浪漫主义时期历史背景及诗人简介
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英国文学:浪漫主义时期(romanticsm)18世纪末和19世纪出浪漫主义文学在全欧盛行。
浪漫主义作家反映了那一时期处在资产阶级革命和社会革命时期的社会情绪、意识形态及人生观。
他们注重人的本能和感情,以此表达对社会现实的不满。
浪漫主义文学与古典主义的灵感的想像,思想与情感,尤其主张以诗歌来抒发个人的情感,表达对理想的追求。
英国诗人威廉.布莱克和罗伯特.彭斯开创了浪漫主义诗歌的先河,到了19世纪上半叶,英国的浪漫主义诗歌达到顶峰。
由于诗人的社会立场和作品的思想内涵不尽相同,19世纪前期英国浪漫主义可分为消极和积极两个派别。
以威廉.华兹华斯、柯尔律治、骚塞等“湖畔诗人”为代表的消极浪漫主义诗人愤世嫉俗,忧郁失望,作品以诗吟湖光山色和田园风光为主。
以拜伦、雪莱、济慈等为代表的积极浪漫主义诗人则充满破除封建束缚的革命激情和向往新生活的崇高理想。
作品强调自由平等和个性解放,充满瑰丽的想像和奔放的激情。
威廉.布莱克的《天真之歌》展现了一个充满博爱、仁慈、怜悯和快乐的世界。
诗人用孩子般的眼光看世界,用空想欢乐主义来理解社会。
鲜明有力的诗句中处处渗透出诗人对生活与自然的孩子般率真而欣悦的感受以及对宇宙和谐的领悟。
在《经验之歌》创作与刻印期间,诗人的思想受到法国革命的巨大冲击,对革命寄予了深切的同情。
诗人清楚地理解了英国人民的苦难,不再天真,对社会有了深刻的经验。
布莱克的其他作品与以上诗集风格有所不同。
形式上,他放弃了惯用的格律而采用无韵的自由体诗,内容上,他以歌颂人性解放与精神自由、歌颂革命、反对传统的理性主义以及英国封建专制以及追求崇高而神圣的理想为主。
《耶路撒冷》一诗长四千多行,主要讲了人的堕落与重生。
布莱克诗中的人道主义与民主主义精神赋予了诗歌极大的生命力;艺术上打破了18世纪古典主义的清规戒律。
他强调本能、感情、想像力,以清新奔放的无韵体诗抒发理想。
布莱克给诗坛带来的一股清新奇特的诗风对后浪漫主义的发展有着功不可没的贡献,是浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
19世纪浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学在各国的发展:(一)德国浪漫主义•18世纪末、19世纪初浪漫主义思潮在德国兴起。
早期浪漫派,因在德国城市耶拿的小团体而得名,缅怀过去,歌颂中世纪。
晚期浪漫派,1806--1830等为代表。
年之后出现,以海涅为代表的。
代表作家:1、施莱格尔兄弟奥古斯特·威廉·施莱格尔弗里德里希·施莱格尔主要贡献:浪漫主义理论的奠基人。
2、格林兄弟是日耳曼语言学的奠基人。
代表作品:《儿童与家庭童话集》(1812-1815)另有两卷《德国传说》。
3、霍夫曼复杂和有争议的作家他的作品具有奇异和荒诞的色彩。
代表作:《金罐》穷大学生安泽穆斯4、海涅(Heinrich Heine,1797-1856)代表作:《诗歌集》,德国诗坛上继歌德之后最伟大的抒情诗人。
政治讽刺诗:《西里西亚纺织工人》(二)英国浪漫主义文学概况英国的浪漫主义有鲜明的英国气质,也就是“自然主义”,英国诗人全都是大自然的观察者、爱好者和崇拜者。
表现在文学中有以下几方面体现:首先是对乡村和大海的热爱;其次是对高级动物的喜爱和对一般动物世界的熟悉;第三是英国人明显的个人独立性;第四是讲求实际的道德观和人生观,与追求正义的强烈意愿。
因此,这个国家善于思考的人自然地分成两大政治集团:1、湖畔派三诗人:1)华兹华斯2)柯勒律治3)骚塞1)华兹华斯他的美学主张可视为欧洲的美学主张。
1798年与柯勒律治合出的《抒情歌谣集》,其“序言”是英国浪漫主义的宣言,提出诗是“强烈感情的自然流露”。
后期的《丁登寺》是公认的不朽之作,表达对自然的感情。
美学主张:返回自然,被誉为“自然诗人”。
此外,又是十四行诗圣手。
他是浪漫主义诗歌第一个有成就的大诗人,开一代诗风,是西方诗歌史上的一个里程碑。
四大主题:自然;儿童、童心、童趣;人的孤独感;坟墓,死亡。
2)柯勒律治1797年,他与华兹华斯结识,同年他写出了著名的《古舟子咏》(《老水手》)和长诗《克丽斯特贝尔》的片段--再也没有写完续篇。
浪漫主义诗人浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一,浪漫主义诗人代表人物有唐代诗人李白,唐代诗人李贺,战国时期楚国诗人屈原,唐代诗人李商隐,战国末期辞赋家宋玉。
1、李贺(唐代诗人)李贺(约公元791年-约817年),字长吉,是“长吉体诗歌开创者。
”李贺是中唐的浪漫主义诗人,与李白、李商隐称为唐代三李。
是中唐到晚唐诗风转变期的一个代表者。
他所写的诗大多是慨叹生不逢时和内心苦闷,抒发对理想、抱负的追求;对当时藩镇割据、宦官专权和人民所受的残酷剥削都有所反映。
留下了“黑云压城城欲摧”,“雄鸡一声天下白”,“天若有情天亦老”等千古佳句。
2、屈原(战国时期楚国诗人)屈原(约公元前340—公元前278年),中国战国时期楚国诗人、政治家。
屈原是中国历史上第一位伟大的爱国诗人,中国浪漫主义文学的奠基人,“楚辞”的创立者和代表作家,开辟了“香草美人”的传统,被誉为“辞赋之祖”“中华诗祖”。
屈原作品的出现,标志着中国诗歌进入了一个由集体歌唱到个人独创的新时代。
其主要作品有《离骚》《九歌》《九章》《天问》等。
以屈原作品为主体的《楚辞》是中国浪漫主义文学的源头之一,与《诗经》并称“风骚”,对后世诗歌产生了深远影响。
3、李白(唐代著名浪漫主义诗人)李白(701年-762年),字太白,号青莲居士,又号“谪仙人”,是唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人,被后人誉为“诗仙”,与杜甫并称为“李杜”,为了与另两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。
据《新唐书》记载,李白为兴圣皇帝(凉武昭王李暠)九世孙,与李唐诸王同宗。
其人爽朗大方,爱饮酒作诗,喜交友。
4、李商隐(唐朝诗人)李商隐(约813年-约858年),字义山,号玉溪(溪)生,又号樊南生,晚唐著名诗人,和杜牧合称“小李杜”,李商隐又与李贺、李白合称“三李”,与温庭筠合称为“温李”,因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近,且三人都在家族里排行第十六,故并称为“三十六体”。
李商隐是晚唐乃至整个唐代,为数不多的刻意追求诗美的诗人。
美国文学浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
华盛顿•欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。
"美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。
年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。
这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。
到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。
在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。
蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。
另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。
政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。
值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。
随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。
这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。
报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。
美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统, 形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。
欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant) 一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。
这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。
浪漫主义文学的历史背景与特点1. 历史背景浪漫主义是一种起源于18世纪末至19世纪初欧洲的文化运动,它在文学领域引发了广泛的影响。
以下是浪漫主义文学出现和发展的几个重要历史背景:1.1 社会变革和政治动荡浪漫主义文学的兴起与欧洲社会中的大规模变革和政治动荡密切相关。
这包括法国大革命、美国独立战争以及其他国家中爆发的民族解放斗争。
这些事件触发了人们对自由、平等和个体权利的思考,并激发了浪漫主义作家追求自由和反抗旧体制的情感。
1.2 工业革命与城市化工业革命带来了前所未有的经济繁荣和技术进步,但也伴随着城市化进程和工人阶级的困境。
这种现实情况使得浪漫主义作家关注社会不公平、环境破坏以及人际关系缺失等问题,他们通过艺术表达来探讨人类情感、自然环境和社会问题。
1.3 古典主义的衰落在浪漫主义出现之前,欧洲文学以古典主义为主导,注重理性、秩序和规则。
然而,随着18世纪后期对传统价值观和思维方式的怀疑,人们寻求反叛和个体自由的渠道。
这种对古典主义观念的挑战为浪漫主义文学提供了土壤。
2. 特点浪漫主义文学具有以下几个显著特点:2.1 强调个体情感与体验浪漫主义作品强调个体的情感和内心世界。
作家通过展示角色的深情厚意、激情澎湃以及苦闷孤独等复杂情感来吸引读者。
他们追求真实自我的表达,倡导诗意生活和灵魂之旅。
2.2 对自然的崇拜与画面化描写浪漫主义者对自然怀有敬畏之心,并认为大自然是一种超越理性的存在。
他们追求那种迷人的、超凡脱俗的自然景观,并借助鲜明的画面化描写来表达对自然之美的赞美。
2.3 反叛与幻想浪漫主义文学常常探索非传统思想和价值观。
浪漫主义者反对旧有体制和规则,倡导个性的真实和独特。
他们也渴望逃离现实世界,通过创造出虚构的理想境界和奇幻故事情节来满足自己的内心愿望。
2.4 对历史、神话与传说的兴趣浪漫主义作家对历史、神话和传说怀有浓厚兴趣,他们将这些元素融入到自己的作品当中。
这种对过去时代和民族文化的回溯是为了寻找灵感,并加强作品的叙事力量。
浪漫主义诗派的代表诗人浪漫主义诗派的代表诗人都有谁浪漫主义诗派的代表诗人都有谁?浪漫诗派是我国诗歌流派之一,屈原是中国浪漫主义文学的奠基人,下面我给大家带来浪漫主义诗派的代表诗人,盼望大家喜爱!浪漫主义诗派的代表诗人浪漫主义诗派的诗人,最早也可以追溯到《诗经》中的佚名诗人。
之后,便是屈原,在魏晋南北朝,先后消失了曹植、左思等浪漫主义诗人。
在唐代,李白掀起了浪漫主义诗歌创作的新高峰。
此外,唐代还有王之涣、王昌龄、岑参、李贺等优秀的浪漫主义诗人。
清代的龚自珍,是中国古代最终一个浪漫主义诗人。
在众多诗人之中,诗仙李白首屈一指。
他的诗艺术成就极高,总能给人一种豪迈奔放、飘逸若仙的韵致,给予神奇浪漫之感。
下面观赏一下李白布满浪漫主义颜色的诗作:花间一壶酒,独酌无相亲。
举杯邀明月,对影成三人。
李白运用了丰富的想象力,将无情之物“月”与“影”结为交游,表面来看,是诗人的得意其乐,实际上蕴含着由政治失意而产生的孤寂忧愁的情怀。
人生得意须尽欢,莫使金樽空对月。
天生我材必有用,千金散尽还复来。
…五花马,千金裘,呼儿将出换美酒,与尔同销万古愁。
此诗是李白离开长安城后所作,全诗忽喜忽悲,诗人剧烈地表达了自我感受,一方面呈现了傲视古今的自信念,另一方面又感慨仕途的不顺,既悲愤又不失浪漫豪迈之风。
浪漫诗给我们的生活以启迪1.沅有芷兮澧有兰,思公子兮未敢言。
——屈原《湘夫人》我爱你,却与你无关,你是我心里最温顺的答案。
每当我思念喜爱的人,却又羞于表达的时候,就会有意无意想让他看到这句话。
爱情中最苦涩,又最甜美的,就是暗恋吧!2.浮生若梦,为欢几何? ——李白《春夜宴从弟桃花园序》人生短暂,青丝变白发,只在须臾之间。
越看以前的古诗词,越觉得古人看得比我们透彻得多。
这短短的一生,我们最终都会失去。
你不妨大胆一些,爱一个人,攀一座山,追一个梦。
李白是浪漫诗派的代表诗人古代的大体有: 1、温顺敦厚,怨而不怒的一派,以汉末文人五言诗《古诗十九首》为代表。
浪漫主义时期(1798-1832)历史背景:Political and social factors:1. The American and French revolution: an upsurge of national liberation and democratic movementsAmerican revolution (1775-1783)—The formation of the independent United States.French revolution of 1789—“Liberty, equality and fraternity”2. The Industrial RevolutionEffect:1. One of the main effects of the rapid and vast economic changes was the urbanization of the growing population.2. The conditions of the working poor in the cities was intolerable.3. There were children working in dark, dangerous factories.4. The working classes and the poor lived in polluted, congested slums. Mass epidemics like typhoid fever afflicted the slums. The romantics, the liberals, the socialists, the anarchists and the communists all emerged with their ideologies at this point in history to criticize these man-made horrors.3. The Luddite movement (工人运动)思想文化背景:1.Rousseau 卢梭(page 2)—the father of romanticism—To rely on feelings, to follow the instincts and emotions.—Return to nature。
