PAT大纲

ALevel课程被很多家长成为“洋高考”，它已经变得不再陌生，在北上广深等城市已发展得如火如荼，完成Alevel课程可以帮助学生申请欧美大学，而得到优异的分数更是成为学生们可以进入英国殿堂级的高校敲门砖。

但是很多家长和学生并不了解，ALevel课程体系的教学大纲、课程设置及其考试在英国本土分别有英国三个主要考试局，其中Alevel在中国设有考试中心，所以也是学生报名学习较多的一个考试局。

下面我们一起来了解一下Alevel的物理考试大纲吧：该表格向我们展示了教学大纲中包含的Alevel重点知识内容，下面我们一起来看一下ALEVEL物理学的内容包括：普通物理、牛顿力学、物质、振动及波、电学与磁学、现代物理等板块。

整个学习的内容跟国内的教材基本相同，但是ALEVEL课程的重点放在物理现象的理解和描述，而国内的课程更偏向于计算。

学生学习的过程中会发现，计算的内容并不难。

难点是考试中如何通过计算出来的结果，分析和准确的描述和解释问题中所问的物理现象。

这类题目呢，叫做陈述题，ALEVEL考试中大约30%-40%的的分数是这类题目，学生往往会在这上面丢掉不少分数。

整个Alevel物理学部分有5张，我们可以把他分为paper 1到paper 5，AS阶段需要完成选择题、简答计算题、实验操作题，而在A2阶段需要完成的是简答计算题含应用物理以及实验设计题。

学通国际课程培训中心自2008年起一直致力于ALEVEL、IGCSE、IB、AP、SAT2等主流国际课程中30多门科目的提分与培优，经11年深耕教学，目前已拥有教师团队80余人，其中20%为博士，80%为名校海归硕士，平均国际课程教龄8年以上，每年为学生提供50000小时以上的高品质课程。

除常规国际课程培训外，我们还提供“G5全程护航计划”——全天候全脱产式学习，“全球TOP10大学冲击计划”——高考留学两不误双轨制ALEVEL课程，国际学校备考与衔接课程，英国G5名校STEP、MAT、PAT、TSA、牛剑面试等附加考试辅导，海外学校iTEP、Ukiset、AEAS、AEIS、维立克面试等入学考试辅导课程；同时还提供个性化的学术背景提升项目。

路由与交换技术教学大纲
一、引言
A. 背景知识和目标：介绍路由与交换技术的重要性和应用领域，以及教学目标和课程要求。

B. 教学方式和资源：介绍教学方法和使用的教学资源，如案例分析、实验室实践等。

二、基础知识概述
A. 网络基础知识：TCP/IP协议、子网划分、IP地址和子网掩码等基础概念。

B. 路由和交换的概念：介绍路由器和交换机的定义、功能和工作原理。

C. 路由和交换技术的分类：静态路由、动态路由、VLAN、二层交换等技术分类。

三、局域网技术
A. 以太网技术：介绍以太网标准、速率和介质类型，以及以太网的帧格式。

B. 交换机技术：交换机的工作原理和特点，以及交换机的配置和管理。

C. VLAN技术：虚拟局域网的概念、功能和配置方法。

D. STP和RSTP技术：介绍生成树协议和快速生成树协议，以避免网络环路。

四、广域网技术
A. WAN的概念和应用：介绍广域网的定义、基本概念和应用场景。

B. 公共网和专线：介绍Internet和专线连接的特点、优缺点和选择方法。

C. 路由器的配置：配置和管理路由器，实现WAN连接和局域网互联。

D. VPN技术：虚拟专用网络的概念、隧道协议和实现方式。

《大学英语Ⅱ》教学大纲一、课程基本信息：课程名称：《大学英语Ⅱ》英文名称：College English课程编号：101B0002课程类型：通识基础课适用专业：非英语专业开课学期：第2学期学时： 36学分： 3前导课程：《大学英语Ⅰ》二、课程的性质、目的与任务：大学英语属于通识基础课范畴，它融听、说、读、写、译五项技能为一体，授课对象为大学本科一二年级非英语专业的学生，课程类型为必修课。

其主要目的是培养和提高学生学习及运用英语的综合能力，尤其是加强对学生听说能力的培养，并且注重对学生会话技巧和口语的训练。

此课程通过对语言基本功的训练和篇章结构的分析以及对英语听说能力，会话和口语的训练，使学生熟悉英语常用句型并逐步扩大词汇量，提高英语阅读理解能力，为提高口语及写作能力打下坚实的基础。

同时明确了大学英语的目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后学习、工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行交际，同时增强其自主学习能力，提高综合文化素养，让学生了解英语各种文体的特点，帮助学生获取不同文化背景知识，拓宽学生的知识面，以适应我国社会发展和国际交流的需要。

