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Trade War•唐纳德特朗普是美国商人、电视真人秀、政客、总统。
Donald trump is an American businessman, reality TV show, politician and President.•在商人期间，特朗普建造了办公大楼、酒店、娱乐、高尔夫球场和世界各地其他有名的建筑。
During his time as a businessman, trump built office buildings, hotels, entertainment, golf courses and other famous buildings around the world.•特朗普的精神问题有以下几点，推特治国、退出TTP、巴黎气候协定、伊核协议、联合国教科文组织等等。
Trump's spiritual problems include the rule of twitter, the withdrawal of the TTP, the Paris climate agreement, the Iranian nuclear agreement, UNESCO and others.•他的他经常性侵犯女性，以至于她们现在纷纷来起诉他。
He was so often sexually assaulting women that they are now suing him.•他指定他的女儿和女婿作为总统助理和高级顾问。
He appointed his daughter and son-in-law as presidential aides and senior advisers.•他上任24小时就推翻了奥巴马医保法案。
He overthrew obamacare within 24 hours of taking office.•发布禁止穆斯林入境指令和修建美墨边境墙。
外贸出口英语词汇一、商品相关。
1. commodity [kəˈmɒdəti] - n. 商品；日用品。
- 例句：This commodity is in great demand in the international market.（这种商品在国际市场上需求量很大。
）2. merchandise [ˈmɜːtʃəndaɪs] - n. 商品；货物；v. 买卖；推销。
- 例句：The company merchandises a wide range of products.（这家公司经销各种各样的产品。
）- 例句：They are checking the merchandise in the warehouse.（他们正在仓库里检查货物。
）3. product [ˈprɒdʌkt] - n. 产品；产物；结果。
- 例句：Our new product has a high - quality standard.（我们的新产品有很高的质量标准。
）4. goods [ɡʊdz] - n. 商品；货物（复数形式）- 例句：These goods are ready for export.（这些货物准备出口。
）二、订单相关。
1. order [ˈɔːdə(r)] - n. 订单；命令；顺序；v. 订购；命令。
- 例句：We received a large order from an overseas client.（我们收到了一个海外客户的大订单。
）- 例句：Please order the goods as soon as possible.（请尽快订购货物。
）2. purchase order [ˈpɜːtʃəs ˈɔːdə(r)] - n. 采购订单。
- 例句：The purchase order has been sent to the supplier.（采购订单已经发送给供应商了。
国际贸易案例国际贸易案例一：中国与美国的贸易摩擦自20世纪90年代起，中国与美国之间的贸易关系备受关注。
尽管双方之间的经济联系极为密切，但也不时出现贸易摩擦的情况。
中国作为全球最大的制造业基地之一，一直是美国企业重要的外包伙伴。
然而，美国对中国的贸易逆差问题一直存在争议。
美方认为，中国通过低成本劳动力和汇率优势等手段，大量出口到美国，导致美国国内产业无法竞争，进而造成美国失业问题。
因此，美国政府多次采取针对中国的贸易限制措施，包括对中国产品征收关税和实施贸易保护主义政策。
中国则认为，美国的贸易限制措施是对中国发展的不公平打压，违反了自由贸易的原则。
同时，中国也对美国关税政策进行反制，对美国进口产品进行报复性征税。
这种贸易摩擦对中国和美国两国及全球经济产生了重大影响。
尽管两国最终达成一些贸易协议，但问题并未完全解决。
国际贸易案例二：俄罗斯与欧盟的能源合作俄罗斯作为全球最大的天然气和石油出口国之一，与欧盟的能源合作一直备受关注。
欧盟国家对能源的需求量巨大，而俄罗斯则是其重要的能源供应国之一。
俄罗斯通过天然气和石油出口获得了可观的经济收益，而欧盟也从俄罗斯进口了大量的能源产品。
然而，俄罗斯与欧盟之间的能源合作也面临诸多挑战。
首先，在能源供应方面，欧盟国家对俄罗斯形成了高度依赖，这使得俄罗斯在谈判中拥有一定的议价权。
其次，俄罗斯的能源出口与其政治议程有一定关联，使得俄罗斯在能源合作中具有一定的地缘政治影响力。
欧盟国家则试图减少对俄罗斯的能源依赖，通过开发可再生能源和进口其他国家的能源产品来多样化供应渠道。
综上所述，国际贸易案例的发展和影响不可小觑。
国与国之间的贸易摩擦和能源合作都具有重大的经济和政治影响，尤其是对涉及国家的就业、经济增长和地缘政治格局的调整。
我们需要在保护自身利益的同时，促进公平、开放、互利的国际贸易体系的建立与发展。
Economic sanctions are a powerful tool used by governments and international organizations to influence the behavior of a nation or its leadership.In recent years, Russia has been subject to a series of economic sanctions due to various geopolitical tensions and conflicts.This essay will explore the reasons behind these sanctions,their impact on the Russian economy,and the broader implications for international relations.Reasons for Economic Sanctions on Russiaraine Crisis:The most significant trigger for economic sanctions against Russia was its annexation of Crimea