2011年西方原著选读全校公选课期末考试翻译资料1

大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011年职称英语教材（理工类）阅读理解第1-5篇WORD第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇（新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇Citizen Scientists第四篇Motoring Technology第五篇Late-Night Drinking第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第一篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company's1 abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.General Motors2 and Honda3 ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999，to focus on fuel cell4 and hybrid electric gasoline engines5，which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.Three years ago，the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor6. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1，700 carts have been sold so far in 2002."The bottom line is7 we don't believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market," Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. "We feel we have given electric our best shot8. ”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota9 RA V4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan10 are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles."There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program11, and that is what we will be judging them on, ”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines12 on vehicle emissions13 in the US. However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler14 won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislationrequiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.词汇：hybrid /'haibrid/ n.杂种，混合物；adj.杂种mileage /'mailids/ n.英里数，英里里程的；混合的injunction/iidsAgkJ^n/n.命令；指令注释：1. The Ford motor company：福特汽车公司。

2011年text1 外部董事的职责，P1.西蒙斯于2000年一月加入Goldman公司董事会，成为一名外部董事，一年后他成为布朗大学的校长。

此后几十年的时间里，她很明显扮演着两个角色，但并未引起多少责难。

但是在2009年底，西蒙斯女士却由于担任Goldman薪酬委员会委员受到抨击；他怎可能让角奖金得以发放又引起人们的注意呢？到第二年二月，西蒙斯便离开Goldman公司董事会，她说该职位占用了她太多的时间。

P2. 外部董事在企业董事会中扮演有益而又相对公正的顾问角色，由于他们在别处已经创造了自己的财富和声誉，所以他们很可能有足够的独立性否定总裁的建议。

如果公司经营状况不佳，股价下跌外部董事应该根据自己以往应对危机的经验提出建议。

俄亥俄大学的研究者们建立了一个数据库，该数据库囊括了1989年至200年间的一万多家公司和64000多位不同的董事。

后来他们又专门审核了哪些外部董事连任了两届，离开董事会最可能的原因是年龄，所以研究者们关注的焦点是那些不到70岁却很离奇消失的外部董事们。

他们发现在外部董事意外离开后，公司不得不重申盈利的可能性上升了20%。

在联邦法院所受理的集体起诉案件中被涉及的可能性也会增加，并且公司在股市的表现也会更糟。

大公司受到的影响往往会更大。

尽管外部董事的离职与随后企业业绩下滑之间的相互关系让人难免揣测，但这并不意味着外部董事们总是在公司为难之时弃之不顾。

他们往往喜欢“做大生意”，离开风险更高的小公司转而投身规模更大更为稳定的大企业。

但是研究人员相信，如果外部董事在坏消息传出前就离开公司，他们会更轻易避免声誉受损，虽然历史记录显示，在公司出现问题时，外部董事仍在董事会，那些想在艰难时期挽留住外部董事的公司一定要采取激励措施，否则外部董事们就会步西蒙斯女士的后尘，再一次在校园里受到欢迎。

