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Detection of an optical transient following the 13 March 2000 shorthard gamma-ray burst

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a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /0206201v 2 29 A u g 2002Astronomy &Astrophysics manuscript no.February 1,2008(DOI:will be inserted by hand later)Detection of an optical transient following the 13March 2000short/hard gamma-ray burst ⋆A.J.Castro-Tirado 1,2,J.M.Castro Cer´o n 3,J.Gorosabel 1,2,4,P.P´a ta 5,J.Sold´a n 6,R.Hudec 6,M.Jelinek 6,M.Topinka 6,M.Bernas 5,T.J.Mateo Sanguino 7,A.de Ugarte Postigo 8,J.´A.Bern´a 9,A.Henden 10,11,F.Vrba 11,B.Canzian 11,H.Harris 11,X.Delfosse 12,B.de Pontieu 13,J.Polcar 14,C.S´a nchez-Fern´a ndez 2,B.A.de la Morena 7,J.M.M´a s-Hesse 2,J.Torres Riera 15,and S.Barthelmy 161Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Andaluc´ıa (IAA-CSIC),P.O.Box 03004,18080Granada,Spain 2Laboratorio de Astrof´ısica Espacial y F´ısica Fundamental (LAEFF-INTA),28080Madrid,Spain 3Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada,Secci´o n de Astronom´ıa,11.110San Fernando–Naval (C´a diz)Spain 4Danish Space Research Institute,Juliane Maries Vej 30,2100Copenhagen ØDenmark.5Czech Technical University,Faculty of Electronic Engineering,Department of Radioelectronics,16627Prague,Czech Republic 6Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences,25165Ondˇr ejov,Czech Republic 7Centro de Experimentaci´o n del Arenosillo (CEDEA-INTA),E-21130Mazag´o n,Huelva,Spain 8Departamento de Astrof´ısica,Universidad Complutense,Madrid,Spain 9Departamento de F´ısica,Ingenier´ıa de Sistemas y Teor´ıa de la Se˜n al,Universidad de Alicante,Alicante,Spain 10Universities Space Research Association,Flagstaff station,AZ,U.S.A.11U.S.Naval Observatory,Flagstaff station,AZ,U.S.A.12Laboratoire d´Astrophysique de l´Observatoire de Grenoble,Grenoble,France 13Lockheed Martin Solar &Astrophysics Lab,Palo Alto,3251Hanover St.,Bldg.252,CA 94304,U.S.A.14Dept.of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics,Masaryk University,Brno,Czech Republic 15Divisi´o n de Ciencias del Espacio (DCE-INTA),Torrej´o n de Ardoz,E-28850Madrid,Spain 16NASA Goodard Space Flight Center,Greeebelt,MA,U.S.A.Received /Accepted Abstract.We imaged the error box of a gamma-ray burst of the short (0.5s),hard type (GRB 000313),with the BOOTES-1experiment in southern Spain,starting 4min after the γ–ray event,in the I -band.A bright optical transient (OT 000313)with I =9.4±0.1was found in the BOOTES-1image,close to the error box (3σ)provided by te time V RIK ′-band deep observations failed to reveal an underlying host galaxy.If the OT 000313is related to the short,hard GRB 000313,this would be the first optical counterpart ever found for this kind of events (all counterparts to date have been found for bursts of the long,soft type).The fact that only prompt optical emission has been detected (but no afterglow emission at all,as supportedby theoretical models)might explain why no optical counterparts have ever been found for short,hard GRBs.This fact suggests that most short bursts might occur in a low-density medium and favours the models that relate them to binary mergers in very low-density environments.Key words.gamma rays:bursts –optical transients –techniques:photometric –cosmology:observations1.IntroductionGamma Ray Bursts (GRBs hereafter)are flashes of cosmichigh energy photons,and they remained for 25years one ofthe most elusive mysteries for high energy astrophysicists,themain problem being the lack of knowledge about the distancescale.The detection of counterparts at other wavelengths for2 A.J.Castro-Tirado et al.:Detection of an optical transient following the13March2000short/hard gamma-rayburstFig.1.2.1◦×1.1◦fields in the I-band containing a fraction of the BATSE GRB error box.13Mar,UT21h17min(upper panel)and13Mar,UT22h13min(left panel).The position of the OT000313is marked with an arrow at the center of the image.North is upward and East is to the left.The limiting magnitude is I=12.0for the second image.been found yet in spite of intense efforts in order to detect the optical,infrared and radio counterparts to several short,hard bursts(Kehoe et al.2001,Gorosabel et al.2002,Hurley et al. 2002,Williams et al.2002).Therefore,one of the remaining GRB mysteries is whether the origin of the two populations are substantially different from one another.Here we present the results of a follow-up observation for one of these short/hard events.GRB000313was de-tected on13March2000,UT21h13min04s by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment(BATSE)instrument aboard the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory(trigger num-ber8035).The single–peaked gamma–ray burst lasted0.768±0.458s,showed substructure and was possibly detected be-low50keV.It reached a peakflux(50-300keV)of∼1.2(±0.1)×10−7erg cm−2s−1and afluence(≥25keV)of∼2.6(±1.7)×10−7erg cm−2.The gamma-rays properties as well as the duration of the burst make from GRB000313a clear short/hard gamma-ray burst.The original BATSE position reported through the GCN/BACODINE Network(Barthelmy et al.1998)was R.A.(2000)=13h31m,Dec(2000)=+27◦10′which was later on refined to R.A.(2000)=13h11m, Dec(2000)=+10◦14′.2.ObservationsWe obtained I-band and unfiltered images with the widefield CCD cameras of the Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System(BOOTES-1)(Castro-Tirado et al.1999a) beginning4min after the event(13Mar,UT21h17min).Fig.2.The deep I-band image obtained at the position of the OT000313with the NOT on31Mar2001.The total integration time was1,800–s.The circle shows the3′′radius error box for the OT derived from the BOOTES-1image.The bright star at the bottom is the star4’south of the OT in Figure1.Thefield is2.9’×2.1’with North upward and East to the left.The image taken with the ultrawidefield CCD camera(a1,524 x1,024pixel CCD attached to a18-mm f/2.8lens yielding 1′.64/pixel)covered the original BATSE error box whereas a mosaic of9images was performed with the widefield CCD camera(a1,524x1,024pixel CCD attached to a50-mm f/2.0lens yielding0′.64/pixel)in order to cover the full er-ror box.The narrowfield CCD camera at the Cassegrain fo-cus of the0.3-m BOOTES-1telescope(yielding2′′/pixel)im-aged part of thefield starting on14March,00h05min(4.8 hr later),once the OA was confirmed by the BOOTES team. Further observations were made the same night with the CCD camera at the1.0-m Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope(JKT)at La Palma under very poor seeing conditions and with the1.55-m Telescope at the U.S.Naval Observatory(USNO)in Flagstaff. Late time observations were obtained with the MAGIC NIR camera on the1.23-m telescope at Calar Alto(CAHA)and with the ALFOSC instrument on the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT)at La Palma.Table1report the list of observations.All frames were de-biased andflat-fielded using standard proce-dures.3.ResultsA comparison of the frames acquired by the BOOTES-1wide field CCD on Mar13,21h17min UT and Mar13,22h09 min UT revealed an optical transient(OT)(see Figure1)at R.A.