 我们能消除垃圾吗？20. Dreams of the Master大师之梦21. Elixirs for Your Memory提高记忆力的灵丹妙药22. Rage for the Machine日本的机械情结23. The Language Barrier（产品跨国销售中的）语言障碍24. Dolly's False Legacy多利的错误遗赠25. What Is History? 历史是什么？26. Reservoir Fluid Properties油藏流体27. Technology and Its Positive Impact on Kids技术及其对孩子们的正面影响28. Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences石油地质学与其它科学29. Could Your Phone Cause Cancer? Don't Get Hung up on It你的手机能引发癌症吗？别太担心30. The Theory of Multitasked Competition多市场竞争理论31. The Information Superhighway--From Expectation to Realization信息高速公路棗从期望到实现32. Life's Twisted Plotline: DNA交织缠绕的生命线索：脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）33. OPEC and the Voice of Doom欧佩克注定要重蹈覆辙？34. How to Make People Smaller Than They Are? 怎样使人变得渺小35. Collaboration? Very Cool合作？太棒了36. An Introduction to Petrochemicals石油化工产品概述37. Better Refinery Gas Utilization更好地应用炼厂气38. Electric Tales--21st Century Books21世纪的电子书籍39. Winston Churchill--His Other Life温斯顿?丘吉尔棗生活的另一侧面40. The Biotech Century生物技术的世纪41. PC-on-A-Chip单芯片电脑42. Sowing the Seeds of a New Revolution新革命的开端43. Energy in Transition变革中的能源44. How Does Marketing Differ from Education and Force of Law? 营销同教育和法律行为有何区别？45. Sales Promotion产品促销46. A Bumper Crop of Biotech生物技术获丰收47. Ages of Effective Source Beds有效烃源岩的时代48. Porosity孔隙度49. Anchors油管锚50. Electronic Engineering电子工程。

U1 How to be happy1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。

We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.U21、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

专业技术人员英语学习参考用书〔试用版〕目录第一局部通用英语UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127 第二局部石油化工专业英语油气工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176 炼化工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-216第一局部通用英语UNIT 1 How to be HappyIn the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.Step 1: Peace and quietJonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never pletely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with plaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.Step 2: RelationshipsThis is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on passionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.Step 3: ShareIf you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, I would like to share them with readers. Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.如何获得幸福：寻找幸福公式？过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。

中国石化集团公司2008年高级（含教授级）任职资格外语考试试卷英语（油气工程）（120分钟内完成）一、阅读理解（阅读短文，用英语简要回答问题，共25分）短文1（12.5分）Much of any manager’s times is taken up with meetings. There are meetings with colleagues to agree a course of action. There are meetings with superiors to report and to discuss future policies. There are meetings with subordinates. Many would say that there are far too many meetings: some would be even less polite. There can be no doubt that meetings are part of every manager’s life. He should know how to cope with them. He should know the techniques of communication in meetings. He should know how to use these techniques to his own advantages.It is sometimes suggested that when a manager can’t think what to do, he hold a meeting. But meetings in themselves are not an end product, no matter what some may think. They are merely one of many means of management communication. It may well be that a problem can be solved by a one-to-one discussion, or even by telephone. If the need can be met without a meeting, so be it.Let us therefore define a meeting, in the management sense, as the gathering together of a group of people for a controlled discussion, with a specific purpose. Each of those attending the meeting has a need to be there andboth discussion and its result could not be so well achieved in any other way. It is often advisable to calculate the cost of a meeting. Do not have unnecessary people sitting in at meetings and do ensure that all meetings are both efficient and effective.Questions:1.What is a meeting intended to be according to the passage?2.What is the main idea of the first paragraph?3.What should a manager know in meetings?4.When does a manager often hold a meeting?5.What is implied in the last few instances?短文2（12.5分）The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers’ money.Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic, but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision.Questions:1. What is the main idea of the first two paragraphs?2. What does the word “economy” in the first paragraph mean?3. Why was it said in the second paragraph that the bread advertised was misleading?4. Explain the reason why fire insurance mentioned above is the positive advertising?5. According to the lecture what you should do when advertising is intended to appeal to you?二、英译汉（将下列短文译成汉语，共45分）短文1（20分）With the economic development and the increase of the population, we are faced with the lack of water supply. From a recent survey, it can be seen that the consumption of water all over the world has been remarkably raised compared with that of last year. Statistics also show that a lot of water resources such as lakes, rivers and oceans have been polluted seriously. As a result, there is less and less space for people to obtain enough healthy water. So it is high time for us to find a solution to the problem.There are two main ways to solve the problem. First, with the development of high technology new resources may be found and the present ones can be preserved effectively. Second, measures should be taken to restrain the increase of water consumption. For example, we can advocate the recycling of water in industry.Being one of those whose life has been threatened by the crisis, I would like to do something helpful, such as not wasting water in daily life and spreading the idea of protecting environment. As long as we take it seriously, we will definitely overcome this difficulty.短文2（25分，A、B两篇，只翻译一篇，任选其一）A The first step in exploration is to select an isolate area to study. The selection is usually based on a very general analysis of geologic data. When a study area has been reduced to a manageable size, it is called a prospective area, or prospect. Once a prospect is located, some means of evaluating its potential value is needed to determine if a well should be drilled. If a company decides to drill the well, it must determine exactly where the best drilling site would be.The earliest site selection method was probably based on petroleum seeps. It was logical to assume that if one saw oil seeping at the surface, oil was probably located directly below. Undoubtedly, most of the earlier discovered deposits were located by this type of surface investigation. When all possible sites that could be picked in this manner were exhausted, new selection methods were necessary.Another site selection technique was surface geology. This method involved visually examining the general lay of the land, looking for unusual surface features such as large mounds or faults that might reflect similar subsurface features. This is a completely valid technique for locating geologic anomalies, or unusual features, that are relatively close to the earth’s surface. A surface anomaly implies that a shallow subsurface anomaly also exists. If a petroleum seep happened to be in the area, the site was considered extremely promising.B There is little doubt in the minds of most petroleum geologists, from the evidence of association, that petroleum originates from organic matter of both plant and animal origin that accumulates in fine-grained sediment under quietconditions relatively deficient in oxygen. These ideas receives firmer support from geochemical studies of sedimentary organic matter, indicating that petroleum is generated during burial of the sediment, primarily under the influences of heat and time, and that it is expelled from the source rocks during compaction.Crude oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons. In the present context it is interesting to note that there is as much variation between crude oils of the same age—or, more precisely, crude oils in rocks of the same age—as between crude oils of different ages. Since there has been a continually changing pattern of life over the last 600 millions years or so, the general similarities of crude oils suggest that they are generated from the fundamental biochemical components of organisms.Geochemical evidence suggests that conditions favorable for significant generation of petroleum do not normally occur above depths of about 1500 meters below the surface. There is some geological evidence, based on oil occurrence and inferred source rocks, suggesting a shallower “threshold”of about 600 meters.三、汉译英（将下列句子、段落译成英语，共30分）1. 句子翻译（10分）（1）网络确实有问题，但情况却决非像媒体说的那么糟。

中石化高级职称考试英语复习题英译汉There is an increase in damand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our coun-trry. 译为：我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。

We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectoymned to pur-sue it .译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。

They are deeply convinced of the ourrectness of this pocicy and firmly determined to pur-sue it. 译为：我们深信这一政策是正确的，并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。

Weseek a deep-rooted understanding through the multiplication of our economic, cultur-al,scientific , technical and human ties.译为：我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。

Rockets heve found applications for zhe exploration of the universe 译为：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom ,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics 译为：如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。

Electronic control techniques can be designed to take full advantage of quick response in-herent in a gas turbine proulsion system译为：电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。