三、课程教学内容、基本要求和重点及难点：大学英语课的教学基本要求是以外语教学理论为指导，经过语言学家的多年反复研究与测试而后提出的，对学生的语音、语法、词汇、听力、口语、写作、翻译等都有相应的规定。

基础阶段结束时对学生的基本技能要求如下：语音：发音正确；较好地掌握朗读和说话的节奏感，掌握语流中的语音变化规律，掌握各种句式。

语调；初步掌握语段中语音轻重和新旧信息传递之间的关系。

语法：初步掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接，以词尤其是动词的各种语法点为主。

词汇：全书词汇859个,要求掌握的积极词汇为300个。

口语：能在一般社交场合与英语国家人士交谈，做到正确表达思想，语音、语调自然，无重大语法错误，语言基本得体。

阅读：能读懂中等难度的文学作品。

要求在理解的基础上抓住要点，并能运用正确观点评价思想内容，阅读速度为每分钟100-160单词，理解正确率不低于60%。

德国专利法原文引言德国专利法（Patentgesetz，简称PatG）是德国的专利法律体系的核心，旨在促进科学技术的创新，保护发明者和创造者的权益，促进经济发展和技术进步。

本文将对德国专利法的原文进行全面、详细、完整的探讨。

一、专利保护的范围根据德国专利法第一部分第一章第一节的规定，专利保护的范围主要包括以下内容：1. 发明的可保护性要求根据德国专利法第一章第一节第一款的规定，为了获得专利保护，发明必须满足以下要求：•新颖性：发明在申请日之前没有被披露给公众。

•创造性：发明对于一个通常具有专业知识的人来说，不能是明显的技术。

•工业可应用性：发明需要具有实际应用的可能性。

2. 可申请的技术领域根据德国专利法第一章第一节第二款的规定，凡是在任何技术领域作出的新发明，都可以申请专利保护。

技术领域包括但不限于以下几个方面：•机械工程•电子技术•化学工程•药学•生物学•农业工程3. 可申请的专利类型根据德国专利法第一章第一节第三款的规定，可以申请的专利类型主要包括：•发明专利：对于新发明以及对现有技术的改进，可以申请发明专利。

•实用新型专利：对于新型的技术方案、构造等，可以申请实用新型专利。

•外观设计专利：对于产品的外观设计，可以申请外观设计专利。

二、专利权和专利权的获取根据德国专利法第一部分第一章第二节的规定，专利权是发明者获得的专利保护，具体包括以下内容：1. 专利权的享有者根据德国专利法第一章第二节第一款的规定，专利权的享有者是发明者或其继承人。

但在特定情况下，如果发明是由雇佣关系或委托关系产生的，专利权归属于雇主或委托人。

2. 专利权的获取程序根据德国专利法第一章第二节第二款的规定，获得专利权的程序主要包括以下几个步骤：1) 专利申请发明者需要向德国专利局提交专利申请，申请中需包括发明的描述、权利要求和说明书等内容。

2) 专利审查德国专利局将对专利申请进行审查，包括对新颖性、创造性和工业可应用性等的审核。

pat报名要求pat就是浙江大学计算机程序设计能力考试，pat旨在培养和展现学生分析问题、解决问题和计算机程序设计的能力，什么人能够报名pat呢?下文是pat报名要求，欢迎阅读!pat报名要求考试遵循统一考试大纲、统一考试命题、统一考试评分由浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院考试中心负责考试的组织、日常管理和具体实施工作。

每年分春、秋、冬季组织3次统一考试，考试时间根据场地可用的具体时间而定，大约分别在2-3月、8-9月、11-12月举行。

每场考试分两个不同的难度级别：甲级(advanced level)、乙级(basic level)。

两级别的考试在同一考场、同时举行。

考生须提前30分钟进入场地，领取考试帐号并测试帐号可用性。

正式考试为3小时、闭卷、上机编程测试。

考生只可携带铅笔或水笔进入考场。

考试成绩实时可查，证书立等可取。

考试结束1小时后，考生即可在考场外指定地点领取证书。

标准、统一颁发证书的原则。

pat考试大纲乙级(basic level)1.具备基本的c/c++的代码设计能力，掌握相关开发环境的基本调试技巧;2.理解并掌握最基本的数据结构，如：线性表、树、图等;3.理解并熟练编程实现与基本数据结构相关的基础算法，包括递归、排序、查找等;4.学会分析算法的时间复杂度、空间复杂度和算法稳定性;5.具备问题抽象和建模的初步能力，并能够用所学方法解决实际问题。