(2000)=13h50m07.9s,Dec(2000)=+31◦16′49′′(±3′′)(Castro-Tirado et al.2000).The object is not detected in the rest of BOOTES-1images covering the OT position that were taken during the night,starting at22h09min ing aper-A.J.Castro-Tirado et al.:Detection of an optical transient following the13March2000short/hard gamma-ray burst3 Table1.Log of the OT000313optical and near-infraredfollow-up observations13Mar0021:170.05BOO I3009.4±0.113Mar0022:130.05BOO I300>12.014Mar0002:020.3BOO−9x120>19.014Mar0004:00 1.0JKT B600>20.114Mar0004:12 1.0JKT V600>19.314Mar0004:25 1.0JKT R2x300>19.014Mar0004:35 1.0JKT I2x300>18.014Mar0005:11 1.5USNO I60>20.214Mar0006:16 1.5USNO R300>21.414Mar0007:19 1.5USNO I900>21.623Apr0022:00 1.2CAHA K′2,400>18.028Apr0000:00 2.5NOT I3x600>22.422Mar0102:20 2.5NOT V3x750>23.430Mar0100:00 2.5NOT R4x900>24.031Mar0122:00 2.5NOT I6x300>23.520May0202:00 2.5NOT R15x600>24.54 A.J.Castro-Tirado et al.:Detection of an optical transient following the 13March 2000short/hard gamma-ray burstTime since trigger (days)8101214161820222426o p t i c a l −b a n d m a g n i t u d e Fig.3.The light curve of the OT 000313(I -band,star,upperlimits and solid line)superimposed to the light curve of thelong-duration GRB 990123(R -band,empty circles and dashedline),the only burst for which a prompt optical flash has beendetected.The OT 000313data are consistent with a prompt op-tical flash fast decay (α≥2.2)comparable to that of the GRB990123(α=2.1)but with the absence of an optical afterglow(that started at about T 0+0.01day in the GRB 990123).TheGRB 990123data are taken from Akerlof et al.(1999),Castro-Tirado et al.(1999b)and references therein.bursts (<100ms)might be due to primordial black hole (BH)evaporations (Hawking 1974,Cline et al.1999)although most of the short,hard burst population is thought to be due to bi-nary mergers (Narayan et al.1992).Lifetimes of neutron star–neutron star (NS)systems are of the order of ∼109yr,and large escape velocities are usual,putting them far away from the re-gions where their progenitors were born.Therefore,the GRB progenitors in the binary merger model context would be lo-cated in very low density regions,where no afterglow emission is expected.The likely result is a Kerr black hole and the energy released during the merging process is ∼1054erg,provided that the disk is sufficiently small and the accretion is driven by neutrino cooling (Narayan et al.2001).In that case,the ex-pected duration of the relativistic wind (i.e.the GRB)is ∼1s.A similar “output”would be expected from a NS-BH merger (Paczy´n ski 1991).Theoretical models have recently claimed that short GRBs only could exhibit very faint optical afterglow emission (R >23,a few hours after the gamma-ray event,Panaitescu et al.2001),therefore consistent with our upper limits.Although most NS–NS mergers should take place within a few tens of kpc from their host galaxies (see Fig.21of Fryer,Woosley and Hartmann 1999for a range of masses of galaxies),the fact that no host galaxy is found within the error circle down to the above mentioned upper limits is not unusual,due to the fact that most host galaxies are fainter than R =24(R =24.8is the median apparent magnitude,Djorgovski et al.2001).If the OT 000313is related to the short GRB 000313then,the fact that only prompt optical emission has been observed (and no optical afterglow emission)might explain the fact that no other optical counterpart for the short GRB class has been detected.These observational facts might indicate that short GRBs occur in a low-density medium,favouring the models that relate them to binary mergers in galactic haloes or in the intragalactic medium.We however note that a low density medium also makes it difficult to produce a 9mag optical flash by the reverse shock,unless the bulk Lorentz factor Γof the shell would be very large due to one of the following reasons:i)the typical reverse shock frequency νm ∝Γ2n 1/2with n the density of the ISM in the surroundings of the GRB.A small n requires a large Γ(>102)to make the spectrum peaking at optical (Kobayashi 2000);ii)F ν,max also positively related with n ,Γand the isotropic en-ergy release E iso .For short bursts,if both n and E iso are small compared with the long bursts,Γshould be very large to com-pensate the deficit;iii)to achieve a bright optical flash,the shell should be either thin (∆0<l /Γ8/3with ∆0the width of the shell and l the Sedov length i.e.,the reverse shock would be not relativistic)or rather marginal (even better,i.e.the ratio l /2∆0Γ8/3∼1).5.Conclusions If the OT 000313is indeed related to the short GRB 000313then,the fact that only prompt optical emission has been ob-served (and no optical afterglow emission)might explain thefact that no other optical counterparts for the short GRB classhas been detected,favouring the models that relate them to bi-nary mergers in galactic haloes or in the intragalactic medium.Given the fact that the distance distribution of NS-NS mergersdepends on the mass of the host galaxy (Fryer,Woosley andHartmann 1999),deeper observations of the OT 000313errorbox might help to better constraint the distance and/or the massof the host galaxy.Acknowledgements.We thank the anonymous referee and D.Hartmann for the valuable suggestions in order to improve themanuscript.We are very grateful to R.Vanderspek for his indepen-dent studying of the BOOTES-1image,to R.M.Kippen for fruit-ful conversations on the errors in the BATSE position and to G.J.Fishman and V .Connaughton for checking the BATSE data onthis particular burst.We also thank M.Ir´ıbar,I.D´ıaz Pe˜n a,J.J.Mart´ın