19世纪浪漫主义文学概述浪漫主义文学是19世纪欧洲文学的重要流派之一,它在文学史上具有重要的地位。
浪漫主义作品强调个人情感、内心体验和想象力的追求,呈现了一种反对工业化、科学性的态度。
本文将对19世纪浪漫主义文学进行概述,并探讨其主要特点、代表作家以及对后世影响等方面。
一、浪漫主义文学的起源与背景19世纪初期,欧洲正经历着一系列的政治、社会和经济变革。
工业革命的兴起导致了城市化和社会分工的加剧,人们对传统生活方式的认同感减弱。
同时,18世纪启蒙运动的理性主义思潮在社会中占据主导地位,强调理性和科学的发展。
这一时期也存在着政治上的动荡,比如法国大革命等。
在这种背景下,浪漫主义文学崛起了。
浪漫主义作家们通过文学表达了对现实世界的不满和对个人内心世界的追求,强调情感、幻想和自由。
他们试图逃离现实生活的束缚,用想象力和情感去探索更深层次的真实。
二、浪漫主义文学的主要特点1. 强调个人感受:浪漫主义文学重视个体的情感和体验,通过表达个人的内心世界来探索人类的本质。
作品中经常出现对自然、爱情、死亡等主题的情感表达。
2. 崇尚自然与幻想:浪漫主义作家对自然怀有浓厚的兴趣,并将自然视为灵感的源泉。
他们描绘了大自然的美与惊险,通过幻想和奇异的元素来创造出神秘和超越现实的文学形象。
3. 反对现实世界:浪漫主义文学对现实世界的社会、政治和经济现象持批判态度。
作家们通过理想化的情节、角色和场景来展示对社会现实的不满,并寻求超越现实的解决途径。
4. 爱情的理想化:浪漫主义文学中经常出现一种理想化的、超越世俗的爱情观。
爱情被看作是灵魂的追求,是心灵的交流和融合,同时也是一种超越日常生活的力量。
5. 强调想象力和创造力:浪漫主义作家通过丰富的想象力和创造力来创作作品,创造出奇妙、富于想象力的情节和形象。
在他们的笔墨下,世界变得更加多样、丰富。
三、浪漫主义文学的代表作家及作品1. 威廉·华兹华斯《世事如梦》:这是一部描写自然风景和人类情感的抒情诗集,诗人通过细腻的描绘和充满强烈情感的语言,创作出美轮美奂的浪漫主义佳作。
浪漫主义时期(1798-1832)历史背景:Political and social factors:1. The American and French revolution: an upsurge of national liberation and democratic movementsAmerican revolution (1775-1783)—The formation of the independent United States.French revolution of 1789—“Liberty, equality and fraternity”2. The Industrial RevolutionEffect:1. One of the main effects of the rapid and vast economic changes was the urbanization of the growing population.2. The conditions of the working poor in the cities was intolerable.3. There were children working in dark, dangerous factories.4. The working classes and the poor lived in polluted, congested slums. Mass epidemics like typhoid fever afflicted the slums. The romantics, the liberals, the socialists, the anarchists and the communists all emerged with their ideologies at this point in history to criticize these man-made horrors.3. The Luddite movement (工人运动)思想文化背景:1.Rousseau 卢梭(page 2)—the father of romanticism—To rely on feelings, to follow the instincts and emotions.—Return to nature。
2.Edmund Burke 埃德蒙伯克( Page 2)—Reflection on the Revolution in France (1790)《法国革命感想》3.Thomas Paine 托马斯潘恩(page 3)—Rights of Man (1791)浪漫主义简介:+It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.+Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.+ It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences.+ Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.+The term was used in Germany and France at the end of 18th and beginning of 19th C to classify a new movement in literature, especially in poetry.浪漫主义时期代表人物共同特征:(1) They cultivated imaginative freedom, though in very various ways, and this encouraged them to use a variety of sometimes very loose poetic forms.(2) Each of them tended to express the feelings of man in solitude as opposed to those of man in society.(3) They shared a tendency to be "inward turning" rather than outward-looking.(4) All, except perhaps Blake, responded vividly to nature and the natural and uncivilized way of life..(5) They tended to use language with more freedom and information than the 18th C poets, and emphasize the need for spontaneity in thought and action and in the expression of thought.