甲级(advanced level)在达到乙级要求的基础上，还要求：1.具有充分的英文阅读理解能力;2.理解并熟练编程实现经典高级算法，包括贪心、深度优先搜索、广度优先搜索、回溯剪枝、动态规划等;3.具备较强的问题抽象和建模能力，能实现对复杂实际问题的模拟求解。

pat联盟企业。

《专利翻译》课程教学大纲（英文名称：Patent Translation）一、课程说明1、课程编码：05510133062、学分：2 学时：343、课程类别：专业必修4、开课学院：翻译学院5、课程简介：随着社会不断发展，各国企业对知识产权越来越重视，而专利申请文件作为记录发明创造核心理念和实施方式的重要载体，其准确性和详尽性关系到专利申请最终能否获得授权以及授权范围的大小，其翻译有强烈的现实需求，翻译质量也有严格的标准。

本课程是一门知识与技能密切结合的课程，通过部分案例讨论，学习专利基本知识和专利申请文件和审查文件翻译的要求。

对专利文件每一个部分的作用与要求，可能遇到的问题、常见错误、特定句子与词语的标准译法进行详细解释和介绍。

为MTI学生能够独立从事知识产权翻译工作，响应社会对新时期国际化高层次翻译人才日益强烈的需求，奠定坚实的基础。

6、预备知识：计算机辅助翻译、机械与通信技术基础7、教学目的与要求：本课程是校企直通技能提升系列核心课程，由学校和RWS研究生联合培养基地共建。

旨在帮助学生了解信息时代专利语言服务行业的发展，掌握专利基础知识和常见专利文件的翻译要求。

本课程部分环节引入案例教学内容，学习分析具体案件的能力。

同时，该课程适当结合计算机辅助翻译和机械与通信技术基础课程教学内容，注意突出各课次与实际应用场景的联系，注意三门课程的有机统一及效果互检。

例如，在讲解专利全文翻译时可以检测CAT术语环节的掌握情况以及机械基础的知识点掌握情况。

在讲审查文件翻译时可以检测Trados系统的掌握情况及电学/通信基础的掌握情况。

8、考核方法与要求：考核方法：形成性评价（作业等课内容活动）+课程考试组成及占分比例：形成性评价40%+课程考试60%9、教材与参考书：教材：郑金凤等，2019，《专利语言服务实务》, 知识产权出版社。