in2014and its involvement in the conflict in Eastern Ukraine. The international community,particularly the United States and the European Union, responded with a series of sanctions targeting individuals,businesses,and sectors of the Russian economy.2.Alleged Election Interference:There have been accusations of Russias interference in the electoral processes of other countries,most notably the United States in2016.This has led to further sanctions aimed at deterring such activities.3.Human Rights Violations:International organizations have criticized Russia for its human rights record,including the treatment of political dissidents and the suppression of free speech.Sanctions have been imposed as a means to pressure the Russian government to improve its human rights practices.Impact on the Russian Economy1.Currency Devaluation:The imposition of sanctions has led to a significant devaluation of the Russian ruble,increasing the cost of imports and affecting the purchasing power of Russian consumers.2.Investment Flight:Foreign investors have become more cautious about investing in Russia due to the uncertainty created by sanctions.This has resulted in capital outflows and reduced foreign direct investment.3.Sectoral Sanctions:Specific sanctions targeting sectors such as finance,energy,and defense have had a direct impact on the profitability and growth of companies within these industries.4.Technological Constraints:Restrictions on the export of certain technologies and goods to Russia have hindered the countrys ability to modernize its industries and maintain competitiveness.Broader Implications for International Relations1.Economic Nationalism:In response to sanctions,Russia has sought to strengthen its economic selfreliance,promoting domestic production and reducing reliance on foreign imports.2.Shift in Alliances:Sanctions have led to a realignment of international relationships, with Russia seeking closer ties with countries not imposing sanctions,such as China and some countries in the Middle East.3.Diplomatic Tensions:The use of economic sanctions has increased diplomatic tensions between Russia and the West,complicating efforts to resolve other global issues.4.Economic Resilience:Despite the economic challenges,Russia has demonstrated a degree of resilience,adapting to the sanctions environment and finding alternative markets and partners.In conclusion,economic sanctions against Russia have had a significant impact on its economy and have broader implications for international relations.While they have been effective in some respects,they have also led to a reconfiguration of global alliances and a strengthening of Russias resolve to pursue its interests independently of Western influence.The longterm effects of these sanctions will continue to shape the economic and political landscape for years to come.。
俄罗斯经贸概况及行业市场分析一、俄罗斯简介和经贸状况俄罗斯国土面积1707.54万平方公里，海岸线长达4.3万公里，濒临大西洋、北冰洋、太平洋的12个海；陆界长达1.7万公里，与14个国家接壤，领土36%在北极圈内，自北向南为北极荒漠、冻土地带、草原地带、森林冻土地带、森林地带、森林草原地带和半荒漠地带。
共横跨11个时区。
俄罗斯大部分地区冬季漫长寒冷，夏季短促、温暖，春秋两季很短。
俄罗斯联邦由83个平等主体组成，包括21个共和国、9个边疆区、46个州、2个联邦直辖市（莫斯科和圣彼得堡）、1个自治州和4个自治区。
分布在7个联邦区（中央区、西北区、南部区、伏尔加河沿岸区、乌拉尔区、西伯利亚区和远东区）。
俄罗斯拥有非常丰富的自然资源，其储量居世界前列的有：天然气、铁矿石、煤、镍、石油、铜、铝、黄金。
俄森林覆盖率50.7%,面积居世界第一位。
非金属矿藏极为丰富，石棉、石墨、云母、菱镁矿、刚玉、冰洲石、宝石、金刚石的储量及产量都较大，钾盐储量与加拿大并列世界首位。
渔业资源、水力资源丰富。
俄罗斯联邦是一个多民族国家，其中俄罗斯族是最大的民族，占总人口的79.82%（2006年2月）。
俄罗斯境内的民族语言分为4大语系，即印欧语系、阿尔泰语系、高加索语系、乌拉尔语系。
共有大约150种语言，俄语为主要语言，属印欧语系的斯拉夫语族。
俄罗斯联邦境内宗教主要有基督教、伊斯兰教、萨满教、佛教（刺嘛教）和犹太教等。
基督教以俄罗斯东正教流传最广，教徒人数最多。
在全球金融危机和经济危机的影响下，俄罗斯经济未能独善其身。
自2008年8月俄格冲突、国际油价下跌之后，俄出现了资金大规模撤离、股市暴跌、卢布大幅度贬值、工业生产大幅度下降、进出口削减、通货膨胀居高不下、居民实际收入下降、失业扩大、经济增长减速消极趋势，呈现出典型的高通胀低增长的滞胀局面。
俄政府出台了一系列救市措施，但效果并不明显，政府通过银行对实体经济的拨款被截留用于外汇投机。
中美贸易争端Trade disputes between China and the United States1.最惠国待遇 MFN / most-favored-nation-treatment2. 触发贸易战 Spark a Trade War3. 国际贸易条约 International Trade Treaty4. 国际经济关系 International Economic Relations5. 国际货币体系 International Currency System / International Monetary System6. 自由兑换 Convertibility7. 贸易协定 Trade Agreement8. 反倾销 Anti-Dumping9. 离岸价 FOB / Free on Board10. 到岸价 DES / Delivered Ex Ship9. 关税及贸易总协定 GATT / General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade10. 国际贸易组织 ITO / International Trade Organization11. 世界贸易组织 WTO / World Trade Organization12. 国际货币基金组织 IMF / International Monetary Fund13. 世界银行 /国际复兴开发银行World Bank / International Bank for Reconstruction and Development14. 国际商会 ICC / International Chamber of Commerce15. 中国国际贸易促进委员会CCPIT / China Council for the Promotion of International Trade16. 进口许可证 Import License17. 出口许可证 Export License18. 多边贸易谈判 MTN / Multilateral Trade Negotiations19. 多边贸易体制 Multilateral Trade System20. 自由贸易区 Free Trade Area21. 贸易壁垒 Trade barriers22. 贸易保护主义 Trade Protectionism23. 非关税措施 NTMs / Non-tariff Measures24. 外汇管制 Foreign Exchange Control25. 国际结算 International Settlements26. 外汇交易 Foreign Exchange Transactions27. 反补贴 Countervailing28. 国际收支 International Balance of Payment29. 汇率 Exchange Rate30. 外汇市场 Foreign Exchange Market。
美国贸易逆差诱因分析The analysis of the U.S. trade deficit Incentives【摘要】从20世纪70年代初期开始，美国的对外贸易就出现了整体性逆差，而且整体性逆差持续快速扩张。
美国在1971年首次出现贸易逆差之后，除1973年、1975年出现小额顺差外，其余年份均为逆差，而且逆差额的总趋势是不断扩大。
美国贸易逆差的急剧扩张，不仅对美国自身也对世界经济造成重大影响。
本文通过从美元的特殊地位，美国出口管制，美国的储蓄-投资与生产-消费双缺口以及美国的贸易结构等角度出发，分析造成美国贸易持续逆差产生的深层次原因以及应该如何看待美国贸易逆差问题。
【Abstract】From the 20th century, early 70s, the U.S. overall foreign trade deficit appeared, and continued rapid expansion of overall trade deficit. U.S. trade deficit in 1971 after the first time, except 1973, 1975 shows a small surplus, the rest were deficit years, but the general trend of deficits is expanding. The rapid expansion of U.S. trade deficit, not only for the United States itself has a significant impact on the world economy. This paper from the dollar's special status, the United States export controls, U.S. savings - investment and production - consumption and double the U.S. trade gap structure point of view, of causing the U.S. trade deficit continued to have deep-seated reasons and its impact.【关键词】美国贸易逆差出口管制储蓄-投资与生产-消费双缺口贸易结构【key words】 The U.S.trade deficit Export control Savings - investment and production consumption double gap Trade structure目录一、美国贸易逆差现状分析 (3)二、美国贸易逆差诱因分析 (4)（一）美元的特殊地位 (4)（二）美国对高科技产品的出口管制 (4)（三）美国的储蓄-投资和生产-消费双缺口 (6)一、美国消费特点分析 (6)二、美国储蓄特点分析 (8)三、美国投资特点分析 (9)(四) 美国贸易结构 (10)一、美国贸易结构特点分析 (10)二、美国对外贸易的区域结构 (13)三、美国对外贸易的商品结构 (19)四、美国主要贸易逆差来源原因分析 (26)三、如何看待美国贸易逆差——贸易逆差的影响 (27)（一）巨额贸易逆差——美国经济增长的助推器 (27)（二）对外贸易结构——国际竞争力的体现 (29)四、结语 (30)五、参考文献 (31)一、美国贸易逆差现状分析从图1中可以看出，从1971年开始, 美国结束了长期的贸易顺差局面, 除1973、1975年为小额顺差外, 进入长期巨额的逆差时期。
中美贸易战英语作文The ongoing trade war between China and the United States has caused a lot of uncertainty in the global economy. Both countries have been imposing tariffs on each other's goods, leading to higher prices for consumers and disruptions in supply chains.Many industries have been affected by the trade war, including agriculture, technology, and manufacturing. Farmers in the United States have seen a significant dropin exports to China, while Chinese tech companies have been hit hard by restrictions on access to American technology.The trade war has also had an impact on financial markets, with increased volatility and uncertainty leading to a decrease in investment and economic growth. Both countries have seen their currencies weaken as a result of the trade war, further adding to the economic turmoil.Despite ongoing negotiations between the two countries,there seems to be no end in sight for the trade war. Both sides have continued to escalate tensions, with threats of further tariffs and trade restrictions.The trade war has also had geopolitical implications, with other countries being forced to choose sides or navigate the complex web of economic alliances. It has also strained diplomatic relations between the two countries, leading to increased tensions in other areas such as security and human rights.Overall, the trade war between China and the United States has had far-reaching consequences for the global economy and has created a sense of uncertainty and instability. It remains to be seen how the situation will unfold in the coming months and what the long-term impact will be on the world economy.。
１．Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语A．贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Entrepot Trade F）转口贸易Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸Coastal Trade 沿海贸易Cross-border Trade 边境贸易Barter Trade 易货贸易Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易Bilateral trade （between China and the US）（中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输B．合同Contract 合同Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同Sales Contract 销售合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书Agreement 协议V essel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议Amendment 修正合同Appendix 附录Quota 配额C．服务合同Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984，a contract between a shipper （or a shippers association）and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or conference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as well as a defined service level （such as assured space，transit time，port rotation or similar service features）。
