口译笔译 笔记法符号
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口译笔记速记符号归总2下面举例说明听力笔记的一些技巧:1、不要大量记录文字(汉字、单词)——而要使用符号来表示意思(缩写、图形)Eg:“powerful country”记作“强口”,“我同意”记作“I√ ”;“观点,看法一致”记作“⊙ same”,“economic development”记作“经↑”↑表示“上升、快速上升、快速发展、快速上涨等”↓表示“下降、减少、急剧下降、急速下跌等”;↗表示“缓慢上升,缓慢发展、缓慢上涨等”;←表示“返回,倒退等”;→表示“达到,至,导致,前进等”;+表示“加,增加,此外,另外,又加之”;—表示“减少,减”;>表示“多于,大于,强于”;<表示“少于,小于,不如”;∵表示“因为,由于”;∴表示“所以,因此”;=表示“等于,相同,与……相同”。
t表示thousand;m表示million;b表示 billion;1st表示first。
2、不要横着写:——而要竖着写,竖起来记有利于保持活意思意思以及数量等信息之间的逻辑界限。
3、逻辑关系要清楚明了——不要记流水帐。
以上是一些通行的的原则。
通行的原则存在,通行的方式却不存在,这是因为每个人的对记录符号的使用可能是多样的,同一事物不同的人可能会使用不同的符号,同一符号在不同的人意识中肯能代表不同的意思。
口译速记技巧口译考试之所以难,在于其长度和规定的限时。
估计很多参加过第二阶段口译考试的考生都有这样的经历,听的时候大意可以听懂,但是由于听时未作任何速记,关键词汇,逻辑关系在听后无法正确归纳,导致最后只能译出第一句或最后一句,而中间部分则完全忽略或遗忘。
真是如此,你是不可能通过口译考试的。
因此,自己在平日练习时一定要把速记归入计划之内。
总体上来说,速记符号主要有以下几类 :A。
保留大写字母或第一音节经济: E 教育: Edu 文化: C 政治: P 科技: ST 卫生: H旅游: T 环境: En 工业: I 农业: AB.简写缩略AFAC : as far as … is concerned( 就 …… 而言 )LFT : look forward to ( 期待 )ASAP : as soon as possible( 尽快 )C.图象⊕ 高兴,同意,满意等,如: happy , pleased , satisfied , agree…◎ 悲伤,生气,不满,不同意等,如:sad , angry , irritated , unsatisfied , sorrowful , discomfort , disagree… ⊙ 会议,如 conference , meeting , seminar , symposium…□ 国家,地区,如:中国:□ C ,俄国:□ RD.符号﹢高兴,男性,同意,增加等,如happy , male , agree , many , +2=more , +3=most , beneficial , good , beautiful , great , gorgeous…-悲伤,女性,不同意,减少等,如sad , female , disagree , little , few , -2=less , -3=least , lack of ,short of…√同意,正确等,如: agree , correct , right…×不同意,错误等,如: disagree , incorrect…↑增长,进步等,如: increase , soar , mushroom , rocket , make progress… ↓下降,退步,恶化等,如 decrease , sink , slide , subside , plump , plunge ,drop , degrade ,deteriorate…>多于,超过,比 …… 低一级等,如: more than , greater than , begger than ,better than , superior to , surpass , transcend , overtake…<少于,比 …… 低级等,如: less than , lower than , smaller than , inferior to…~大约,如: approximately , about , around , some , nearly , almost , similar to…/否定,清除,如: clear , settle , solve , tackle , conquer , eliminate ,extinct…≠与 …… 不同,如: differ from , different from , distinct , unique…$ 金钱,利益,如: interest , benefit , money , fund , capital…E.标点? 问题,麻烦,障碍,如: question , issue , difficult , hardship , barrier ,obstacle…: 主观想法和说辞,如: think , consider , speak , say , talk , mark , announce ,declare , hope ,例: repeat 或 reaffirm 可以用 :2 来替代,声明支持可以用 + :来替代,谴责用 - :。
口译符号的一些记法比较多用的速记符号:1. 数学符号。
如 :" 十 " 号可以表示 " 还有、和、此外、而且、以及、加上,加快,正面的,积极的,强" 等进一层的意思and, plus, extra, excessive, apart from, in addition to, more over, further (more), even, strong ,accelerate, speed up, 正面的positive 积极的active, proactive, vigorous,‘一 " 号可以表示 " 减少、除去、不会、没有,减慢,减弱,弱,负面的,缺少,不足,不够 " 等退让的意思。
Except, slow down, weaken, weak, negative ,lack,insufficient, not adequate " × " 号可以表示 " 错误、不行、没有、反对, 不接受,拒绝,不承认,不同意,不好,不利,禁止 " 等否定的意思。
Mistake, wrong, unbenefited, not practical, not viable, bad, reject, disagree, disapprove, object, unpermitted, unable, not have the capacity to,disadvantage, prohibit, ban, forbid‘ =" 号可以表示 " 等于、相当于、一样, 公平,平等, " 等相等程度 ( 量 ) 的意思。
Equal, fair, the same as, as…as,"V" 号可以表示 " 正确、同意、好 t 著名 ,可以,可行的,有权,允许" 等肯定、赞扬的意思。
口译笔记速记符号归总缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receive保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/O保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL people根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表acc = account, accountantacdg = accordingacpt = acceptad = advertisementadm = administrationads = addressadv = adviceagr = agricultureagt = agentalt = altitudea.m. = ante meridiem = before noon AMAP = as much as possibleamb = ambassadoramt = amountanal = analysisanc = ancientanon = anonymousans = answerapp = appendixApr = Aprilapt = apartmentarch = architecturearr = arrive; arrivalASAP = as soon as possibleass = assistant; associationat = atmosphere; atomicatt = attorney; attentionAug = Augustaux = auxiliaryav = averageave = avenuea.w.l. = absent with leave (准假)a.w.o.l. = absent without official leave (无故缺席) B.A. = Bachelor of Artsbal = balanceB.C. = before Christbd = boardbdl = bundlebk = bank; bookbkts = basketsB/L = bill of lading (提单)BLDG = buildingbp = birthplacebr = branch; brotherB.S. = Bachelor of Sciencebu = bureauC = capacity; century; chapter; centigrade; cost; city; center cal = calendar; caliber; caloriescap = capital; captaincat = catalogcc = carbon copy (复印件;抄送)CEO = chief executive officercert = certificateCFM = confirmcncl = cancelcp. = comparecit = citizenciv = civil; civilizationclk = clerkcml = commercialco. = companyc/o = care of(转交)col = college; colorcom = commentary; common; communication; community comm = commissioncomp = complete; computer; competition con = conclusion; againstcond = conditioncont. = continent; continuedcorp = corporationcust = customer; custom; customsDec = Decemberdec = deceased; declarationdef = defender; defensedeg = degreedep = depositDEPT = departmentdisc = discountdist = distance; distinguishdiv = divide; divorceddo. = ditto (同上)dorm = dormitorydpt = departuredz = dozene = east; earth; engineeringecon = economics; economyed. = education; editore.g. = exempli gratia = for example encl. = enclosed; enclosureesp. = especiallyetc. = et cetera = and so onex. = example; exception; extraexp. = exportexpln = explainext = extend; extensionFAX = facsimileFeb. = Februaryfem = female; feminineff. = followingfig = figuresfin = finance; financialfl = fluidFLT = flightFOB = free on board (船上交货;离岸价格) for = foreign; forestryfp = freezing pointfr = frequentFri. = Fridayfrt = freight (货物;货运)ft = foot; feet (脚;英寸)fut = futureFYR = for your reference (仅供参考)g = gold; grain; guide; gender; gravity G.A. = General Assembly (联合国大会) gen. = generallygent = gentleman; gentlemengm = gram; general managergov = governmentgs = general secretary (秘书长)h = harbor; hundred; husband; hydrogen hd = head (头部;首脑)hf = halfHon = honorable; honoraryH.Q. = headquartershr = hourht = heighthypoth = hypothesis; hypotheticali.a. = in absence; absentib. = ibidem = in the same placeID = identity; identity cardi.e. = id est = that isimp = import; imperialIMPS = impossibleIMPT = importantin. = inch; inchesind = industrial; independentindiv = individualinfo = informationins = insuranceinst. = instant; instituteint. = interior; interest (兴趣;利息)I/O = instead ofIOU = I owe you (借据)I.Q. = intelligence quotientIVO = in view of (鉴于,考虑到)is. = islandJ = judge; justicejour = journal; journalistjr. = junior (大学三年级学生; 年少的; 初级的)kg = kilogram (千克;公斤)km = kilometer (公里)lat. = latitudelb. = pounds (磅;英镑)L/C = letter of credit (信用证)leg = legallib = library; librarianliq = liquidlit = literaturelong. = longitudeM.A. = Master of Artsmach = machinerymag = magazineman. = manual; manufactureMar = Marchmath = mathematicsMDL = model (型号;模特)Mdm = Madammed. = medicine; medicalmem = member; memoir (回忆录) memo = memorandum (备忘录)mid = middlemin = minute; minimummkt. = marketmod = moderate; modernMon. = Mondaymph = mile per hour (每小时英里数; 车速) Mr. = MisterMrs. = MistressMS = manuscripts (手稿)msg = messageMt = Mount; mountainmus = music; museumn = north; noon; name; normalnat = national; native; naturaln.d. = no date (无日期)NLT = not later than (不迟于)No. = numberNov. = Novembernr = nearobj = object; objectiveobs = obsolete (过时的); observeobt = obtainOct. = Octoberoff. = office; officialop. = opera; operation; oppositeord = ordinaryorg = organizationorig = originaloz. = ounce (盎司)p. = page; power; pressurepara = paragraphpart = particular; partnerpass = passive; passengerPAT = patentpayt = paymentpc = piece; personal computerpd. = paid (钱款)已付perf = perform; performancePh.D. = Doctor of Philosophypk = park; peak (备注:pk这个符号大家可以根据时髦的用语来灵活拓展其含义) pkg = packagePLS = pleasep.m. = post meridiem = [w]afternoon POB = post-office boxpop = popular; populationpr. = pair; preferredprec = precedingprim = primary; primitiveprin. = principlepro = productProf. = professorpub. = public; publishqr. = quarterqt. = quantityqua = qualityr. = radius; railroad; retiredrcd = receivedrcpt = receiptRd = roadre = about (关于)reg = register; regionrep = representativerev = revise; reverse; revenuerm. = roomrpt = report; repeatSat. = Saturdaysch = schoolsci = sciencesec = second; section; sectorsig. = signal; signaturesitn = situationsp. = species (物种); specimen (标本) sq. = squareSTD = standardSun. = Sundaysurg = surgery; surgeontech = technologytel. = telephonetemp = temporary; temperature Thur. = ThursdayTKS = thankstrans = transaction; translationtrf = trafficTu. = TuesdayT.U. = Trade Union (英)工会ult = ultimateUN = United Nationsuniv = universityup = upperusu. = usuallyvil = villageV.P. = Vice Presidentvs. = versusv.v. = vice versa (反之亦然)wel = welcome; welfareXL = extra large (特大号)二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
口译记录的常用符号a.图标符号:↑ : 上升, 发展, 扩大, 加强等(grow, develop, expand, strengthen, etc.)↓ :下降, 减少, 恶化, 裁减(drop to, reduce, deteriorate, cut down )→ :导致,输出,派遣, 进入, 结论(result in, export to, send to, enter, drawa conclusion):来自,源于,追溯至, 进口,收到(come from, originate from, date back,import from, receive from):国家(country, state, nation):国内(domestic, internal, home):国外(external, overseas, abroad)⊙:开会,会议,研讨会,讨论,谈判(meeting, conference, seminar, discussion, negotiation)(图像表示“圆桌”)∪:协议,协定,条约,合同(agreement, accord, treaty, contract) (图像表示“酒杯”,含有庆祝的意思)如: 双边条约(bilateral treaty)可写成: ;三边协定(trilateral agreement )可写成: ;°:人, 人们(person, people) (图像表示“人头”)如: 美国人可写成: “US°” ; 中国人可写成: “中°” ;♂:男性,男人(male, man)♀:女性,女人(female, woman)Δ:代表(on behalf of):对立,冲突(confrontation, conflict)~ :交流,交换, 相互(exchange, replace, each other)?:疑问,问题,提问(doubt , problem, question, ask): :说,告诉,认为,声明,例如(say, speak, tell, think, declare, such as, like)( ):包括,在…之中/内,封闭(including, within, among, inside, seclusion)∈:属于,归于,归属(belong to ,be part of, fall into, pertain to)// :停顿,停止,终止(stop, halt)& :和,与…一起(and, together with)…:等等(and so on, and so forth, and the like, etc.)√:正确,好,肯定的,积极的,同意(correct, good, affirmative, certain, positive, agree)×:不/非,错误的,坏的,不好的, 否定的(not, no, wrong, incorrect, bad, notorious, negative)☆:杰出的,优秀的,最佳的,重要的,榜样(outstanding, excellent, best, important, model)(星光璀璨,表示“优秀,突出”):高兴,开心,愉快,兴奋(happy, pleased, delightful, joyful, excited)(这是个脸谱图像符号,嘴巴向上翘,表示“开心”):不满,生气,不开心,郁闷(unsatisfied, angry, unhappy, gloomy)(嘴巴向下撇,表示“不高兴”):惊讶,惊奇,吃惊,震惊(surprised , astonished , amazed, shocked )(嘴巴张大,表示“吃惊”):害怕,恐惧,恐慌(scared , frightened, panic ) (两只眼睛张大,表示“恐惧”):听说,据说,众所周知(it is said that, maybe you’ve heard of, as we allknow , as is known to all ) (脑袋上画个耳朵,表示“听说过,有所闻”)b .数学符号:= :等于,相当于,是…的对手(equal to, the same as, a match/rival/competitor for sb.)≠:不等于,不同,不是…的对手(not equal to, different, no match for)≈:大约,左右(approximately, around, or so )>:大于,多于,超过,优于(greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, superior to)<:小于,少于,不够,劣于,次于(smaller/fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to)+ :加上,另外,除此之外(plus, add, moreover, besides, in addition to, furthermore)-:减去,扣除,缺乏(minus, deduct, lack )∑:总共,合计(total, in all, add up )% :百分比,百分之…(percent)‰:千分比,千分之…(per thousand)∵:因为, 由于(as, because, owing to, due to, thanks to)∴:所以, 因此, 因而(consequently, so, therefore, as a result)c .常用缩写词:UN ( United Nations ) :联合国UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization):联合国教科文组织UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund):联合国儿童基金会UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees):联合国难民公署EU (European Union ) : 欧洲联盟(简称“欧盟”)EEC (European Economic Community): 欧洲经济共同体NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): 北大西洋公约组织APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation): 亚太经济合作组织WTO (World Trade Organization): 世界贸易组织WB (World Bank): 世界银行IMF(International Monetary Fund):国际货币基金组织L.G( ladies and gentlemen):女士们、先生们TKS( thanks):谢谢Org(organization):组织Co.(Company):公司MKT(market):市场L/C(letter of credit):信用证Ltd.(Limited): 有限Memo (memorandum): 备忘录 B.C.(before Christ): 公元前e. g. (for example): 例如i.e. (that is ): 即;那就是etc. (and so on ):等等esp.(especially):特别;尤其usu.(usually):通常;惯常max.(maximum): 最高min.(minimum): 最低;最小Wt.(weight):重量Kg.(kilogramme):公斤;千克b. (billion ): 十亿m.(million, meter, mile):百万;米;英里t.( thousand ,temperature , ton):千; 温度; 吨h. (hundred, hour, height): 百;小时;高度km. (kilometer)千米:公里sq. km (square kilometer):平方公里E(East):东S( South):南W( West ):西N( North ):北Q.( question ) :问题; A.(answer, acre ): 回答;英亩C (centigrade): 摄氏温度F( Fahrenheit): 华氏温度att. (attention):注意cf.(compare):比较c/o(care of): 转交ref.(reference):参考add.