参考书目：王兵等，《知识产权基础教程》第2版北京：清华大学出版社。

庄一方，《专利文献的英汉翻译》，北京：知识产权出版社。

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by thethree cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versustraditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions.Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.Design featuresLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word .pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d?g/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaningin themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speakFunctionsSome major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.Langue and paroleSaussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual use of this knowledge.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.课后练习If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language Why or why notNo,we can ’t call the noises that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to languageDescriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually used.A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Phatic function/communion Directive function Informative functionInterrogative function Expressive function Evocative function Performativeconfident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man ’s If not, why notNo, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that:First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is human-specific. Second, language has design features which are lack in animals ’ communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolf ’s communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and can not be further analyzed into smaller units. And no the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolf ’s this system is not so productive as human languages.Chapter 2 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGEINTRODUCTIONPhonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme :Minimal pairsandminimal sets\Free variationDistinctive featuressyllablesConsonant clusterWith some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution toPhoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which and distinguish meaning. For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of the second word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Minimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, chunk and junk ,ban and bin, be and bat, fan and van, fine and vine, sink and zinc, site and side are minimal pairs in English. When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set. For example, a minimal set based on the vowel when two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δ?r/ and /’a ?δ?r/. When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature). For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllable structure syllable onset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak coda Consonant(s) vowel In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in /’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters. Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’spl??/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medialcluster: /str/ in /’pe?str?/ pastryA word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:Suprasegmentals Definition: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated ”.Three research fields Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.Articulators andfunctionsVoicedand voiceless soundsNasaland oral soundsVariations ofsoundsVowels Pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx.Velum or soft palate i s seen in the position that allows air to pass through the nose and the mouth. Hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth ”, you can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. Alveolar ridge or alveolum is between the top front teeth and hard palate. Tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Larynx is also an articulator. Notices Jaws are sometimes called articulators,but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others. Teeth Lips When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds. The sounds represented by /p/,/t/,/k/,and /s/ in the English wordsseep/si:p/,seat/si:t/,and seek/si:k/ are voiceless sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds. The sounds represented When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds. There are three nasal consonants /m/, /n/,and /?/ in English. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only throughthe mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds. /p/ and /b/ are oral sounds. Definition: vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so o turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Front vowels: /i:/ /?/ /e/ /?/ /?/ /ɑ/The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /?/ /?/Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /?:/ /?/ /ɑ:/The shape of the lip Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /?:/ /?/Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg ” is often pronounced /?’neg/. Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose ” is often pronounced as /sp??z/, “factory ” as /’f?ktr?/. Assimilation : the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible ”---”impossible ”.Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals. Suprasegmental featuresStress Intonation When a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of When sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSoundsConsonantsCAPTER 2 课后练习 2. What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language Minimal pair test or substitution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is ,to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does , the two sound represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between chunk and junk that /f /, /v /,/? /and /?/ must be phonemes in English because substituting /v/ for /f /,or /?/ for /? / produce a different word.3. What ’s the difference between an open and a closed syllableThe units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the open syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.4. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share /p/ /b/ /m/ feature: bilabial,stop,consonant/g/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ feature: stop, consonant/?/ /u:/ /?/ feature: back, rounded, vowel5. Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds./ δ / : /?,/ voicing ( voiceless vs. v oiced )/p /: /f / place of articulation ( bilabial vs.labio-dental )/? /: /e / the height of the tone rising. ( high vs. mid ) /b /: /m / manner of articulation. (stop vs. nasal) /s /: /? / place of articulation (alveolar vs. palatal) /s /: /δ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. dental)6. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar seets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given:Initial Medial final/k/-/g/ Kook/gook raking/raging lak/leg/m/-/n/ Moon/noon dime/dine beam/bean/b/-/v/ Berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove /b/-/m/ Be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim/p/-/f/ Pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff7. The english data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs.Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Bilabials / p, b, m, w/ Labiodentals / f, v/Dentals /?, δ / in terns of place of articulation Alveolars / t, d, n, s, z, r, l / Palatals / ?, ? / Velars /k, g, ? /glottal /h /Stops / p, b, t, d, k, g / Fricatives /f, v, ?, δ, s, z, ?, ?, h / Affricates / ?, ? /In terms of manners of articulation Liquids /l, r /Nasals /m, n, ? /Aap’pear col’lide e’rase ca’rouse cor’rode Ba’daptcol’lapsee’lectob’servetor’mentCas’tonishcon’sideri’maginede’termine‘promise1)Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.2)Provide syllable representations of the words col’lide, e’lect, and con’sider in order to illustrate your conclusion about stress placement in these forms.1)Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of syllablesall seem to be relevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate) syllable will receive main stress if tie has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate) syllable may have secondary stress, contain an unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, a’dapt, e’lect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in’promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, ca’rouse, ob’serve, astonish, de’termine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as ap’pear, cor’rode, col’lide, col’lase2)They are two-syllable words; therefore the final (ultimate ) syllable will receive main stress,, as col’lide,e’lect and con’side.。

网络工程师精英班教学大纲第一大部分：网络基础和CCNA思科网络设备11课次学习内容实验项目教师签字1 计算机网络基础知识：?计算机网络发展、分类?网络体系结、ISO/OSI参考模型的结构?TCP/IP体系结构和NetBEUI详解2 数据通信1、数据通信基础2、介质访问控制方式3、线缆的连接4、交换机、路由器、防火墙网线制作、介绍思科网络设备3 ＩＰ地址划分1、IP地址分类、特殊IP地址2、私有网络地址、IP地址配置3、子网及子网掩码、超网、无类地址习题练习4 思科路由器的配置与管理1、路由器的基本配置2、路由器配置文件的备份3、利用TFTP方式升级路由器操作系统4、利用ROM方式重写路由器操作系统设备管理专题实验5 思科路由器的应用1、静态路由2、动态RIP路由配置和动态EIGRP路由配置3、动态OSPF路由协议路由协议专题实验6 思科交换机的配置与应用1、交换机的基本配置2、Vlan、Trunk详解（802.1Q）3、VTP协议详解交换原理专题实验17 思科交换机的配置与应用STP详解和访问控制列表（ACL）详解1、标准访问控制列表2、扩展访问控制列表交换原理专题实验2和IP 访问控制列表8 网络地址转换(NAT)技术详解1、NAT原理详解2、静态和动态NA T配置.3、PAT配置、NA T排错网络地址转换专题9 综合布线系统详解1、综合布线器材和技术标准详解2、综合布线系统设计、验收。

3、综合布线系统http:设计项目实例分析10 广域网技术1、HDLC与PPP广域网封装技术详解广域网专题实验第二大部分：windows 2003服务器系统管理和服务器搭建1 windows 2003 服务器系统管理1、安装和配置VMWare和20032、活动目录详解详解（域创建、ou组织目录创建、DC域控制器管理、客户端加域）3、用户帐户的管理（用户管理、用户权限分配）4、远程控制管理上机操作实验2 windows 2003 服务器系统管理1、数据资源共享（NTFS文件共享权限）2、打印机共享（权限管理、web控制管理）3、软件、用户权限、磁盘配额资源共享4、分布式文件系统（DFS）共享5、组策略介绍上机操作实验3 DHCP和DNS、Wins详解与配置上机操作实验4 CA、IIS、WSUS详解与配置上机操作实验5 FTP、NLB详解与配置上机操作实验6 VPN&NAT详解与配置上机操作实验7 windows 2003系统管理和服务器综合应用上机操作实验第三大部分：Linux操作系统管理和服务器搭建1 Linux基础知识：1、Linux入门、安装与配置2、掌握Linux系统简单的维护技巧上机操作实验2 Linux系统管理（一）●掌握Linux命令格式和命令帮助●掌握文件和目录操作命令●掌握挂载外部存储设备命令●了解用户和组的配置文件:●掌握Linux中用户和组的管理上机操作实验3 Linux系统管理（二）●了解Linux系统中的编辑器知识●掌握vi编辑器的模式切换、操作命令●掌握使用vi编辑器进行基本的文本编辑●了解Linux应用程序的组成部分●掌握使用RPM工具管理软件包的方法●掌握应用程序源代码包的编译安装方法●掌握图形界面下应用程序管理工具的使用上机操作实验4 Linux系统管理（三）●掌握系统启动过程和运行级别●掌握对系统中进程的管理●掌握设置任务的周期性自动执行●了解系统中的日志文件及其格式●对用户和组进行磁盘配额管理●对文件进行归档上机操作实验5 Linux系统管理（四）●掌握Linux网络的基本配置知识●掌握Linux系统中网络信息的查看命令●掌握Linux系统中的网络设置命令●掌握Linux系统中网络配置文件的设置上机操作实验6 iptables防火墙与NA T服务●iptables防火墙的入门、关闭系统防火墙●NAT服务和使用iptables实现NA T服务●iptables技巧实例上机操作实验7 Shell编程●掌握shell变量的设置和使用●掌握bash的基本操作方式●掌握简单的shell脚本编辑方法上机操作实验8 Samba服务的配置与应用●Samba服务配置文件、文件共享。

pat算法考试参考书
关于PAT算法的考试参考书，我会从多个角度来给出建议。

首先，对于初学者来说，可以选择《算法导论》（Introduction to Algorithms）这本经典教材。

这本书系统地介绍了算法设计与分析的基本原理，而且也涵盖了一些PAT算法相关的内容。

另外，《算法导论》也是计算机专业的经典敗书之一，对于提高编程能力和算法理解能力都有很大的帮助。

其次，对于想要更深入理解PAT算法的同学，可以选择《算法竞赛入门经典》这本书。

这本书内容丰富，涵盖了许多算法竞赛的经典题目，对于提高编程能力和解题能力都有很大的帮助。

此外，这本书也介绍了一些PAT算法的经典题目和解题思路，对于备考PAT算法考试会有很大的帮助。

除了书籍之外，还可以参考一些在线资源，比如LeetCode、牛客网等在线编程练习平台。

这些平台上有大量的算法练习题目，而且很多题目都涉及到了PAT算法考试的内容，通过做题可以更加深入地理解和掌握相关算法知识。

总的来说，对于准备参加PAT算法考试的同学，建议多方面获
取资料，多做练习，不断总结经验，相信通过努力一定能取得好成绩。

祝你学习进步，考试顺利！。

《网络设备安装与管理》课程教学基本要求和教学大纲一、课程的性质、地位和任务根据计算机网络技术专业的培养目标、基本规格和课程体系设置方案的要求，《网络设备安装与管理》是建立在学生学完计算机网络概论、网络操作系统专业基础课之后开设的课程，是计算机网络技术专业的主干专业课程，其主要任务是培养学生掌握“网络系统集成技术”中的网络设备的安装与管理技术，成为能够胜任中小型企业网络组建、维护、管理与应用的高素质技能型人才。

二、课程的教学目标以理论讲授为基础，以专业技能培养为重点，通过课堂讲授、实验室操作、现场教学和专业实训等方式，使学生掌握交换机、路由器、防火墙、无线设备的安装、配置、调试与维护的基础理论知识和实训操作方法，了解行业现状与发展趋势，会对网络设备进行管理与维护，并得到社会能力和方法能力的基本训练。

学完该课程，学生可以进入网络公司在网络工程与管理等岗位实习和就业。

三、课程教学的基本内容和基本要求：第一单元第二单元第三单元第四单元第五单元第六单元第七单元四、课程考核方式课程采用单列考试方式进行。

具体考核方案如下：本课程的考核共分四个阶段构成：第一阶段的岗位认识和工作任务认识占10%，第二阶段的项目教学占30%，第三阶段综合实训占30%，期末考核占30%。

课程成绩=第一阶段×10% + 第二阶段×30% + 第三阶段×30% + 期末考核×30%五、备注本课程安排有教学实习1周，主要针对交换机、路由器、防火墙和无线设备四类网络设备的配置技术、设备调试进行训练，同时训练如何组建一个简单园区网技术。

1、什么是系统集成？系统集成可以分为哪几类？答：所谓系统集成（SI，System Integration），就是通过结构化的综合布线系统和计算机网络技术，将各个分离的设备(如个人电脑)、功能和信息等集成到相互关联的、统一和协调的系统之中，使资源达到充分共享，实现集中、高效、便利的管理。

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by thethree cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versustraditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.Design featuresLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word .pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d ɔg/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaningin themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speakFunctionsSome major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.Langue and paroleSaussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual use of this knowledge.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.课后练习If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language Why or why notNo,we can ’t call the noises that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to languageDescriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually used.A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Phatic function/communion Directive function Informative functionInterrogative function Expressive function Evocative function Performativeconfident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man ’s If not, why notNo, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that:First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is human-specific. Second, language has design features which are lack in animals ’ communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolf ’s communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and can not be further analyzed into smaller units. And no the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolf ’s this system is not so productive as human languages.Chapter 2 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGEINTRODUCTIONPhonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme :Minimal pairsandminimal sets\Free variationDistinctive featuressyllablesConsonant clusterWith some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution toPhoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which and distinguish meaning. For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of the second word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Minimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, chunk and junk ,ban and bin, be and bat, fan and van, fine and vine, sink and zinc, site and side are minimal pairs in English. When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set. For example, a minimal set based on the vowel when two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δər/ and /’a ıδər/. When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature). For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllable structure syllable onset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak coda Consonant(s) vowel In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in /’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters. Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’spl ӕʃ/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medialcluster: /str/ in /’pe ıstr ı/ pastryA word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:Suprasegmentals Definition: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated ”.Three research fields Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.Articulators andfunctionsVoicedand voiceless soundsNasaland oral soundsVariations ofsoundsVowels Pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx.Velum or soft palate i s seen in the position that allows air to pass through the nose and the mouth. Hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth ”, you can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. Alveolar ridge or alveolum is between the top front teeth and hard palate. Tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Larynx is also an articulator. Notices Jaws are sometimes called articulators,but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others. Teeth Lips When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds. The sounds represented by /p/,/t/,/k/,and /s/ in the English wordsseep/si:p/,seat/si:t/,and seek/si:k/ are voiceless sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds. The sounds represented When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds. There are three nasal consonants /m/, /n/,and /ŋ/ in English. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only throughthe mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds. /p/ and /b/ are oral sounds. Definition: vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so o turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/The shape of the lip Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg ” is often pronounced /ə’neg/. Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose ” is often pronounced as /sp əʊz/, “factory ” as /’f ӕktr ı/. Assimilation : the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible ”---”impossible ”.Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals. Suprasegmental featuresStress Intonation When a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of When sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSoundsConsonantsCAPTER 2 课后练习 2. What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language Minimal pair test or substitution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is ,to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does , the two sound represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between chunk and junk that /f /, /v /,/ʧ /and /ʤ/ must be phonemes in English because substituting /v/ for /f /,or /ʤ/ for /ʧ / produce a different word.3. What ’s the difference between an open and a closed syllableThe units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the open syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.4. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share /p/ /b/ /m/ feature: bilabial,stop,consonant/g/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ feature: stop, consonant/ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ feature: back, rounded, vowel5. Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds./ δ / : /ө,/ voicing ( voiceless vs. voiced )/p /: /f / place of articulation ( bilabial vs.labio-dental )/ı /: /e / the height of the tone rising. ( high vs. mid ) /b /: /m / manner of articulation. (stop vs. nasal) /s /: /ʃ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. palatal) /s /: /δ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. dental)6. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar seets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given:Initial Medial final/k/-/g/ Kook/gook raking/raging lak/leg/m/-/n/ Moon/noon dime/dine beam/bean/b/-/v/ Berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove /b/-/m/ Be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim/p/-/f/ Pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff7. The english data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs.Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Bilabials / p, b, m, w/ Labiodentals / f, v/Dentals /ө, δ / in terns of place of articulation Alveolars / t, d, n, s, z, r, l / Palatals / ʤ, ʧ / Velars /k, g, ŋ /glottal /h /Stops / p, b, t, d, k, g / Fricatives /f, v, ө, δ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / Affricates / ʤ, ʧ /In terms of manners of articulation Liquids /l, r /Nasals /m, n, ŋ /Aap’pear col’lide e’rase ca’rouse cor’rode Ba’daptcol’lapsee’lectob’servetor’mentCas’tonishcon’sideri’maginede’termine‘promise1)Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.2)Provide syllable representations of the words col’lide, e’lect, and con’sider in order to illustrate your conclusion about stress placement in these forms.1)Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of syllablesall seem to be relevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate) syllable will receive main stress if tie has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate) syllable may have secondary stress, contain an unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, a’dapt, e’lect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in’promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, ca’rouse, ob’serve, astonish, de’termine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as ap’pear, cor’rode, col’lide, col’lase2)They are two-syllable words; therefore the final (ultimate ) syllable will receive main stress,, as col’lide,e’lect and con’side.。

