研究生英语翻译单元3

Unit3 美国人的酷爱1 我父亲是别克人。

在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。

然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。

到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。

拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的社会地位。

与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。

2 我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。

·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。

我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。

我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。

一想到这样的速度就会令男人们兴奋不已。

我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。

3 20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。

然而，与电话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。

有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠物。

我们给汽车起名字，在自己家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时诅咒它们。

在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。

4 人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。

他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。

他们想象着我们加入未来拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。

这种态度不是现在才有的。

首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。

在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。

研究生英语系列教材下unit3-原文+翻译Unit3 Oslp1.I remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Copenhagen. In Denmark you are given a ticket for an assigned seat.I went into the cinema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place,a young couple locked in the sort of passionate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars. I could no more have sat beside them than I could have asked to join in-it would have come to much the same thing- so I took a place a few discreet seats away. 1记得我第一次去欧洲旅行的时候，我在哥本哈根独自一人去看电影。

在丹麦，电影票是对号入座的。

(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我走进电影院，发现在我的票对应的座位旁，只有一对年轻情侣。

这对情侣如胶似漆地拥抱在一起，如同一场持久战争结束后码头上亲人的团聚。

我很不情愿坐在他们旁边，就如我绝不会要求加入他们的行为一样——这两者对我来说并没有什么不同——因此我谨慎地隔几个座位坐了下来。

2. People came into the cinema, consulted their tickets and filled the seats around us. By the time the film started there were about 30 of us sitting together in a tight pack in the middle of a vast and otherwise empty auditorium. Two minutes into the movie, a woman laden with shopping made her way with difficulty down my row, stopped beside my seat and told me in a stern voice, full of glottal stops and indignation, that I was in her place. This caused much play of flashlights among the usherettes and fretful re-examining of tickets by everyone in the vicinity until word got around that I was an American tourist and therefore unable to follow simple seating instructions and. I was escorted in some shame back to my assigned place.2人们陆续地走进影院，参照电影票找到位子，在我们周围坐了下来。

Unit 3 Doctor's Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。

2. 医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。

从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微。

甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。

3. 不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九（Duk Koo Kim）的境遇。

金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人为方法赖以存活。

经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。

4. 医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。

5. “归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么？”位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会主席丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益？”6. 医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。

而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端——生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。

7. 这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。

如今，全美 127 家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。

不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师、哲学家、精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。

8. 在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有约莫 20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择——是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。

对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。

U8 Further Reading论工作伯特兰·罗素工作会带来幸福, 还是招致不幸, 这是一个值得讨论的问题。

当然，有惹人烦恼的工作，而且过量的工作总是让人头疼的。

但是，在我看来，只要工作不超量，对大多数人来说，无所事事比最乏味的工作更让人痛苦。

工作可以分为不同类别，有的工作纯粹是为了解除烦闷，有的工作可以带来最大的乐趣，这都因工作性质和工作者的能力而异。

大部分人不得不做的大部分工作本身并没有什么意思，即便如此，此类工作仍有很大好处。

首先，这些工作占用了一天中的大量时间，因此不必为决定自己这天该干什么发愁。

如果可以自由安排自己的时间，大部分人会心中茫然，找不到什么令自己愉悦的事情去做。

并且一旦决定做某件事情，他们心里总觉得可能有别的事情会让自己更舒心。

当今的文明并未达到使人们能非常聪明地安排闲暇时间的程度，目前还很少有人能做到这一点。

除了那些有着超常创造力的人，大部分人都乐意在一天中的每个时段都有人指点自己该做什么，只要这种指点不要过分地让人不愉快。

很多闲得无聊的富人，虽然从繁忙的工作中解放了出来，然而付出的代价却是要承受难以言传的沉闷乏味，有时，他们去非洲狩猎，或者周游世界，来寻找解脱，但这种刺激是有限的，特别是当你不再年轻时。

