Madura_FMI9e_IM_Ch10(1)
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Application ReportSCAA111–May2010Using LVCMOS Input to the CDCM6100x Madhu Balasubramanian Serial Link ProductsABSTRACTThis application report is a general guide for using LVCMOS inputs to the CDCM6100x series of ultra-low jitter clock generators from Texas Instruments.This document explains the basic connectivity of LVCMOS inputs to the CDCM6100x and recommends several methods for using the device that ensure proper operation.Contents1Introduction (1)2Functional Description (2)3Input Stage of CDCM6100x (2)4Single-Ended LVCMOS Input to CDCM6100x (3)5Device Startup Mode with LVCMOS Input (3)6Conclusion (3)1IntroductionA phase-locked loop(PLL)is a closed-loop system that generates a signal that is related to the frequencyand phase of an input reference signal.Typically,a PLL involves locking the signal output(derived from a high-Q device)to the signal input(usually derived from a low-Q device).The PLL responds to variations in frequency and phase of the input by automatically raising or lowering the frequency of the controlledoscillator through feedback,until the output is aligned in the phase and frequency of the system.Apractical phase PLL usually ensures a lock in phase,but a lock in frequency with a0-ppm error has not yet been demonstrated.Generally,commercial PLLs ensure a frequency lock with a margin of error.PLLs are widely used for synchronization purposes in several communication and consumer domains,radio transmissions,clock recovery and deskewing,spread spectrum,clock jitter reduction,and clockgeneration and distribution applications.The PLLs typically found in high-performance,high-speedsystems are required to have low noise/jitter clock outputs,low clock skew,etc.among otherrequirements.1.1Past High-Performance PLL TrendsHigh-performance,high-speed systems demand that the system components exhibit close to idealcharacteristics,such that precision performance is not compromised while simultaneously ensuring that the systems themselves do not become overly complicated.In electronic systems,this exactingrequirement has led to a move from the analog domain to the digital domain for all processing,while the signal transmission and reception are performed in the analog domain.This shift,consequently,means that high-performance systems generally have both analog and digital blocks and blocks to perform the analog-to-digital(A/D)and digital-to-analog(D/A)signal conversions.All the digital,A/D,and D/A blocks also require high-precision clocking that involves a clock generation and distribution circuitry which istypically a high-performance PLL.In the past,because of technology limitations in silicon,high-performance PLLs traditionally relied on off-chip,high-Q mechanical devices such as crystaloscillators to complete the feedback system in order to ensure high-quality output.Technology was simply not advanced enough to ensure a high-Q oscillator on silicon that was able to be successfully integrated with the rest of the PLL components.All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.1 SCAA111–May2010Using LVCMOS Input to the CDCM6100xFunctional Description However,crystal oscillators are not without drawbacks.Traditional fundamental-mode crystals are very difficult to cut,and thus tend to be very expensive at frequencies beyond 200MHz.Moreover,longfrequency lines produce undesirable effects such as electromagnetic interference (EMI);to reduce these interferences,then,multiple crystal oscillators are required at the point of clocking,which greatly increases system costs.Sometimes a programmable oscillator is also desired for applications that require a variety of high frequencies;using fixed-frequency crystal oscillators requires multiple components,and drives up the system costs even more.1.2Recent High-Performance PLL TrendsRecent advances in silicon process technology have made possible the design of an on-chip,high-Q,inductor-based oscillator that costs a fraction of a similar crystal-based oscillator.The performancedifference between the two components is negligible and insignificant for most applications.This newtrend on silicon also allows for all PLL operations to be done on-chip,without the need for externalcomponents.Moreover,the use of a programming on-chip oscillator and dividers enables the PLL to track a wide range of frequencies that are useful for test applications.Texas Instruments’CDCM6100x series of ultra-low jitter clock generators is such a family of devices:;the PLL components are all on-chip and require no additional off-chip components for device operation.This series also includes a programming interface to enable the PLL to cover wide frequency ranges at itsoutput as well as to operate at a wide range of PLL bandwidths,while ensuring very low noise/jitter over its entire operating range.2Functional DescriptionThe CDCM6100x is a family of highly-versatile,low-jitter frequency synthesizers that can generate one,two,or four low-jitter clock outputs,selectable between LVPECL,LVDS or LVCMOS,from a low-frequency crystal or LVCMOS input for a variety of wireline and data communication applications.The CDCM61004features an on-chip PLL that can be easily configured solely through control pins.The overall output jitter performance is less than 1ps RMS ,thus making the device a perfect choice for use in demandingapplications such as SONET,Ethernet,Fibre Channel,and SAN.3Input Stage of CDCM6100xThe input stage of the CDCM6100x is an oscillator circuit with a positive feedback loop that is designed to enable the attached crystal to oscillate at all times.In order for proper oscillation at all times,the following conditions are satisfied by design.•Loop gain exceeds unity at the resonant frequency•Phase shift around the loop is an integer multiple of 2p radiansThe type of oscillator stage in the CDCM6100x is called the Collpits oscillator ,which uses a parallelresonant-tuned circuit for fundamental mode parallel resonant crystals.Figure 1shows the Collpits stage in the CDCM6100x,where the feedback is provided through the capacitive voltage divider with on-chip capacitors C 1and C 2.When using a crystal input with the CDCM6100x,one leg of the crystal is connected to the XIN pin and the other leg of the crystal is connected to GND.Figure 1.Collpits Oscillator Input Stage of CDCM6100x2Using LVCMOS Input to the CDCM6100x SCAA111–May 20100.1Fm CDCM6100xXINLVCMOS 0.1Fm CDCM6100xV CCRSTN Single-Ended LVCMOS Input to CDCM6100x 4Single-Ended LVCMOS Input to CDCM6100xThe CDCM6100x can be operated with an external LVCMOS reference input applied to the XIN pin,which has internal biasing of 1.9V.As a result of the bias voltage,the recommended voltage swing for theLVCMOS input is 2.5V ±30%in order to maintain low distortion and low jitter of the clock outputs from the CDCM6100x.The input duty cycle should be at least 40%to 60%,and the input slew rate should be atleast 0.75V/ns.Figure 2shows the recommended method to interface an LVCMOS signal with theCDCM61004(as an example)through an ac-coupling capacitor.Figure 2.LVCMOS Input Interface to CDCM610045Device Startup Mode with LVCMOS InputWhen using an LVCMOS input,the CDCM6100x can start up with its PLL and output dividers/typesloaded by control pins;thus,proper operation of the PLL ensures output at the correct frequency.Thestartup time depends on the power-supply ramp time.Once the supply voltage has crossed apre-determined threshold voltage (2.27V,in this case),the auto-calibration of the PLL kicks in which then sets the dividers and the VCO to the appropriate frequency as configured.The auto-calibration can also be restarted by toggling the RSTN pin of the CDCM6100x from high to low and back to high.The RSTN pin has an internal pull-up resistor of 150k Ω.The calibration restarts after the RSTN pin crosses thepre-determined threshold voltage of 2.27V as well.Thus,if the LVCMOS reference input to theCDCM6100x is unstable even after the power-supply voltage crosses the threshold voltage (and therefore,after the auto-calibration has been completed),the RSTN pin low-to-high transition on startup can bedelayed through a low-pass filter using the internal pull-up resistor (creating a simple,first-order RC circuit)with a fairly high time constant.This time constant would depend on the average time before which thereference input stabilizes.For example,for a 10-ms delay before the input clock stabilizes,the RC circuit values are calculated as R (internal)=150k Ωand C =0.1µF.Figure 3shows this recommended circuit.Figure 3.Recommended Startup Circuit for LVCMOS Input Interface to CDCM6100x6ConclusionThe CDCM6100x is a family of devices that is ideally suited to provide reference clocks for networking and wireless infrastructure baseband applications with challenging jitter requirements.While the CDCM6100x work well with a crystal as the reference input,it is also acceptable to provide an LVCMOS clock because the reference input and the methodology described in the report must be adopted for proper deviceoperation.3SCAA111–May 2010Using LVCMOS Input to the CDCM6100xIMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries(TI)reserve the right to make corrections,modifications,enhancements,improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice.Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty.Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty.Except where mandated by government requirements,testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.TI 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TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific TI products are designated by TI as compliant with ISO/TS16949requirements.Buyers acknowledge and agree that,if they use any non-designated products in automotive applications,TI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements.Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application solutions:Products ApplicationsAmplifiers Audio /audioData Converters Automotive /automotiveDLP®Products Communications and /communicationsTelecomDSP Computers and /computersPeripheralsClocks and Timers /clocks Consumer Electronics /consumer-appsInterface Energy /energyLogic Industrial /industrialPower Mgmt Medical /medicalMicrocontrollers Security /securityRFID Space,Avionics&/space-avionics-defenseDefenseRF/IF and ZigBee®Solutions /lprf Video and Imaging /videoWireless /wireless-appsMailing Address:Texas Instruments,Post Office Box655303,Dallas,Texas75265Copyright©2010,Texas Instruments Incorporated。
MODULE FOR STEPPER MOTORSTRINAMIC Motion Control GmbH & Co. KGHamburg, GermanyHardware Version V1.2HARDWARE MANUAL+ +TMCM-1021++U NIQUE F EATURES :Table of Contents1Features (3)2Order Codes (5)3Mechanical and Electrical Interfacing (6)3.1Size of Board (6)3.2Connectors (7)3.2.1Power, Communication and I/O Connector (8)3.2.2Motor Connector (8)3.3Power Supply (9)3.4Communication (10)3.4.1RS485 (10)3.5Inputs and Outputs (11)3.5.1Digital Inputs IN_0, IN_1, IN_2, IN_3 (11)3.5.2Outputs OUT_0, OUT_1 (12)4Reset to Factory Defaults (13)5On-board LED (13)6Operational Ratings (14)7Functional Description (15)8Life Support Policy (16)9Revision History (17)9.1Document Revision (17)9.2Hardware Revision (17)10References (17)1FeaturesThe TMCM-1021 is a single axis controller/driver module for 2-phase bipolar stepper motors with state of the art feature set. It is highly integrated, offers a convenient handling and can be used in many decentralized applications. The module can be mounted on the back of NEMA11 (28mm flange size) and has been designed for coil currents up to 0.7A RMS and 24V DC supply voltage. With its high energy efficiency from TRINAMIC’s coolStep™ technology cost for power consumption is kept down. The TMCL™ firmware allows for both, standalone operation and direct mode.M AIN C HARACTERISTICSHighlights-Motion profile calculation in real-time-On the fly alteration of motor parameters (e.g. position, velocity, acceleration)-High performance microcontroller for overall system control and serial communication protocol handling-For position movement applications, where larger motors do not fit and higher torques are not requiredBipolar stepper motor driver-Up to 256 microsteps per full step-High-efficient operation, low power dissipation-Dynamic current control-Integrated protection-stallGuard2 feature for stall detection-coolStep feature for reduced power consumption and heat dissipationEncoder-sensOstep magnetic encoder (max. 1024 increments per rotation) e.g. for step-loss detection under all operating conditions and positioning supervisionInterfaces-Up to 4 multi-purpose inputs (2 shared with outputs)- 2 general purpose outputs-RS485 2-wire communication interfaceSoftware-TMCL: s