(6) They were all, but in different ways, profoundly affected by the great historical fact of the French Revolution, and by its various immediate consequences, especially the career of Napoleon; Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge began as warm revolutionary sympathizers, but the Napoleonic wars caused Blake to withdraw and turned the other two into convinced conservatives.(7) All of them exalted the individual genius.General characteristic features of the romantic movement(Page.3)1. Subjectivism2. Spontaneity3. Singularity4. Simplicity: everyday language spoken by the rustic people5. A dominating note of melancholy6. A freer verse form浪漫主义诗人派别:ke poet—the passive or escapist romanticists: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey—detesting the real world, escaping from the reality.2.Active or radical romanticists: Byron, Shelley, Keats—striving to strengthen man’s will to live and r aise him up against the darkness in the world.Principles of poetry1 Subjects:1). The great subjects of poetry are “essential passions of the heart” and “the great and simple affections.”(Preface to Lyrical Ballads(2nd ed.)).2). Incidents and situations from common life2. Source of poetry: feelings1). “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”2). Emotion recollected in tranquility3. Language: “real language of men in a state of vivid sensation” (no poetic diction)诗人简介:1.William Wordsworth:早期经历:+Both parents had died by the time Wordsworth was 13+John Wordsworth, his father, was very educated and liberal and encouraged his children to be the same+Wordsworth’s hometown was in the beautiful Lake District prompting h is early love and appreciation of nature, along with imagination自然和妹妹的影响:+Believed all individuals have potential to reach a transcendental understanding of nature through his or her relationship with nature+Believed nature was the glue that binds everything together+Dorothy, Wordsworth’s sister, was very important to him–She experienced nature at an early age and her thoughts and impressions influenced Wordsworth.2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:English poet, literary critic and philosopher; a founder of the Romantic Movement in England (with his friend William Wordsworth); a member of the Lake Poets.He coined many familiar words and phrases, including the celebrated suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Emerson, and American transcendentalism.3.George Gordon ByronPersonal Image:∙ a leader of the era's poetic revolution, he named Alexander Pope as his master;∙ a worshiper of the ideal, he never lost touch with reality;∙ a deist and freethinker, he retained from his youth a Calvinist sense of original sin;∙ a peer of the realm, he championed liberty in his works and deeds, giving money, time, energy, and finally his life to the Greek war of independenceWriting forms:∙satire, verse narrative, ode, lyric, speculative drama, historical tragedy, confessional poetry, dramatic monologue, seriocomic epic, and voluminous correspondence, written in Spenserian stanzas, heroic couplets, blank verse, terza rima, ottava rima, and vigorous prose∙terza rima三行诗节押韵法(象旦丁《神曲》中所用的诗体,三行为一节,每节的第二行与下一节的第一、三行押韵)∙ottava