所以更加明智的富有男人像穷人一样卖力地工作，但贵妇将大多数时间都消磨于数不清的鸡毛蒜皮的小事上，自己还以为在是在做什么惊天动地的大事。

所以人还是需要工作的，首先工作可以摒除沉闷, 因为一个人在做单调却有必要的事情时尽管会感到乏味，但这同整日无所事事的无聊相比根本算不了什么。

工作还带来另一种好处, 即当节假日到来时，会感到特别惬意。

假如一个人没有因工作过于劳累以致损耗精力,那么他在闲暇时会比一般人有更高的热情。

大部分有偿工作和一些无偿工作的第二个好处是：可以提供成功的机会以实现自己的理想。

在大部分工作中, 成功与否是以收入来衡量的。

尽管我们所处的资本社会在不断发展,这仍是不可避免的。

Rats and Men"Insoluble" ProblemsProfessor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose, it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."密执安大学的N.R.F. 麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。

Rats and Men"Insoluble" ProblemsProfessor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose, it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."密執安大學のN.R.F. 麥耶教授幾年前做過一系列可以誘導鼠產生“神經官能症”の實驗。

Unit 31The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isn’t.第一个错误是把人看作是某种独立的事物。

其实并不是。

It is part of an intricate web of life.人是复杂的生命网络系统中的一部分。

And we can’t think even of life as a thing in itself. It isn’t.我们甚至不能将生命本身视为某种独立的事物。

它确实不是。

It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun. 生命是一颗沐浴着太阳能的行星上的复杂结构的一部分。

2The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution.地球自从呈目前的形状近 50 亿年以来，已经历了一场巨大的演变。

When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. 在形成的初期，地球上很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。

These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.当地球的内部固体紧压在一起时，物质的逐渐向外运动就形成了海洋和大气层。

3Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. 地球形成之后，海洋、大气层以及坚固的地壳之间也并非相互独立。

Is internet addiction real?网瘾确实存在吗？Addiction is the state of a person being unable to free himself from a harmful habit, especially the taking of drugs. Can we say some people are addicted to the internet? This article gives us an answer.上瘾是一个人自己无法摆脱有害的习惯，特别是那些吸毒的人，我们可以说有些人有网瘾吗？这篇文章给了我们一个答案。

Have a friend that stays up into the wee hours of the night chatting online? Lost your child’s future college tuition by day trading on the internet? Spent most of your time selling your household “treasures”on eBay? is electronic pornography eating away at your computer’s available hard drive space? Y ou may have symptoms of internet addiction.你有朋友网上聊天一直熬到凌晨吗？你由于网上交易而损失了孩子的大学学费了吗？花费大部分时间在易趣上卖自己家里的宝贝？电子色情蚕食你计算机的可用的硬盘空间吗?你或许有上网成瘾的症状。

Y es, that’s right, I said internet addiction. The idea is creeping into popular culture, too. Parents are warned about how long they should let their children stay online. And college students are lectured on appropriate Net use. Y our employer may be monitoring your e-mails, or keeping tabs on how long you are spending surfing the internet .addiction clinics around the world are field calls daily regarding excessive internet use. Whether you believe in the idea of internet addiction or not, the phenomenon is gaining acceptance as a bona fide psychological disorder.是的，正是我说的是网瘾，这个想法偷偷溜进了流行文化, 父母们被告知应该让孩子上多长时间网。

UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value —their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。

Unit 31The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isn’t.第一个错误是把人看作是某种独立的事物。

其实并不是。

It is part of an intricate web of life.人是复杂的生命网络系统中的一部分。

And we can’t think even of life as a thing in itself. It isn’t.我们甚至不能将生命本身视为某种独立的事物。

它确实不是。

It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun. 生命是一颗沐浴着太阳能的行星上的复杂结构的一部分。

2The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution.地球自从呈目前的形状近50 亿年以来，已经历了一场巨大的演变。

When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. 在形成的初期，地球上很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。

These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.当地球的内部固体紧压在一起时，物质的逐渐向外运动就形成了海洋和大气层。

3Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. 地球形成之后，海洋、大气层以及坚固的地壳之间也并非相互独立。

UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value — their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。