tandalone operation or remote controlled operation,program memory (non volatile) for up to 876 TMCL commands, andPC-based application development software TMCL-IDE available for free.Electrical and mechanical data-Supply voltage: +24V DC nominal (9… 28V DC)-Motor current: up to 0.7A RMS (programmable)Refer to separate TMCL Firmware Manual, too.TRINAMIC S U NIQUE F EATURES – E ASY TO U SE WITH TMCLstallGuard2™ stallGuard2 is a high-precision sensorless load measurement using the back EMF on thecoils. It can be used for stall detection as well as other uses at loads below those which stall the motor. The stallGuard2 measurement value changes linearly over a wide range of load, velocity, and current settings. At maximum motor load, the value goes to zero or near to zero. This is the most energy-efficient point of operation for the motor.Load [Nm]stallGuard2Initial stallGuard2 (SG) value: 100%Max. loadstallGuard2 (SG) value: 0Maximum load reached. Motor close to stall. Motor stallsFigure 1.1 stallGuard2 load measurement SG as a function of loadcoolStep ™coolStep is a load-adaptive automatic current scaling based on the load measurement via stallGuard2 adapting the required current to the load. Energy consumption can be reduced by as much as 75%. coolStep allows substantial energy savings, especially for motors which see varying loads or operate at a high duty cycle. Because a stepper motor application needs to work with a torque reserve of 30% to 50%, even a constant-load application allows significant energy savings because coolStep automatically enables torque reserve when required. Reducing power consumption keeps the system cooler, increases motor life, and allows reducing cost.00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9050100150200250300350EfficiencyVelocity [RPM]Efficiency with coolStepEfficiency with 50% torque reserveFigure 1.2 Energy efficiency example with coolStep2Order CodesTable 2.2 Order codesA cable loom set is available for this module:Table 2.5 Cable loom order code3Mechanical and Electrical Interfacing3.1Size of BoardThe board with the controller/driver electronics has an overall size of 28mm x 28mm in order to fit on the back side of a NEMA11 (28mm flange size) stepper motor. The printed circuit board outline is marked green in the following figure:PCB outlineR 2.5mmFigure 3.1 Board dimensions and position of mounting holes3.2ConnectorsThe TMCM-1021 has two connectors, an 8-pin power and input/output connector and a 4-pin motor connector (used to connect the attached motor).Power / Communication / IOs11MotorFigure 3.2 TMCM-1021 connectorsOverview of connector and mating connector types:Table 3.2 Connectors and mating connectors, contacts and applicable wire3.2.1Power, Communication and I/O ConnectorAn 8-pin CVIlux CI0108P1VK0-LF 2mm pitch single row connector is used for power supply, RS485 serial communication and additional multi-purpose inputs and outputs.Table 3.3 Power, communication and I/O connector3.2.2Motor ConnectorAn 4-pin CVIlux CI0104P1VK0-LF 2mm pitch single row connector is used for connecting the four motor wires to the electronics.Table 3.4 Motor connector3.3 Power SupplyFor proper operation care has to be taken with regard to power supply concept and design. Due to space restrictions the TMCM-1021 includes just about 20µF/35V of supply filter capacitors. These are ceramic capacitors which have been selected for high reliability and long life time. The module includes a 28V suppressor diode for over-voltage protection.C AUTION !Add external power supply capacitors!It is recommended to connect an electrolytic capacitor of significant size (e.g. 470µF/35V) to the power supply lines next to the TMCM-1021!Rule of thumb for size of electrolytic capacitor: In addition to power stabilization (buffer) and filtering this added capacitor will also reduce any power supply wires and the ceramic capacitors. In addition it will limit slew-rate of power supply stability problems with some switching power supplies.Do not connect or disconnect motor during operation!Motor disconnected / connected while energized. These voltage spikes might exceed voltage limits of power supply before connecting / disconnecting the motor.Keep the power supply voltage below the upper limit of 28V!Otherwise operating voltage is near the upper limit a regulated power supply is highly recommended. Please see also chapter 6, operating values.There is no reverse polarity protection!The transistors.TMCM-1021 V1.2 Hardware Manual (Rev. 1.02 / 2013-JUL-23)10 3.4Communication3.4.1RS485For remote control and communication with a host system the TMCM-1021 provides a two wire RS485 bus interface. For proper operation the following items should be taken into account when setting up an RS485 network:1.BUS STRUCTURE:The network topology should follow a bus structure as closely as possible. That is, the connection between each node and the bus itself should be as short as possible. Basically, it should be short compared to the length of the bus.termination resistor (120 Ohm)termination resistor (120 Ohm)Figure 3.5: Bus structure2.BUS TERMINATION:Especially for longer busses and/or multiple nodes connected to the bus and/or high communication speeds, the bus should be properly terminated at both ends. The TMCM-1021 does not integrate any termination resistor. Therefore, 120 Ohm termination resistors at both ends of the bus have to be added externally.3.NUMBER OF NODES:The RS485 electrical interface standard (EIA-485) allows up to 32 nodes to be connected to a single bus. The bus transceiver used on the TMCM-1021 units (SN65HVD3082ED) has just 1/8th of the standard bus load and allows a maximum of 256 units to be connected to a single RS485 bus.4.NO FLOATING BUS LINES:Avoid floating bus lines while neither the host/master nor one of the slaves along the bus line is transmitting data (all bus nodes switched to receive mode). Floating bus lines may lead to communication errors. In order to ensure valid signals on the bus it is recommended to use a resistor network connecting both bus lines to well defined logic levels. In contrast to the termination resistors this network is normally required just once per bus. Certain RS485 interface converters available for PCs already include these additional resistors (e.g. USB-2-485).terminationresistor(120 Ohm)RS485- / RS485BRS485+ / RS485AFigure 3.6 Bus lines with resistor network3.5 Inputs and Outputs3.5.1 Digital Inputs IN_0, IN_1, IN_2, IN_3The eight pin connector of the TMCM-1021 provides four general purpose inputs IN_0, IN_1, IN_2 and IN_3. The first two inputs have dedicated connector pins while the other two share pins with two general purpose outputs.All four inputs are protected using voltage resistor dividers together with limiting diodes against voltages below 0V (GND) and above +3.3V DC (see figure below).IN_0IN_1IN_2IN_3microcontroller and TMC262Figure 3.7 General purpose inputsThe four inputs have alternate functionality depending on configuration in software. The following functions are available:Table 3.5 Multipurpose inputs / alternate functionsAll four inputs are connected to the on-board processor and can be used as general purpose digital inputs.Using the alternate functionality of IN_0 and IN_1 it is possible to control the on-board stepper motor driver with the help of an external stepper motor controller using step and direction signals. For the step and direction signals the signal levels are the same as for the general purpose digital inputs.IN_3 can be used as analog input, also. A 12bit analog to digital converter integrated in the microcontroller will convert any analog input voltage between 0 and +6.6V to a digital value between 0 and 4095 then.3.5.2Outputs OUT_0, OUT_1The eight pin connector of the TMCM-1021 provides two general purpose outputs. These two outputs are open-drain outputs and can sink up to 100mA each. The outputs of the N-channel MOSFET transistors are connected to freewheeling diodes each for protection against voltage spikes especially from inductive loads (relais etc.).Both outputs OUT_0 and OUT_1 share pins with two of the four inputs (IN_2 resp. IN_3).Please take into account the 20k (2x 10k in series) resistance to ground (transistor not active) of the input voltage divider (figure 4.8) when designing the external “load” circuit.OUT_0 / IN_2OUT_1 / IN_3microcontrollerFigure 3.8 General purpose outputs4Reset to Factory DefaultsIt is possible to reset the TMCM-1021 to factory default settings without establishing a communication link. This might be helpful in case communication parameters of the preferred interface have been set to unknown values or got accidentally lost.For this procedure two pads on the bottom side of the board have to be shortened (see Figure 4.1).Please perform the following steps:1.Power supply off and USB cable disconnected2.Short two pads as marked in Figure 4.13.Power up board (power via USB is sufficient for this purpose)4.Wait until the on-board red and green LEDs start flashing fast (this might take a while)5.Power-off board (disconnect USB cable)6.Remove short between pads7.After switching on power-supply / connecting USB cable all permanent settings have been restoredto factory defaultsShort these two padsFigure 4.1 Reset to factory default settings5On-board LEDThe board offers one LED in order to indicate board status. The function of the LED is dependent on the firmware version. With standard TMCL firmware the green LED flashes slowly during operation.When there is no valid firmware programmed into the board or during firmware update the green LED is permanently on.Green LEDFigure 5.1 On-board LED6Operational RatingsThe operational ratings show the intended or the characteristic ranges and should be used as design values. In no case shall the maximum values be exceeded!Table 6.1 General operational ratings of module*) maximum setting for prototype and first versions of TMCL firmware. Will be adapted in firmware for series version.Table 6.2 Operational ratings of multi-purpose I/OsTable 6.3 Operational ratings of RS485 interface7Functional DescriptionThe TMCM-1021 is a highly integrated controller/driver module which can be controlled via RS485 interface. Communication traffic is kept low since all time critical operations (e.g. ramp calculations) are performed on board. The nominal supply voltage of the unit is 24V DC. The module is designed for both, standalone operation and direct mode. Full remote control of device with feedback is possible. The firmware of the module can be updated via the serial interface.In Figure 7.1 the main parts of the module are shown:-the microprocessor, which runs the TMCL operating system (connected to TMCL memory),-the power driver with its energy efficient coolStep feature,-the MOSFET driver stage, and-the sensOstep encoder with resolutions of 10bit (1024 steps) per revolution.9…Figure 7.1 Main parts of TMCM-1021The TMCM-1021 comes with the PC based software development environment TMCL-IDE for the Trinamic Motion Control Language (TMCL). Using predefined TMCL high level commands like move to position a rapid and fast development of motion control applications is guaranteed. Please refer to the TMCM-1021 Firmware Manual for more information about TMCL commands.8Life Support PolicyTRINAMIC Motion Control GmbH & Co. KG does not authorize or warrant any of its products for use in life support systems, without the specific written consent of TRINAMIC Motion Control GmbH & Co. KG.Life support systems are equipment intended to support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions provided, can be reasonably expected to result in personal injury or death. © TRINAMIC Motion Control GmbH & Co. KG 2013Information given in this data sheet is believed to be accurate and reliable. However neither responsibility is assumed for the consequences of its use nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties, which may result from its use.Specifications are subject to change without notice.All trademarks used are property of their respective owners.9Revision History9.1Document RevisionFigure 9.1 Document revision9.2Hardware RevisionFigure 9.2 Hardware revision10References[TMCM-1021] TMCM-1021 TMCL Firmware Manual [QSH2818-32-07-006] NEMA11 / 28mm bipolar stepper motor [QSH2818-51-07-012] NEMA11 / 28mm bipolar stepper motor [USB-2-485] USB-2-485 interface converter TRINAMIC manuals are available on .。