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by thethree cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus- traditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics| Definition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions.Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements.Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.:' Design features 【Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language.Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories andstructures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its own merits. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word . pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for humancommunication ---it is human-specific, very different form systems of animal communication. Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and themeaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d ɔg/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chineseshould use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So,the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as“quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words inlanguage.Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves butwhich combine to form units at another level which do have meaning.Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand aninfinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, andhis roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease.Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act ofcommunication.Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being broughtup in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animalswithout human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak anylanguage at birth. What language a baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby bornand brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English kid brought up in a Chinese communitywill speak Chinese.Functions Some major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.。

一、CCNA 【新版】课程大纲及时间安排CCNA 中文名称： 美国思科认证的【网络工程师助理】CCNA 英文名称：Cisco Certified Networking Associate第一部分(1)： 理论课程1.网络基础网络通信基本原理网络的基本术语主流的网络设备（路由器、交换机）功能介绍及选择技巧网络连接线缆连接功能介绍及选择技巧以太网组网技术以太网电缆的连接2.Cisco路由器/交换机原理Cisco路由器/交换机各部件的功能Cisco路由器/交换机启动过程3.Cisco路由器IOS基本配置命令管理路由器/交换机的不同途径熟悉路由器的配置界面路由器的基本配置命令的讲解和演示第一部分(2)： 实验课程1. 熟悉并掌握路由器的基本配置命令。

2. 使用TFTP备份路由器的配置文件和IOS映像文件。

3. 破解路由器的密码。

第二部分(1)： 理论课程1. IP地址IP地址基本概念IP地址的分类（A、B、C类地址）单播、组播、广播地址网络地址网段中可用IP地址的计算子网划分VLSM网络设计与实现分层IP寻址的概念2.静态路由路由器路由选择的基本原理静态路由的原理静态路由的配置和实现默认路由的原理默认路由的配置和实现3. 动态路由（1）动态路由的基本概念动态路由的分类（距离矢量型、链路状态型）有类路由协议和无类路由协议的区别距离矢量型路由协议的工作原理链路状态型路由协议的工作原理RIP路由协议的基本概念RIP路由协议的特点RIP路由协议的配置和实现（版本1和版本2）第二部分(2)： 实验课程1. 配置接口IP实现路由器直连接口互相通信2. 配置静态路由实现全网互联3. 配置RIP协议，实现网络互联，并观察RIP版本1和版本2的区别。

第三部分(1)： 理论课程1. 动态路由（2）EIGRP概述EIGRP的特点EIGRP的工作过程EIGRP的配置OSPF概述OSPF的特点OSPF的工作过程OSPF的配置动态路由协议总结动态路由协议兼容性问题2. 网络安全路由器过滤数据包的原理访问控制列表概述标准访问控制列表工作原理标准访问控制列表过滤数据包的过程配置标准访问控制列表扩展访问控制列表工作原理扩展访问控制列表过滤数据包的过程配置扩展访问控制列表访问控制列表的放置原则和特性高级访问控制列表简介第三部分(2)： 实验课程1. 动态路由协议完整实验2. 使用EIGRP互联网络3. 使用ospf互联网络4. 路由协议管理距离的研究5. 使用标准访问控制列表过滤数据包6. 使用扩展访问控制列表过滤数据包 第四部分(1)： 理论课程 1.网络地址转换（NAT）互联网框架介绍私有IP地址和公共IP地址静态网络地址转换的原理动态网络地址转换的原理端口地址转换的原理（PAT）配置静态NAT配置动态NAT配置PAT2. 第二层交换OSI七层参考模型数据包的封装和解封装第二层交换机的工作原理广播域和冲突域生成树协议（STP）的功能生成树协议（STP）的工作过程VLAN简介VLAN的功能VLAN的成员关系接配置VTP的功能和操作第四部分(2)： 实验课程1. 配置静态NAT使私有网络的用户可以访问公网2. 配置动态NAT使私有网络的用户可以访问公网3. 配置PAT使私有网络的用户可以访问公网4. 熟悉交换机的配置界面5. 在交换机上创建vlan，定义vlan的成员。