Franc´ıa,F.Soubrier,J.M.Vilaplana,J.A.Ad´a mez and F.Ramos Mantis for their hospitality and help at the BOOTES-1sta-tion and to J.Masegosa,A.del Olmo,L.Verdes-Montenegro,L.Christensen,J.Hjorth,B.Jensen and H.Pedersen for their help re-garding the NOT observations.This work has been (partially)sup-ported by the Space Sciences Division at INTA,through the projectIGE 4900506,by the Spanish CICYT grant ESP95-0389-C02-02andthrough the project GV01-361of Oficina de Ciencia i Tecnologia dela Generalitat Valenciana.The Czech Participation is supported bythe Grant Agency of the Czech Rep.,grant 205/99/0145,and by theESA Prodex Contract 14527.JG acknowledges the receipt of a MarieCurie Research Grant from the European Commission.The JacobusKapteyn Telescope is operated by the Royal Greenwich Observatoryand the Nordic Optical Telescope is operated on the island of La Palmajointly by Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway and Sweden,in theA.J.Castro-Tirado et al.:Detection of an optical transient following the13March2000short/hard gamma-ray burst5 Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Institutode Astrof´ısica de Canarias.The NOT data have been taking usingALFOSC,which is owned by the Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Andaluc´ıa(IAA)and operated at the Nordic Optical Telescope under agree-ment between IAA and NBIfAFG of the Astronomical Observatoryof Copenhagen.This research made use of J-track,a software de-veloped by the Mission Operations Laboratory at NASA’s MarshallSpace Flight Center,to track satellites positions in the sky.ReferencesAkerlof,C.et al.1999,Nat398,400Barthelmy,S.D.et al.1998,in:Gamma-ray bursts,eds:Meegan,C.A.,Preece,R.D.and Koshut,T.M.,AIP Conf.Proc.428,139Berger,E.,Frail,D.A.et al.2000,GCN Circ.613Briggs,M.et al.1999,ApJS122,503Castro-Tirado,A.J.et al.1999a,A&AS138,583Castro-Tirado,A.J.et al.1999b,Sci283,2069Castro-Tirado,A.J.et al.2000,GCN Circ.612Castro-Tirado,A.J.,et al.2001,A&A370,398Cline,D.et al.1999,ApJ,527,827Dezalay,J.-P.et al.1996,ApJ,471,L27Djorgovski,S.G.et al.2001,in:Gamma-ray Bursts in the afterglowera,ESO Astrophysics Symposia,eds:E.Costa,F.Frontera andJ.Hjorth,p.218Frail,D.A.2000,m.Fryer,C.L.,Woosley,S.E.and Hartmann,D.H.1999,ApJ526,152Gorosabel,J.et al.2002,A&A383,112Hawking,S.1974,Nat30,248Henden,A.A.2000,/pub/outgoing/aah/grb/grb000313.datHudec,R.1993,m.28,359Hurley,K.et al.2002,ApJ567,447Kehoe,R.et al.2001,ApJ554,L159Kobayashi,S.2000,ApJ545,807Kouveliotou,C.et al.1993,ApJ,413,101Mazets,E.et al.1981,A&SS,80,119M´e sz´a ros,P.and Rees,M.J.1997,ApJ476,L232Narayan,R.et al.1992,ApJ395,L83Narayan,R.,Piran,T.&Kumar,P.2001,ApJ557,949Panaitescu,A.,Kumar,P.&Narayan,R.2001,ApJ561,L171Paczy´n ski,B.1991,Acta Astronomica,41,257Sari,R.and Piran,T.1999,ApJ520,641van Paradijs,J.,Kouveliotou, C.and Wijers,R.A.M.J.2000,ARA&A38,379Varady,L.and Hudec,R.1992,A&A261,365Williams,G.G.et al.2002,in preparationWoosley,S.E.1993,ApJ,405,273。

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激光损伤阈值测试

激光损伤阈值测试

激光损伤阈值测试Laser Damage Threshold TestingLaser Damage Threshold (LDT) is one of the most importantspecifications to consider when integrating an optical component intoa laser system. Using a laser in an application offers a variety ofbenefits to a standard light source, including monochromaticity,directionality, and coherence. Laser beams often contain high energies, though, and are capable of damaging sensitive optical components.When integrating a laser into an optical system, it becomes crucial tounderstand the effects of laser beams on optical surfaces and how laser damage threshold is quantified for optical components.The degree of damage induced to an optical component by a laser beam is highly dependent on the type of laser being used. Thermally-induced damage occurs under Continuous Wave (CW) laser operation. 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Additionally, since the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength, then theoretically the LDT scales linearly as a function of wavelength, as expressed in Equation 2. yx(2)Where PD is the Power or Energy Density at the new wavelength, PD is the Power or Energy Density at the old wavelength, λ is the new wavelength, and λ is the old wavelength. A laser with a PD of 2 W/cm at 1064nm would have a power density of 1 W/cm at 532nm, 0.667 W/cm at 355nm, etc. (y)(x)yxCW222There are some drawbacks to the scaling, as there are non-linear effects associated with the conversion. However, they are a good rule of thumb for estimating the LDT of an optic at varying wavelengths and pulse durations. Note: Optical manufacturers only guarantee the specified LDT, not scaled estimations. Laser Damage Threshold (LDT) testing is crucial when working with laser optics. Understanding how LDT is tested and defined helps choose the right optical components for the application. Laser optics thatare designed with an LDT that is suitable for a given laser ensure superior results and product lifetime, and help avoid additional expenses due to damaged components.。

Amplification of polarization NOON states

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NOON states are path entangled states which can be exploited to enhance phase resolution in interferometric measurements. In the present paper we analyze the quantum states obtained by optical parametric amplification of polarization NOON states. First we study, theoretically and experimentally, the amplification of a 2-photon state by a collinear Quantum Injected Optical Parametric Amplifier (QIOPA). We compared the stimulated emission regime with the spontaneous one, studied by Sciarrino et al. (PRA 77, 012324), finding comparable visibilities between the two cases but an enhancement of the signal in the stimulated case. As a second step, we show that the collinear amplifier cannot be successfully used for amplifying N-photon states with N>2 due to the oscillation pattern of the crystal. To overcome this limitation, we propose to adopt a intrinsic λ 4 scheme for the amplification of a generic state based on a non-collinear QIOPA and we show that λ the state obtained by the amplification process preserves the N feature and exhibits a high resilience to losses. Furthermore, an asymptotic unity visibility can be obtained when correlation functions with sufficiently high order M are analyzed.
非放大高速光电探测器用户指南说明书

非放大高速光电探测器用户指南说明书

NON-AMPLIFIED HIGH SPEED PHOTODETECTOR USER’S GUIDEThank you for purchasing your Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector. This user’s guide will help answer any questions you may have regarding the safe use and optimal operation of your Photodetector.TABLE OF CONTENTSI. Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector Overview ...................................................................................... 1 II. Operation of your Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector ......................................................................... 1 III. Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................................................... 2 IV. Drawings: Non-amplified High Speed Photodetectors ................................................................................... 3 V. Specifications: Non-amplified High Speed Photodetectors ............................................................................ 3 VI. Schematics: Non-amplified High Speed Photodetectors ................................................................................. 4 VII. Glossary of Terms . (4)I.Non-amplified High Speed Photodetector OverviewThe Non-amplified High Speed Photodetectors contain PIN photodiodes that utilize the photovoltaiceffect to convert optical power into an electrical current. Figure 1 below identifies the main elements of your Photodetector.Figure 1: Non-amplified High Speed PhotodetectorWhen terminated into 50Ω into an oscilloscope, the pulsewidth of a laser can be measured. When terminated into a spectrum analyzer, the frequency response of a laser can be measured.II.Operation of your Non-amplified High Speed PhotodetectorA. Caution: Eye safety precautions must be followed when utilizing any equipment used in the vicinityof laser beams. Laser beams may reflect from the surface of the detector or the optical mount and caution must be exercised.B. Mount the detector to an optical stand by the mounting holes on the bottom of the detector housing.C. Adjust the voltage of the oscilloscope to 20mV/division before connecting the detector.D.Connect the detector to the oscilloscope using a coaxial cable designed for 10GHz operation.Sensor AperturePower SwitchSMA Connectore the 50Ω termination input of the oscilloscope.F.After being certain that the damage threshold of the detector is not exceeded, place the detector inthe center of the laser beam.G.There is an internal 50Ωresistor at the output of the photodiode. This will cause the output current toyour test equipment to be half that of the photodiode output. For example, the output to yourequipment will be 450µA for a 1mW optical input at 0.9A/W.III.TroubleshootingA.No signal is seen the first time the detector is used.1.Is the power switch on?2.Be certain that the signal is not high off scale on the oscilloscope.3.Is the wavelength of the laser within the spectral range of the detector?4.Has a 50Ω termination input been used?5.Try moving the detector within the laser beam.6.Is there enough light (see sensitivity spec on the data sheet) incident on the detector to generate asignal? The detector’s small active area makes alignment somewhat difficult.B. A signal has been previously obtained, but not currently.1.Try steps listed under A.2.Inspect the active area of the photodiode for any signs of damage.3.Test the power supply:a.Units with internal batteries will typically operate for several years, but operation with CWor high rep rate lasers can drain the batteries much faster. If a load is present at the output,current will be drawn from the batteries, so disconnect the BNC when not in use.Remove top cover to replace the 3V lithium cells with Duracell Model DL2430, positive sidedown.b.Units with an external power supply should at least receive the voltage that is printed on theplug.C.Increasing the power incident on the detector does not result in a higher voltage signal on theoscilloscope:1.The detector is probably saturated. You should lower the power incident on the detector to alevel below the saturation point.IV.Drawings: Non-amplified High Speed PhotodetectorsA.818-BB-35, 818-BB-45, 818-BB-51 Dimensions:V.Specifications: Non-amplified High Speed PhotodetectorsPart No. (Model)818-BB-35 818-BB-45 818-BB-51 Rise Time/Fall Time (ps)<25/<25 <30/<30 28 Responsivity (A/W)>0.90 at 1300nm 0.53 at 830nm 1.3 at 2000nm Power Supply6V battery/5V external 3V battery/5V external 3V battery/5V external Spectral Range (nm) 830-1650 500-890 830-2150 Bandwidth>15GHz >12.5GHz >12.5GHz Active Area Diameter (µm)32 60 40Dark Current<3nA <0.5nA <1µA Acceptance Angle (1/2 angle)15° 15° 20⁰Noise Equivalent Power (pW/√Hz)<0.03 at 1300nm <0.02 at 830nm <0.44 at 2000nm Mounting (Tapped Hole)8-32 or M4 8-32 or M4 8-32 or M4 Output Connector SMA SMA SMAVI.Schematics: Non-amplified High Speed PhotodetectorsBandwidth: The range of frequencies from 0Hz (DC) to the frequency at which the amplitude decreases by 3dB. Bandwidth and rise time can be approximately related by the equation:Bandwidth ≈ 0.35/rise time for a Gaussian pulse input.Bias Voltage: The photodiode’s junction capacitance can be modified by applying a reverse voltage.The bias voltage reduces the junction capacitance, which causes the photodiode to have a fasterresponse.Dark Current: When a termination is present, a dark current (nA range) will flow if the photodiode is biased. Disconnecting the coaxial cable will prevent this current from flowing.Decoupling Capacitor: Maintains bias voltage when fast pulses cause the battery voltage to reduce (this would slow the response time of the photodiode); the capacitor allows the battery to recover to its initial voltage. It also acts as a filter for external power supplies.Noise Equivalent Power (NEP): A function of responsivity and dark current and is the minimumoptical power needed for an output signal to noise ratio of 1. Dark current is the current that flowsthrough a reverse biased photodiode even when light is not present, and is typically on the order of nA.Shot noise (Ishot) is a source of noise generated in part by dark current; in the case of reversed biaseddiodes it is the dominant contributor. NEP is calculated from shot noise and responsivity. For example, for a responsivity @ 830nm = 0.5 A/W:q = charge on an electronPhotodiode: Converts photons into a photocurrent.Resistor: Protects the photodiode from excessive current. This could occur if an external power supply was too high in voltage, or if its polarity were reversed; this happens when a customer uses their own power supply.Responsivity: In amps per watt (A/W), responsivity is the current output of the photodiode for a given input power, and is determined by the diode structure. Responsivity varies with wavelength and diode material.Rise Time/Fall Time: Rise Time is the time taken by a signal to change from a specified low value to a specified high value. Fall Time is the time taken for the amplitude of a pulse to decrease from a specified value to another specified value. A larger junction capacitance will slow the detector’s response time.SMA Connector: Used to connect the customer’s coaxial cable for high frequencies.Termination Resistor (50Ω): Reduces signal reflections and balances the 50Ω microstrip/coaxial cable lines. As a result, half the photodiode current is lost to the internal resistor.Hz 0.08pA/s 0.08pA )1020)(2(1.6x10=2_9-19===−A x As qI Noise Shot d Hz 0.16pW/0.5AW *08.0/R 830nm ===Hz pA I NEP shot。

光学专业常用英语词汇.

光学专业常用英语词汇.

光学专业常用英语词汇photoelectric liquid-level indicator 光电液位指示器photoelectric encoder 光电译码器photocathode 光电阴极photoelectric cathode photoelectric cell 光电阴极光电管photoelectric fluorometer 光电荧光计optical-electronic mail address recognizer 光电邮件地址识别机photoelectric threshold 光电阈photoelectric cell 光电元件photoelement 光电元件photounit 光电元件photoelectric reader 光电阅读器photoreader 光电阅读器photoelectric chopper 光电斩波器photoelectric lighting control 光电照明控制electro-optical rectifier 光电整流器photoelectric direct reading spectrometer 光电直读光谱计photoelectric guidance 光电制导photoelectric transit instrument 光电中星仪photoelectric clock 光电钟photoelectric translating system 光电转换系统photoelectric conversion efficiency 光电转换效率photoelectrical refrigeration 光－电转换制冷photoelectric tachometer 光电转速计photoelectronics 光电装置photoelectric turbidimeter 光电浊度计photonephelometer 光电浊度计photoelectron 光电子photoelectric yield 光电子产额optical electronic reproducer 光电子唱头optoelectronic memory 光电子存储optoelectronic storage 光电子存储optoelectronic storage 光电子存储器photoelectronic 光电子的photoelectric emission 光电子发射photoelectron emission spectroscopy 光电子发射能谱学optoelectronic amplifier 光电子放大器photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子光谱学photoelectron counting 光电子计数angular distribution of photoelectron 光电子角度分布optoelectronic switch 光电子开关energy distribution of photoelectron 光电子能量分布photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子能谱学photoelectron spectroscopy 光电子谱法optoelectronic modulator 光电子调制器photoelectron statistics 光电子统计学photoelectron image 光电子图像photoelectronic phenomena 光电子现象optical electronics 光电子学optoelectronics 光电子学photoelectronics 光电子学optoelectronic 光电子学的optoelectronic shutter 光电子学光闸electrooptical character recognition 光电字符识别light resistance 光电阻optical superposing 光叠加photodynamic inactivation 光动力钝化作用photodynamic substance 光动力物质photodynamics 光动力学photodynamic action 光动力作用p hotokinesis 光动态photokinesis 光动性photodinesis 光动状态photosensing marker 光读出标记luminosity 光度photometric scale 光度标photometric standard 光度标准photometric parameter 光度参数photometric measurement 光度测量photometry 光度测量method of photometric interpolation 光度插入法photometric unit 光度单位photometric titration 光度滴定photometric titration 光度滴定法photometry 光度法light-distribution photometer 光度分布计photometric pyrometer 光度高温计photometric orbit 光度轨道- 食双星luminosity function 光度函数photometric integrator 光度积分器photometric integrating sphere 光度积分球photometric primary standard 光度基准器luminosity class 光度级optimeter 光度计photometer 光度计photometric computer 光度计算机photometric calibration 光度校准photometric distance 光度距离photometric aperture 光度孔径photometric paradox 光度矛盾luminosity curve 光度曲线photometric parallax 光度视差photometric binary 光度双星- 即食双星photometric bench 光度台overluminous star 光度特大恒星photometric system 光度系统luminosity rate 光度效率luminosity class 光度型photometry 光度学luminosity evolution 光度演化luminosity paradox 光度佯谬photometric paradox 光度佯谬telephotometry 光度遥测法telephotometry 光度遥测术photometric diameter 光度直径photodimerization 光二聚photodimerization 光二聚作用luminous emittance 光发射度light emitting diode 光发射二极管photoemissivity 光发射能力optical emission spectrography 光发射摄谱学photocell 光发射元件optical transmitter 光发送机light valve 光阀photovalve 光阀light valve display 光阀显示light valve array 光阀阵列photon sail 光帆light reflex 光反射luminous reflectance 光反射比light reaction 光反应photoreaction 光反应photoreactive chlorophyll 光反应性叶绿素light amplifier 光放大器optical amplifier 光放大器photolysis 光分解photovoltaic device 光伏器件photovoltaic sensor 光伏式传感器photovoltaic transducer 光伏式传感器photovoltaic detector 光伏探测器photovoltaic effect 光伏效应solar photovoltaic energy system 光伏型太阳能源系统optical character recognition 光符号识别optical character recognition 光符识别optical character recognition application 光学字符识别应用optical character recognition device 光符识别装置light radiation 光辐射optical radiation 光辐射optical radiation standard 光辐射标准器photoreactivation 光复活photoreactivating enzyme 光复活酶photoreactivating deficient mutant 光复活缺陷突变型photoreactivation repair 光复活修复photoreactivation 光复活作用optical interferometry 光干涉量度学polished rod 光杆stroke of polished rod 光杆冲程polished rod horsepower 光杆功率position of polished rod 光杆位置light sensation 光感sensillum opticum 光感器photoreception 光感受photoreceptor 光感受器photoreception 光感受作用optical lever 光杠杆opto-isolator 光隔离器photoisolator 光隔离器optical tracking satellite 光跟踪卫星optical tracker system 光跟踪系统optical tracking system 光跟踪系统mechanical equivalent of light 光功当量optical soliton 光孤子photo-curing 光固化light-cured composite 光固化复合树脂photocurable polyimide 光固化聚酰亚胺light-cured resin 光固化树脂photocureable coating 光固化涂料light curring unit 光固化装置X-ray tube Ｘ光管bare pipe 光管light pipe 光管light-pipe optics 光管光学optical track 光盘轨optical track pitch 光轨间距light-compass reaction 光晷反应smooth roll 光辊photosensitivity 光过敏photosensitization 光过敏bare electrode 光焊条photosynthetic ratio 光合比photosynthetic number 光合比值photosynthate 光合产物photosynthetic product 光合产物photosynthetic unit 光合单位photosynthetic 光合的photosynthetic electron transport 光合电子传递photosynthetic activity 光合活性photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化photophosphorylase 光合磷酸化酶optical combiner 光合路器photosynthetic intensity 光合强度photosynthetic pigment 光合色素photosynthetic quotient 光合商photosynthetic carbon metabolism 光合碳代谢Calvin cycle 光合碳还原环photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle 光合碳还原环photosystem 光合体系photosynthetic bacteria 光合细菌photosynthetic efficiency 光合效率photoheterotroph 光合异养生物photosynthetic active radiation 光合有效辐射photosynthetically active radiation 光合有效辐射photoautotrophic 光合自养的photosynthetic tissue 光合组织photosynthesis 光合作用epipelagic 光合作用带的photosynthesis science 光合作用科学photosynthesis physiology 光合作用生理学photosynthetic bacteria 光合作用细菌photonuclear reaction 光核反应Prunus mira Koehne. 光核桃smooth pit peach 光核桃photonucleon 光核子optically thick medium 光厚介质- 光深τ＞１的介质photorespiration 光呼吸photorespiration 光呼吸作用smooth approximation 光滑逼近smooth boundary 光滑边界glare ice 光滑冰smooth invariant measure 光滑不变测度smooth measure 光滑测度smooth hypersurface 光滑超曲面slickens 光滑冲积层glassy 光滑的glossy 光滑的laevigate 光滑的laevigatus 光滑的laevis 光滑的levigate 光滑的sleek 光滑的smooth point 光滑点smooth two-dimensional manifold 光滑二维流形smoothing equation 光滑方程smooth function 光滑函数smoothing function 光滑函数smooth kernel 光滑核smoothing problem 光滑化问题slick joint 光滑接头smooth structure 光滑结构smoothing solution 光滑解smooth colony 光滑型菌落smooth manifold 光滑流形smooth plane curve 光滑平面曲线smooth surface 光滑曲面smooth curve 光滑曲线smoothing operator 光滑算子smooth broach 光滑髓针smooth core rotor 光滑铁心转子smooth type 光滑型smooth sequence 光滑序列smooth map 光滑映射smooth mapping 光滑映射actinic glass 光化玻璃Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence 光化当量的爱因斯坦定律actinic 光化的actinoelectricity 光化电photoionization 光化电离actinicity 光化度actinism 光化度photochemical reaction 光化反应actinic radiation 光化辐射actinic focus 光化焦点actinic green 光化绿actinic green glass 光化绿玻璃actinic rays 光化射线actinicity 光化性actinic chemistry 光化学actinochemistry 光化学actinology 光化学photochemistry 光化学chemosphere 光化学层photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排first law of photochemistry 光化学第一定律photochemical cell 光化学电池photochemical kinetics 光化学动力学photochemical reaction 光化学反应reaction kinetics of photochemistry 光化学反应动力学photochemical process 光化学过程photochemically reactive hydrocarbons 光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemical processing 光化学加工photochemical crosslinking 光化学交联photochemotherapy 光化学疗法photochemical equilibrium 光化学平衡photo chemical vapor deposition 光化学气相沉积Photo-CVD 光化学气相沉积photochemical stability 光化学稳定性photochemical pollutant 光化学污染物photochemical fog 光化学雾photochemical smog 光化学烟雾photochemical smog kinetics 光化学烟雾动力学photochemical oxidant 光化学氧化剂photochemical transformation 光化学转化photochemical smog 光化烟雾photochemical induction 光化学诱导actinism 光化作用photoreduction 光还原ring of light 光环sight reticle camera 光环摄影机halo effect 光环效应photopsy 光幻觉lumiflavin 光黄素light fog 光灰雾mithramycin 光辉霉素photoactivation 光活化photoactive reaction 光活化反应optical active matter 光活性剂optical active polymer 光活性聚合物X-ray machine Ｘ光机opto-mechanical scanner 光机扫描器optical-mechanical scanner 光机扫描仪optical-mechanical system 光机系统light distortion 光畸变photothyristor 光激半导体闸流管photostimulated ionization 光激电离optically active material 光激活材料light-activated switch 光激开关light-activated silicon controlled switch 光激可控硅开关light-activated silicon controlled rectifier 光激可控硅整流器photo-SCR 光激可控硅整流器photoexcitation 光激励phototonus 光激性photoluminescence 光激荧光现象photokinesis 光激运动post-maximum spectrum 光极大后光谱optical integrated circuit 光集成电路optical computer 光计算机optical recording 光记录optical recording media 光记录媒体optical relay 光继电器Aglaspida 光甲目Anoplophora glabripennis 光肩星天牛optical detector 光检测器photodetector 光检测器light degradation 光降解photodegradation 光降解photodegradable polymer 光降解聚合物light step 光阶optical receiver 光接收器bareface fabric 光洁不起绒织物bright quenching 光洁淬火clean hardening 光洁淬火finish 光洁度smooth finish 光洁度smoothness 光洁度roughness meter 光洁度计clean thread 光洁螺纹clean-cut timber 光洁木材photodecomposition 光解photolysis 光解作用protolysis 光解反应叶绿素photodissociation 光解离photolytic silver 光解银photomeson 光介子photopion nuclear physics 光π介子核物理学optotransistor 光晶体管optical path 光径radius-luminosity relation 光径关系light microscope 光镜optical moment 光矩optical system 光具组optical bench 光具座bench photometer 光具座式光度计photo polymerization 光致聚合photopolymer 光聚合物photopolymerization 光聚作用optical switch 光开关photoengraving 光刻photoetching 光刻photolithography 光刻photoetching material 光刻材料photoetching 光刻法photolithographic process 光刻工艺photolithography technique 光刻工艺mask aligner 光刻机photolithography limitation 光刻极限photoetch integrated circuit 光刻集成电路photoetching technique 光刻技术photoresist 光刻胶photolithographic diffusion window 光刻扩散窗口photoetch pattern 光刻图案photolithographic mask layer 光刻掩蔽层photolithographic masking operation 光刻掩蔽工序phototched mask 光刻掩摸light writer 光刻字机aperture color 光孔色photophobia 光恐怖Raysistor 光控变阻器photoelectroluminescence 光控电致发光optically controlled gyro compass 光控回转罗盘photorelay 光控继电器photo-thyristor 光控晶闸管light-operated switch 光控开关photoswitch 光控开关photoimpact 光控脉冲light-dependent control element 光控元件optical control 光控制diaphragm 光阑diaphragm setting 光阑定位diaphragm aperture 光阑孔径diaphragm servomotor 光阑驱动伺服电动机diaphragm lens 光阑透镜optical cable 光缆optical fiber cable 光缆optical fibre cable 光缆optical cable distribution system 光缆分配系统optical cable splice 光缆接头optical cable connector 光缆连接器optical cable connector adapter 光缆连接器转接座optical cable driver 光缆驱动器optical cable communication 光缆通信optical cable assembly 光缆组件light aging 光老化lidar 激光雷达optical radar 光雷达photoionization 光离子化photoionization detector 光离子化检测器photomechanics 光测力学optomechanics 光力学granulation 光粒组织optical connector 光连接器optical link 光链路glitter 光亮clean annealing 光亮退火bright quenching oil 光亮淬火油nitid 光亮的nitidum 光亮的bright plating 光亮电镀bright current density range 光亮电流密度范围luminance 光亮度luminance brightness 光亮度bright plating 光亮镀gilding brass 光亮黄铜brightener 光亮剂brightening agent 光亮剂bright pickling 光亮浸蚀bright drawing 光亮拉丝bright coal 光亮煤bright heat treatment 光亮热处理bright heat treatment wire 光亮热处理钢丝bright adaptation 光亮适应luminous quantities 光亮数量bright annealing 光亮退火light annealing 光亮退火bright annealing furnace 光亮退火炉bright stock 光亮油料Lampridiformes 光亮鱼目magnitude of light 光量quantity of light 光量actinography 光量测定法photometry 光量法light control 光量控制light control tape 光量控制带light control characteristic 光量控制特性light quantum 光量子photon 光量子optical quantum counter tube 光量子计数管quantum theory of light 光量子论phototherapy 光疗light therapy 光疗法photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化作用optical homodyne detection 光零差探测light stream 光流photohalogenation 光卤化carnallite 光卤石photographic recording 光录声optical path 光路optical path length 光路长度reversibility [riˌvə:səˈbiliti] of optical path 光路可逆性optical filter 光滤波器smooth millboard 光面纸板smooth-surfaced roofing 光面屋面halo blight 光轮疫病halonate 光轮状light-compass orientation 光罗盘定向blank bolt 光螺栓pulsed light 光脉冲optical pulse generator 光脉冲发生器amplification of light pulse 光脉冲放大photo-impulses counting 光脉冲计数optical pulse counter 光脉冲计数器optical pulse counting 光脉冲记数compression of light pulse 光脉冲压缩compression technique of light pulse 光脉冲压缩技术photogermination 光萌发optical density 光密度light densitometer 光密度计optically denser medium 光密介质streamer 光幂grain side 光面bright steel wire 光面钢丝refacer 光面机plain arch 光面拱skidding tire 光面轮胎smooth tread tyre 光面轮胎smooth endoplasmic reticulum 光面内质网smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum 光面内质网Leiotriletes 光面三缝孢属glossy paper 光面相纸glossy print 光面照片glassy millboard 光面纸板plane ashlar 光面琢石light sensing 光敏photovaristor 光敏变阻器photosensitive glass 光敏玻璃phototropic glass fiber 光敏玻璃纤维photoconductive film 光敏薄膜photosensitizer 光敏材料light sensitive layer 光敏层photodarlington 光敏达林顿放大器light sensitive 光敏的photosensitive 光敏的light sensitive cell 光敏电池photo-potentiometer 光敏电位器photovaristor 光敏电阻photoresistor 光敏电阻light sensitive resistance ceramics 光敏电阻瓷photoresistor ceramics 光敏电阻瓷light sensitive resistor 光敏电阻器ligt resistor 光敏电阻器photo-resistor 光敏电阻器light sensitive diode 光敏二极管photosensitive diode 光敏二极管optical sensor 光敏感器photo-sensor 光敏感器photosensitivity 光敏感性light sensor 光敏感元件photosensor 光敏感元件photosensitivity disorder 光敏感障碍light sensitive seed 光敏感种子light-sensitive tube 光敏管photosensitive tube 光敏管photosensitization 光敏化photosensitizer 光敏剂light sensitive relay 光敏继电器photosensitive relay 光敏继电器photosensitive detector 光敏检波器photosensitive adhesive 光敏胶粘剂actinodielectric 光敏介电的optical transistor 光敏晶体管phototransistor 光敏晶体管phototransistor circuit 光敏晶体管电路phototransistor matrix 光敏晶体管阵列phototransistor 光敏晶体三极管photopolymer 光敏聚合物photosensitive polymer 光敏聚合物light activated switch 光敏开关light-activated silicon switch 光敏可控硅整流器photosensing device 光敏器件photosensor 光敏器件phototransistor 光敏三极管phototriode 光敏三极管phytochrome 光敏色素light-sensitive detector 光敏探测器photaceram 光敏微晶玻璃photosensitive glass-ceramics 光敏微晶玻璃photo document sensor 光敏文件感受器photoinitiator 光敏引发剂light-sensitive cell 光敏元件photosensitive element 光敏元件photosensor 光敏元件photo-thyristor 光敏闸流管photosensitization 光敏作用Guangming 光明lucensomycin 光明霉素optical mode 光模optical analog memory 光模拟存储器optical pattern recognition 光模式识别luminous energy 光能actionoscope 光能测定器actinometry 光能测定学actinometer 光能测定仪photosynthesis 光能合成photoenergetics 光能力学phototroph 光能利用菌efficiency for solar energy utilization 光能利用率phototrophic bacteria 光能利用细菌actinometry 光能强度测定actinogram 光能曲线图photolithotrophy 光能无机营养photolithotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria 光能异养菌photoheterotroph 光能异养生物photoorganotrophy 光能有机营养photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoautotrophy 光能自养photoautotrophic bacteria 光能自养菌photo-autotroph 光能自养生物light year 光年lyear 光年photo viscoelasticity 光粘弹性photocoagulator 光凝固器photocoagulator 光凝结器light button 光钮optical coupling 光耦合light-coupled semiconductor switch 光耦合半导体开关optically coupled isolator 光耦合隔离器optical coupler 光耦合器optocoupler 光耦合器photocoupler 光耦合器light beating spectroscopy 光拍光谱学optical disc 光盘optical disk 光盘optical disc drive 光盘驱动器optical disc servo control system 光盘伺服控制系统wedge 光劈optical biasing 光偏置light deflection 光偏转optical deflector 光偏转器optodeflector 光偏转器photobleaching 光漂白clean bill 光票clean payment credit 光票付款信用证clean payment letter of credit 光票付款信用证clean remittance 光票汇款clean rate 光票利率clean collection 光票托收collection on clean bill 