用户手册DMC-842数字传声器接口带有线路(Line)输出的8通道数字传声器接口8通道AES转模拟/ADAT接口AES/EBU格式和采样率转换可选的64通道MADI接口24 Bit / 192 kHz数字音频MIDI远程控制重要的安全说明 (4)概述 (5)1. 简介 (6)2. 包装清单 (6)3. 简介及主要特点 (6)4. 首次使用——快速上手 (7)4.1 控制、接口与显示 (7)4.2 快速上手 (9)5. 附件 (9)6. 产品保证 (10)7. 附录 (10)CE / FCC符合性声明 (11)使用和操作 (12)8. 前面板控制 (13)8.1 Select(选择)键和旋钮(SET) (13)8.2 Clock Section(时钟部分) (14)8.3 模拟输出 (14)8.4 Remote(遥控) (15)9. 输入通道 (15)9.1 通用 (15)9.2 Gain(增益) (15)9.3 数字幻象供电 (15)9.4 Mode 2 (16)9.5 Stereo / Inactive (16)9.6 M/S处理 (16)9.7 SRC(采样率转换器) (17)9.8 PAR (17)9.9 Sync (17)10. Setup(设置)菜单 (18)10.1 通用 (18)10.2 ID(Id,自动ID) (18)10.3 Bank(bA,库) (18)10.4 Auto ID(Au,自动ID) (19)10.5 Delay Compensation(dC,延迟补偿) (19)10.6 Follow Clock(FC,跟随时钟) (20)10.7 Word Clock Out(Co,字时钟输出) (20)10.8 Peak Hold(Ph,峰值保持) (20)10.9 Digital Output(do,数字输出) (20)10.10 Analog Output(Ao,模拟输出) (21)10.11 Gain(GA,增益) (21)10.12 Control Pulse(Cp,控制脉冲) (21)10.13 Sync Pulse(SP,同步脉冲) (21)10.14 Special(SPECIAL) (22)11. Parameter(参数)菜单 (22)11.1 通用 (22)11.2 Low Cut(Lo-Cut,低切) (23)11.3 Directivity Pattern(PAttErn,指向性图) (23)11.4 Pre-Attenuation(AttEnuAtIon,预先衰减) (23)11.5 Mute(mute,静音) (23)11.6 Peak Limiter(LImItEr,峰值限制器) (23)11.7 Command Type(ComtyPE,命令类型) (23)12. Remote Control(远程控制) (24)12.1 MIDI (24)12.2 MIDI over MADI(借助MADI的MIDI) (24)12.3 Remote Control Software(远程控制软件) (25)12.4 RS232 (26)输入和输出 (27)13. 数字输入 (28)13.1 XLR (28)13.2 D-Sub - AES/EBU Sync(同步) (28)14. 数字输出 (29)14.1 AES/EBU (29)14.2 ADAT光纤 (30)14.3 I64 MADI卡 (31)14.4不同的MADI系列可配置I64 MADI卡和ADI-642 (32)15. 模拟输出 (33)16. 字时钟 (34)16.1 字时钟输入和输出 (34)16.2 技术描述和使用 (35)16.3 布线和终止 (36)17. MIDI (36)技术参考资料 (37)18. 技术指标 (38)18.1 模拟 (38)18.2 数字输入 (38)18.3 数字输出 (40)18.4 数字 (40)18.5 MIDI (40)18.6 通用 (41)18.7 固件 (41)18.8 MADI用户比特位 (41)18.9 接口针脚 (41)19. 技术背景 (43)19.1 术语 (43)19.2 锁定(Lock)与SyncCheck(同步检查) (44)19.3 延时(Latency)与监听(Monitoring) (45)19.4 DS –双倍速 (46)19.5 QS –四倍速 (46)19.6 AES/EBU - SPDIF (47)19.7 MADI基础 (48)19.8 SteadyClock(稳定时钟) (49)20. 框图 (50)21. DMC-842的MIDI实现 (51)21.1 基本SysEx格式 (51)21.2 通知类型–命令 (51)21.3 表格 (53)重要的安全说明注意! 不要打开底盘,以防触电。
MultichannelM ADIP CIE xpressS oundC ardUserM anualTable o f c ontents1I NFORMATION F OR T HE U SER2I MPORTANT N OTICE3F EATURESMain h ardware f eatures3.2M ain s oftware f eatures3.3M ADI f eatures4R EQUIREMENTS4.1M inimum h ardware r equirementsSoftware r equirementsSupported o perating s ystems5S OFTWARE I NSTALLATION A ND C ONFIGURATION U NDER W INDOWS5.1I nstallation u nder W indows o perating s ystems5.2M icrosoft v olume m ixer p anel5.3A SIO d river c onfiguration6H OW T O C HECK T HE I NSTALLATION U NDER W INDOWS7U NINSTALLING T HE D RIVERS U NDER W INDOWS8S PECIFICATIONS8.1C onfiguration8.2I nputs/Outputs8.3C onnectors8.4D evelopment e nvironments9A PPENDIX9.1L X-IP s chematic d iagram9.2C onnectors1I NFORMATION F OR T HE U SERThis device complies with part 15of FCC rules.Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1)This device may not cause harmful interference,and (2)This device must accept any interference received,including interference that may cause undesired operation.This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a CLASS B digital device,pursuant to Part 15of the FCC Rules.These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.This equipment generates,uses,and can radiate radio frequency energy and,if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions contained in this data sheet,may cause harmful interference to radio and television communications.However,there is no g uarantee t hat i nterference w ill n ot o ccuri n a p articular i nstallation.If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,which can be determined by turning the equipment off a nd o n, t he u ser i s e ncouraged t o t ry t o c orrect t he i nterference b y o ne o r m ore o f t he f ollowing m easures: ●reorient o r r elocate t he r eceiving a ntenna●increase t he s eparation b etween t he e quipment a nd t he r eceiver●connect t he e quipment i nto a n o utlet o n a c ircuit d ifferent f rom t hat o f t he r eceiver ●consult t he d ealer o r a n e xperienced r adio / t elevision t echnician.Note:Connecting t his d evice t o p eripheral d evices t hat d o n ot c omply w ith C LASS B requirements o r u sing a n u nshielded peripheral d ata c able c ould a lso r esult i n harmful i nterference t o r adio o r t elevision r eception.To e nsure t hat t he u se o f t his p roduct d oes n ot c ontribute t o i nterference, i t i s n ecessary t o u se s hielded I /O c ables. The u ser i s c autioned t hat a ny c hanges o r m odifications n ot e xpressly a pproved b y D igigram c ould v oid t he u ser’s authority t o o perate t his e quipment.Warning:Electrostatic discharge (ESD)can damage several components on the board.To avoid s uch d amage i n h andling t he b oard, t ake t he f ollowing p recautions:Bring the device and everything that contacts it to ground potential by providing a conductive surface and discharge paths.As a minimum,observe these precautions:●Disconnect a ll p ower a nd s ignal s ources.●Place t he d evice o n a g rounded c onductive w ork s urface. ●Ground y ourself v ia a g rounding w rist s trap o r b y h olding a grounded o bject.●Ground a ny t ool t hat w ill c ontact t he d evice.2 I MPORTANT N OTICEThis c ard h as b een t ested a nd f ound t o c omply w ith t he f ollowing s tandards:●International: C ISPR22 C lass B .●Europe: E MC 89/336/CEE (1992) s pecifications. ●United S tates: F CC R ules-Part 15-Class B (digital d evice).3F EATURESMain h ardware f eatures●PCI E XPRESS TM x1(PCIe®)b us,c ompatible w ith P CIe®x1,x4,x8o r x16s lots.●1o ptical c onnector f or M ADI I/O●1B NC c onnector f or W ordClock I n o r O ut●Sampling f requency:From i nternal c lock:44.1k Hz,48k Hz,88.2k Hz a nd96k HzFrom M ADI:44.1k Hz,48k Hz,88.2k Hz a nd96k HzFrom W ord C lock:44.1k Hz,48k Hz,88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz3.2M ain s oftware f eatures●Low l atency W DM D irectSound,A SIO,a nd L inux A lsa d rivers.●Card can be used through the following programming interfaces(APIs):DirectSound kernel streaming,DirectSound,W ASAPI,A SIO,A lsa.●32s tereo D irectSound p layback d evices/32s tereo D irectSound r ecording d evices u p t o48k Hz.16s tereo D irectSound p layback d evices/16s tereo D irectSound r ecording d evices a t88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz.●32s tereo A SIO p layback c hannels/32s tereo A SIO r ecording c hannels u p t o48k Hz.16s tereo A SIO p layback d evices/16s tereo A SIO r ecording d evices a t88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz.●64m ono A lsa p layback c hannels/64m ono A lsa r ecording c hannels u p t o48k Hz.32s tereo A lsa p layback d evices/32s tereo A lsa r ecording d evices a t88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz.●Real-time,s imultaneous r ecord a nd p layback i n P CM(16a nd24b its)o f64m ono I/O c hannels3.3M ADI f eatures●Support o f64c hannels m ode i n t he N FS r ange(Normal F requency S ampling):44.1k Hz a nd48k Hz●Support of32channels mode in DFS range(Dual Frequency Sampling):88.2kHz and96kHz samplingfrequency●Synchronization o n t he M ADI s treamNote a bout D FS m odeWhen running at dual sampling frequencies(88.2kHz and96kHz),LX-MADI works in the High Speed mode.High Speed m ode m eans t hat t he M ADI-embedded r eference s ignal h as a f requency o f88.2kHz t o96kHz.SMUX2m ode i s n ot s upported(in S MUX2m ode,t he f requency i s44.1kHz t o48kHz).4R EQUIREMENTS4.1M inimum h ardware r equirements●PC w ith o ne f ree P CI E xpress s lot(x1,x2,x4,x8,x16).●Required C PU p ower a nd m emory d epend o n t he o perating s ystem a nd o n t he s oftware a pplications u sed.●Multi-mode o ptical f iber●If n ecessary,c able w ith B NC c onnector f or t he W ordClock i nput o r o utputSoftware r equirementsLX-MADI r equires i nstallation o f t he d rivers i ncluded i n t he L XMADI-Kit.T his k it i ncludes:●a W DM D irectSound d river●an A SIO d river,w hich i nstallation i s o ptionalSupported o perating s ystemsLX-MADI runs under Windows7,Windows8,Windows10,Windows2008Server,32-bit and64-bit versions,and Windows S erver2012,a nd L inux.5S OFTWARE I NSTALLATION A ND C ONFIGURATION U NDER WINDOWSThe i nstallation o f t he s oftware r equires a dministrator r ights o n y our c omputer.Please v isit t he D igigram w eb s ite a t w f or t he m ost r ecent d river.In case you run a specific application developed or installed by a Digigram Partner,this application might require the use o f a g iven d river v ersion.I n t his c ase,m ake s ure t hat t he u pdated d river h as b een a pproved b y y our s upplier.5.1I nstallation u nder W indows o perating s ystems●Shut down your computer,insert the LX-IP card in a free PCI EXPRESS TM slot,and screw it on the frame of thecomputer.●Start t he c omputer.●Once t he W indows s ession i s o pened,c lick o n“Cancel”w hen t he“Found N ew H ardware”W izard a ppears.●Double-click o n t he L XMADI-Kit v xx.msi i con t o l aunch t he d river i nstallation.A“Welcome”m essage i s d isplayed,c lick N ext t o c ontinue.The“License Agreement”window appears:read it,and“I accept the terms in the license agreement”to approve i t.Click N ext.In the“C ustom Setup”window,the“Drivers for the LXThe W DM d river i s a lways i nstalled.The ASIO driver installation is optional and can be selected/unselected.I t i s s elected b y d efault.Click N ext.In the“R eady to Install the Program”w indow,click onA Windows message may appear asking for theauthorization t o i nstall t he d river.C onfirm t he i nstallation.Once the driver files have been copied to your disk and theIf the firmware of your card requires an update,the firmware update application starts.You are then prompted to c ontinue t he f irmware u pdate.The update is recommended so that the driver runs with the a ppropriate f irmware v ersion f or o ptimal p erformance. Press‘Ok’t o c ontinue t he f irmware u pdate p rocedure. The update MUST IN NO CASE BE INTERRUPTED.If you do so,the card may have to be returned to our AfterSales S ervice.The LX-MADI control panel window is displayed during the driver installation process so that you can configure its parameters.Clock s ettings●Sample rate:S ampling frequency value of the internalclock.In case the clock source is MADI or WordClock, make sure the selected frequency value matches the frequency of the external clock (see section Board Status)●Clock source:priority 1:Select the clock source that isto be used in top priority (MADI,Wordclock,internal).If an external clock is selected (MADI or Wordclock), another c lock s ource c an b e d efined o n a l ower p riority. ●Clock Source:priority 2:Select the clock source that isto be used if the clock defined on the first priority fails or i s n ot d efined.●Clock Source:priority 3:Select the clock source that isto be used if the clock defined on priorities 1and 2are both i n f ailure o r n ot d efined.Thefollowing bullet point is displayed in front of the clock that i s i n u se .The switching between the clock source priorities is automatic.●Word Clock Dir :Allows selecting the direction of theWord Clock BNC connector.If Word Clock is selected in a clock source priority,Word Clock Dir is automatically set to IN;the Word Clock signal received from this input is decoded and filtered by LX-MADI in order to synchronize the MADI receiver and transmitter clock.Select OUT so that the LX-MADI generates a Word Clock s ignal s ynchronous o f t he L X-MADI c lock s ource.Options●Channel M ode : c hannel m ode o f t he M ADI o utput.64/32channels or 56/28channels (at 44.1&48kHz / 88.2 & 96 k Hz)Note that LX-MADI card works at “High Speed”mode at 88.2kHz and 96kHz.“SMUX2”mode is not supported.Board S tatusThis s ection d isplays i nformation r eported f rom t he c ard. ●Current clock :displays the current clock source and itsfrequency.●Word clock :displays the direction of the Word clocksignal a nd i ts s ampling f requency.