1.Unit OneA Question of Degree对学位的质疑Perhaps we should rethink an idea fast becoming an undisputed premise of American life that a college degree is necessary(and perhaps even a sufficient) precondition for success.I do not wish to quarrel with the assumptions made about the benefits of orthodox education.I want only to expose its false god:the four-year, all-purpose,degree-granting college,aimed at the so-called college-age population and by now almost universally accepted as the stepping-stone to“meaningful”and “better”jobs.What is wrong with the current college/work cycle can be seen in the following anomalies:we are selling college to the youth of American as a take-off pad for the material good life.College is literally advertised and packaged as a means for getting more money through“better”jobs at the same time that Harvard graduates are taking jobs as taxi drivers.This situation is perversion of the true spirit of a university，a perversion of a humane social ethic and，at bottom，a patent fraud.To take the last point first,the economy simply is not geared to guaranteeing these presumptive “better”jobs;the colleges are not geared to training for such jobs;and the ethical propriety of the entire enterprise is very questionable.We are by definition(rather than by analysis)establishing two kinds of work:work labeled“better”because it has a degree requirement tagged to it and nondegree work,which,through this logic, becomes automatically“low level”.This process is also destroying our universities.The“practical curriculum”must become paramount;the students must become servants of big business and big government.Under these conditions the university can no longer be an independent source of scientific and philosophic truth-seeking and moral criticism.Finally,and most important，we are destroying the spirit of youth by making college compulsory at adolescence,when it may be least congruent with emotional and physical needs;and we are denying college as an optional and continuing experience later in life,when it might be most congruent with intellectual and recreational needs.Let me propose an important step to reverse these trends and thus help restore freedom and dignity to both our colleges and our workplaces.We should outlaw employment discrimination based on college degrees.This would simply be another facet of our“equal-opportunity”policy and would add college degrees to sex,age, race,religion and ethnic group as inherently unfair bases for employment selection.People would，wherever possible，demonstrate their capacities on the job.Where that proved impractical，outside tests could still serve.The medical boards，bar exams，mechanical，mathematical and verbal aptitude tests might still be used by various enterprises.The burden of proof of their legitimacy，however，would remain with the using agencies.So too would the costs.Where the colleges were best equipped to impart a necessary skill they would do so，but only where it would be natural to the main thrust of a university endeavor.The need for this rethinking and for this type of legislation may best be illustrated by a case study.Joe V.is a typical liberal-arts graduate，fired by imagination art and literature.He took a job with a large New York City Bank，where he had the opportunity to enter the“assistant manager training program”.The trainees rotated among different bank departments to gain technical know-how and experience and also received classroom instruction，including some sessions on“how to write a business letter.”The program was virtually restricted to college graduates. At the end of the line，the trainees became assistant bank managers：a position consisting largely of giving simple advice to bank customers and a modest amount of supervision of employees.Joe searched for some connection between the job and the training program，on the one hand，and his college-whetted appetites and skills on the other.He found nothing.In giving Joe preference for the training program,the bank had bypassed a few enthusiastic aspirants already dedicated to a banking career and daily demonstrating their competence in closely related jobs.After questioning his superiors about the system,Joe could only conclude that the“top brass”had some very diffuse and not-too-well–researched or even well-thought-out conceptions about college men. The executives admitted that a college degree did not of itself ensure the motivation or the verbal or social skills needed.Nor were they about what skills were most desirable for their increasing diverse branches.Yet they clung to the college prerequisite.Business allows the colleges to act as recruiting,screening and training agencies for them because it saves money and time.Why colleges allow themselves to act as servicing agents may not be as apparent.One reason may be that colleges are increasingly becoming conventional bureaucracies.It is inevitable,therefore,that they should respond to the first and unchallenged law of bureaucracy:expand!The more that college’s can persuade outside institutions to restrict employment in favor of theirclientele,the stronger is the college’s hold and attraction.This rational becomes even clearer when we understand that the budgets of public universities hang on the number of students“serviced”.Seen from this perspective,then,it is perhaps easier to understand why such matters as“university independence”or“the propriety”of using the public bankroll to support enterprises that are expected to make private profits, can be dismissed.Conflict of interest is difficult to discern when the interests involved are your own.What is equally questionable is whether a college degree,as such,is proper evidence that new skills that are truly needed will be delivered.A friend who works for Manpower Training Program feels that there is a clear divide between actual job needs and college-degree requirements.One of her chief frustration is the knowledge that many persons with ability to do paraprofessional mental-health work are lost to jobs they could hold with pleasure and profit because the training program also require a two-year associate art degree.Obviously,society can and does manipulate job status.I hope that we can manipulate it in favor of the greatest number of people.More energy should be spent in trying to upgrade the dignity of all socially useful work and to eliminate the use of