(Address):住址st.(street): 街std.(standard): 标准econ. (economy):经济ad.(advertisement):广告w (world):世界p (peace):和平r (repetition):重复y (year):年m (month):月w (week):星期 d (day):日a.m.(before noon):上午p.m.(afternoon):下午CN(China):中国(或简写为“中”) US(United States ):美国F(France):法国J(Japan):日本(或简写为“日”) UK(United Kingdom):英国HK(Hong Kong):香港MO(Macao):澳门TW(Taiwan):台湾AL(Australia ):澳大利亚SD(Sweden):瑞典SZ(Switzerland):瑞士CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States):独联体IQ(Iraq):伊拉克IR(Iran):伊朗ID(India):印度IN(Indonesia):印度尼西亚PL(Palestine ):巴勒斯坦PK(Pakistan):巴基斯坦d .综合性符号:. d ( yesterday): 昨天.. d (the day before yesterday): 前天. y( last year): 去年.. y (the year before last ): 前年d . (tomorrow): 明天 d .. (the day after tomorrow): 后天y . (next year): 明年y .. (the year after last): 后天[注:在年、月、日缩写词前后加“.” , 表示时间的推前或后移。
一、口译笔记的符号系统和缩略语语言是一个符号系统(包括文字符号)。
用各种符号作记录,概括性强、重点突出、一目了然。
学习一些常规口译笔记中经常使用的符号与缩写词是很有好处的。
在此基础上,每个人也可以形成一套自己常用的、熟悉的、有效的笔记系统。
下面归纳几种相对固定的符号和简写形式,供大家在练习和实践中参考。
(一)箭头“→”表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to, etc. 导致、引导:lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.“←”表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc. 追溯到:come/go back to,originate in, etc.“↑”表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc. 发射、起飞、升空:launch,ascend, skyrocket, etc.发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc.“↓”表示向下、下降:down/downward/drop, decrease, jump, etc. 减少、恶化:reduce, deteriorate, go down, etc.(二) 数学符号“+”表示和、还有、另外、加上、多:and, in addition to, furthermore, many, lots of, etc.“-”表示减少、除去、少:minus, lack, in short of, little, few, etc.“×”表示错误、没有、反对、冲突:wrong, something bad, negative, conflict, confrontation, etc.“>”表示大于、超过、多于:greater, larger or more than, better than, surpass, more and more, etc.“<”表示小于、不如、次于、比不上:smaller than, fewer/less than, worse than, inferior to, etc.“=”表示等于、相当于、一样:the same as,that is to say, in other words,be equal to, etc. 对手:match/rival/competitor, counterpart.“≠”表示不等于、不同:not equal to, be different from, etc.“≈”表示大约、左右:about/around,or so, approximately, etc.“∵”表示由于、因为:because, as, due to, thanks to, owing to, etc.“∴”表示所以、因此、因而、结果:so, therefore, as a result, consequently, etc.(三) 标点符号“:”表示说:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc. 意见、观点、主意:opinion, idea, viewpoint, etc.“?”表示问题:question,issue,problem, etc.“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样:“.d”表示yesterday,“.y"表示last year,“.2m”表示two months ago,“y”表示this year,“y2.”表示 two years later/in two years,“next week”,可以表示为“wk.”“()”表示在……之间:among, within, etc.(四) 其它符号“√”表示好:right/good,famous/well-known,etc. 同意:stand up for,support, agree with somebody, certain/ affirmative, etc.“& ”表示和、与:and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.“☆”表示重要的、杰出的、优秀的、榜样:important, best,outstanding,brilliant,model, etc.“∥”表示结束:end,stop,halt,bring something to a standstill/stop, etc.“°”表示人、者:person, people, 如经济学家可以表示为“经°”,中国人可以表示为“中°”,etc.“⊙”表示会议、讨论、谈判:meeting, seminar, discussion, negotiation, etc.“♂”表示男人:man, male, boy, etc.“♀”表示女人:woman, female, girl, etc.“□”表示国家:country, state, nation, etc.“△”表示代表:represent, on behalf of, etc.“∽”表示交流、交换、替代、相互:exchange, mutual, each other, communication, replace, etc.(五) 缩略词英语缩写词的写法一般有以下几种:●拿掉所有元音。
口译笔记法常用符号inquiry, interrogate, ask, mystery,…问题;question, problem, …!危险,警告,当心,值得注意的是;dangerous, warning, alarm, watch out, of course°人,人民,伙伴,朋友;people, partner, …✉信息,消息,情报;information, message, intelligence, …删除,废除,放弃;delete, discard, give up, …ഗ贸易,交换,交流,关于,关联,替代;trade, exchange, communication, relationship__ 这个,强调;emphasize a certain word/ phrase.…继续,持续,不断的,长期的,各种各样的,多的;more, continuous, …=> 加强,推动,促进;enhance, promote, …×#不仅;not only, …& 和,而且;and…@关于;aboute.g.例如,比如;for example, such as, …(三)图形符号☺高兴,激动;happy, pleased, excited, …☹失望,不满意,生气;unhappy, unsatisfied, angry, …会议,聚会;conference, symposium, convention, session, forum, seminar, council, congress, meeting, assembly, gathering, committee,commission, association, union, senate, parliament, convocation, …学校,大学,教育机构;school, college, educational institution, …医院,医疗机构;hospital, medical institution, …○全部的,整个的,所有的,完整的,彻底的;complete, whole, …目标,目的;aim, objective, target, …ര看到,注意到;see, notice, watch, …ര重视,强调;pay attention to, highlight, …□国家,民族;nation, state, republic, kingdom, federal, union, …国际,世界;international, world, …∧领导,顶点,顶级,最高级(上标);top, peak, leader, boss, king, governor, mayor,…国家领导人,政府首脑;state leader, …出口;export, …进口;import, …△城市,都市;city, urban, metropolitan, cosmopolitan, …▽农村,乡村;village, rural, country, countryside, farm, suburb, outskirt, …☆重点,重心,重视,重要的,主要的,杰出的;important, significant, remarkable* 特征,特点,代表;feature, characteristic, quality, nature, trademark, on behalf of…♀女性;woman, female, …♂男性;man, male, …V 胜利,凯旋;victory, triumph, …﹩美元,钱;有钱的,富裕的;dollar, money, rich, well-off, …∪协议,决议,合约,条约;agreement, treaty, contract, compact, convention resolution结束,停止,完成,实现;halt, stop, complete, …‖渠道;channel, tunnel, tube, pipe, ditch, duct, …发展;development, advancement, …开放;opening, …∟过去;in the past, long before, past time, …∟将来;in future, in the future, …↓影响,效果,压力,负担;influence, effect, affect, pressure, stress, burden, load,…(四)趋向符号←邀请,需要,访问,来到;be invited, needed, come (here), …→去,到,走;to, go (there)…↑增加,提升,提高,升级,升值;increase, improve, enhance, grow, lift, promote…↓减少,下降,降低,贬值;decline, decrease, reduce, degrade, lower, diminish, …(五)英文字母y 年;year M 月;month改编自吴钟明. 《英语口译笔记法实战指导》.武汉大学出版社。
口译中常用的速记符号∵ :因为, 由于,幸亏;because , due to , thanks to……∴ :所以,因此,结果是;so, therefore, consequently……≠ :不等于,不同,有差距;different, disparity ……≈ :约等于,大约,大概;about, almost, nearly……> :大于,超过,高于;surpass, exceed, more than, superior to……< :小于,少于,低于;les s than, inferior to……≤ :小于或等于≥ :大于或等于= :等于,意味着,一致,公平;the same as, equal to, mean to, similar to ……. × :错误,不好的,否面的;wrong, negative, mistake, bad, not, wrong/incorrect, something bad,notorious,……√ :正确,好的,肯定; right, correct, good, positive, affirmative……N :不同意; disagree……Y :同意; agree……↑ :上升,扩大,提升,发展,增加,起飞; up, rise, increase……↓ :下降,向下,下调,减少,恶化,裁减; down, decrease……↗ :促进,发展,上扬,越来越好;↘ :下挫,不断亏损;+ :强,好,另外,多; strong, good,plus, add, moreover, besides……++:更强,更好; stronger, better……+3 :表示"多"的最高级:most- :弱,差,减去,出去,除了; weak, minus, deduct, in short of, except……――:更弱,更差; weaker, worse……-3 :æ :行动,行为,法案;action, act……[ ] :在……之中,在……之内; among,within,between ……∈ :属于;belong to……→ :导致,结果,向前,到达,交给,输出;lead to, go, arrive at……← :来自,源于,进口,收到,邀请,回顾,是……的结果;(be) invited★ :优秀的,杰出的V :胜利? :问题、疑问& :和,与,和……一道and, together with,along with,accompany, etc.