●MADI I n : d isplays t he s tatus o f t he M ADI c onnection.Locked/Unlocked:means that valid MADI frames are detectedFrequency:displays the sampling frequency detected on t he M ADIi nput.Note:parameters displayed in red mean there is a mismatch between the requested value and the detected value/statusFrom the displayed“Digigram drivers”window,you canselect the Stream granularity of the card(number ofsamples processed at a time).The lower the granularity,the l ower t he a udio l atency.D efault v alue i s32s amples.When using DirectSound/Wasapi based softwareapplications,the selection of a lower value may produceaudio d ropouts,d epending o n t he P C c onfiguration.When using the card,if audio dropouts are experienced,itmay b e n ecessary t o i ncrease t he g ranularity.Granularity c an b e:8,16,32,o r64s amples.Note:Button“Audio Card Settings”allows displaying theLX-MADI c ontrol p anelClick o n O k.Click on the F inish button of the next window to complete1T he g ranularity c orresponds t o t he c omputing u nit o f t he c ard.I t i s e xpressed i n s amples.Once the driver is installed,the32stereo DirectSoundpanel,by clicking on the“Playback”tab,and“Recording”tab.The V U m eters a re d isplayed i n f ront o f e ach d evice.Note that depending on the Windows flavour,theDirectSound d evices m ay b e d isplayed d isordered.5.2M icrosoft v olume m ixer p anelThe W indows v olume m ixer c an b e d isplayed f rom t he l oudspeaker i con i n t he W iindows t ask b ar.The v olume s lider a ssociated t o t he L X-MADIsamples s ent t o t he c ard.In c ase s ome a pplications u se t he d evice,t hey a ppearin t he“Applications”s ection o f t he V olume M ixer G UI,with a v olume s lider f or e ach a pplication.The v olume s lider a ssociated t o a n a pplication a llowsthe a pplication,r ight b efore t he W indows D irectSoundmixer.The v olume s lider a ssociated t o t he L X D irectSounddevice a pplies a d igital g ain t o t he a udio s amplescoming f rom t he D irectSound m ixer,b efore t hey a resent t o t he c ard.5.3A SIO d river c onfigurationTo use the card through an ASIO based application,make sure the A SIO driver option has been checked during the installation,as describe above.installed,the card’s settings can be adjusted through its A SIO control panel.Thispanel c an s tarted f rom<Start>,<Programs>,<Digigram>,<Digigram A SIO M ADI S ettings>.It can also be launched directly from the ASIO software applications,as most of them feature a“Preferences”or equivalent m enu a llowing t o c onfigure t he A SIO d evices t o b e u sed.For h elp o n h ow t o u se t his c ontrol p anel,p lease r efer t o i ts o nline h elp.The b uffer s ize d etermines t he s ize i n s amples p er b uffer u sed b y t he A sio d river t o t ransfer a udio d ata f rom/to t he board's I nput/Output.T he l ower t he b uffer s ize,t he l ower t he l atency.The r ange o f t he b uffer s ize s ettings d epends o n t he s tream g ranularity d efined i n t he D igigram C ontrol C enter.You c an a ccess t his p arameter b y c licking o n t he"C hange D SP g ranularity"b utton.Note t hat,a udio d ropouts m ay b e e xperienced w hen u sing v ery s mall b uffer s ize.It i s p ossible t o c heck i f a udio d ropouts a re e xperienced.F irst o f a ll s tart t he A SIO b ased.A llocate t he A SIO c hannelsin t his a pplication.O pen t his A SIO c ontrol p anel,a nd c lick o n t he“T est”b utton.Click o n“Launch t est”t o s tart t he t est.E rrors a re l isted i n t he w indow.S top t he t est b y c licking o n“S top t est”.In c ase e rrors a re r eported,b uffer s ize h as t o b e i ncreased.Select A ctivated I OClicking o n t his b utton a llows s electing t he c hannels t hat a re m anaged b y t he A SIO d river.B y d efault,a ll t hechannels a re e nabled.6 H OW T O C HECK T HE I NSTALLATION U NDER W INDOWSOnce t he c ard a nd t he d rivera re i nstalled a ccording t o t he p rocedure d escribed h ere-beforel, y ou c an c heck t hat t he card w orks c orrectly a s f ollows.Start the “Digigram Control Center”panel from the menu <Start><Programs><Digigram>.The “General Information”tab lists all the Digigram driver packages installed on the computer,and their versions.The LX-MADI tab displays information about the LX-MADI cards installed in the computer:card type, serial n umber.If the card is listed in the LX-MADI tab,the driver is correctly i nstalled a nd i t h as f ound t he c ard.You can check that the card plays audio by selectingThe i con o f t he i nstalled c ard i s d isplayed.Right click on the card icon,and select“Play sine(allchannels)”.This plays in loop a sine signal on all the outputs of thecard.The V U m eters o n t he r ight s hould i ndicate a0dB l evel.To stop the playback,right click on the card icon,andselect“stop”.The presence of the playout DirectSound devices canthe“Playback”T ab.Under Windows Seven and8,the name of a device canbe modified by right clicking on its name and selecting“Properties”.The presence of the recording DirectSound devices canthe“Record”T ab.Under Windows Seven and8,the name of a device canbe modified by right clicking on its name,and selecting“Properties”.Installation t roubleshootingIf t he L X-MADI c ard i s n ot l isted i n t he L X-MADI t ab●Please c heck f rom t he W indows D evice M anager i f t he c ard i s d etected b y t he o perating s ystem.●Right c lick o n t he i con“My c omputer”(from t he D esktop,o r f rom t he W indows f ile b rowser).●Select“Manage”,a nd“Device M anager”.●The L X-MADI c ard s hould b e l isted i n t he“Sound,v ideo a nd g ame c ontroller”s ection.●If t here i s a n e xclamation m ark i n f ront o f t he c ard,t his m eans t hat t he d river i s n ot i nstalled c orrectly.Remove the LX-MADI Kit driver from the Windows Control Panel,Add/Remove programs,and install it again.●If i t i s n ot l isted,c heck i n t he“Other d evices”s ection o f t he“device M anager”.If t he c ard i s n ot l isted a t a ll i n t he“Device M anager”,p roceed a s f ollows:●Shut d own t he c omputer a nd r emove t he L X-MADI c ard.Please b e c areful w ith e lectrostatic d ischarge w hen h andling t he c ard(read s ection“Information f or t he u ser”of t his d ocument f or m ore i nformation).●Make s ure t he g olden t racks o f t he L X-MADI c ard P CI E xpress i nterface a re c lean;i f n ot,y ou m ay u se a d ryrag t o c lean t hem.●If t here i s a nother f ree P CI E xpress s lot,i nsert t he c ard i n i t,a nd p ower o n t he c omputer.●Check a gain i f t he c ard i s d etected a s d escribed a bove.●If t he c ard i s n ot d etected i n a ny P CI E xpress s lot o f t his c omputer,y ou m ay t ry i t i n a nother c omputer.●If t he c ard i s n ot d etected,p lease c ontact y our c ard s upplier.7U NINSTALLING T HE D RIVERS U NDER W INDOWS●Open t he W indows C ontrol P anel a nd d ouble-click o n t he P rograms a nd F eatures i con.●Select“D igigram L XMADI K it…”,a nd C hange/Remove.●Select U ninstall.●Follow t he i nstructions t o f inish r emoving t he d river.8S PECIFICATIONS8.1C onfigurationBus/Format PCI E XPRESS TM(PCIe®)x1(x2,x4,x8,x16c ompatible) Size169m m x99m m x20m m Power r equirements(+3.3V/+12V)0.4A/0.12AOperating:temp/h umidity(non-condensing)0°C/+50°C•5%/90%Storage:t emp/h umidity(non-condensing)-5°C/+70°C•0%/95%8.2I nputs/OutputsMADI 64I/O(Mono)a t44.1k Hz o r48k Hz32I/O(Mono)a t88.2k Hz o r96k Hz,H igh S peed m odeOptical f iber t o b e u sed:m ulti-modeExternal s ynchronization MADI i nput s treamWord c lockClock s ources a nd sampling f requencies Internal c lock:44.1k Hz,48k Hz88.2k Hz,96k Hz Word C lock:44.1k Hz,48k Hz,88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz MADI:44.1k Hz,48k Hz,88.2k Hz a nd96k Hz8.3C onnectorsMADI I/O 1o ptical c onnector f or M ADI I/OWord C lock I N o r O UT BNC8.4D evelopment e nvironmentsAudio d evices Up t o64/64s imultaneous R ecord/Play(Mono)c hannels t o/from P C Latency Round t rip t ime d own t o1.8m sManagement Windows:W DM K ernel S treaming,D irectSound,W ASAPI,A SIO,Linux:A lsaSupported o perating systems Windows7/W indows8/W indows10/W indows2008S erver&2012S erver (32-bit a nd64-bit v ersions)Linux9.1L X-IP s chematic d iagram9.2C onnectors●Optical f ibe r:M ADI i n a nd M ADI o ut●BNC75:W ordClock i n o r o ut(set b y s oftware)Hardware s election t hrough a j umper o f t he i mpedance:75O hms o r H ighimpedance.High i mpedance:75O hms:Fort echnicals upport,pleasec ontacty ourc ards upplierCopyright2014D igigram.A llr ightsr eserved.Nop ortiono ft hism anualm ayb er eproducedw ithoutp riorw rittenc onsentf romD igigram.T hec opyrightp rotectionc laimedh erei ncludesp hotocopying,t ranslationa nd/orr eformattingo ft he informationc ontainedi nt hism anual.Whilee verye fforth asb eenm adet oe nsurea ccuracy,D igigrami sn otr esponsiblef ore rrorsa ndo missions,a ndr eservest her ightt om akei mprovementso rc hangesi nt hep roductsa ndp rograms describedw ithoutn otice.Digigram,t heD igigraml ogo,L X-IPR AVENNAa rer egisteredt rademarkso rt rademarkso fD igigramS.A..A llo thert rademarksa rep ropertyo ft heirr espectiveh olders.DigigramS.A.82/84A lléeG alilée,38330M ontbonnot-Saint-Martin,F RANCETel:+33(0)476524747•F ax:+33(0)476521844•E-mail:i****************DigigramA siaP teL td.60A lbertS treet-#19-11OGA lbertC omplexS ingapore189969,S ingaporeTel:+6562912234•F ax:+6562913433•E-mail:i*********************。
Catalog Number 700-1563-00Physical SpecificationsEnvironmental Specifications*All dimensions are millimeters.Electrical Specifications†Power drawn varies based on the vehicles being used and the maximum acceleration or velocity of the vehicles.•QuickStick High Thrust systems consist of modules that include motors mounted to user-designed support structures, magnet arrays mounted to user-designed vehicles, motor controllers, system controllers, and power supplies.•External controller for one QuickStick ® HT 1m motor.•Separate LVDC power source allows motor configuration without enabling propulsion power.•IP20 (IEC 60529) ingress protection rating.•CE Certified, UL Recognized.•19” rack mounting kit available.Dimensions *:253.5 W x 330.0 L x 87.3 H Ambient Temperature:0°C to 50°C [32°F to 122°F]Weight:5.89kg [13lb]Relative Humidity:85% max (relative, non-condensing)Input Power Rating †:HVDC: 270VDC min - 400VDC, 5A typ, 15A max (2 sec max) (Powerfast, 3-Pin, Male)LVDC: 24 VDC ±5%, 0.6 A (M12 Eurofast, FSFD 4.4, Male)Output Power (Stator Drive):400V max, 3phase, 10A RMS cont., 15A RMS max (16S-1S, 7-Pin, Female)Network:Standard 10/100/1000 BaseTx, full duplex, Ethernet (M12 Eurofast, FKFDD, Female)Stator Sense:Magnet array position sense (M12 Eurofast, 6-Pin, Female)Up/Down Stream:RS-422 for Node Controller communication (M8, Nano-Mizer, 4-Pin, Male)3.816.56.6HV DCStator Drive NetworkStator SenseQuickStick HT Motor Controller QSMCRockwell Automation SupportUse the following resources to access support information.Documentation FeedbackY our comments will help us serve your documentation needs better. If you have any suggestions on how to improve this document, complete the How Are W e Doing? form at /idc/groups/literature/documents/du/ra-du002_-en-e.pdf .Technical Support CenterKnowledgebase Articles, How-to Videos, FAQs, Chat, User Forums, and Product Notification Updates.https:///Local Technical Support Phone Numbers Locate the phone number for your country./global/support/get-support-now.page Direct Dial Codes Find the Direct Dial Code for your product. Use the code to route your call directly to a technical support engineer./global/support/direct-dial.page Literature LibraryInstallation Instructions, Manuals, Brochures, and Technical Data./global/literature-library/overview.page Product Compatibility and Download Center (PCDC)Get help determining how products interact, check features and capabilities, and find associated firmware./global/support/pcdc.pageRockwell Otomasyon Ticaret A.Ş., Kar Plaza İş Merkezi E Blok Kat:6 34752 İçerenköy, İstanbul, T el: +90 (216) 5698400Rockwell Automation maintains current product environmental information is on its website at /rockwellautomation/about-us/sustainability-ethics/product-environmental-compliance.page .Product certificates are located in the Rockwell Automation Literature Library: /global/literature-library/overview.page Allen-Bradley, Rockwell Software, and Rockwell Automation are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.Copyright © 2015–2018 MagneMotion, A Rockwell Automation Company. All Rights Reserved.139 Barnum Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA +1 978-757-9100Publication MMI-TD026D-EN-P - January 2018DIR 990000681Supersedes 990000681 Rev. C。