2011年Text2美国报业的重生，针对报业的衰亡究竟发生了些什么？一年前报业衰亡似乎就在眼前。

2011 年7 月全国英美文学选读自考试题1. All of Charles Dickens ' works, with the exception of _____________ , present a criticism ofthe more complicated and yet most fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian England.A. Bleak HouseB. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities2. From ___________ on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of Thomas Hardy ' snovels, the conflict between the traditional and the moden is brought to the center of the stage.A. The Return of the NativeB. The Mayor of CasterbridgeC. Tess of the D ' UrbervillesD. Jude the Obscure3. George Bernard Shaw ' s play ___________ shows his almost nihilistic bitterness onthe subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.A. Getting MarriedB. Too True to Be GoodC. Widowers ' HousesD. The Apple Cart4. It was only after the publication of __________ that D.H. Lawrence was recognizedas aprominent novelist.A. The TrespasserB. The White PeacockC. Sons and LoversD. The Rainbow5. T. S. Eliot ' s poem ___________ is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of thestream- of -consciousness technique, also a prelude to The Waste Land.A. “ Prufrock ”B. “ Gerontion ”C. The Hollow MenD. Lyrical Ballads6. Charlotte Bront e' s ________________ is no ted for its sharp criticism of the exist ing society,e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.A. The ProfessorB. Wuthering HeightsC. VilletteD. Jane Eyre7. Shelley ' s greatest achievement is his fo ur - act poetic drama ____________ , which isan ex- ultant work in praise of humankind ' s potential.A. AdonaisB. Queen MabC. Prometheus UnboundD. Kubla Khan8. Among the Romantic poets __________ is regarded as a “ worshipper of natureA. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats9. The most perfect example of the verse drama after Greek style in English is John Milton ' s .A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Areopagitica10. The major theme of Jane Austen ' s novels is ____________ .A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage11. T. S. Eliot ' s most important single poem ___________ has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry.A. The Hollow MenB. The Waste LandC. Murder in the CathedralD. Ash Wednesday12. According to the subjects, William Wordsworth ' s short poems can be classified into two groups, poems about ____________ .A. nature and human lifeB. happiness and childhoodC. symbolism and imaginationD. nature and commonlife13. Among the following writers ________________ is considered to be the best -knownEnglish dramatist since Shakespeare.A. Oscar WildeB. John GalsworthyC. W. B. YeatsD. George Bernard Shaw14. William Blake ' s _____________ composed during the climax of the French Revolution playsthe double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.A. The Book of UrizenB. The Book of LosC. Poetical SketchesD. Marriage of Heaven and Hell15. Charles Dicke ns ' works are characterized by a min gli ng of ____________ a nd pathos.A. metaphorB. passi onC. satireD. humor16. Daniel Defoe describes ___________ as a typical En glish middle -class man of theeigh- tee nth cen tury, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pion eer coloni st.A. Robinson CrusoeB. Moll Fla ndersC. GulliverD. Tom Jones17. In Thomas Hardy ' s Wessex novels, there is an apparen t ____________ t ouch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. no stalgicB. tragicC. roma nticD. iro nic18. Of all the eightee nth - cen tury no velists _________ was the first to set out, both inthe- ory and practice, to write specially a “ comic epic in prose ” , the first to give the moder no vel its structure and style.A. Thomas GrayB. Richard Brin sley Sherida nC. Jon athan SwiftD. Henry Fieldi ng19. Shakespeare ' s authentic non -dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems:Venus and Ado nis and ___________ .A. Julius CaesarB. The Win ter ' s TaleC. The Rape of LucreceD. The Two gen tleme n of Verona20. Joh n Milt on ' s ____________ i s probably his most memorable prose work, which is agreatplea for freedom of the press.A. Paradise LostB. Paradise rega inedC. AreopagiticaD. Lycidas21. D. H. Lawre nee ' s no vels __________ are gen erally regarded as his masterpieces.A. The Rai nbow; Wome n in LoveB. The Rain bow; Sons and LoversC. Sons and Lovers; Lady Chatterley ' s LoverD. Women in Love; Lady Chatterley ' s Lover22. The best representatives of the English humanists are Thomas More, ChristopherMar-lowe and ___________ .A. William ShakespeareB. John Milt onC. Henry FieldingD. Jon athan Swift23. Mark Twa in ' s particular concern about the local character of a region came about as "local colorism, ” a unique variation of American literary _____________ .A. roma nticismB. n ati on alismC. moder nismD. realism24. As a poet with a strong sense of mission, Walt Whitman devoted all his life to the creation of the “ single ” poem, ____________ .A. Drum TapsB. North of Bost onC. A Boy ' s WillD. Leaves of Grass25. William Faulkner creates his own mythical kingdom that mirrors not only the decline ofthe _____________ society of America but also the spiritual wasteland of the wholeAmerica n society.A. Easter nB. WesternC. Souther nD. Northern26. In his final years, Herman Melville turned again to prose fiction and wrote what isB. RedburnC. Moby - DickD. Typee27. The Sun Also Rise casts light on a whole generation after ____________________ and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “ the Lost Gen erati on. ”A. the Spa nish Civil WarB. the America n- Mexica n WarC. WWID. WWII28. Herman Melville went to the South Seas on a whaling ship in 1841, where he gainedthe first -ha nd in formati on about whali ng that he used later in _________ .A. TypeeB. RedburnC. Moby - DickD. Omoo29. Accord ing to ___________ , the life - death cycle, the spri ng and win ter of the earth,the birth and death of the animals is reality.A. Theodore DreiserB. William Faulk nerC. Henry JamesD. F Scott Fitzgerald30. “ Though life is but a los ing battle, it is a struggle man can domin ate in such a way thatloss becomes dignity. ” This is an outlook towards life that _______________ had been tryingto illustrate in his works.A. F Scott FitzgeraldB. Ern est Hemin gwayC. Theodore DreiserD. William Faulk ner31. More tha n five hun dred poems __________ wrote are about n ature, in which his(her) gen eral skepticism about the relati on ship betwee n man and n ature is well-expressed.C. Ezra PoundD. Walt Whitman32. In 1954, the Nobel Prize for literature was gran ted to ___________________ , one of thegreatest of America n writers.A. Ern est Hemin gwayB. Robert FrostC. Henry JamesD. Theodore Dreiser33. North of Bost on is described by Robert Frost as “ a book of poople, ” which shows a brillia nt in sight i nto _________ character and the backgro und that formed it.A. Easter nB. WesternC. Souther nD. New En gla nd34. Walt Whitma n is radically inno vative in terms of the form of his poetry. What he prefersfor his new poetic feeli ngs is “__________ ”.A. sta ndardized rhy mingB. regular rhy mingC. free verseD. strict verse35. Henry James ' fame gen erally rests upon his no vels and stories with the ___________theme.A. intern ati onalB. localC. colo nialD. post-moder n36. The Finan cier, The Tita n and The Stoic by Theodore Dreiser ar e called his “ Trilogy ofA. HatredB. DeathC. DesireD. Fate37. In 1920, F • Scott Fitzgerald ' s first novel_________________ was published, which was, to some exte nt, his own story.A. This Side of ParadiseB. Tales of the Jazz AgeC. All the Sad Young MenD. Taps at Reveille38. In 1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne published Twice - Told Tales, a collection of ___________ which attracted critical atte ntio n.C. essaysD. plays39. William Faulkner set most of his works in the American ____________________ , with his emphasis on the ________ subjects and con scious ness.A. North... NorthernB. East... Easter nC. West... WesternD. South... Souther n40. The House of the Seven Gables was based on the traditi on of a curse pronouncedon _____________ 's family when his great - grandfather was a judge in the Salemwitchcraft trials.A. Natha niel Hawthor neB. Wash ington IrvingC. Ezra PoundD. Walt WhitmanPART TWO (60 POINTS)II. Readi ng Comprehe nsion (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write youran swers in the corresp onding space on the an swer sheet.41. “ Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow ' st;Nor shall Death brag thou wander ' st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow ' st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. ”Questio ns:A. Who' s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what ' s the title of the poem?Willian Shakespeare; "Sonnet 18 ”B. What does the word “ th i n the last line refer to?The poemC. What idea do the quoted lines express?When you are in my eternal poetry,you are even with time.The nice summer ' day istransient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.42. “ Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock or hill; Ne ' er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep ! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still!”( From Wordsworth ' s sonnet Composed upon Westm inster Bridge) Questions: A. What does this sonnet describe?The sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London. B. What does the phrase“ mighty heart ” refer to?“ Mightyheart ”refers to LondonC. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form ofsonnet?It follows strictly the Italian form,with a clear division between the octave and the sestet;the rhyme scheme is abbaabba,cdcdcd.43. “ The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. ” Questions:A. Who ' s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what Robert Lee Frost;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningB. What does the word“ sleep ” mean?C. What idea do the four lines express? 44.“ I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. ”( From Walt Whitman ' s Song of Myself) Questions:A. Who does “ myself ” refer to?B. How do you understand the line“ I loafe and invite my soul ” ?C. What does “ a spear of summer grass ” symbolize? III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in English. answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45. What 's the theme of the poem Paradise Lost? What ' s the authorand the implication that the poem expresses? 46. The Waste Land is T. S. Eliot ' s most important single poem. Whatpoem?own way. What are the features of Dickinson 's poems?48. What 's the theme of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby?IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on thes the title of the poem?Write yours intention to create it' s the theme of the47. In American literature, Emily Dickinson s poetry is unique anudnconventional in itsanswer sheet.49. Discuss Charles Dickens 'art of fiction: the setting, the character - portrayal, the language, etc. , based on his novel Oliver Twist.50. Summarize Ernest Hemingway 's artistic features.。

2013年西方原著選讀期末考試翻譯資料The Greek satirical writer Lucian (ca. 120 A.D.-ca. 200 A.D.) is noted for his mastery of Greek prose and satirical dialogue. He was an unrelenting but delightful critic of mythological and philosophical doctrines.Most of what we know about Lucian comes from his own works. He was born at Samosata in Syria, and his native language was probably Syriac, though he thoroughly mastered Greek. He practiced the profession of a sophistic rhetorician in Greece, Italy, and Gaul. About 165 A.D. he settled in Athens but later, apparently in desperate need of funds in his old age, accepted a governmental position in Roman Egypt. Never a philosopher in the technical sense, he knew the schools of the Academics, Skeptics, and Cynics and seemed to have leanings toward the Epicureans. Lucian wrote about 80 works, which are principally in dialogue form. They can be divided into five periods and categories: rhetorical, literary, philosophical, satirical, and miscellaneous.The rhetorical output of Lucian includes two speeches: in Phalaris I the tyrant Phalaris of Akragas sends his famous bull as an offering to Delphi; in Phalaris II one of the Delphians suggests accepting the offering. The Tyrannicide and the Disowned Son also belong in this category. Later in date are the Apology for a Wrong Greeting and some other works.Lucian's literary work varies in significance and length. Lexiphanes and Trial before the V owels make fun of extreme Atticizing; How to Write History contains advice on historiography that is still valuable; and The True History is a hilarious account of man's trip to the moon, which is remarkably modern in tone.The philosophical category owes much to the satirist Menippus, who appears in a number of the works. Lucian himself also appears, thinly disguised. The most impressive work is probably the Hermotimus, a critique of stoicism, but Cock, Sale of Lives, Icaromenippus, Demonax, Charon, Fisher, Zeus Cross-examined, and V oyage to the Lower World are worthy of note.In his satirical writings, Lucian attacks the philosophers. Common life (Dialogues of Courtesans) and contemporary life (Against an Ignorant Bookbuyer and Concerning Hired Companions) are described, but most notable are the attacks on religious movements (Dialogues of the Gods and the biographies of Alexandros of Abonuteichos and Peregrinos).Miscellaneous writings by Lucian include Tragopodagra (Tragic Gout) and Ocypus (Swift Foot), mock tragedies in poetic form. The novel Lucius; or The Ass is often assigned to him.Lucian was a versatile writer with a highly developed sense of the ridiculous. He sensed what often seems the futility of human life, but he also showed real sympathy for the poor and down-and-out. He subjected the institutions of his day to a scrutiny they deserve but cannot always survive. The classical scholar Gilbert Murray (The Literature of Ancient Greece, 3d ed. 1956) well describes Lucian's significance: "He is an important figure, both as representing a view of life which has a certainpermanent value for all ages, and also a sign of the independent vigour of Eastern Hellenism when it escaped from its state patronage or rebelled against its educational duties."Lucian (Lūciānus, Gk. Loukiānos) (c.AD 115 to after 180), born at Samosata on the Euphrates in Syria, the author (in Greek) of some eighty prose pieces in various forms, essays, speeches, letters, dialogues, and stories, mainly satirical in tone. His native language was Syriac, but he received a good Greek education in rhetoric and became first an advocate and then, like many of his day, a travelling lecturer, although he was a satirist rather than a sophist (see SOPHISTIC, SECOND). The details of his life are known only from his own writings; no contemporary or near-contemporary mentions him. He travelled through Asia, Greece, Italy, and Gaul, but in middle age he moved to Athens and abandoned rhetoric for philosophy. It may have been after that that he developed the dialogue form (familiar from Plato) which made him famous, although it is impossible to date his works securely. His writings were influenced by Attic Old Comedy (see COMEDY, GREEK 3), the dialogues of Plato, and especially the satires of the Cynic Menippus, and he scathingly, if humorously, indicts the follies of his day. In later life he was appointed to a minor post in the Roman bureaucracy in Egypt.1. Among his writings on literary and quasi-philosophical subjects are the following:(i) The Vision or the Life of Lucian (Somnium or Vita Luciani), a chapter of his early life, telling how he abandoned sculpture (to which his parents had apprenticed him) for learning; (ii) Nigrīnus, which contains an interesting picture of the simplicity and peace of contemporary Athens contrasted with the turbulent and luxurious life of Rome; (iii) The Literary Prometheus (Ad eum qui dixerat, …Prometheus es in verbis‟: …to him who said, “you are like Prometheus in your language”‟), in which he describes the basis of his satires, namely a blend of comedy and Platonic dialogue; (iv) The Way to Write History (De historia conscrībenda), an entertaining criticism of the eccentricities of contemporary historians, followed by an acute exposition of the qualities required in a history and its author; (v) Dēmōnax, an account of the character of that Cynic philosopher, Lucian's teacher, praised for his austere virtue; (vi) Imāginēs (Eikonēs), a dialogue with interesting references to the chief works of some of the great Greek artists, Pheidias, Praxitelēs, Polygnotus, and Apellēs; and (vii) True History (Vērae historiae), a parody of travellers' tales, including Homer's Odyssey and Ctesias' Indica, which Lucian begins with the assertion that he tells the truth only when he says that it is all lies. The adventures related in this last work are of the most extravagant and ingenious kind, involving a voyage to the moon and to the Isles of the Blest, where the travellers meet Homer and hear him condemn his critics, and assert, among other things, that he began the Iliad with the anger of Achilles merely from chance, without any settled plan. When the travellers arrive at the Underworld they find Herodotus and Ctesias there paying the penalty for their falsehoods. Both Rabelais in the sixteenth century and Jonathan Swift in the eighteenth found inspiration in this work.2. Lucian's satirical dialogues are numerous, and together with his fantastic tales are his most characteristic works, showing his wit and inventiveness as well as his hatredof cant, hypocrisy, and fanaticism, especially in religion and philosophy. Among the best-known of these dialogues are the following. (i) Dialogues of the Gods (Deorum dialogi) and of the Sea Gods (Marīnorum dialogi), short dialogues making fun of the myths about e.g. the birth of Athena, Apollo's love affairs, the Judgement of Paris, and the story of Polyphemus and Galatea. (ii) Dialogues of the Dead (Mortuorum dialogi), short dialogues set in the Underworld, the interlocutors being such characters as Pluto, Hermēs, Charon, Menippus, Diogenēs, Heraclēs, Alexander the Great, and Achilles. Death shows up the vanities and pretences of living men (including the arguments of philosophers), and defeats the intrigues of expectant heirs. The irony, at the expense of all humankind, is grim and tinged with melancholy and resignation. (iii) Menippus (also called Necyomantia); Menippus, the Cynic philosopher, exasperated by the contradictions of philosophy, visits the Underworld to consult Teiresias as to the best life to lead, and is told merely to do, with smiling face and taking nothing too seriously, the task that lies to hand. Similar themes are treated in the Charon, where Charon, the ferryman from the Underworld, visits the upper world to see what life is like and what it is that makes men weep when they enter his boat (i.e. life seen from the point of view of death); this is the most poetic of Lucian's dialogues, with its comparisons of cities to bee-hives attacked by wasps, and of human lives to bubbles. The whole is a picture of the pettiness of mankind; Charon himself observes, …This is all laughable‟. (iv) The V oyage to the Underworld (Kataplous), describing a boat-load of the dead and their attitudes. Only the cobbler Micyllus eagerly accepts his summons to the Underworld. (v) The Dream or The Cock, concerning Micyllus the cobbler again, who threatens to kill a cock which has woken him from a happy dream of riches. The cock reveals himself to be Pythagoras, in one of his incarnations (a previous one had been Aspasia), and argues that Micyllus is much happier than many rich men. To prove the point the cock and Micyllus, rendered invisible by the former's magic tail feathers, visit the houses of several rich men and observe their miseries and vices. (vi) The Sale of Lives (Vitarum auctio), an entertaining piece in which the chief proponents of various philosophic creeds are put up for sale, Hermes being the auctioneer: Diogenēs the Cynic goes for two obols, useful as a house dog; Heracleitus is unsaleable; Socrates (apparently identified with Platonic philosophy), after considerable ridicule, fetches the enormous sum of two talents, bought by Dion of Syracuse; Pyrrhon the Sceptic is disposed of last, and even after he is in the hands of the buyer is still in doubt as to whether he has been sold or not. (vii) Icaromenippus, very Aristophanic in its fantastic plot: Menippus (see (iii) above), disgusted with the disputes of the philosophers, resolves to visit the heavens himself to find out the truth, cutting off the wings of an eagle and a vulture as a mechanical aid. He finds Empedoclēs in the moon, carried there by the vapours of Aetna. He is civilly received by the gods, and watches Zeus receive human prayers, through ventholes in the floor of heaven; he attends a banquet and hears the gods decide to destroy all philosophers as useless drones. Returned to earth Menippus hastens with malicious pleasure to the Stoa Poikilē to announce to the philosophers their impending doom. (viii) The Cross-examination of Zeus (Zeus confutātus), on the conflict between the doctrine of fate and that of divine omnipotence. (ix) Meeting of the Gods (Deorum concilium), inwhich Momus complains of the admission among the genuine deities of a number of foreigners, mortals, and others of doubtful credentials, from Dionysus and his hangers-on to the Egyptians Apis and Anubis. (x) Dependent Scholars (De mercēde conductis), written to dissuade a Greek philosopher from accepting a place in a Roman household, with its attendant hardships and humiliations, for a pittance; it is an excellent example of Lucian's witty good sense. (xi) Peregrine (De morte Peregrīni), a satirical narrative of the career of a fanatical Cynic and apostate Christian (a historical character) who, in pursuit of notoriety, had himself burnt alive on a pyre. (xii) Lucius or the Ass (Lucius sive asinus), a short novel doubtfully ascribed to Lucian; it is perhaps an abbreviated form of an earlier Greek romance which was also the basis of the Latin novel …The Golden Ass‟ of Apuleius. See also TIMONLucian - also Lucianos, Lucianus, Lucian of Samosata (c.120 - c.200 A.D.)Syrian-Greek rhetorician, pamphleteer, and satirist, famous for his humorous dialogues. Of the eighty works traditionally attributed to him, about ten are of doubtful authenticity, including one of the most famous, the short novel Lucius or the Ass. In the Byzantine world, Lucian was labelled as an Anti-Christ. He was also on the Catholic index of Forbidden Books."I want now to tell you the most remarkable fact about the fly's nature, and it is the only point I think Plato overlooks in his discussion of the soul and its immortality. If ash is sprinkled on a dead fly it recovers, and from this second birth it has a whole new life. Everyone accepts this as clear proof that flies too have an immortal soul, since it departs and then returns, recognizes and revives its body, and makes the fly take wing again."(in Selected Dialogues, edited and translated by C.D.N. Costa, 2006) Lucian was born in Samosata, Commage, Syria (now Samsat in southeastern Turkey). Most of what we know about Lucian's life is derived from his own writings, which cannot always be taken at face value. However, in My Dream Lucian tells that he was apprenticed to his uncle, a stonecutter, after he had stopped going to school. Lucian had shown some talent in modelling cows, horses, and human figures from wax. The apprenticeship lasted one day because he managed to break a slab with his chisel. Lucian of Samosata lived under the Roman Emperors Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Commodus, and perhaps Pertinax. His mother-tongue was probably Aramaic, but as a young man he spent some years in Ionian, acquiring a Greek literary education. He also studied rhetoric and wandered through western Asia as a traveling lecturer. These experiences formed a basis for his later skeptical attitude toward travellers' tales. He taught in Italy and Spain held also a teaching post in Gaul (France). Possibly he lived some time in Rome and worked later unsuccessfully as a lawyer at Antioch in Syria.In the late '50 of the 2nd century, Lucian settled in Athens. During this period he wrote prolifically. How to Write History, Dialogues of the Dead, True History, and Timon are some of these works. Most of his writings were produced between 160 and 185, but it is difficult to date them accurately. Lucian also watched the Olympic Games, mentioning them in his Anacharsis dialogue. Fifty or so epigrams are attributed to Lucian in the Anthologia Graeca, a collection of poems from the Ancientand Byzantine periods of Greek Literature.As a writer, Lucian was a skillful, sophisticated craftman, who criticized the follies and foibles of his own day. The knowledge he had acquired in the various professions he utilized in his writings. He blended prose and verse, high and low styles, moving easily from the Platonic dialogue to Menippean satire within the same work. His basic invention was to transform a serious philosophical dialogue into a vehicle of mockery. Lucian himself appeared in a number of his dialogues under the disguise of Lycinus or the Syrian.In one text he mentions that he suffered from gout in his old age. For a period, Lucian was employed in Alexandria by the imperial administration. His duties included "the initiation of court cases and their arrangement, the recording of all that is done and said, guiding counsels in their speecher, keeping the clearest and most accurate copy of the govermor's decision in all faithfulness and putting them on public record to be preserved for all time." He then returned to Athens c.175, after the prefect of Egypt was banished from his office. Lucien died c.200. According to a statement in Suidas, Lucien was torn to pieces by dogs, but it is supposed that this is a later fabrication due to Lucian's alleged hostility to Christianity.Lucian did not develop a philosophy of his own. He tended towards the Epicureans, but in general, he was more of a reporter and social critic than an analyst. Lucian satirized philosophy and all religions in several texts, including Icaromenippus, a dialogue, The Life of Peregrine, Of Sacrifice, Zeus Cross-Examined, and Influence of the Old Comedy Writers. Philopatris, a direct attack on Christianity, was long attributed to Lucian, but it probably dates from the time of Julian the Apostate (cAD 331-363). The Pelegrinus tells of the death a Cynic philopher, who had flirted with Christianity, but eventually decided to roast himself at Olympic Games "not undeservedly, by Heracles, if it is right for parricides and for atheists to suffer for their hardinesses," notes Lucian.Lucian took the side reason against superstition and mysticism, he mocked authors who used archaic style, ridiculed charlatans and philosophers, and parodied the fantastic and fanciful travel stories of earlier writers, such as the Greek historian Herodotus. In How to Write History, a treatise on historiography, which dates around 166-68, Lucian makes a distinction between history and rhetoric, and emphasizes truthfulness "The historian's one task is to tell the thing as it happened." Lucian's down-to-earth approach is still valid and advises excellent, although the work is out of date for practical purposes.True History (Alethes historia), in which the narrator visits the Moon, Lucian satirized the myths of Homer and utopian societies, starting the story by declaring that "as I have no truth to put on record, having lived a very humdrum life, I fall back on falsehood but falsehood of a more consistent variety; for I now make the only true statement you are to expect that I am a liar. " The notes that the female sex is unknown; men marry men and reproduce unisexually. "But what is far more surprising, there is amongst them a singular species of men, called Dendrites, and which are produced in this manner. They plant the testicle of a man into the ground ; from whence by insensible degrees springs up a large fleshy tree, having the form of aphallus, with branches and leaves, and bearing an acorn-like fruit an ell in length." After returning back to Earth, the narrator with his party is swallowed by a gigantic whale. He manages to escape and has then adventures on islands. Also in the dialogue Icaromenippus Lucian's hero acquires a pair of wings and flies to the Moon.Lucius or the Ass (Loukios, e Onos), a comic novel, has been attributed to Lucian, but not without doubts. He may have drawn upon the same text as Apuleius's more famous story The Golden Ass, written in the mid-2nd century AD. Onos tells of a young man, a certain Lucius of Patrae, who is turned into a donkey. Passing from owner to owner, he suffers much before he becomes again a human being. The epitomist of the text, called nowadays as Pseudo-Lucian, reduced it by about one-third of its original lenght.In spite of Lucian's anti-Christian reputation, his writings survived the bonfires of the Church. In the 15th and 16th century Lucien enjoyed a wide popularity and his works were printed in many editions, such as Palinurus, printed in 1,500 copies at Avignon in 1497. One edition was published in small, portable form, so that it could be read during long horseback rides, or even in the middle of a session of the city council, as a Venetian senator did according to an anecdote.Lucian's treatise De Calumnia (About not being too quick to believe a calumny), in which he descibed in detail a painting by Apelles, inspired Botticelli's La Calunnia di Apelle (the Calumny of Apelles, c.1494-1495). This tempera painting shows several allegorical figures grouped against a backround of classica arcades. Calumny is portrayed as an extraordinarily beautiful lady carrying a lighted torch. The Christian humanist Erasmus (c.1469-1536) was one of the first to translate Lucian from Greek into Latin. During his stay in England in 1505 and 1506 he translated ten of Lucian's dialogues, in Flocence he translated eighteen short dialogues, and then additional eight treatises. Lucian's influence is seen in Saint Thomas More's Utopia (1516), Rabelais's Pantagruel (1532) and Gargantua (1534), Cyrano de Bergerac's (1619-55) L'Autre Monde, Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726), in the works of V oltaire (1694-1778), and S. Butler's Erewhon (1872). Samuel Briscoe said in the 1711 English translation, that Lucian "has been the Darling Pleasure of Men of sense in every Nation."2013年西方原著選讀期末考試翻譯資料希腊讽刺作家琉善（公元120-200年）因精擅创作希腊语散文和讽刺对话而闻名于世，他无情地批判神学教义和哲学信条，因此备受推崇。

全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试英美文学选读试题课程代码：00604全部题目用英文作答，请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上PART ONE (40 POINTS)I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice and write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. All of Charles Dickens’ works, with the exception of _________, present a criticism of the more complicated复杂，难懂的and yet most fundamental social institutions制度and morals of the Victorian England. A. Bleak House B. Hard Times C. Great Expectations远大前程D. A Tale of Two Cities双城记2. From ____________ on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of Thomas Hardy’s novels, the conflict between the traditional and the moden is brought to the center of the stage. A. The Return of the Native B. The Mayor of Casterbridge C. Tess of the D’UrbervillesD. Jude the Obscure 3. George Bernard Shaw’s play ____________ shows his almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young. A. Getting Married B. Too True to Be Good C. Widowers’ HousesD. The Apple Cart 4. It was only after the publication of ____________ that D.H. Lawrence was recognized as a prominent novelist. A. The Trespasser B. The White Peacock C. Sons and Lovers D. The Rainbow ce in terms of the stream 5. T. S. Eliot’s poem ____________ is heavily indebted to James Joy- of -consciousness technique, also a prelude序幕，前奏to The Waste Land. A. “Prufrock”布鲁富克劳B. “Gerontion”衰老C. The Hollow Men D. Lyrical Ballads e existing society, e. g. the 6. Charlotte Brontё’s ____________ is noted for its sharp criticism of threligious hypocrisy of charity institutions.它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。

第四部分阅读理解C部分历年试题解析1．(2011年)意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境一．文章结构分析本文节选自TomButler-Bowdon所着励志读物《自助经典50篇》(FiftySelf-helpClassics)中的第一章：詹姆斯·爱伦(JamesAllen)。

作者对爱伦的《思考的人》一书予以评论，对书中的观点进行解释和提炼。

本文哲理丰富，具有一定的警示和启迪作用，但语言较为抽象。

主要考查的知识点包括：各类从句，并列结构、被动语态、以及根据上下文选择词义。

第一段：提出爱伦《思考的人》一书的主旨观点：意识创造了我们内在性格和外部环境。

第二、三段介绍爱伦关于“意识和行为”的观点。

从人们普遍认同的观点“意识独立于物质存在，)拿②assumpuon被定语从句和同位语从句两个从句修饰。

可以将较短的定语从句译为“的”字结构的定语；较长的同位语从句可以采用拆译法，单独成句，也可以放在中心词前面，用复指代词“这个，这一”来连接。

3．词义确定(1)take一词词义繁多，且都易于和名词搭配为动宾结构，如：“拿出(接受，形成)一个……假设”的表达都成立。

因此应根据后文对此假设性质的说明“大家普遍接受；爱伦证实为伪”排除“形成，接受”，确定译为“拿出”。

(2)erroneous一词考生可能感觉有些生疏，但只要能知道它和error同源，就不难推断出其含义为“错误的”。

爱伦的贡献在于，他拿出“我们并不是机器人，所以能控制自己思想”这一公认的假设，并揭示了其谬误所在。

[考生实例]例1我们都认同这样的假说：因为我们不是机器人，所以能控制自己的思想。

爱伦的贡献在于他提出这一假设并揭示其错误本质。

(2分)例2爱伦的贡献在于他拿出“我们不是机器人，所以能够控制自己思想”这一我们都分享的假说，而且揭示了这一假设的谬误所在。

(1．5分))wearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion...时需要增译“但是，还是，依然”等，构成呼应，使行文更流畅。

第二部分阅读理解(2)（2011年09月网考）全翻译版2011年版新大纲9套模拟题18篇阅读理解（必考一篇），出现在考试中阅读部分的第二篇，小抄或硬背，必须掌握，原题出现，答案位置不变，15分不可以丢失。

Passage 1The French Revolution broke out in 1789. At the time France was in a crisis. The government was badly run and people’s lives were miserable. King Louis XIV tried to control the national parliament and raise more taxes. But his effort failed. He ordered his troops to Versailles. The people thought that Louis intended to put down the Revolution by force. On July 14,1789, they stormed and took the Bastille, where political prisoners were kept. Ever since that day, July 14 has been the French National Day. Louis tried to flee the country in 1792 to get support from Austria and Prussia. However, he was caught and put in prison. In September 1792, the monarchy was abolished. In the same year, Louis was executed. A few months later his wife, Marie also had her head cut off. The Revolution of France had frightened the other kings of Europe. Armies from Austria and Prussia began to march against France. The French raised republican armies to defend the nation. The Revolution went through a period of terror. Thousands of people lost their lives. In the end, power passed to Napoleon Bonaparte. (190 words)法国大革命于1789年爆发。

第二部分阅读理解(1)（2011年09月网考）全翻译版以下正误判断题（百分百实考题）在考试中的阅读第一篇，相对来说难度较低，建议强记，可以看题背答案，确保阅读的30分不丢。

解题思路：正误判断题主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。

一般是根据文章的事实或细节，给出一个句子，判断其正误。

比较直接，难度相对较小。

做此类题时，应先看题，后带着“问题”快速阅读短文，寻找所需要的信息。

Passage 1Mr. Young ran his own business and worked very hard. His wife was afraid that he would get sick if he continued like that, so she often tried to get him to take a vacation. At last she managed to persuade him to do so, and she hoped that he would be able to enjoy his vacation without any disturbance, so before they left, Mrs. Young went to see her husband's secretary. She said to her, "My husband needs a vacation very much, so whatever happens, please don't bother him with telegrams and letters about business problems while we are away. Just wait till we get back."After Mr. and Mrs. Young had been away about a week, Mr. Young received a letter from his secretary which said, "Something terrible happened to your business, but I'm not going to bother you with it while you are enjoying your vacation."杨先生经营自己生意和工作很辛苦，他的妻子怕他这样继续下去会生病，所以她常常劝说他去度一次假。

Introduction:简介The Mycenaean Age dates from around 1600 BC to 1100 BC, during the Bronze Age.这个迈锡尼文明大约在公元前十六世纪到公元前十一世纪，处在在青铜器时期。

Mycenae is an archaeological site in Greece from which the name Mycenaean Age is derived.希腊的一个叫迈锡尼的的考古遗址是迈锡尼文明的名字的由来。

Mycenae site is located in the Peloponnese, Southern Greece.迈锡尼遗址坐落于希腊南部的伯罗奔尼撒半岛。

The remains of a Mycenaean palace were found at this site, accounting for its importance.一个迈锡尼文明的宫殿的残骸在这个遗址被发现凸显了这个遗址的重要性。

Other notable sites during the Mycenaean Age include Athens, Thebes, Pylos and Tiryns.其他迈锡尼文明时期的著名遗址包括：雅典，底比斯，皮洛斯和梯林斯。

According to Homer, the Mycenaean civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.通过河马诗史，我们了解到迈锡尼文明是受在特洛伊战争中领导希腊人的阿伽门农王统治的。

The palace found at Mycenae matches Homer's description of Agamemnon's residence.这个在迈锡尼城发现的遗址符合荷马的关于阿伽门农王的的宫殿的描述。