=> :结论是 ./ :一方面; ;/. :另一方面; ./. :关系□ :国家country, state, nation, □/□ :国与国>< :对立,冲突<<:波折twists and turns⊙ :会议, 会面, 研讨会∩:进入∞:接触,交往// :停顿,中止,结束⊥:分歧** :非常、十分重要≡:坚持! :奇观, 危险,警告,当心@ :有关∽:替换为‖:但是∥. :与……比较而言○:空洞△:代表:交换口译中常用的字母符号Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
口译笔记速记符号归总(三)二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如:日本人:JZ.C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, ernmental official 可以表示为 CZP 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political.那么politician就可以表示为 PZE 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率:efficient, effective.G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业:business.C× 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation. W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。
它是work的第一个字母。
所以WZ 就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺".如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。
1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology department UK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples: bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples: decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separatesets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <---> resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:F拿掉所有元音MKT: marketMGR: managerMSG: messageSTD: standardRCV: receiveF保留前几个字母INFO informationINS insuranceEXCH exchangeI owe you IOUIn stead of I/OF保留开头和结尾个发音字母WK weekRM roomPL peopleF根据发音R areTHO thoughTHRU through高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表缩略词原词APT ApartmentACC AccountantACDG According ACPT AcceptAD AdvertisementADS AddressADV AdviceAMAP As much/many as possible AMT AmountAPV ApproveASAP As soon as possibleBAL BalanceBLDG BuildingCERT CertificateCFM ConformCNCL CancelCNF ConferenceCMI CommissionCMP CompleteCMPE Compete/competitiveCMU CommunicationCONC Concern/concerning/concerned COND ConditionCO. CompanyDEPT DepartmentDISC DiscountDPT DepartureEXCH ExchangeEXPLN ExplainEXT ExtentFLT FlightFNT FinalFRT FreightFYR For your referenceGD GoodGUAR GuaranteeH.O. Home officeINFO InformationIMPS ImpossibleIMP(T) ImportantINCD IncludeINDIV IndividualINS InsuranceINTST InterestedI/O In stead ofIOU I owe youIVO In view ofMANUF Manufacture MDL ModelMEMO Memorandum MGR MangerMIN MinimumMKT MarketMSG Message NCRY Necessary NLT No later than OBS ObserveOBT ObtainORD OrdinaryPAT PatentPC PiecePKG PackingPL PeoplePLS PleasePOSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity RCV ReceiveREF Reference REGL RegularREP Representative RESN Reservation RPT Repeat RESPON Responsible SEC SectionSITN SituationSTD StandardTEL Telephone TEMP Temporary TGM Telegraph THO ThoughTKS ThanksTRD TradeTRF TrafficTTL TotalU YouUR YourWK WeekWL Will WT WeightXL Extra large二、字母、图像Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。