Product Highlights• Varifocal lens, dome camera with 36-112° horizontal FoV • Intelligent motion indexing with search engine• Built-in motion analytics like Motion Search, Motion Recap, and Motion Heatmaps• In-camera machine learning capability for intelligent object detection• No special software or browser plugins required• Cloud-augmented edge storage minimizes physical infrastructure • Meraki dashboard simplifies operation• Secure, encrypted control architecture and storage• Secure boot and signed firmware backed by hardware security chip• Granular user access controls• Integrated 802.11ac wireless for easy upgrades from analog • IR illumination up to 30m or 98ft• Suitable for deployments of all sizes, 1-10,000+ camerasThe Meraki MV22 series, part of the MV smart camera family, brings physical security and advanced analytics together in a dome form factor suitable for a variety of deployments. The built-in powerful processor and innovative edge architecture minimizephysical infrastructure and software requirements. MV22 smart cameras ensure physical safety and security while providing business intelligence, all in a refreshingly simple package.OVERVIEWAs with the rest of the MV lineup, the MV22 series places high-endurance storage locally on the camera, removing the Network Video Recorder (NVR) and Video Management System (VMS) from the equation. Not only does this drastically simplify both installation and scaling, but it also eliminates a major network security vulnerability in IT infrastructure.MV22 series cameras are equipped with an industry-leading processor, and have a 4MP sensor for recording in up to 1080P. The processor powers advanced analytics capabilities thatpreviously required specialized software and heavy-duty hardware. Harnessing the power of machine learning for computer vision,MV22 can do real-time object detection, classification, and tracking. This compelling insight lays the foundation for more effective and efficient processes, like journey pathing, and safe working practices.MV22 cameras are varifocal dome cameras, capable of up to 3x optical zoom. The adjustable field of view provides flexibility to cover wide areas for context, or focus up close to get details of smaller scenes. This, combined with an attractive industrial design and easy installation makes it a natural fit for a variety of indoor applications.MV22: SECURITY AND ANALYTICSMV22 Cloud-ManagedSmart CamerasCamera1/3” 4MP (2688x1520) progressive CMOS image sensor256GB high endurance solid state storage (MV22)512GB high endurance solid state storage (MV22X)3-9mm focal lengthf/1.2-2.3 apertureField of view: Horizontal 36-112°, Vertical 20-57°, Diagonal 42° - 138°Lens adjustment range: Tilt: 65°, Rotation: +/- 90°, Pan: 354°1/30s to 1/32,000s shutter speedMinimum illumination 0.18 Lux (standard recording) and 0.01 Lux (night mode)Built-in IR illuminators, effective up to 30m (98ft)Video1080p HD video recording (1920x1080) with H.264 encoding up to 20fps (MV22)4MP recording with H.264 encoding up to 15fps (MV22X)Cloud augmented edge storage (locally stored video with metadata in the cloud) Optimized retention settings (scheduling and motion-based) for variable retention Up to 90 days (MV22X) 24/7 continuous video storage per camera*Direct live streaming with no client software (native browser playback)**Stream video anywhere with automatic cloud proxyHigh dynamic range (HDR)Audio recording supported with built-in microphoneNetworking and Wireless1x 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet (RJ45)DSCP traffic markingSupported frequence bands (country-specific restrictions apply):2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n radio2.412 - 2.484 GHz5 GHz 802.11a/n/ac radio5.150 - 5.250 GHz (UNII-1)5.250 - 5.350 GHz (UNII-2)5.470 - 5.600, 5.660 - 5.725 GHz (UNII-2e)5.725 - 5.825 GHz (UNII-3)1x1 with one spatial streamMU-MIMO support20 and 40 MHz channels (802.11n)20, 40, and 80 MHz channels (802.11ac)Up to 256 QAM on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bandsIntegrated omni-directional antennas (4.4 dBi gain at 2.4 GHz, 6.3 dBi gain at 5 GHz) 2.4 GHz Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio PowerPower consumption 12.95W maximum via 802.3af PoEEnvironmentTemperature: 0°C - 40°C (32°F - 104°F)Data and Network SecurityFull disk encryption (AES 256-bit)Automatically purchased and provisioned TLS certificates (publicly-signed) Management encryption and two-factor authenticationWireless security:WPA, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-Enterprise with 802.1X EAP-TTLSTKIP and AES encryptionPhysical CharacteristicsDimensions 149mm x 97mm (diameter x height)Weight 706gFemale RJ45 Ethernet connectorMulticolor, multifunction status LEDReset buttonWarrantyWarranty 5 year hardware warranty with advanced replacementOrdering InformationMV22-HW: Varifocal Indoor Dome Camera with 256GB StorageMV22X-HW: Varifocal Indoor Dome Camera with 512GB StorageLIC-MV-XYR: Meraki MV Enterprise License (X = 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 years)MA-INJ-4-XX: Meraki 802.3at Power over Ethernet injector (XX = US, EU, UK, or AU) MA-PWR-MV-LV: Low voltage 12VDC/24VAC input PoE injector for MV camerasIn The BoxQuick start & installation guideMV camera hardwareWall mounting kitNote: Each Meraki camera requires a license to operate* Storage duration dependent on encoding settings and camera storage model.** Browser support for H.264 decoding required.MV22 Camera SpecificationsCiscoSystems,Inc.|500TerryA.FrancoisBlvd,SanFrancisco,CA94158|(415)432-1000|****************2v 1.0。
EXPANSION CARD DN32-MADIMADI Expansion Module with up to 32 Bidirectional ChannelsV 1.0快速启动向导带有此标志的终端设备具有强大的电流, 存在触电危险。
仅限使用带有 ¼'' TS 或扭锁式插头的高品质专业扬声器线。
所有的安装或调整均须由合格的专业人员进行。
此标志提醒您, 产品内存在未绝缘的危险电压, 有触电危险。
此标志提醒您查阅所附的重要的使用及维修说明。
请阅读有关手册。
小心为避免触电危险, 请勿打开机顶盖 (或背面挡板)。
设备内没有可供用户维修使用的部件。
请将维修事项交由合格的专业人员进行。
小心为避免着火或触电危险, 请勿将此设备置于雨淋或潮湿中。
此设备也不可受液体滴溅, 盛有液体的容器也不可置于其上, 如花瓶等。
小心维修说明仅是给合格的专业维修人员使用的。
为避免触电危险, 除了使用说明书提到的以外, 请勿进行任何其它维修。
所有维修均须由合格的专业人员进行。
1. 请阅读这些说明。
2. 请妥善保存这些说明。
3. 请注意所有的警示。
4. 请遵守所有的说明。
5. 请勿在靠近水的地方使用本产品。
6. 请用干布清洁本产品。
7. 请勿堵塞通风口。
安装本产品时请遵照厂家的说明。
8. 请勿将本产品安装在热源附近,如 暖气片, 炉子或其它产生热量的设备( 包括功放器)。
9. 请勿移除极性插头或接地插头的安全装置。
接地插头是由两个插塞接点及一个接地头构成。
若随货提供的插头不适合您的插座, 请找电工更换一个合适的插座。
10. 妥善保护电源线, 使其不被践踏或刺破, 尤其注意电源插头、多用途插座及设备连接处。
11. 请只使用厂家指定的附属设备和配 件。
12. 请只使用厂家指定的或随货销售的手推车, 架子, 三 角架, 支架和桌子。
若使用手推车来搬运设备, 请注意安全放置设备, 以 避免手推车和设备倾倒而受伤。
MEL9Tape Replay MachineCongratulations on purchasing the Electro-Harmonix MEL9 Tape Replay Machine. Now any electric guitar player can have access to nine magically quirky, dark and unique Mellotron® sounds. No more extra devices such as special and cumbersome 13-pin MIDI pickups! In addition to electric guitar, you can trigger the MEL9 with any instrument that produces an electrical output, such as a keyboard or a bass, down to 55 Hz or A1.The polyphonic MEL9 has superior tracking; you can create single notes or chords with ease. The MEL9 will follow guitar bends, dive bombs, slurs, and any other guitar expression/performance techniques you can throw at it!WARNING: Your MEL9 comes equipped with an Electro-Harmonix 9.6DC-200BI power supply (same as used by Boss® & Ibanez®: 9.6 Volts DC 200mA). The MEL9 requires 100mA at 9VDC with a center negative plug. Using the wrong adapter or a plug with the wrong polarity may damage your MEL9 and void the warranty.GETTING STARTEDConnect the supplied power adapter to the 9V power jack. Plug your instrument into the INPUT jack; connect your amp to the EFFECT OUTPUT jack. Set the DRY knob to minimum (fully counterclockwise) and set the other top row knobs to 12 o’clock. Select a preset (“ORCHESTRA” is a good starting point) and step on the footswitch to turn on the LED. Play your instrument and adjust controls to your liking.Mellotron is a registered trademark of David Kean, M. Resch AB and Markus Resch.CONTROLSDRY VOL KNOBThe DRY VOL knob controls the volume of the untreated instrument level on the EFFECT OUTPUT jack.EFFECT VOL KNOBThe EFFECT VOL knob controls the overall volume of the selected preset at the EFFECT OUTPUT jack.ATTACK KNOBUse the ATTACK knob to set the volume swell speed, or the speed at which the effect begins to be heard. Turn the ATTACK knob down (fully counterclockwise) for a fast attack with minimum swell. Turn the knob up to increase the amount of swell and to have the notes fade in more gradually.NOTE: When using the BRASS preset, the ATTACK knob adjusts the speed of a filter sweep. This adjustment controls how quickly the BRASS sound gets bright. SUSTAIN KNOBThe SUSTAIN knob controls the amount of time a sound continues to play after you stop playing. When the SUSTAIN knob is turned down (fully counter-clockwise), the fadeout time is at its minimum setting. Turn the knob up to increase the fadeout time.NOTE: When using the BRASS preset, the SUSTAIN knob adjus ts the amount of “lip buzz”―characteristic of brass instruments such as trumpet―heard at the onset of new notes. “Lip buzz” is a subtle addition to the BRASS preset, and at times you may have difficulty hearing the impact on the sound produced by adjusting the SUSTAIN knob.PRESET KNOBTurn the white numbered knob to select a preset sound.DRY OUTPUT JACKThe DRY OUTPUT jack outputs the signal present at the INPUT jack through a buffer circuit. In either EFFECT or BYPASS mode, the dry signal is always present at the DRY OUTPUT jack.EFFECT OUTPUT JACKThe EFFECT OUTPUT jack sends the mix set by the DRY and EFFECT volume controls.BYPASS FOOTSWITCHPress the BYPASS footswitch to toggle the MEL9 OUTPUT jack between buffered BYPASS and EFFECT mode. The status LED lights when you are in EFFECT mode.PRESET DESCRIPTIONS1.ORCHESTRA–This sound represents a full orchestra—including an octavebelow the normal guitar—and produces a gigantic, full sound.2.CELLO –This sound of a solo cello includes the cello’s natural vibrato.3.STRINGS–Presenting the sound of a small four-piece string section, includingnatural vibrato.4.FLUTES–This preset presents the classic solo flute sound heard on manyrecordings.5.CLARINET –This sound of a solo clarinet sounds great both as a solo (playedmonophonically) instrument and when playing chords.6.SAXOPHONE – This funky vintage British solo saxophone sound is perfect forplaying Beatles-like rock lines. It blends great with an overdriven guitar.7.BRASS –This preset is a trumpet-like sound, and when playing chords itproduces a great brass section sound. As noted earlier, the ATTACK and SUSTAIN knobs work differently for this preset than for other presets. The ATTACK knob controls a filter sweep for brass synthesizer sounds and the SUSTAIN knob adds the “lip buzz” characteristic of trumpet/brass sounds.8.LOW CHOIR –This sound is a full low-voiced choir made up of many voices.9.HIGH CHOIR –This sound is a higher-voiced choir made up of many voices.NOTES AND SPECIFICATIONS•Buffered bypass•Input impedance: 1MΩ•Output impedance (for both output jacks): 500Ω•Current draw: 100mATIPS ON GETTING OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE FROM THE MEL91.The MEL9 is generally best used as the first pedal in an effects chain. Placemodulation, delay, and reverb effects after the MEL9. The unit will not perform well if placed in the effects loop of a guitar amp.2.If a guitar’s pickup has a weak output, performance can be improved by puttinga clean boost or a compressor in front of the MEL9. Avoid placing a distortion oroverdrive in front of the MEL9. Placing distortion or overdrive in front of theMEL9 will muddy up the input signal and cause the tracking to be unstable. If you want to add overdrive or distortion, place it after the MEL9.3.The MEL9 tracking response is limited depending on the preset chosen, and thetype of electronic instrument you use to trigger the effect. On guitar, the usable range for these sounds goes up to about the 23rd fret on the high-E for some presets, and to only the 16th fret for others. On bass guitar, the MEL9 tracks only about as low as the open A-string.4.The MEL9 imitates Mellotron® sounds, so the MEL9 will only sound as real forany of the nine instruments as the Mellotron® does. For example, the FLUTEpreset is the same as the Mellotron’s flute which is a recording of a real flute.5.Pay attention to performance gestures (vibrato, trills, slides, and so on) and thesettings for ATTACK and SUSTAIN. If you want to mimic a Mellotron®, playpianistically with as little guitar inflection as possible. If you want to simulate an actual sound such as a cello, adapt your performance gestures to help mimic the actual sound. Otherwise, let your creativity guide your approach to playing the MEL9. And that means you should feel free to go wild by combining atypicalperformance techniques with traditional sounds. So what if an actual clarinetdoes not let you bend a note up a whole tone or more? Now you can go for it!- WARRANTY INFORMATION -Please register online at /product-registration or complete and return the enclosed warranty card within 10 days of purchase. Electro-Harmonix will repair or replace, at its discretion, a product that fails to operate due to defects in materials or workmanship for a period of one year from date of purchase. This applies only to original purchasers who have bought their product from an authorized Electro-Harmonix retailer. Repaired or replaced units will then be warranted for the unexpired portion of the original warranty term.If you should need to return your unit for service within the warranty period, please contact the appropriate office listed below. Customers outside the regions listed below, please contact EHX **************************************************************+1-718-937-8300. USA and Canadian customers: please obtain a Return Authorization Number (RA#) from EHX Customer Service before returning your product. Include with your returned unit: a written description of the problem as well as your name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, and RA#; and a copy of your receipt clearly showing the purchase date.United States & CanadaEHX CUSTOMER SERVICEELECTRO-HARMONIXc/o NEW SENSOR CORP.47-50 33RD STREETLONG ISLAND CITY, NY 11101Tel: 718-937-8300Email:************EuropeJOHN WILLIAMSELECTRO-HARMONIX UK13 CWMDONKIN TERRACESWANSEA SA2 0RQUNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 179 247 3258Email:*********************************This warranty gives a purchaser specific legal rights. A purchaser may have even greater rights depending upon the laws of the jurisdiction within which the product was purchased.To hear demos on all EHX pedals visit us on the web at Email us at ************FCC COMPLIANCENote: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:•Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.•Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.•Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.•Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.Modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user's authority to operate the equipment under FCC rules.。