human beings for any work that proves to be truly destructive of the human spirit. Outlawing the use of degrees as prerequisites for virtually every job that our media portray as“better”should carry us a long step toward a healthier society.Among other things,there is far more evidence that work can make college meaningful than that college can make work meaningful.My concern about this degree/work cycle might be far less acute;however,if everyone caught up in the system were having a good time.But we seem to be generating a college population that oscillates between apathy and hostility.One of the major reasons for this joylessness in our university life is that the students see themselves as prisoners of economic necessity.They have bought the media message about better jobs,and so they do their time.But the promised land of“better”job is, on the one hand,not materializing,and on the other hand the students is by now socialized to find such“better”jobs distasteful even if they were to materialize.One of the major improvements that could result from the proposed legislation against degree requirements for employments would be a new stocktaking on the part of all our educational pulsory schools,for example,would understand that the basic skills for work and family life in our society would have to be compressed into those years of schooling.Colleges and universities,on the other hand,might be encouraged to be unrestricted,as continuous and as open as possible.They would be released from the pressures of ensuring economic survival through a practical curriculum.They might best be modeled after museums.Hours would be extensive，fees minimal，and services available to anyone ready to comply with course-by-course demands.College under these circumstances would have a clearly understood focus，which might well be the traditional one of serving as gathering place for those persons who want to search for philosophic and scientific“truths”.This proposal should help our universities rid themselves of some strange and gratuitous practices.For example，the university would no longer have to organize itself into hierarchical levels：B.A.,M.A.,PH.D.There would simply be courses of greater and lesser complexity in each of the disciplines.In this way graduate education might be more rationally understood and accepted for what it is——more education.The new freedom might also relieve colleges of the growing practice of instituting extensive“work programs,”“internships”and“independence study”programs.The very names of these enterprises are tacit admissions that the campus itself is not necessary for many genuinely educational experiences.But,along with “external degree”programs,they seem to pronounce that whatever one has learned in life by whatever diverse and interesting routes cannot be recognized as increasing one’s dignity,worth,usefulness or self-enjoyment until it is converted into degree credits.The legislation I propose would offer a more rational order of priorities.It would help recapture the genuine and variegated dignity of workplace along with the genuine and more specialized dignity of the university.It would help restore to people of all ages and inclinations a sense of their own basic worth and offer them as many roads as possible to reach Rome.Vocabulary1.What look like generous hire-purchase terms are fundamentally just encouragement to the customer to spend his very last penny.【at bottom】2.A lot of viewers complain that there is too much crime and needless sex and violence on TV.【gratuitous无端的】3.I read a brief extract of Erving Goffman's new detective novel on the train and it has rather aroused my appetite for mysteries.【whetted引起】4.The article simply records the political changes of the last year,but it doesn't offer an honest appraisal of the government's achievements.【stocktaking评价估量】st week the city government warned that it would consider legislation to forbid smoking in public places.【outlaw不合法】6.Is it not something of an oddity to have a President of one political persuasion and a Prime Minister of another.【anomaly异常】7.These bigger companies have the money,but they don't always have the expertise to get the job done right.【know-how技能】8.As a member of the club,you must abide by its rules and regulations,otherwise you'll be punished severely.【comply with遵照，遵守】9.Asked whether she would like to work with Jack in my office，Mary replied"No" with obvious distaste.【patent显然的】10.There are many priorities,but reducing the budget deficit as soon as possible is more important than anything else.【paramount最高的】1.What monstrous perversion扭曲of the human spirit leads a sniper to open fire on a bus carrying children2.His writing is so diffuse冗长，obscure and overwrought that it is difficult to make out what it is he is trying to say3.We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass忽略Canterbury because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic there.4.The office director insisted that there was no question as to the propriety合适ofhow the benevolent funds were raised.5.Hector has been trying to get his job upgraded升级for years,but management won't because they'd have to pay him more.6.As a moody young adolescent,Mandy oscillates波动between joyous enthusiasm and melodramatic despair,most especially when it comes to boys.7·How successful they were would hang on坚持下去the speed with which the product could be distributed to the shops.8.Judging by the books sold，this young writer seems to have a strong hold over the reading public.9.If I were you,I would never allow my daughter to attend a such apathy冷漠exists among both the students and teachers.10.She rose,came up to me and said:“Could you provide me with a clear rationale 解释for taking this course of action"2.Unit Two The Middle Class中产阶级The middle class is distinguishable more by its earnestness and psychic insecurity than by its middle income.I have known some very rich people who remain stubbornly middle-class,which is to say they remain terrified at what others think of them,and to avoid criticism are obsessed with doing everything right.The middle class is the place where table manners assume an awful importance...The middle class,always anxious about offending,is the main market for"mouthwashes," and if it disappeared the whole"deodorant"business would fall to the ground.中产阶级有另别于其他阶级的特征是他们一本正经的生活态度和缺乏安全感的精神状态，而不是他们的中等收入。