网络系统集成教学大纲课程名称：网络系统集成课程类型：专业核心课适用专业：计算机网络课程学分：8 总学时：1201 课程定位《网络系统集成》是计算机网络专业的专业核心课，是一门整合网络规划与设计、网络设备配置、网络服务器配置管理课程内容的综合性、实践性课程。

目标是培养学生根据企业组网需求正确完成网络规划设计、网络互联设备和网络服务器的选型和配置管理以及工程项目管理的能力。

其先修课程是《网络互联设备配置》、《网络操作系统》（包括Windows Server系统、Linux/Unix系统网络配置）、《网络综合布线》和《网络规划与设计》。

是源自网络系统集成企业项目管理工程师、项目经理和高级项目经理以及网络工程师职业岗位能力要求而设置的以实训方式为主的综合性、实践性课程。

从工程项目整体着眼，因为组建企业网络是一个系统工程，包括企业组网需求分析、网络解决方案制定、招投标标书制作与相关活动，到实施企业网构架与配置工程项目、项目验收以及售后服务等方面和环节。

2 课程目标通过先修课程对网络服务器（包括Linux/Unix系列网络服务器，Windows 2008 Server系统网络服务器）配置、网络互联设备配置、网络综合布线和网络规划与设计的学习，学生已经掌握了相应的基本知识和技能。

本课程则培养学生综合应用这些知识和技能规划、设计并实施构建企业网络的能力以及管理工程项目的能力。

规划设计能力是指学生根据企业需求业务需求规划网络规模，设计网络拓扑和选型网络服务器、交换机、路由器等网络设备的能力；实施能力使指学生具备有效地配置和管理整个企业网的服务器和交换机、路由器设备的能力；管理系统集成工程项目的能力是指是指对招/投标书文档、项目解决方案文档、项目合同、项目任务书文档等工程规划设计文档的编制、工程任务实施的过程管理等方面的能力。

通过介绍系统集成项目经理和项目高级经理资质获取途径，为学生职业目标提供帮助。

2.1 能力目标达到系统集成项目工程师和网络工程师岗位能力要求。

Get Smart 1 Syllabusunit 11.1—5，hello goodbye2.6—10, How old are you？I’m …3.Lisa, John, What’s your name? I’m …My name’s … +what’s on 配音4.小故事sorry ouch5.6. 活动手册+考试unit 21.pen，pencil, ruler，book，What’s this? It’s a _____.2.bag, rubber, desk，chair What’s that? It’s a _____.3.apple, computer, eraser, Is it a/an …。

？4.yellow，green，red, blue。

What color is it？It’s …5.p13页歌曲，purple，pink，black I love ….。

，How about you?unit 31.dad, mom，brother，sister. Who's this？This is my ….2.grandma。

grandpa。

me。

family. This is my …。

3.friend, teacher。

How are you? Fine, thank you. Is that your…？Yes，it is. No，it isn’t。

4.pet. turtle, bird, rabbit。

This is my turtle ，Pat。

….5.fish, cat, dog，Is that your …? yes，it is. No, it isn’t。

24页小故事6.小故事+听力7.总复习8.考试unit 41.boy，girl, tall，short，She is tall。

He is short。

2.fat，thin，big，small，She is fat。

pat知识点
PAT（Programming Ability Test）是一种计算机编程能力测试，旨在评估应试者在计算机编程方面的能力水平。

PAT考试通常包括选择题和编程题，涵盖了计算机编程的基础知识、算法和数据结构等。

以下是一些PAT考试中常见的知识点：
基础语法：包括变量、数据类型、运算符、控制结构（条件语句和循环语句）等。

函数和模块：包括函数的定义、参数传递、局部变量和全局变量、模块的导入和使用等。

算法和数据结构：包括常见算法（如排序、搜索等）的实现，以及常见数据结构（如数组、链表、树、图等）的使用和操作。

面向对象编程：包括类、对象、继承、多态等概念及实现。

文件操作：包括文件的打开、读写、关闭等操作，以及文件内容的处理和解析。

异常处理：包括异常的捕获和处理，以及代码的调试技巧。

程序调试和测试：包括程序的调试技巧和测试方法，以及代码优化和重构技巧。

数据结构和算法设计：包括常见的数据结构设计和算法
设计技巧，如动态规划、贪心算法等。

系统设计和优化：包括系统架构设计、性能优化等方面的知识。

软件工程和项目管理：包括软件开发流程、项目管理等方面的知识。