GETTING STARTED GUIDENI 9215±10 V, 100 kS/s/ch, 16-Bit, Simultaneous Input, 4-Channel C Series Voltage Input ModuleThis document explains how to connect to the NI 9215. In this document, the NI 9215 with screw terminal, NI 9215 with spring terminal, and NI 9215 with BNC are referred to inclusively as the NI 9215.Note Before you begin, complete the software andhardware installation procedures in your chassisdocumentation.Note The guidelines in this document are specific tothe NI 9215. The other components in the system mightnot meet the same safety ratings. Refer to thedocumentation for each component in the system todetermine the safety and EMC ratings for the entiresystem.Safety GuidelinesOperate the NI 9215 only as described in this document.Caution Do not operate the NI 9215 in a manner notspecified in this document. Product misuse can result ina hazard. You can compromise the safety protectionbuilt into the product if the product is damaged in any 2| | NI 9215 Getting Started Guideway. If the product is damaged, return it to NI forrepair.NI 9215 with Screw Terminal and NI 9215 with Spring T erminal Safety VoltagesConnect only voltages that are within the following limits.Channel-to-COM±30 V maximumIsolationChannel-to-channel NoneChannel-to-earth groundContinuous250 Vrms,Measurement Category II Withstand2,300 Vrms, verified by a 5 sdielectric withstand test Measurement Category II is for measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the electrical distribution system. This category refers to local-level electrical distribution, such as that provided by a standard wall outlet, for example, 115 V for U.S. or 230 V for Europe.NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 3Caution Do not connect the NI 9215 to signals or usefor measurements within Measurement Categories IIIor IV.NI 9215 with BNC Safety VoltagesConnect only voltages that are within the following limits.AI+-to-AI-±30 V maximumIsolationChannel-to-channel NoneChannel-to-earth groundContinuous60 VDC,Measurement Category IWithstand1,500 Vrms, verified by a 5 sdielectric withstand test Measurement Category I is for measurements performed on circuits not directly connected to the electrical distribution system referred to as MAINS voltage. MAINS is a hazardous live electrical supply system that powers equipment. This category is for measurements of voltages from specially protected secondary circuits. Such voltage measurements include signal levels, special 4| | NI 9215 Getting Started Guideequipment, limited-energy parts of equipment, circuits powered by regulated low-voltage sources, and electronics.Note Measurement Categories CAT I and CAT O areequivalent. These test and measurement circuits are notintended for direct connection to the MAINS buildinginstallations of Measurement Categories CAT II,CAT III, or CAT IV.Caution Do not connect the NI 9215 to signals or usefor measurements within Measurement Categories II,III, or IV.Safety Guidelines for Hazardous VoltagesYou can connect hazardous voltages only to the NI 9215 with screw terminal and the NI 9215 with spring terminal. Do not connect hazardous voltages to the NI 9215 with BNC.If hazardous voltages are connected to the device, take the following precautions. A hazardous voltage is a voltage greater than 42.4 V pk voltage or 60 V DC to earth ground.Caution Ensure that hazardous voltage wiring isperformed only by qualified personnel adhering to localelectrical standards.NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 5Caution Do not mix hazardous voltage circuits andhuman-accessible circuits on the same module.Caution Ensure that devices and circuits connected tothe module are properly insulated from human contact.Caution When module terminals are hazardousvoltage LIVE (>42.4 V pk/60 V DC), you must ensurethat devices and circuits connected to the module areproperly insulated from human contact. You must usethe NI 9927 connector backshell kit with the NI 9215with screw terminal and the NI 9981 connectorbackshell kit with the NI 9215 with spring terminal toensure that the terminals are not accessible.Safety Guidelines for Hazardous LocationsThe NI 9215 is suitable for use in Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, D, T4 hazardous locations; Class I, Zone 2, AEx nA IIC T4 and Ex nA IIC T4 hazardous locations; and nonhazardous locations only. Follow these guidelines if you are installing the NI 9215 in a potentially explosive environment. Not following these guidelines may result in serious injury or death.6| | NI 9215 Getting Started GuideCaution Do not disconnect I/O-side wires orconnectors unless power has been switched off or thearea is known to be nonhazardous.Caution Do not remove modules unless power hasbeen switched off or the area is known to benonhazardous.Caution Substitution of components may impairsuitability for Class I, Division 2.Caution For Division 2 and Zone 2 applications,install the system in an enclosure rated to at least IP54as defined by IEC/EN 60079-15.Caution For Division 2 and Zone 2 applications,connected signals must be within the following limits. Capacitance0.2 µF maximumSpecial Conditions for Hazardous Locations Use in Europe and InternationallyThe NI 9215 has been evaluated as Ex nA IIC T4 Gc equipment under DEMKO 03 ATEX 0324020X and is IECEx UL 14.0089X certified. Each NI 9215 is marked II 3G and is suitable for useNI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 7in Zone 2 hazardous locations, in ambient temperatures of -40 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 70 °C. If you are using the NI 9215 in Gas Group IIC hazardous locations, you must use the device in an NI chassis that has been evaluated as Ex nC IIC T4, Ex IIC T4, Ex nA IIC T4, or Ex nL IIC T4 equipment.Caution You must make sure that transientdisturbances do not exceed 140% of the rated voltage.Caution The system shall only be used in an area ofnot more than Pollution Degree 2, as defined inIEC 60664-1.Caution The system shall be mounted in anATEX/IECEx-certified enclosure with a minimumingress protection rating of at least IP54 as defined inIEC/EN 60079-15.Caution The enclosure must have a door or coveraccessible only by the use of a tool.8| | NI 9215 Getting Started GuideSafety Compliance and Hazardous Locations StandardsThis product is designed to meet the requirements of the following electrical equipment safety standards for measurement, control, and laboratory use:•IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1•UL 61010-1, CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1•EN 60079-0, EN 60079-15•IEC 60079-0: Ed 6, IEC 60079-15; Ed 4•UL 60079-0; Ed 6, UL 60079-15; Ed 4•CSA C22.2 No. 60079-0, CSA C22.2 No. 60079-15Note For UL and other safety certifications, refer tothe product label or the Product Certifications andDeclarations section.NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 9CE ComplianceThis product meets the essential requirements of applicable European Directives, as follows:•2014/35/EU; Low-V oltage Directive (safety)•2014/30/EU; Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC)•2014/34/EU; Potentially Explosive Atmospheres (ATEX)Electromagnetic Compatibility Guidelines This product was tested and complies with the regulatory requirements and limits for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) stated in the product specifications. These requirements and limits provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the product is operated in the intended operational electromagnetic environment.This product is intended for use in industrial locations. However, harmful interference may occur in some installations, when the product is connected to a peripheral device or test object, or if the product is used in residential or commercial areas. To minimize 10| | NI 9215 Getting Started Guideinterference with radio and television reception and prevent unacceptable performance degradation, install and use this product in strict accordance with the instructions in the product documentation.Furthermore, any changes or modifications to the product not expressly approved by National Instruments could void your authority to operate it under your local regulatory rules.Caution To ensure the specified EMC performance,operate this product only with shielded cables andaccessories.Caution Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) can damagethe NI 9215. To prevent damage, use industry-standardESD prevention measures during installation,maintenance, and operation.Special Conditions for Marine Applications Some models are approved for marine (shipboard) applications. To verify marine approval certification for a model, visit / product-certifications, search by model number, and click the appropriate link.Notice In order to meet the EMC requirements formarine applications, install the model in a shieldedenclosure with shielded and/or filtered power andinput/output ports. In addition, take precautions whendesigning, selecting, and installing measurement probesand cables to ensure that the desired EMC performanceis attained.Physical CharacteristicsIf you need to clean the module, wipe it with a dry towel.Tip For two-dimensional drawings and three-dimensional models of the C Series module andconnectors, visit /dimensions and search bymodule number.Screw-terminal wiringGauge0.2 mm2 to 2.5 mm2 (26 AWGto 14 AWG) copper conductorwireWire strip length13 mm (0.51 in.)Temperature rating90 °C minimumTorque for screw terminals 0.5 N · m to 0.6 N · m (4.4 lb · in. to 5.3 lb · in.)Wires per screw terminal One wire per screw terminal; two wires per screw terminal using a 2-wire ferruleFerrules0.25 mm2 to 2.5 mm2 (26 AWGto 14 AWG)Spring-terminal wiringGauge0.2 mm2 to 2.5 mm2 (26 AWGto 14 AWG) copper conductorwireWire strip length10 mm (0.39 in.) Temperature rating90 °C minimumWires per spring terminal One wire per spring terminal;two wires per spring terminalusing a 2-wire ferrule Ferrules0.25 mm2 to 2.5 mm2 (26 AWGto 14 AWG)Connector securementSecurement type Screw flanges provided0.2 N · m (1.80 lb · in.)Torque for screwflangesWeight150 g (5.3 oz)NI 9215 with screwterminalNI 9215 with spring138 g (4.9 oz)terminalNI 9215 with BNC173 g (6.1 oz)Preparing the EnvironmentEnsure that the environment in which you are using the NI 9215 meets the following specifications.Operating temperature(IEC 60068-2-1, IEC 60068-2-2)-40 °C to 70 °COperating humidity (IEC 60068-2-78)10% RH to 90% RH, noncondensingPollution Degree2Maximum altitude2,000 mIndoor use only.Note Refer to the device datasheet on /manualsfor complete specifications.NI 9215 PinoutAI0AI1AI2AI3Grounded Differential ConnectionsFloating Differential Connections•Connect the negative lead to COM through a 1 MΩ resistor to keep the signal source within the common-mode voltagerange.•The NI 9215 with screw terminal and the NI 9215 with spring terminal does not read data accurately if the signal source is outside of the common-mode voltage range.The NI 9215 with BNC has internal circuitry that maintains the common mode voltage range.Single-Ended ConnectionsConnect the ground signal to COM to keep the signal source within the common-mode voltage range.NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 21The NI 9215 with BNC has internal circuitry that maintains the common mode voltage range.Connection Guidelines•Make sure that devices you connect to the NI 9215 are compatible with the module specifications.•You must use 2-wire ferrules to create a secure connection when connecting more than one wire to a single terminal on the NI 9215 with screw terminal or NI 9215 with springterminal.22| | NI 9215 Getting Started GuideHigh-Vibration Application ConnectionsIf your application is subject to high vibration, NI recommends that you follow these guidelines to protect connections to theNI 9215 with screw terminal or the NI 9215 with spring terminal:•Use ferrules to terminate wires to the detachable connector.