1.在各式各样的爱当中，浪漫的爱情是最复杂而又最令人费解的。

它可以在你最不经意的时候冒出来(而且带给你最不合适的对象)，它可以把你从狂喜的巅峰抛向绝望的深渊，它一会儿向你呼啸而来，转瞬间却像镜面上呼出的气息消散无踪。

是它驱使你将余生献给另一个人，但是几年之后，当你回首往事的时候，竟然丝毫记不得那最初的狂喜。

爱情是如此的令人困惑，有时你想索性放弃一切爱情的烦恼，转而潜心研究宇宙[13]，或宏观经济学，或其他一些比爱情轻松的事情。

2.有些生物学知识在此是有益的。

爱情的第一场阵痛就让你身陷烈性化学鸡尾酒的影响之下：血管内多巴胺(和它相比鸦片就是阿司匹林了)来去匆忙。

尚觉不够热闹的附件激素(加压素和催产素的完全混合物)肆虐盛行于你的全身。

这些发现大多是通过对草原田鼠的大量研究发现的。

草原田鼠和配偶相伴一生，终日体贴地为对方梳理打扮，双宿双栖，极力避免发生外遇，生活作风相当正派。

3.女人会说，但愿男人都像草原田鼠。

但是，要是希望男人都是马匹的话，女人都该是戈黛娃夫人了(Lady Godiva)。

[14]4.除了爱情那化学棍棒效应，还有个微脑问题。

核磁共振(MRI)扫描显示，堕入爱河所激活的只是很微小部分的大脑区域，比操作重型机械时所激活的大脑区域小得多。

英国伦敦大学学院的研究人员用挖苦的口吻评论说：特洛伊的美人海伦能够仅凭被她激活的这么有限的脑皮层区域，居然使上千艘战舰发动了起来，想到这真令人神往。

5.因此要记住紧要的是，当你恋爱选择配偶的时候，你仅是在凭借认知功能的小部分做出一项攸关余生的重大决定。

被爱情所激活的这小片大脑皮层正是被可卡因所激活的那片区域，这就意味着你选择人生伴侣，移居到阿拉斯加的安克雷奇，然后决定生许多孩子，这一系列的决定和你决定享用非法毒品导致彻夜胡言乱语所用到的大脑皮层区域是完全相同的。

6.柏拉图曾说，爱是一种精神疾病。

现代研究人员纷纷表示强烈同意，并将爱分类为一种神经错乱，重复着心理学家多年以来一直对哭泣的患者的忠告。

一单元，定语从句前置法1．Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

2．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更为重要的是，这是科学家所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙的形状和结构。

后置法1.John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal.职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。

关于这个特征,人们已经写大量的文章2.The Queen will visit the town in May, when she willopenthe new hospital. 女王将于5月访问该城。

届时,她将主持那家新医院的开业仪式3. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了4.After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈、一直谈到深夜。

英译汉1．One answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems or mutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. (Para2)为什么会产生误解或反对呢？答案之一就是，大部分人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或者感受，解决共同关注的问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

2. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. (Para3) 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而产生的系列肌肉收缩，我们人类各成员都是一样的。

咱们没有"享受幸福的权利".路易斯"毕竟，" 克莱尔说，"他们拥有享受幸福的权利" 。

咱们那时是在讨论邻里发生的一件事。

甲先生抛弃甲太太，离了婚，准备迎娶乙太太，而乙太太也一样办好了离婚手续准备嫁给甲。

毫无疑问，甲先生和乙太太超级欢喜对方。

若是他们继续相爱，且健康和收入不出什么差池，他们接下来的日子应该会过的很高兴。

一样显而易见的是，他们与各自的前任相处不佳。

乙太太最初仍是喜欢她的丈夫的。

可是后来他在战争中负伤，丢掉了工作，听说还已经失去了性能力。

尔后的生活已经再也不是乙夫人当初所期待的。

甲夫人也很凄惨。

她面貌再也不，也没有了生机活力。

有人说她因为为他生儿育女，又为护理他度过漫长的疾病期而将自己的精力消耗殆尽，而先前的婚姻生活也因着疾病而黯然失色。

可是不要以为甲是那种将糟糠之妻弃之如敝履的一类人。

咱们都知道前妻的自杀让他超级震惊，他曾亲口对咱们说，“我又能怎么样呢？每一个人都有享受幸福的权利。

我不能错过我的幸福机缘。

”以后我就一直琢磨"享受幸福的权利"这句话。

起初这句话给我的感觉怪怪的，听起来就像是在说每一个人都有走运的权利。

无论会有哪个派别的道德学家如何评论，咱们的幸福或痛苦很大程度上都非人力所能控制。

在我眼里，所谓享受幸福的权利并无依据，正如不能要求自己的身高要达到六英尺，应该有个百万富翁的老爸，或说无论何时自己想去野餐了，天气就必需晴朗。

权利作为所在的社会的法律所保障的自由是不难理解的。

因此，我有权沿公共道路行驶，因为这是社会给给予我的自由，也是“公共”道路意义之所在。

我也能理解法律所保障的债权权益，和与之相应的他人的债务承担义务。

若是我有权从你那里获取100英镑，也就等于说你有责任付我100英镑。

若是法律允许甲先生抛弃发妻而去勾引邻人之妻，那么甲就有这项法律权利，咱们也没有必要在此谈论所谓“幸福”的权利。

可是克莱尔意非如此。

Unit3科学研究的方法托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎科学研究的方法只是人类大脑工作必然方式的体现而已。

简言之，一切现象通过这一方式被加以分析，从而变得清晰而准确。

科研工作者的大脑运作与普通人的并无太大区别。

两者之间的区别和烘焙师或屠夫在普通磅秤上称他的货品时的操作方法与化学家通过天平和精细分级的砝码进行困难而复杂的分析的区别是一样的。

这并不是一个秤的活动部件和另一个部件在构造原理或工作方式上相异，而是其中一个秤的梁被置于更加精细的轴上，所以稍微增加一点重量，这个天平当然就会发生倾斜。

我给你举一个耳热能详的例子，也许你对此便能更好地理解。

我敢说，你常常听人说，从事科学工作的人们通过归纳和演绎的方法进行工作。

从某种意义上来说，他们通过这些方式从自然界中提取出被称为自然法则的东西，而从这些自然法则中，他们又靠着自己的某些巧计提出假设和建立理论学说。

很多人认为普通人的大脑运作无法与科学从业人员的这些思维过程相提并论，只有通过特别的训练方能练就这些本领。

听了这些夸张之词，你会认为科研人员大脑的构成一定不同于其他人，然而如果你不会被那些专业术语唬住，你会发现你的想法是错误的。

你生命中的每一天，每一个小时都在运用所有这些看似令人敬畏的思维模式。

莫里哀的一个戏剧中有这样著名的一幕，作者让那个得知自己一生都在用散文讲话的主商表达难以制的喜悦。

同样，我相信当你发现你的一切行为都一直在依据归纳与演绎方法进行，一定也会喜不自禁。

或许在座的各位没有人不会在一天的时光里进行一连串复杂的推理活动，这些推理活动正如科研人员在探索自然现象的原因时所经历的那样，类型是一样的，尽管程度上有异。

一个微不足道的例子便能说明这一点。

假设你走进一家水果店，想要一只苹果，你拿起一只苹果，咬了一口，你发现是酸的，你看了看，发现苹果又硬又绿。

你拿起另一只苹果，结果这一只也是又硬又绿又酸。

店员给了你第三只苹果，在咬下去之前，你观察了一番，发现这只苹果又硬又绿，你立刻说你不要了，因为这只苹果一定就像你前面尝过的苹果一样，是酸的。