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证clean letter of credit 光票信用证optical frequency 光频optical frequency standard 光频标optical isolator 光频隔离器optical frequency division multiplexing 光频频分复用optical phonon 光频声子optical double magnetic resonance 光频双磁共振optical branch 光频支optical screen 光屏photomask agent 光屏蔽剂optical screen reader 光屏读数器light spectrum 光谱optical spectrum 光谱即时频谱分析仪(Real Time Spectrum Analyzerspectrum 光谱semiquantitative spectrometric analysis 光谱半定量分析spectral background 光谱背景spectrocomparator 光谱比较仪spectrum variable 光谱变星spectral standard solar cell 光谱标准太阳电池spectrometry 光谱测定法spectral measurement 光谱测量spectrophone 光谱测声器spectral component 光谱成分spectral pure 光谱纯spectroscopically pure 光谱纯spectroscopically pure graphite 光谱纯石墨spectral bandwidth 光谱带宽spectral 光谱的spectroscopic lamp 光谱灯spectroelectrochemistry 光谱电化学quantitative spectrochemical analysis 光谱定量分析quantitative spectrometric analysis 光谱定量分析qualitative spectrometric analysis 光谱定性分析spectral luminous efficiency 光谱发光效率spectral emissivity 光谱发射率spectral reflectance 光谱反射spectral reflectance 光谱反射比spectral range 光谱范围spectral directional reflectance factor 光谱方向反射因子spectrum emission 光谱放射率spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral distribution 光谱分布spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral distribution graph 光谱分布图spectrum order sorter 光谱分级器spectral classification 光谱分类spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrographic analysis 光谱分析spectrum analysis 光谱分析spectrum analyser 光谱分析器physics of spectroscopic analysis 光谱分析物理学error in spectrochemical analysis 光谱分析误差spectral peak 光谱峰bandwidth of emission spectrum 光谱辐射带宽spectral radiometry 光谱辐射度量学spectrum radiator 光谱辐射计spectral radiance factor 光谱辐射亮度因子spectral radiance 光谱辐射率spectral radiant energy 光谱辐射能spectral radiance energy 光谱辐射能量spectral radiant flux 光谱辐射通量spectral radiant gain 光谱辐射增益spectral radiant illuminance standard lamp 光谱辐射照度标准灯spectral irradiance 光谱辐照度spectral irradiance distribution 光谱辐照度分布spectral interference 光谱干扰spectral photographic plate 光谱感光板spectral sensitivity 光谱感光度spectral pyrometer 光谱高温计spectrophotometric colorimetry 光谱光度测色法spectral-luminosity classification 光谱－光度分类法spectrum-luminosity diagram 光谱光度图- 即赫罗图spectral photometry 光谱光度学spectral luminous efficiency 光谱光视效率spectral luminous efficiency curve 光谱光视效率曲线spectral luminous efficacy 光谱光视效能spectroscopic optics 光谱光学spectral locus 光谱轨迹spectrum locus 光谱轨迹spectrochemistry 光谱化学qualitative spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学定性分析spectrochemical analysis 光谱化学分析spectrochemical series 光谱化学系列spectral buffer 光谱缓冲剂spectroscopic buffer 光谱缓冲剂excitation of spectra 光谱激发order of spectrum 光谱级spectrograde 光谱级spectroscopic technology 光谱技术spectrum technology 光谱技术spectral discrimination 光谱鉴别spectral discriminator 光谱鉴别器spectral mirror 光谱镜spectral centroid 光谱矩心spectral width 光谱宽度spectroscopic prism 光谱棱镜quantum theory of spectra 光谱量子理论spectral sensitivity 光谱灵敏度spectrum sensitivity 光谱灵敏度spectral sensitivity characteristic 光谱灵敏度特性曲线spectral filtering 光谱滤波spectral density 光谱密度spectrum-density diagram 光谱－密度图spectral sensitivity 光谱敏感性spectral energy distribution 光谱能量分布spectral power distribution 光谱能量分布spectral mach 光谱配色spectrum matching 光谱匹配spectro-polarimeter 光谱偏光计spectral shift 光谱偏移spectral intensity 光谱强度spectral region 光谱区spectral tristimulus values 光谱三色刺激值spectral tristimulus values 光谱三色激励值spectral color 光谱色spectrum color 光谱色spectrocolorimeter 光谱色度计spectrocolorimetry 光谱色度学spectral chromaticity coordinates 光谱色度坐标spectroscopic entropy 光谱熵spectral photography 光谱摄影学spectrophotography 光谱摄影学spectral discrimination 光谱识别spectrographic laboratory 光谱实验室spectroscopic test 光谱试验spectral character 光谱特性spectral characteristic 光谱特性spectral property 光谱特性spectrum projector 光谱投影仪spectrum transparency region 光谱透明区spectral transmittance 光谱透射比spectrogram 光谱图spectrum chart 光谱图spectroscopic displacement law 光谱位移律spectral line 光谱线spectrum line 光谱线spectral linewidth 光谱线宽度broadening of spectral line 光谱线增宽spectral response 光谱响应spectral responsivity 光谱响应度spectral response range 光谱响应范围spectral response curve 光谱响应曲线spectral response characteristic 光谱响应特性曲线spectral term 光谱项spectroscopic term 光谱项spectral extinction 光谱消色spectral information 光谱信息spectral type 光谱型spectral sequence 光谱序spectrography 光谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectroscopist 光谱学家optical spectrometer 光谱仪spectrograph 光谱仪spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer 光谱仪spectrofluorometer 光谱荧光计spectroscopic carrier 光谱载体spectral sensitization 光谱增感spectral index 光谱指数day neutral 光期钝感day-neutral plant 光期钝感植物lac varnish 光漆phosgene 光气photon drag detector 光牵探测器light preamplifier 光前置放大器light gun 光枪mode of optical cavity 光腔振荡模式intensity of light 光强light intensity 光强light intensity 光强度luminous intensity 光强度optical power 光强度luminous intensity measurement 光强度测量enhancement of light intensity differences 光强度差增强luminous intensity sensitivity 光强灵敏度intensity modulation 光强调制photoaffinity labeling 光亲和标记photosphere 光球photospheric eruption 光球爆发photospheric facula 光球层光斑。