•Use the NI 9927 backshell kit with the NI 9215 with screw terminal or the NI 9981 backshell kit with the NI 9215 with spring terminal.Overvoltage ProtectionThe NI 9215 provides overvoltage protection for each channel.Note Refer to the device datasheet on /manualsfor more information about overvoltage protection.NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 23Where to Go NextLocated at /manuals24 | |Product Certifications and DeclarationsRefer to the product Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for additional regulatory compliance information. To obtain product certifications and the DoC for NI products, visit /product-certifications, search by model number, and click the appropriate link.Worldwide Support and ServicesThe NI website is your complete resource for technical support. At /support, you have access to everything from troubleshooting and application development self-help resources to email and phone assistance from NI Application Engineers. Visit /services for information about the services NI offers. Visit /register to register your NI product. Product registration facilitates technical support and ensures that you receive important information updates from NI.NI corporate headquarters is located at11500 North Mopac Expressway, Austin, Texas, 78759-3504. NI NI 9215 Getting Started Guide| © National Instruments| 25also has offices located around the world. For support in the United States, create your service request at /support or dial 1 866 ASK MYNI (275 6964). For support outside the United States, visit the Worldwide Offices section of / niglobal to access the branch office websites, which provide up-to-date contact information.Information is subject to change without notice. Refer to the NI Trademarks and Logo Guidelines at /trademarks for information on NI trademarks. Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. For patents covering NI products/technology, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file on your media, or the National Instruments Patent Notice at / patents. Y ou can find information about end-user license agreements (EULAs) and third-party legal notices in the readme file for your NI product. Refer to the Export Compliance Information at /legal/export-compliance for the NI global trade compliance policy and how to obtainrelevant HTS codes, ECCNs, and other import/export data. NI MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN AND SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY ERRORS. U.S. Government Customers: The data contained in this manual was developed at private expense and is subject to the applicable limited rights and restricted data rights as set forth in FAR 52.227-14, DFAR 252.227-7014, and DFAR 252.227-7015.© 2004—2019 National Instruments. All rights reserved.373779H-01June 9, 2019。
Chapter 10Stock Offerings and Investor MonitoringOutlinePrivate EquityFinancing by Venture Capital FundsFinancing by Private Equity FundsPublic EquityOwnership and Voting RightsStockPreferredParticipation in Stock MarketsInitial Public OfferingsProcess of Going PublicUnderwriter Efforts to Ensure Price StabilityTiming of IPOsInitial Returns of IPOsIPOGoogle’sAbuses in the IPO MarketLong-Term Performance Following IPOsImpact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on IPOsSecondary Stock OfferingsShelf-RegistrationStock RepurchasesStock ExchangesExchangesOrganizedOver-the-CounterMarketElectronic Stock ExchangesExtended Trading SessionsStock Quotations Provided by ExchangesQuotationsIndexStockMonitoring Publicly Traded CompaniesRole of AnalystsAccounting IrregularitiesSarbanes-Oxley ActActivismShareholderLimited Power of Governance2 Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor MonitoringMarket for Corporate ControlUse of LBOs to Achieve Corporate ControlBarriers to the Market for Corporate ControlGlobalization of Stock MarketsForeign Stock Offerings in the United StatesPlacementProcessInternationalExchangesGlobalStockEmerging Stock MarketsMethods Used to Invest in Foreign StocksKey Concepts1.Identify the various types of stock.2. Describe the process of an engaging in an initial public offering.3. Describe the process of engaging in a secondary offering.4. Explain how firms are monitored within the stock market.POINT/COUNTER-POINT:Should a Stock Exchange Enforce Some Governance Standards on the Firms Listed on the Exchange?POINT: No. Governance is the responsibility of the firms, and not the stock exchange. The stock exchange should simply ensure that the trading rules of the exchange are enforced and should not intervene in the firms’ governance issues.COUNTER-POINT: Yes. By enforcing governance standards such as requiring a listed firm to have a majority of outside members on its board of directors, a stock exchange can enhance its own credibility. WHO IS CORRECT? Use the Internet to learn more about this issue. Offer your own opinion on this issue.ANSWER: An exchange and the listed firms can be viewed as more credible if there are governance standards. However, the credibility of an exchange is questionable if it cannot properly monitor itself properly (as was the case for the NYSE when the board allowed some excessive compensation to executives who managed the exchange).Questions1.Shareholder Rights. Explain the rights of common stockholders that are not available to otherindividuals.ANSWER: Common stockholders are permitted to vote on key matters concerning the firm such as the election of the board of directors, authorization to issue new shares of common stock, approval ofChapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoring 3 amendments to the corporate charter, and adoption of by-laws.2.Stock Offerings. What is the danger of issuing too much stock? What is the role of the investmentbank that serves as the underwriter, and how can it ensure that the firm does not issue too muchstock?ANSWER: The issuance of too much stock can cause dilution of ownership, and can depress stock prices because the supply of stock may now exceed demand.Investment banking firms distribute or place stock for corporations. They serve as intermediaries since corporations issuing stock typically do not have the expertise to place their own stock. They have experience to know how much stock can be digested by the market.3. IPOs. Why do firms engage in IPOs? What is the amount of fees that the lead underwriter and itssyndicate charge a firm that is going public? Why are there many IPOs in some periods and few IPOs in other periods?ANSWER: Firms engage in IPOs when they have feasible expansion plans but are already near their debt capacity.The transaction cost (fees) is normally about 7 percent of the gross proceeds received by the issuing firm.Firms prefer to engage in IPOs when business conditions and market conditions are favorable. They avoid IPOs if business conditions are poor, because they do not need funds to expand if the business outlook is poor. Also, when business conditions are poor, the market conditions are weak, meaning that they would have to sell their shares at a low price.4. Venture Capital. Explain the difference between obtaining funds from a venture capital firm andengaging in an IPO. Explain how the IPO may serve as a means by which the venture capital firm can cash out.ANSWER: Before a firm engages in an IPO, it may obtain equity funding from a venture capital firm for a period of two to five years. An IPO allows other shareholders to invest in the equity of the firm.Venture capital firms tend to sell off their shares shortly after the firm engages in an IPO. After the shares are publicly traded, the venture capital firm may sell its shares in the secondary market.5. Prospectus and Road Show. Explain the use of a prospectus developed before an IPO. Why does afirm do a road show before its IPO? What factors influence the offer price of stock at the time of the IPO?ANSWER: A prospectus specifies how the proceeds of the offering are to be used, the pastperformance of the issuing firm, the risk involved in the firm’s business, and the price range in which the shares will be offered.The firm does a road show to promote its offering. That is, it explains to various institutionalinvestors how it will use the funds to support its expansion. The goal of the road show is to convince some large investors to invest in the shares of the firm.4 Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor MonitoringThe offer price is influenced by market conditions, industry conditions, and the prevailing market multiples (such as price/earnings ratio). Firms prefer to engage in an IPO when market conditions allow for a high offer price.6. Bookbuilding. Describe the process of bookbuilding. Why is bookbuilding sometimes criticized as ameans of setting the offer price?ANSWER: The lead underwriter engages in bookbuilding by soliciting indications of interest in the IPO by institutional investors, so as to determine demand. The bookbuilding process used in the United States is sometimes criticized because it dictates an offer price that is lower than what some institutional investors would pay.7.Lockups. Describe a lockup provision and explain why it is required by the lead underwriter.ANSWER: Describe the pressure of the share price at the lockup expiration date. The lockupprovision restricts insiders and venture capital firms from selling their shares until a specified period (usually 6 months) after the IPO. Once the lockup provision expires, the insiders and venture capital firms can sell the shares that they own, which sometimes places downward pressure on the price of the stock at that time.8. Initial Return. What is the meaning of an initial return for an IPO? Were initial returns of InternetIPOs in the late 1990s higher or lower than normal? Why?ANSWER: The initial return is the return from the offer price until the end of the first day of trading.The initial returns of Internet IPOs in the late 1990s were high, because many investors wanted to invest in them.9.Flipping. What is the meaning of “flipping” shares? Why would investors want to flip shares?ANSWER: Flipping shares refers to selling shares shortly after (such as a day or two) obtaining them at the IPO. Some institutional investors attempt to flip shares to take advantage of an initial return over the first day. IPO performance tends to be unusually high on the first day, followed by adownward drift. Some investors want to earn the initial return and then sell out. They may earn a very high return without tying their funds up for a long period of time.10. Performance of IPOs. How do IPOs perform over the long run?ANSWER: IPOs perform poorly on average when compared to other firms over the long-term period.11. Asymmetric Information. Discuss the concept of asymmetric information. Explain why it maymotivate firms to repurchase some of their stock.ANSWER: Asymmetric information may allow a firm’s managers to realize when its stock isundervalued, and they may repurchase shares at that time.12. Stock Repurchases Explain why the stock price of a firm may rise when the firm announcesthat it is repurchasing its shares.Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoring 5 ANSWER: Stock repurchases may signal that the firm’s managers believe the stock is undervalued, so the investors may purchase the stock based on this signal, and that places upward pressure on the stock price.13.Corporate Control. Describe how the interaction between buyers and sellers affects the market valueof a firm, and explain how that can subject a firm to the market for corporate control.ANSWER: If a firm’s business performance is weak, investor demand for shares will typically be weak, and the firm’s stock price will be weak. Another firm’s managers may consider purchasing the weak firm at its prevailing weak price, and then improving that firm’s performance by replacing managers and reorganizing that firm. Managers of the weak firm have an incentive to improve their firm to prevent the firm from being acquired.14. ADRs. Explain how ADRs enable U.S. investors to become part owners of foreign companies.ANSWER: American depository receipts (ADRs) are certificates that represent ownership of aforeign stock. They are traded in the United States. U.S. investors can purchase ADRs as a method of investing in foreign securities.15. NYSE. Explain why stocks traded on the NYSE generally exhibit less risk than stocks that are tradedon other exchanges.ANSWER: Stocks traded on the NYSE tend to represent larger firms. These stocks also have a large trading volume, which enhances their liquidity.16. Role of Organized Exchanges. Are organized stock exchanges used to place newly issued stock?Explain.ANSWER: Organized exchanges are used to facilitate secondary market transactions. They are not used to place newly issued stock.Advanced Questions17.Role of IMFs. How have international mutual funds (IMFs) increased the international integration ofcapital markets among countries?ANSWER: International mutual funds (IMFs) have allowed investors easy access to foreignsecurities, since the firm sponsoring the IMFs makes the portfolio decisions and executes thetransactions. Even small investors can easily invest in foreign securities by purchasing shares of IMFs. Consequently, international capital markets have become more integrated.18. Spinning and Laddering. Describe spinning and laddering in the IPO market. How do you thinkthese actions influence the price of a newly issued stock? Who is adversely affected as a result of these actions?ANSWER: Spinning is the process in which an investment bank allocates shares from an IPO to corporate executives who may be considering an IPO or other business that would require the help of an investment bank. Laddering involves investors placing bids for IPO shares on the first day that are above the offer price.6 Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor MonitoringLaddering ultimately results in upward price momentum, which may or may not accurately reflect the fair value of the underlying stock. If spinning occurs at favorable stock prices, this may keep the stock price from achieving its fair value.The initial owners of the firm may be adversely affected because the firm may not receive as much proceeds from the IPO due to spinning and laddering. Spinning may result in shares sold at a lower than market price. Laddering might only occur if there is an unusually strong demand for the shares.If there is such a strong demand, the IPO price must be too low.19. Impact of Accounting Irregularities. How do you think accounting irregularities affect the pricingof corporate stock in general? From an investor’s viewpoint, how do you think the information used to price stocks changes given that accounting irregularities exist?ANSWER: Generally speaking, accounting irregularities introduce additional uncertainty and risk.Consequently, investors would require a higher rate of return, which would result in a lower stock price.The existence of accounting irregularities probably results in closer scrutiny of financial statements for investors. Furthermore, investors will probably seek additional sources of information andopinions in addition to the firm’s financial statements as part of their decision-making process.20. Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Briefly describe the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Discusshow this act affects the monitoring by shareholders.ANSWER: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act:1) Prevents a public accounting firm from auditing a client firm whose employees were employed bythe client firm within one year prior to the audit.2) Requires that only outside board members of a firm be on the firm’s audit committee.3) Prevents the members of a firm’s audit committee from receiving consulting or advising fees orother compensation from the firm beyond that earned from serving on the board.4) Requires that the CEO and CFO of firms that are of at least a specified size level to certify that theaudited financial statements are accurate.5) Specified major fines or imprisonment for employees who mislead investors or hide evidence.6) Prevents public accounting firms from offering non-audit services to an audit client if the client’saudit committee pre-approves the non-audit services to be rendered before the audit begins.The Act prevents accounting irregularities by firms and should improve the ability of shareholders to monitor firms.21. IPO Dilemma. Denton Co. plans to engage in an IPO and will issue 4 million shares of stock. It ishoping to sell the shares for an offer price of $14. It hires a securities firm that suggests that the offer price for the stock be $12 per share to ensure that all the shares will be easily sold. Explain thedilemma here for Denton Co. What is the advantage of following the advice of the securities firm?What is the disadvantage? Is the securities firm’s incentive to place the shares aligned with that of Denton Co.?ANSWER: The advantage is that Denton Co. wants to have a successful offering in which it can sell all of its shares, and it wants investors to believe that they made a good investment. This could help Denton engage in a secondary offering at some point in the future when it needs to raise more funds.Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoring 7 The disadvantage of using an offer price of $12 instead of $14 is that Denton gives up $2 per share, and therefore may receive $8 million less in proceeds from selling the stock.The securities firm wants to place all the shares for Denton. However, it does not suffer the loss in proceeds when it lowers the offer price, although its fees from performing the underwriting function may be reduced slightly. In addition, the underwriter can benefit when institutional investors invest in shares at a low price and earn high returns, because they may subscribe to future offerings by the investment bank. Denton understands that the securities firm needs to set the offer price low enough to attract enough investors to sell the entire amount of shares, but any discount beyond that point may be perceived as “leaving money on the table.” When investors buy a stock at an IPO for less than its fundamental value, they gain at the expense of the firm that issued the stock.22. Variation in Investor Protection among Countries. Explain how shareholder protection variesamong countries. Explain how enforcement of securities laws varies among countries. Why do these characteristics affect the valuations of stocks?ANSWER: Shareholders in some countries have more voting power and can have a strongerinfluence on management of corporations. The legal protection of shareholders also variessubstantially among countries. Shareholders in some countries can more effectively sue publicly-traded firms if their executives or directors commit financial fraud. In general, common law countries such as the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom allow for more legal protection than civil law countries such as France or Italy. If a country has securities laws but no enforcement, the laws are useless.Investors have more power to ensure that management serves their interests if they have moreprotection, and therefore can ensure that managers make decisions that are intended to maximize the firm’s value.23. International ETFs. Describe international ETFs. Explain how ETFs are exposed to exchange raterisk. How do you think an investor decides whether to purchase an ETF representing Japan, Spain, or some other country?ANSWER: Exchange-traded funds are passive funds that track a specific index. By investing in an international exchange-traded fund, investors can invest in a specific index representing a foreign country’s stock market. The ETFs are denominated in dollars. However, the net asset value of an international ETF is determined by translating the foreign currency value of the foreign securities into dollars. Thus, a weaker foreign currency will reduce the net asset value in dollars.The decision to purchase a specific ETF for a specific country is based on expected return and risk, which may be determined based on an assessment of the country’s economic and political conditions, and the expectations about whether its local currency will weaken (which reduces the net asset value of the ETF).Interpreting Financial NewsInterpret the following statements made by Wall Street analysts and portfolio managers:a. “The recent wave of IPOs is an attempt by many small firms to capitalize on the recent run-up in8 Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoringstock prices.”Firms prefer to go public when stock market conditions are favorable so that they can benefitfrom high valuations in the market. Their stock will sell for a higher price if the prices of other similar publicly traded firms are high.b. “IPOs transfer wealth from unsophisticated investors to large institutional investors who get in atthe offer price and get out quickly.”Some institutional investors invest in IPOs at the offer price, and then quickly sell (flip) theirshares to individual investors who were not able to buy shares at the offer price. The individual investors pay a much higher price and the long-term performance of IPOs is poor, especially for individual investors who pay the price that exists a day of two after the IPO. Thus, theinstitutional investors gain while the individual investors lose.c. “Firms must be more accountable to the market when making decisions because they are subjectto indirect control by institutional investors.”If a firm performs poorly, the institutional investors with a large stake in that firm may engage inshareholder activism to improve the firm’s performance.Managing in Financial MarketsAs a portfolio manager of a financial institution, you are invited to numerous road shows in which firms that are going public promote themselves, and the lead underwriter invites you to invest in the IPO. Beyond any specific information about the firm, what other information would you need to decide whether to invest in the upcoming IPO?Market conditions should be assessed. As stock market conditions change, valuations change. In addition, industry conditions change over time, which affect valuations of firms within a particular industry.Problem1. Dividend Yield. Over the last year, Calzone Corporation paid a quarterly dividend of $0.10 in each ofthe four quarters. The current stock price of Calzone Corporation is $39.78. What is the dividend yield for Calzone stock?ANSWER:Dividend yield = %01.178.39$10.0$4=×Flow of Funds ExerciseContemplating an Initial Public Offering (IPO)Chapter 10: Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoring 9Recall that if the economy continues to be strong, Carson Company may need to increase its production capacity by about 50 percent over the next few years to satisfy demand. It would need financing to expand and accommodate the increase in production. Recall that the yield curve is currently upward sloping. Also recall that Carson is concerned about a possible slowing of the economy because of potential Fed actions to reduce inflation. It is also considering the issuance of stock or bonds to raise funds in the next year.a.If Carson issued stock now, it would have the flexibility to obtain more debt and would also beable to reduce its cost of financing with debt. Why?If Carson supports some of its growth with stock, it changes its capital structure to include more equity that does not require a cash outflow (no interest payments). Thus, it can more easily cover its debt payments. In addition, financial institutions would be more willing to provide more credit because Carson has more equity to support its business and is less likely to default on debt.b.Why would an IPO result in heightened concerns in financial markets about Carson Company’spotential agency problems?When the firm is publicly owned, management is at least partially separated from ownership.Managers are agents who are supposed to be serving shareholder interests. Yet, the managersmay be tempted to make decisions that are in their own best interests rather than maximizeshareholder wealth. If there are agency problems, the firm’s performance may suffer, and itsstock price would be reduced. Shareholders who own stock are adversely affected by agencyproblems.c.Explain why institutional investors such as mutual funds and pension funds that invest in stockfor long-term periods (at least a year or two) may more be interested in investing in some IPOsthan they are in purchasing other stocks that have been publicly traded for several years?Institutional investors may believe that the market does not properly price newly issued stock,and they can capitalize on this discrepancy by investing in IPOs.d.Given that institutional investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual fundsare the major investors in IPOs, explain the flow of funds that results from an IPO. That is, what is the original source of the money that is channeled through the institutional investors andprovided to the firm going public?The money invested by insurance companies comes from insurance premiums paid bypolicyholders. The money invested by pension funds comes from retirement accounts ofemployees and their respective employers. The money invested by mutual funds comes fromshareholders who want the mutual fund to invest their money.。