rima(意)八行体(一种诗体,每行十或十一个音节,前六行交替押韵,后两行另成一组同脚韵)拜伦式英雄:Definition:Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure ofnoble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–1818).Characteristics:∙The Byronic hero typically exhibits several of the following traits:∙Arrogant∙Cunning and able to adapt∙Cynical∙Disrespectful of rank and privilege∙Emotionally conflicted, bipolar, or moody∙Having a distaste for social institutions and norms∙Having a troubled past or suffering from an unnamed crime∙Intelligent and perceptive4.Percy Bysshe ShelleyShelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. He has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite (learned), complex (difficult), full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech.Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters.He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.He and Byron are regarded as the two great poets of the younger generation in English Romanticism.5.John KeatsMajor features of Keats’ poetry1.Characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, emotional descriptions, and by forceof imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.2.Always sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery.3.Major subjects: love & beauty, suffering & death.His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the miserable reality of his day. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.”6.Charles LambLiterature career:☐Lamb lived under the poetic shadow of his friend Coleridge. In the final years of the18th century Lamb began to work on prose with the novella entitled Rosamund Gray,a story of a young girl who was thought to be inspired by Ann Simmonds, with whomCharles Lamb was thought to be in love. Although the story is not particularly successful as a narrative because of Lamb's poor sense of plot, it was well thought of by Lamb's contemporaries and led Shelley to observe “what a lovely thing is Rosamund Gray! How much knowledge of the sweetest part of our nature in it!”☐In the first years of the 19th century Lamb began his fruitful literary cooperation with his sister Mary. Together they wrote at least three books for William Godwin’s Juvenile Library. The most successful of these was of course Tales From Shakespeare.Works:☐Lamb also contributed a footnote to Shakespearean studies at this time with his essay "On the Tragedies of Shakespeare," in which he argues that Shakespeare should be read rather than performed in order to gain the proper effect of his dramatic genius.☐Lamb also contributed to the popularization of Shakespeare's contemporaries with his book Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespeare.☐Although he did not write his first Elia essay until 1820, Lamb’s gradual perfection of the essay form for which he eventually became famous began as early 1802 in a series of open letters to Leigh Hunt’s Reflector. The most famous of these is called "The Londoner" in which Lamb famously derides the contemporary fascination with nature and the countryside.7.Walter Scott☐ A Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet☐Popular throughout much of the world during his time☐The first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime。