Quantum Information and Accounting Information A Revolutionary Trend and the Role of Topolo
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:70.60 KB
- 文档页数:17
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理)生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing力学专业数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity经典力学中的数学方法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器人动力学 Dynamics of Robots 自动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control 优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of Vibration程序设计方法(C和FORTRAN) Programming in C & FORTRAN水动力学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing光测力学 Photo Mechanics 断裂力学 Fracture Mechanics高等动力学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动方法 Perturbation Methods机械设计与Auto CAD Machinery Designing and AutoCAD信息显示(可视化) Visualization微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数 Complex Function企业管理专业管理学 Principles of Management 微观经济学 Microeconomics宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 财务管理 Financial Management项目评估 Projects Appraisal 战略管理 Strategic Management管理沟通 Management Negotiation 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on Business Affairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate战略管理 Strategic Management 生产管理研究 Operation Management企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 组织行为学 Organizational Behavior运筹学 Operational Research 人力资源管理 Human Resource Management信息管理专业高等数学 Higher Mathematics 信息存储与检索 Information Retrieval andStorage数据库系统 Database 信息服务与用户 information Service and UserStudy 信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化工程 Enterprise Informationalization社会实践 Practical Work 信息分析与决策Information Analysis andPolicy Making 管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law信息组织 Information Organization 计算机网络 Computer Networks管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory 生产与运作管理 Production Management 电子商务 Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security 政府信息化工程 Government Informationalization广告实务 Practice of Advertisement 多媒体技术 Multimedia操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础 Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English微机基础 Principles of Microcomputers 文献计量学 Bibliometrics电子出版技术 Electronic Publishing 广告概论 Introduction to Advertisement信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织行为学 Studies of Organization货币银行学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 管理信息系统 System of Management Information 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 运筹学 Operational Research策略管理 Strategic Management 保险学 Insurance银行会计 Bank Accounting 管理会计 Managerial Accounting运筹学 Operational Research 国际贸易 International Trade财务管理 Financial Management 国际金融 International Finance租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment商业银行实务 Practice of Business Bank 国际结算 International Balance项目评估 Projects Appraisal 金融市场学 Financial Marketing人力资源管理 Human Resource Management财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics 力学 Mechanics光学 Optics 电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应用基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理(固体结构分析) Diffraction Physics (Structureof Solid Analysis)科研实用软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch计算机模拟方法 Computer Simulation Methods激光原理、技术与应用 The Principle, Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电子学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics 现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics 粒子物理 Particle Physics物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics原子物理 Atomic Physics 量子力学 Quantum Mechanics理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 电动力学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship国际贸易 International Trade 消费者行为 Consumer Behavior管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研 Marketing Research推销学 Sales Strategies 国际金融 International Finance营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation广告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development财务学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance保险学 Insurance 财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理 International Financial Management 资产评估 Assets Appraisal项目评估 Projects Appraisal 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics财务管理 Financial Management 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 策略管理 Strategic Management管理会计 Managerial Accounting 微观经济学 Microeconomics管理学 Principles of Management 微积分 Calculus统计学 Principles of Statistics会计专业会计学 Accounting Principles 成本会计 Cost Accounting管理会计 Managerial Accounting 审计学 Auditing Principles会计信息系统 Accounting Information Systems 投资学 Investment Principles财务管理 Financial Management 货币银行学 Money and Banking财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance国际会计 International Accounting 统计学 Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计 Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计 Budget Accounting 会计研究方法 Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计 Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务 Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学 Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任 Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题 International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学 Microeconomics。
数学中的量子信息学量子信息学(Quantum Information Science)是研究如何利用量子力学的特性来处理、传输和储存信息的科学领域。
在数学中,量子信息学可以被理解为一种应用于信息科学的数学模型,它涉及了多个领域,如量子行为、信息量子力学、量子通信和量子算法等。
本文将介绍量子信息学的基本概念、相关数学模型以及应用领域。
一、量子信息学的基础概念1. 量子比特(qubit)在经典计算机中,信息使用经典的比特(bit)来表示,即0或1。
而在量子信息学中,信息使用量子比特(qubit)来表示。
一个量子比特可以同时处于0和1的叠加态,而不仅仅是两个离散的状态。
这种叠加态的特性使得量子比特能够进行并行计算和量子纠缠等操作,从而带来了强大的计算能力。
2. 量子态和量子操作量子态描述了一个量子系统的状态,它可以使用数学上的向量来表示。
在量子信息学中,对量子态进行变换和操作的任务被称为量子操作。
常见的量子操作有量子测量、量子纠缠、量子通信等。
3. 量子纠缠(quantum entanglement)量子纠缠是量子信息学中的一个重要概念。
当两个或多个量子比特之间相互作用并被耦合在一起时,它们将变得相互关联,即使它们之间存在很远的距离,在测量其中一个量子比特时,另一个量子比特的状态也会瞬时发生改变。
这种通过纠缠实现的非局域性是经典计算机所不具备的特性,为量子信息学带来了许多新的应用领域。
二、量子信息学的数学模型1. 矩阵和向量在量子信息学中,矩阵和向量是最基本的数学工具之一。
量子态可以通过复数向量来表示,而量子操作可以通过矩阵来表示。
矩阵和向量的运算包括加法、乘法、转置等,它们在量子信息学中起着非常重要的作用。
2. 酉变换和酉矩阵酉变换是一种保持向量长度不变的线性变换,量子操作必须是酉变换。
对应的矩阵称为酉矩阵,它是一个正交矩阵的推广。
酉矩阵在量子信息学中用于描述量子比特的变换,如哈密顿量演化、量子门操作等。
物理学期刊影响因子SCI影响因子2011年- 大类:物理SCI影响因子美国的 <Science> (科学)和英国的 <Nature> (自然)是两部面向所有非人文类一级学科的杂志,包括数理化……。
是全球最权威的杂志。
如果专说面向物理学科的杂志,主要有:Review of Modern Physics(现代物理评论)。
影响因子在20多, Physics Reports(物理报道)影响因子20多。
以上两部杂志都是约稿性质的杂志。
专门向世界级物理学家约稿。
不接受自由投稿。
接下来:Physical Review Letters 物理评论快报影响因子 7~8Physical Review 物理评论(分 A B C D E 几个系列,平均影响因子3~4)Physics Letters 物理快报(分 A 和 B, 平均影响因子 4左右)Applied Physics Letters 应用物理快报影响因子 4 以上再接下来European Physical Journal 欧洲物理杂志Journal of Physics 物理杂志(可能就是你说的物理学杂志)第一:是Reviews of Morden Physics该杂志影响因子02年是30多,其实这个杂志可以称为书,一期杂志大约仅仅发表几篇文章,而每片文章却是几十至上百页之多,基本上就是当今物理研究热点的总结,基本都是著名物理学家持笔,A quarterly journal published by The A merican Physical Society。
著名物理学家Martin Blume, Editor-in-Chief.第二:物理学的最高级别杂志为?Physics Review Letter.(Besides Nature & Science)该杂志是American Physical Society主办。
每周发行一期。
信息与计算科学专业信息与计算科学专业 Information and Computing Sciences 信息与计算科学专业是以信息领域为背景数学与信息,管理相结合的交叉学科专业.该专业培养的学生具有良好的数学基础,能熟练地使用计算机,初步具备在信息与计算科学领域的某个方向上从事科学研究,解决实际问题,设计开发有关软件的能力.毕业生适合到企事业单位、高科技部门、高等院校、行政管理和经济管理部门,从事科研、教学和计算机应用软件的开发和管理工作,也可以继续攻读信息与计算科学及相关学科的硕士学位。
基本信息专业名称:信息与计算科学学科门类:属于理学大类,数学类修业年限:四年授予学位:理学学士专业代码:070102专业概述[1]本专业学生主要学习信息与计算科学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法,打好数学基础,受到较扎实的计算机训练,具备在信息和计算科学领域从事科学研究、解决实际问题及设计开发有关软件的能力。
培养目标本专业是以信息处理和科学与工程计算为背景,由信息科学、计算科学、运筹学与控制科学等学科交叉渗透而形成的一个新的理科专业。
培养具有坚实的数学基础和计算机基础,掌握信息与计算科学的基本理论和方法,受到科学研究的初步训练,能运用所学的知识和计算机技能解决某些实际问题,能在科技、教育和经济部门从事研究、教学、应用开发和管理工作的(高级)专门人才。
素质培养本教学计划增加了文化素质知识课程的份量,以弥补理科大学生在人文学科知识上的薄弱,同时要求在教学过程中开辟第二课堂,营造理工科大学中的人文学科的文化氛围,增强大学生的多层次文化素质的培养。
鼓励学生参加文化素质教育和生产、社会实践活动,对于有突出表现者,如在省部级以上的辩论大赛、演讲大赛、体育比赛、知识竞赛中获奖,在国内外正式相关刊物上或学术会议上发表论文者,可代替1-5个文化选修课或实践课学分,并在车票使用和经费上提供方便。
能力培养培养方案对在学生个性发展和创新能力的培养上给予了足够的重视,对于一些学有专长的学生,将根据学生的具体特点,指定专门教师指导其进行科研训练,并在经费和其它一些相关条件上给予一定的支持,以培养学生的创新能力。
西安电子科技大学博士学位论文密码学中信息理论安全的研究姓名:***申请学位级别:博士专业:密码学指导教师:***1999.12.1摘要目前的密钥系统无论是单钥体制还是公钥体制都建立在计算安全的模型上。
原则上讲,利用穷举密钥法总可以将上述的密码系统逐个攻破。
本文的研究工作针对信息理论安全即无条件安全展开。
假定敌手拥有无限的时间、设备和资金,对敌手的计算能力不做任何限制,那么即使敌手能在很短的时间内将所有的密钥都遍历一遍的话,基于信息理论安全模型的密码系统也不会被攻破。
随着科技的迅猛发展,具有无限计算能力的量子计算机及DNA计算机的实现也不是梦想,故无条件安全模型的建立有着非常现实的意义。
(通过适当地修改Shannon的完善保密模型,可以使之成为一个更加接近于实际而且是可证明安全的无条件安全密码体制。
第一个修改就是放松Shannon对明文和密文毫不相关的限制,使明文和密文有任意小的相关性;第二个修改是去除敌手能够接受与合法用户一样的信息这一假设。
目前所提出的最典型的两个实现就是量子信道和有扰信道。
无论是量子信道还是有扰信道,都可以抽象为这样一个模型:通信双方Alice和Bob及敌手Eve分别得到概率分布为%的置Y,Z三个随机变量,之后他们在公共信道上进行无条件安全的秘密钥协商。
一般可以分优先提取,信息协商和保密增强三个阶段来进行。
在这一研究领域,作者的主要研究成果如下:1.在认证信道上的协商中,研究了Alice和Bob间的信息协调所产生的边信息对Eve的R6nyi的熵影响,揭示了信息协调与保密增强间的联系。
2.在无条件安全密钥协商中,假定通信双方通过相互独立的无记忆二元对称信道来接收二元对称信源所传送的信息作为初始信息,在这种条件下,本文提出了一种利用他们之间的初始相关信息对公共信道上的消息进行认证的具体方案,从而使得无条件安全密钥协商具有抗主动攻击的能力。
3.根据一种基于纠错码的无条件认证码的构造原理,有效地解决了通信双方间有认证密钥的条件下保密增强中防主动攻击的问题。
常用大学课程中英文对照大学课程中英文对照大汇集英文字母开头的课程ALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageC++程序设计C++ Program DesigningCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCET-4 College English Test (Band 4)CET-6 College English Test (Band 6)COBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in CC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 LanguageFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageFoxBase程序设计FoxBase ProgrammingHopf代数Hopf AlgebraHopf代数与代数群量子群Hopf Algebra , Algebraic Group and Qua ntum Group IBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCIBM汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming Languages Internet与Intranet技术Internet and Intranet TechnologyLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningOS/2操作系统OS/2 Operation SystemPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALPASCAL语言PASCAL LanguagePC机原理Principle of PCUnix编程环境Unix Programming EnvironmentUnix操作系统分析Analysis of Unix SystemVLSI的EDA技术EDA Techniques for VLSIVLSI技术与检测方法VLSI Techniques & Its ExaminationVLSI设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignWindows系统Windows Operation SystemX光分析X-ray AnalysisX射线金属学X-Ray & MetallographyX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly LanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell板壳理论Plate Theory , Theory of Plate and Shell板壳力学Plate Mechanics办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semi-conductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体器件课程设计Course Design of Semiconductor Devices半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semi-conduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor半群理论Semi-group Theory保健食品监督评价Evaluation and Supervision on Health Food s保险学Insurance保险学Insurance报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报刊选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业论文Graduation Thesis毕业设计Graduation Thesis毕业实习Graduation Practice编译方法Compilation Method编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling, Principles of Compiler编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling变电站的微机检测Computer Testing in Transformer Substation变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & NeoRo 表面活性剂化学及应用Chemistry and Application of Surfactant表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行处理Parallel Processing并行处理与并行程序设计Parallel Processing and Parallel Programming并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy, Wave Spectrum波谱学实验Spectroscopic Experiment薄膜光学Film Optics薄膜物理Thin Film Physics不育症的病因学Etiology of InfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料化学Material Chemistry材料力学Mechanics of Materials财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Finance and Taxes财务案例分析Case Analysis of Finance Management财务案例分析Case Analysis of Financial Management财务报告分析Analysis of Financial Statement财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财务管理Financial Management, Financial Cost Management财务管理与分析Financial Management and Analysis财务会计Financial Accountancy财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与税收Finance & Revenue财政与税收理论Theories on Public Finance and Tax Revenue财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS)操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 测量技术基础Foundation of Measurement Technology测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement策略管理Strategic Management产品学Production产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织Industrial Organization产业组织学Industrial Organization Technology常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations场论Field Theory超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超高真空科学与技术Science and Technology of Ultrahigh Vacuum 60超精密加工和微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超声及应用Supersonics Application成本会计Cost Accounting成像原理与技术Principles & Technique of Imaging成组技术Grouping Technique城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology程控数字交换Program Controlling of Digital Exchange程序设计Program Designing程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language程序设计语言Programming Language齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra初等数学Primary Mathematics传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感技术Sensor Technique传感技术及应用Sensor Technique & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer船舶操纵Ship Controlling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechanic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构Ship Structure船舶结构力学Structural Mechanics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propelling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶摇摆与操纵Ship Swaying & Manipulating船舶振动Ship Vibration船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration船体制图Ship Graphing船用电器设备Marine Electrical Equipment创造心理学Creativity Psychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application催化原理Principles of CatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-V olume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大型数据库原理与高级开发技术Principles of Large-Scale Data-Bas e and Advanced Development Technology 大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学生心理学Psychology Introduction大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数曲面Algebraic Surfaces代数图论Algebraic Graph Theory代数拓扑Algebraic Topology代数学Algebra代用燃料Substitute Fuel代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机与接口技术Mono-Chip Computers & Interface Technique单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics弹性波Elastic Waves弹性力学Elastic Mechanics, Theory of Elastic Mechanics弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure蛋白质生物化学技术Biochemical Technology of Protein当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics德育Moral Education等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温测试技术Cryo Testing Technique低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温生物学原理与应用Principle & Application of Cryobiology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温原理与设备Cryo Fundamentals & Equipment低温制冷机Cryo Refrigerator低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地基基础课程设计Course Design of Groundsill Basis地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II典型计算机分析Classical Computer Analysis电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工材料Electrical Materials电工测量技术基础Measurement Technology of Electrical Engineering电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验Experiment of Electrical Engineering电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机Motor电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor &电机电磁场的数值计算Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields 电机电磁场理论Theory of Electrical Moto & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机矩阵分析法Analysis of Electrical Motor Matrix电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机统一理论Theory of Electrical Motor Integration电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力企业管理Management of Electrical Enterprise电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动Electric Traction电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力拖动与电气控制Electrical Towage & Electrical Control电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-V oltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统课程设计Course Design of Power Systems电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电力系统最优规划Optimal Planning in Power System电力装置课程设计Course Design of Power Equipment电力装置与系统Power Equipment & System电路测量与实验Circuit Measurement & Experiment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路基本理论Basis Theory of Circuitry电路及电子线路CAD Circuitry CAD电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电气测量技术Electrical Measurement Technology电气传动Electrified Transmission电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电器设计Electrical Appliances Designing电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电生理技术基础Basics of Electricphysiological Technology电视传感器图象显示Television Sensor Graphic Display电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Programs电视节目制作Television Program Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视新闻Television News电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电学实验Electrical Experiment电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子测试实验Electronic Testing Experiment电子测试与实验技术Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子技术综合性设计实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子商务Electronic Commerce电子系统的ASIC技术ASIC Design Technologies电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路课程设计Course Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路设计与测试实验Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Experiment电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计Course Design of Electronics电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节原理Principles of Regulation调节装置Regulation Equipment动力机械CAD Dynamical Machine CAD动力学Dynamics动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号Dynamic Signal动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus动物病害学基础Basis of Animal Disease动物免疫学Animal Immunology动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry动物学Zoology动物遗传工程Animal Genetic Engineering毒理遗传学Toxicological Genetics断裂力学Fracture Mechanics断裂疲劳力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics锻压测试技术Forging Testing Technique锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology锻造加热设备Forging Heat Equipment对外贸易保险International Trade Insurance对外贸易地理International Marketing Geography对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade对外贸易运输International Trade Transportation多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多复变函数Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体技术Multimedia Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multivariable StatisticsF开头的课程发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与动力部分Electric Elements & Dynamics of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants 发电厂计算机控制Computer Control in Power Plant发酵工程Zymolysis Engineering发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development发展经济学Evolutive Economics法理学Nomology法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasance Economic Law泛读Extensive Reading泛函分析Functional Analysis泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation & Computer Aided Design放射生物学Radiation Biology放射学Radiology非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性方程组的数值解法Numerical Methods for No-linear System s of Equations非线性光学Nonlinear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性控制理论Non-Linear Control Theory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性The Existence of Solutions for Non -linear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws 非线性物理导论Introduction to Nonlinear Physics非线性振荡Non-Linear Oscillation非线性振动Nonlinear Vibration废水处理工程Technology of Wastewater Treatment废水处理与回用Sewage Disposal and Re-use沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System分布式系统与分布式处理Distributed Systems and Distributed Processing分离科学Separation Science分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytic Mechanics分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分子病毒学Molecular Virology分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution分子生物学Molecular Biology分子生物学技术Protocols in Molecular Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation, Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variant Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment服务业营销Service Industry Marketing辅助机械Aided Machine腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier OpticsG开头的课程概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process概率与统计Probability & Statistics钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure钢砼结构与砌体结构Reinforces Structure and Monsary Structure钢砼课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design钢砼设计Experiment of Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等发光分析Advanced Luminescence Analysis高等分析化学Advanced Analytical Chemistry高等工程力学Advanced Engineering Mechanics高等光学Advanced Optics高等环境微生物Advanced Environmental Microorganism高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等量子力学Advanced Quantum Mechanics高等生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method高等数学Advanced Mathematics高等数值分析Advanced Numeric Analysis高等土力学Advanced Soil Mechanics高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压技术与设备High-V oltage Technology and Device高电压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高电压实验High-Voltage Experiment高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & Implementation 高级管理信息系统Advanced Management Information Systems高级计算机体系结构Advanced Computer Architecture高级计算机网络Advanced Computer Networks高级计算机网络与集成技术Advanced Computer Networks and Integration Technology高级经济计量Advanced Economic Metrology高级软件工程Advanced Software Engineering高级生化技术Advanced Biochemical Technique高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级食品化学Advanced Food Chemistry高级视听Advanced Videos高级数据库Advanced Database高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic高级水生生物学Advanced Aquatic Biology高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frequency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高维代数簇Algebraic Varieties of Higher Dimension高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field高压电工程High-Voltage Engineering高压电技术High-Voltage Technology高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压实验设备测量High-V oltage Experimentation Equipment Measurement高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工厂电气设备Electric Equipment of Plants工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测量实习Engineering Measuring Practice工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing工程地质Engineering Geology工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程数学Engineering Mathematics工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimization Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业产品学Industrial Products工业电子学Industry Electronics工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业技术经济Industrial Technology Economics工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业美术设计Art Designing in Industry工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Administrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation工艺设计Technics Design工艺实习Technics Practice工艺原理与研究方法Principles & Research of Technics公差Common Difference公差测试实验Common Difference Testing Experiment公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系Public Relationship公共关系学Public Relations公司法Corporation Law公司组织与管理Organization and Management公司组织与管理Organization and Management of Corporate公文写作Document Writing功能材料原理与技术Principle and Technology of Functional Materials功能高分子Functional Polymer功能性食品Function Foods古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine固体磁性理论Theory of Magnetism in Solid固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体理论Solid State Theory固体物理Solid-State Physics故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology关税Tariff管理概论Introduction to Management管理沟通Management Communication, Management Negotiation管理会计Managerial Accounting管理经济学Management Economics管理科学专题Management Science Special Subject管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统FOXBASE Management System of FOXBASE管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information System管理学Management Theory, Principles of Management管理学Principles of Management光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电检测与信号处理Optoelectronic Detection and Processing光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing光电系统课程设计Photoelectric System Course Design光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光电信息计算机处理Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information光电子技术Photoelectronic Technique光电子学与光电信息技术Optoelectronics and Optoelectronic Information Technology 光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光接入网技术Technology of Light Access Network光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学Fiber Optics光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光纤通信技术Fibre Optical Communication Technology光纤通信网络Networks of Fiber Communications光纤通信系统Fibre Optical Communication System, System of Fiber Communications 光纤原理与技术Fibre Optical Operation & Technology光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学工艺实习Optical Technology Practice光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Information光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment光学与统计物理Optics and Statistical Physics光学与原子物理Optics & Atomic Physics光子学器件原理与技术Principle and Technology of Photonics Devices光子学专题Special Topics on Photonics广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播节目制作Broadcast Programming广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告管理Advertising Management广告学Advertisement锅炉课程设计Boiler Combustion Course Designing锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange, Conduction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际财务管理International Finance国际财务管理International Financial Management国际会计International Accounting国际会计专题International Accounting Special Subject国际技术贸易International Technical Trade国际结算International Balance。
4区总计阈值期刊数阈值期刊数阈值期刊数期刊数期刊数5.96617 2.53543 1.43380197337序号ISSN刊名简称分区刊名全称3年平均IF2011年IF10034-6861REV MOD PHYS1REVIEWS OF MODERNPHYSICS42.92443.93320108-7673ACTACRYSTALLOGR A1ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICASECTION A35.445 2.07631749-4885NAT PHOTONICS1Nature Photonics26.21829.278 40001-8732ADV PHYS1ADVANCES IN PHYSICS25.9493750370-1573PHYS REP1PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEWSECTION OF PHYSICSLETTERS19.19520.39461745-2473NAT PHYS1Nature Physics17.62918.96771433-8351LIVING REVRELATIV1Living Reviews in Relativity 13.56217.46280034-4885REP PROG PHYS1REPORTS ON PROGRESS INPHYSICS13.3414.7291947-5454ANNU REVCONDEN MA P1Annual Review of CondensedMatter Physics12.38912.389100066-4189ANNU REV FLUIDMECH1ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUIDMECHANICS10.77912.767110277-7037MASS SPECTROMREV1MASS SPECTROMETRYREVIEWS10.05810.461120163-8998ANNU REV NUCLPART S1ANNUAL REVIEW OFNUCLEAR AND PARTICLESCIENCE8.768 6.457131863-8880LASER PHOTONICSREV1Laser & Photonics Reviews7.5057.388140031-9007PHYS REV LETT1PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS7.447.37 1区2区3区151612-2011LASER PHYS LETT1LASER PHYSICS LETTERS7.1619.97161040-8436CRIT REV SOLIDSTATE1CRITICAL REVIEWS IN SOLIDSTATE AND MATERIALSSCIENCES6.9269.467171126-6708J HIGH ENERGYPHYS1JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGYPHYSICS5.966 5.831180079-6565PROG NUCL MAGRES SP2PROGRESS IN NUCLEARMAGNETIC RESONANCESPECTROSCOPY5.63 5.214190031-9228PHYS TODAY2PHYSICS TODAY 4.839 5.648 201550-7998PHYS REV D2PHYSICAL REVIEW D 4.815 4.558 210370-2693PHYS LETT B2PHYSICS LETTERS B 4.764 3.955 220550-3213NUCL PHYS B2NUCLEAR PHYSICS B 4.548 4.661230323-0465ACTA PHYSSLOVACA2ACTA PHYSICA SLOVACA 4.291 2.167240079-6638PROG OPTICS2PROGRESS IN OPTICS 4.276 5.952251559-8985PROGELECTROMAGNRES2Progress in ElectromagneticsResearch-PIER4.2695.298260081-1947SOLID STATE PHYS2Solid State Physics 4 3.333270021-8898J APPLCRYSTALLOGR2JOURNAL OF APPLIEDCRYSTALLOGRAPHY3.988 5.152280029-5515NUCL FUSION2NUCLEAR FUSION 3.888 4.09 291367-2630NEW J PHYS2NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 3.779 4.177301049-250X ADV ATOM MOLOPT PHY2ADVANCES IN ATOMICMOLECULAR AND OPTICALPHYSICS3.776 3.294310003-6951APPL PHYS LETT2APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 3.746 3.844 321098-0121PHYS REV B2PHYSICAL REVIEW B 3.647 3.691 331094-4087OPT EXPRESS2OPTICS EXPRESS 3.539 3.587340065-2385ADV CHEM PHYS2ADVANCES IN CHEMICALPHYSICS3.448 3.579350556-2813PHYS REV C2PHYSICAL REVIEW C 3.4 3.308360146-6410PROG PART NUCLPHYS2PROGRESS IN PARTICLE ANDNUCLEAR PHYSICS3.398 2.614370022-5096J MECH PHYSSOLIDS2JOURNAL OF THEMECHANICS AND PHYSICS OFSOLIDS3.276 2.806380146-9592OPT LETT2OPTICS LETTERS 3.259 3.399391434-6044EUR PHYS J C2EUROPEAN PHYSICALJOURNAL C3.208 3.631401687-7357ADV HIGH ENERGYPHYS2Advances in High EnergyPhysics3.1844.522410264-9381CLASSICAL QUANTGRAV2CLASSICAL AND QUANTUMGRAVITY3.149 3.32420377-0486J RAMANSPECTROSC2JOURNAL OF RAMANSPECTROSCOPY3.124 3.087430021-9606J CHEM PHYS2JOURNAL OF CHEMICALPHYSICS3.116 3.333440889-311X CRYSTALLOGRREV2Crystallography Reviews 3.079 2.067450584-8547SPECTROCHIMACTA B2SPECTROCHIMICA ACTAPART B-ATOMICSPECTROSCOPY3.049 2.876460003-6900APPL MECH REV2Applied Mechanics Reviews 2.927 3.971 470148-6055J RHEOL2JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY 2.914 2.978 481050-2947PHYS REV A2PHYSICAL REVIEW A 2.868 2.878490393-697X RIV NUOVOCIMENTO2RIVISTA DEL NUOVOCIMENTO2.841 2.579500003-4916ANN PHYS-NEWYORK2ANNALS OF PHYSICS 2.818 2.857511007-5704COMMUNNONLINEAR SCI2Communications in NonlinearScience and NumericalSimulation2.752 2.806521612-8850PLASMA PROCESSPOLYM2Plasma Processes and Polymers 2.716 2.468530010-7514CONTEMP PHYS2CONTEMPORARY PHYSICS 2.704 2.081540954-3899J PHYS G NUCLPARTIC2JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLEPHYSICS2.691 4.178551882-0778APPL PHYSEXPRESS2Applied Physics Express 2.671 3.013560263-0346LASER PARTBEAMS2LASER AND PARTICLE BEAMS 2.64 1.623570031-9015J PHYS SOC JPN2JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICALSOCIETY OF JAPAN2.614 2.364580295-5075EPL-EUROPHYSLETT2EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 2.606 2.171590953-2048SUPERCOND SCITECH2SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY2.586 2.662600741-3335PLASMA PHYSCONTR F2PLASMA PHYSICS ANDCONTROLLED FUSION2.535 2.731611862-6254PHYS STATUSSOLIDI-R3Physica Status Solidi-RapidResearch Letters2.531 2.218620010-4655COMPUT PHYSCOMMUN3COMPUTER PHYSICSCOMMUNICATIONS2.5093.268630022-4073J QUANTSPECTROSC RA3JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVESPECTROSCOPY &RADIATIVE TRANSFER2.4623.193640167-2738SOLID STATEIONICS3SOLID STATE IONICS 2.435 2.646650001-7701GEN RELATGRAVIT3GENERAL RELATIVITY ANDGRAVITATION2.408 2.069660033-068X PROG THEORPHYS3PROGRESS OF THEORETICALPHYSICS2.405 2.294670022-1120J FLUID MECH3JOURNAL OF FLUIDMECHANICS2.4 2.459680963-0252PLASMA SOURCESSCI T3PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY2.374 2.521690909-0495J SYNCHROTRONRADIAT3JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRONRADIATION2.352 2.726701063-7869PHYS-USP+3PHYSICS-USPEKHI 2.342 2.154710021-9991J COMPUT PHYS3JOURNAL OFCOMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS2.342 2.31721539-3755PHYS REV E3PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2.336 2.255731090-7807J MAGN RESON3JOURNAL OF MAGNETICRESONANCE2.334 2.138741070-664X PHYS PLASMAS3PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 2.314 2.147750953-8984J PHYS-CONDENSMAT3JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER2.281 2.546761434-6001EUR PHYS J A3EUROPEAN PHYSICALJOURNAL A2.25 2.19770022-3727J PHYS D APPLPHYS3JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS2.245 2.544781387-3806INT J MASSSPECTROM3INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMASS SPECTROMETRY2.225 2.549790003-9527ARCH RATIONMECH AN3ARCHIVE FOR RATIONALMECHANICS AND ANALYSIS2.221 2.054801533-7146QUANTUM INFCOMPUT3QUANTUM INFORMATION &COMPUTATION2.175 1.659810946-2171APPL PHYS B-LASERS O3APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERSAND OPTICS2.14 2.189820090-3752NUCL DATASHEETS3NUCLEAR DATA SHEETS 2.128 3.821830740-3224J OPT SOC AM B3JOURNAL OF THE OPTICALSOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS2.123 2.185840021-8979J APPL PHYS3JOURNAL OF APPLIEDPHYSICS2.106 2.168850035-4511RHEOL ACTA3RHEOLOGICA ACTA 2.097 2.027861742-5468J STAT MECH-THEORY E3JOURNAL OF STATISTICALMECHANICS-THEORY ANDEXPERIMENT2.073 1.727870010-3616COMMUN MATHPHYS3COMMUNICATIONS INMATHEMATICAL PHYSICS2.003 1.941881054-1500CHAOS3CHAOS 1.984 2.076890108-7681ACTACRYSTALLOGR B3ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICASECTION B-STRUCTURALSCIENCE1.9722.286900920-5071JELECTROMAGNETWAVE3JOURNAL OFELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESAND APPLICATIONS1.9652.965910960-0779CHAOS SOLITONFRACT3CHAOS SOLITONS &FRACTALS1.935 1.222920092-640X ATOM DATA NUCLDATA3ATOMIC DATA AND NUCLEARDATA TABLES1.922.16930022-2313J LUMIN3JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 1.915 2.102940953-4075J PHYS B-AT MOLOPT3JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR ANDOPTICAL PHYSICS1.896 1.875950066-4103ANNU REP NMRSPECTRO3ANNUAL REPORTS ON NMRSPECTROSCOPY1.883 1.425960375-9601PHYS LETT A3PHYSICS LETTERS A 1.868 1.632 971054-660X LASER PHYS3LASER PHYSICS 1.867 3.605981570-0755QUANTUM INFPROCESS3Quantum Information Processing 1.8452990301-9322INT J MULTIPHASFLOW3INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMULTIPHASE FLOW1.8392.231000038-1098SOLID STATECOMMUN3SOLID STATECOMMUNICATIONS1.822 1.6491011386-1425SPECTROCHIMACTA A3SPECTROCHIMICA ACTAPART A-MOLECULAR ANDBIOMOLECULARSPECTROSCOPY1.8112.0981020178-7675COMPUT MECH3COMPUTATIONALMECHANICS1.8042.0651030020-7683INT J SOLIDSSTRUCT3INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFSOLIDS AND STRUCTURES1.781 1.8571041815-2406COMMUN COMPUTPHYS3Communications inComputational Physics1.77 1.3971051070-6631PHYS FLUIDS3PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 1.762 1.9261060377-0257J NON-NEWTONFLUID3JOURNAL OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDMECHANICS1.749 1.6751070375-9474NUCL PHYS A3NUCLEAR PHYSICS A 1.744 1.54 1081567-1739CURR APPL PHYS3CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS 1.743 1.9 1090026-8976MOL PHYS3MOLECULAR PHYSICS 1.732 1.8191101084-7529J OPT SOC AM A3JOURNAL OF THE OPTICALSOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE ANDVISION1.723 1.5621110022-0248J CRYST GROWTH3JOURNAL OF CRYSTALGROWTH1.669 1.7261120267-8292LIQ CRYST3LIQUID CRYSTALS 1.654 1.858 1130014-4851EXP MECH3EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 1.639 1.5221140926-2040SOLID STATE NUCLMAG3SOLID STATE NUCLEARMAGNETIC RESONANCE1.628 1.7121151098-4402PHYS REV SPECTOP-AC3PHYSICAL REVIEW SPECIALTOPICS-ACCELERATORS ANDBEAMS1.604 1.521161751-8113J PHYS A-MATHTHEOR3Journal of Physics A-Mathematical and Theoretical1.594 1.5641171536-0040SIAM J APPL DYNSYST3SIAM JOURNAL ON APPLIEDDYNAMICAL SYSTEMS1.58 1.3271180167-2789PHYSICA D3PHYSICA D 1.573 1.5941190001-4966J ACOUST SOC AM3JOURNAL OF THEACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OFAMERICA1.572 1.551200997-7538EUR J MECH A-SOLID3EUROPEAN JOURNAL OFMECHANICS A-SOLIDS1.571 1.4841210304-8853J MAGN MAGNMATER3JOURNAL OF MAGNETISMAND MAGNETIC MATERIALS1.558 1.781220368-2048J ELECTRONSPECTROSC3JOURNAL OF ELECTRONSPECTROSCOPY ANDRELATED PHENOMENA1.55 1.9581231095-0761ADV THEOR MATHPHYS3Advances in Theoretical andMathematical Physics1.5420.8551242040-8978J OPTICS-UK3Journal of Optics 1.542 1.7651251434-6028EUR PHYS J B3EUROPEAN PHYSICALJOURNAL B1.525 1.5341260021-3640JETP LETT+3JETP LETTERS 1.524 1.3521270022-2852J MOL SPECTROSC3JOURNAL OF MOLECULARSPECTROSCOPY1.517 1.5121280049-8246X-RAY SPECTROM3X-RAY SPECTROMETRY 1.516 1.445 1290045-7930COMPUT FLUIDS3COMPUTERS & FLUIDS 1.504 1.81 1300378-4371PHYSICA A3PHYSICA A 1.486 1.3731311554-9178PHYS REV SPECTOP-PH3Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research1.480.9021321546-6086CONCEPT MAGNRESON A3CONCEPTS IN MAGNETICRESONANCE PART A1.476 1.6741331434-6060EUR PHYS J D3EUROPEAN PHYSICALJOURNAL D1.47 1.4761341384-5640MULTIBODY SYSTDYN3MULTIBODY SYSTEMDYNAMICS1.461 1.3211350013-7944ENG FRACT MECH3ENGINEERING FRACTUREMECHANICS1.459 1.3531360165-2125WAVE MOTION3WAVE MOTION 1.448 1.461370038-1101SOLID STATEELECTRON3SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 1.444 1.3971380030-4018OPT COMMUN3OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 1.44 1.486 1391434-5021GRANUL MATTER3GRANULAR MATTER 1.435 1.755 1401674-1056CHINESE PHYS B3Chinese Physics B 1.433 1.3761410022-4715J STAT PHYS4JOURNAL OF STATISTICALPHYSICS1.411 1.3971421574-1818HIGH ENERG DENSPHYS4High Energy Density Physics 1.401 1.5951430951-7715NONLINEARITY4NONLINEARITY 1.371 1.3861440030-3992OPT LASERTECHNOL4OPTICS AND LASERTECHNOLOGY1.371 1.5151451631-0705CR PHYS4COMPTES RENDUSPHYSIQUE1.366 1.361460020-7462INT J NONLINMECH4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFNON-LINEAR MECHANICS1.353 1.2091470950-0839PHIL MAG LETT4PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINELETTERS1.344 1.2411481386-9477PHYSICA E4PHYSICA E 1.338 1.5321490942-9352Z PHYS CHEM4ZEITSCHRIFT FURPHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFRESEARCH IN P1.322 1.5681500080-8784SEMICONDUCTSEMIMET4SEMICONDUCTORS ANDSEMIMETALS1.3062.3331510022-2488J MATH PHYS4JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICALPHYSICS1.3 1.2911520370-1972PHYS STATUSSOLIDI B4PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B-BASIC RESEARCH1.272 1.3161530997-7546EUR J MECH B-FLUID4EUROPEAN JOURNAL OFMECHANICS B-FLUIDS1.245 1.3281540129-055X REV MATH PHYS4REVIEWS IN MATHEMATICALPHYSICS1.231 1.2131550935-4964THEOR COMPFLUID DYN4THEORETICAL ANDCOMPUTATIONAL FLUIDDYNAMICS1.224 1.0341560168-9002NUCL INSTRUMMETH A4NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS &METHODS IN PHYSICSRESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SP1.222 1.2071570022-2291J LOW TEMP PHYS4JOURNAL OF LOWTEMPERATURE PHYSICS1.222 1.1881580093-6413MECH RESCOMMUN4MECHANICS RESEARCHCOMMUNICATIONS1.222 1.2731591469-0667EUR J MASSSPECTROM4EUROPEAN JOURNAL OFMASS SPECTROMETRY1.217 1.2071600863-1042CONTRIB PLASMPHYS4CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMAPHYSICS1.214 1.1081610377-9017LETT MATH PHYS4LETTERS IN MATHEMATICALPHYSICS1.21 1.8191621931-4523COMMUN NUMBERTHEORY4Communications in NumberTheory and Physics1.191 1.4121630967-0335J NEAR INFRAREDSPEC4JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRAREDSPECTROSCOPY1.191 1.0121640003-3804ANN PHYS-BERLIN4ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 1.1820.8411650935-1175CONTINUUM MECHTHERM4CONTINUUM MECHANICS ANDTHERMODYNAMICS1.175 1.311660025-6455MECCANICA4MECCANICA 1.169 1.5581671758-8251INT J APPL MECH4International Journal of AppliedMechanics1.165 1.1651680749-6036SUPERLATTICEMICROST4SUPERLATTICES ANDMICROSTRUCTURES1.164 1.4871691687-8108ADV CONDMATTER PHYS4Advances in Condensed MatterPhysics1.158 1.1581701424-0637ANN HENRIPOINCARE4ANNALES HENRI POINCARE 1.157 1.2111710001-5970ACTA MECH4ACTA MECHANICA 1.151 1.292 1721099-4300ENTROPY-SWITZ4Entropy 1.146 1.183 1730195-5373ATOM SPECTROSC4ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 1.145 1.1771740015-8208FORTSCHR PHYS4FORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK-PROGRESS OF PHYSICS1.138 1.1621750168-583X NUCL INSTRUMMETH B4NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS &METHODS IN PHYSICSRESEARCH SECTION B-BEAMINTERACTIO1.136 1.2111760340-0204J NON-EQUILTHERMODY4JOURNAL OF NON-EQUILIBRIUMTHERMODYNAMICS1.134 1.0241770031-8388PHONETICA4PHONETICA 1.117 1.61780376-9429INT J FRACTURE4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFFRACTURE1.113 1.4851791468-5248J TURBUL4JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE 1.1070.989 1800303-4216TOP APPL PHYS4TOPICS IN APPLIED PHYSICS 1.1010.421810093-3813IEEE T PLASMA SCI4IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONPLASMA SCIENCE1.098 1.1741821000-3290ACTA PHYS SIN-CHED4ACTA PHYSICA SINICA 1.096 1.0271831674-7348SCI CHINA PHYSMECH4Science China-PhysicsMechanics & Astronomy1.093 1.0381840031-8949PHYS SCRIPTA4PHYSICA SCRIPTA 1.092 1.2041851226-4776J OPT SOC KOREA4Journal of the Optical Society ofKorea1.085 1.091861951-6355EUR PHYS J-SPECTOP4European Physical Journal-Special Topics1.08 1.5621871061-9208RUSS J MATHPHYS4RUSSIAN JOURNAL OFMATHEMATICAL PHYSICS1.078 1.2531880219-8878INT J GEOMMETHODS M4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFGEOMETRIC METHODS INMODERN PHYSICS1.0750.8561890021-4922JPN J APPL PHYS 4JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORTNOTES & REV 1.073 1.0581900033-5614Q J MECH APPLMATH 4QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MECHANICS AND APPLIEDMATHEMATICS 1.071 1.1761910271-2091INT J NUMER METHFL 4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODSIN FLUIDS 1.057 1.1761920921-4534PHYSICA C 4PHYSICA C1.051 1.0141930217-7323MOD PHYS LETT A 4MODERN PHYSICS LETTERSA1.049 1.0831941350-4495INFRARED PHYSTECHN 4INFRARED PHYSICS &TECHNOLOGY 1.044 1.2961950044-2968Z KRISTALLOGR 4ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE 1.0380.9521960950-0340J MOD OPTIC 4JOURNAL OF MODERNOPTICS1.033 1.171971430-6395APPL RHEOL 4APPLIED RHEOLOGY1.028********-751X INT J MOD PHYS A 4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMODERN PHYSICS A0.998 1.0531990921-4526PHYSICA B 4PHYSICA B0.992 1.0632000141-1594PHASE TRANSIT 4PHASE TRANSITIONS 0.982 1.0062011742-8297INT J EXERGY 4International Journal of Exergy 0.9590.8942021990-2573J EUR OPT SOC-RAPID 4Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 0.953 1.0192031063-7761J EXP THEORPHYS+4JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS 0.948 1.0282040015-9018FOUND PHYS4FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS0.9441.0552050022-3778J PLASMA PHYS4JOURNAL OF PLASMAPHYSICS0.9320.9442060939-1533ARCH APPL MECH4ARCHIVE OF APPLIEDMECHANICS0.9320.952070232-1300CRYST RESTECHNOL4CRYSTAL RESEARCH ANDTECHNOLOGY0.930.9462080011-2275CRYOGENICS4CRYOGENICS0.9290.6692090256-307X CHINESE PHYSLETT4CHINESE PHYSICS LETTERS0.9270.7312101422-6928J MATH FLUIDMECH4Journal of Mathematical FluidMechanics0.9230.7682110003-682X APPL ACOUST4APPLIED ACOUSTICS0.908 1.052120712-4813SPECTROSC-INT J4SPECTROSCOPY-ANINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL0.9080.8052130932-0784Z NATURFORSCH A4ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTIONA-A JOURNAL OF PHYSICALSCIENCES0.9080.942141815-0659SYMMETRYINTEGR GEOM4Symmetry Integrability andGeometry-Methods andApplications0.905 1.0712150937-9347APPL MAGNRESON4APPLIED MAGNETICRESONANCE0.90.7552160731-5171FERROELECTRICSLETT4FERROELECTRICS LETTERSSECTION0.8880.9312170169-5983FLUID DYN RES4FLUID DYNAMICS RESEARCH0.8860.6732180375-9687PROG THEORPHYS SUPP4PROGRESS OF THEORETICALPHYSICS SUPPLEMENT0.876 1.0632190895-7959HIGH PRESSURERES4HIGH PRESSURE RESEARCH0.8740.7782200008-4204CAN J PHYS4CANADIAN JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.8670.8572211063-7796PHYS PARTNUCLEI+4PHYSICS OF PARTICLES ANDNUCLEI0.8510.5192221552-5031CONCEPT MAGNRESON B4CONCEPTS IN MAGNETICRESONANCE PART B-MAGNETIC RESONANCEENGINEERING0.8460.7922230177-7963FEW-BODY SYST4FEW-BODY SYSTEMS0.843 1.4382241557-1939J SUPERCOND NOVMAGN4Journal of Superconductivity andNovel Magnetism0.8320.652250021-8936J APPL MECH-TASME4JOURNAL OF APPLIEDMECHANICS-TRANSACTIONSOF THE ASME0.8280.9492260567-7718ACTA MECHSINICA-PRC4ACTA MECHANICA SINICA0.8250.862271671-7694CHIN OPT LETT4Chinese Optics Letters0.8220.9672281076-5670ADV IMAG ELECTPHYS4Advances in Imaging andElectron Physics0.8160.4912291286-0042EUR PHYS J-APPLPHYS4EUROPEAN PHYSICALJOURNAL-APPLIED PHYSICS0.810.7712300195-928XINT JTHERMOPHYS4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTHERMOPHYSICS0.8020.9532311895-1082CENT EUR J PHYS4CENTRAL EUROPEANJOURNAL OF PHYSICS0.7780.9092320143-0807EUR J PHYS4EUROPEAN JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.7740.8232330938-1287SHOCK WAVES4SHOCK WAVES0.7670.9512340002-9505AM J PHYS4AMERICAN JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.7660.7292350129-1831INT J MOD PHYS C4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMODERN PHYSICS C0.7660.572361609-1833UKR J PHYS OPT4Ukrainian Journal of PhysicalOptics0.7550.8512371673-3487FRONT PHYSCHINA4Frontiers of Physics in China0.7410.9012380587-4254ACTA PHYS POL B4ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B0.740.9012391061-8562INT J COMPUTFLUID D4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFCOMPUTATIONAL FLUIDDYNAMICS0.7390.9432400020-7748INT J THEOR PHYS4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTHEORETICAL PHYSICS0.7340.8452410040-5779THEOR MATHPHYS+4THEORETICAL ANDMATHEMATICAL PHYSICS0.7310.652420393-0440J GEOM PHYS4JOURNAL OF GEOMETRY ANDPHYSICS0.7280.8182430219-7499INT J QUANTUM INF4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFQUANTUM INFORMATION0.7220.672441063-7834PHYS SOLIDSTATE+4PHYSICS OF THE SOLIDSTATE0.720.7112451071-2836J RUSS LASER RES4JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN LASERRESEARCH0.7120.7462461607-324X CONDENS MATTERPHYS4Condensed Matter Physics0.6950.8112471745-5030WAVE RANDOMCOMPLEX4Waves in Random and ComplexMedia0.6850.7372480108-2701ACTACRYSTALLOGR C4ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICASECTION C-CRYSTALSTRUCTURECOMMUNICATIONS0.6820.5182490034-4877REP MATH PHYS4REPORTS ON MATHEMATICALPHYSICS0.6780.6432501063-777X LOW TEMP PHYS+4LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS0.6720.732511468-9367DYNAM SYST4DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS-ANINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL0.6680.6232521631-0721CR MECANIQUE4COMPTES RENDUSMECANIQUE0.6650.7992530103-9733BRAZ J PHYS4BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.6630.7542540218-3013INT J MOD PHYS E4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMODERN PHYSICS E-NUCLEAR PHYSICS0.6450.5972551063-7710ACOUST PHYS+4ACOUSTICAL PHYSICS0.6390.7 2560038-7010SPECTROSC LETT4SPECTROSCOPY LETTERS0.6390.7192571063-780X PLASMA PHYSREP+4PLASMA PHYSICS REPORTS0.6360.6552581560-3547REGUL CHAOTICDYN4REGULAR & CHAOTICDYNAMICS0.6330.6442592070-0733ADV APPL MATHMECH4Advances in AppliedMathematics and Mechanics0.630.752601355-2198STUD HIST PHILOSM P4STUDIES IN HISTORY ANDPHILOSOPHY OF MODERNPHYSICS0.6240.6412611063-7826SEMICONDUCTORS+4SEMICONDUCTORS0.6230.6272620953-8585PHYS WORLD4PHYSICS WORLD0.620.4172631674-0068CHINESE J CHEMPHYS4CHINESE JOURNAL OFCHEMICAL PHYSICS0.6080.6922640253-6102COMMUN THEORPHYS4COMMUNICATIONS INTHEORETICAL PHYSICS0.6050.7472650894-9166ACTA MECHSOLIDA SIN4ACTA MECHANICA SOLIDASINICA0.5910.7662661610-1928ACTA ACUSTUNITED AC4ACTA ACUSTICA UNITEDWITH ACUSTICA0.5860.5692671042-346X J LASER APPL4JOURNAL OF LASERAPPLICATIONS0.5840.4072681340-6000OPT REV4OPTICAL REVIEW0.580.661 2690030-400X OPT SPECTROSC+4OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY0.5620.612701063-7745CRYSTALLOGRREP+4CRYSTALLOGRAPHYREPORTS0.5570.4692711063-7788PHYS ATOM NUCL+4PHYSICS OF ATOMIC NUCLEI0.5570.568 2720137-5075ARCH ACOUST4Archives of Acoustics 0.5550.8472731541-308X PHYS WAVEPHENOM4Physics of Wave Phenomena0.5490.3842740018-151X HIGH TEMP+4HIGH TEMPERATURE0.5480.4322751063-7850TECH PHYS LETT+4TECHNICAL PHYSICSLETTERS0.5470.5652761042-0150RADIAT EFFDEFECT S4RADIATION EFFECTS ANDDEFECTS IN SOLIDS0.5380.4042771402-9251J NONLINEARMATH PHY4JOURNAL OF NONLINEARMATHEMATICAL PHYSICS0.5370.5432781542-1406MOL CRYST LIQCRYST4MOLECULAR CRYSTALS ANDLIQUID CRYSTALS0.5250.582791051-9998PLASMA DEVICESOPER4PLASMA DEVICES ANDOPERATIONS0.5110.3752801063-7842TECH PHYS+4TECHNICAL PHYSICS0.510.4992810019-5596INDIAN J PURE APPHY4INDIAN JOURNAL OF PURE &APPLIED PHYSICS0.5070.7632820304-4289PRAMANA-J PHYS4PRAMANA-JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.4950.5752830218-8635J NONLINEAR OPTPHYS4JOURNAL OF NONLINEAROPTICAL PHYSICS &MATERIALS0.4940.3792840218-396X J COMPUT ACOUST4JOURNAL OFCOMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS0.4920.3812851221-1451ROM REP PHYS4Romanian Reports in Physics 0.4840.52860887-6703SPECTROSCOPY-US4SPECTROSCOPY0.4820.52870146-8030FIBERINTEGRATED OPT4FIBER AND INTEGRATEDOPTICS0.4790.5072880217-9849MOD PHYS LETT B4MODERN PHYSICS LETTERSB0.4750.4742890577-9073CHINESE J PHYS4CHINESE JOURNAL OFPHYSICS0.4690.4482900374-4884J KOREAN PHYSSOC4JOURNAL OF THE KOREANPHYSICAL SOCIETY0.4630.4472910587-4246ACTA PHYS POL A4ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A0.4480.444 2921727-7191J MECH4JOURNAL OF MECHANICS0.4480.325 2930030-4026OPTIK4OPTIK0.4470.512941009-0630PLASMA SCITECHNOL4PLASMA SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY0.4470.4072952102-6459EUR PHYS J H4European Physical Journal H0.4390.9332960021-9037J APPLSPECTROSC+4Journal of Applied Spectroscopy0.4390.5132970024-998X MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS4Magnetohydrodynamics 0.4250.4132981539-7734MECH BASED DESSTRUC 4MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES ANDMACHINES 0.4240.2592991468-4349PROG COMPUT FLUID DY 4PROGRESS INCOMPUTATIONAL FLUIDDYNAMICS 0.420.2983001600-5368ACTACRYSTALLOGR E 4ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-STRUCTUREREPORTS ONLINE0.390.3473010217-9792INT J MOD PHYS B 4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFMODERN PHYSICS B0.3780.3243021001-9014J INFRARED MILLIMW 4JOURNAL OF INFRARED ANDMILLIMETER WAVES 0.3770.3013030078-5466OPT APPL 4OPTICA APPLICATA 0.3680.3983040021-8928PMM-J APPL MATHMEC+4PMM JOURNAL OF APPLIEDMATHEMATICS ANDMECHANICS0.3450.3233051221-146X ROM J PHYS 4Romanian Journal of Physics 0.3440.4143061648-8504LITH J PHYS 4Lithuanian Journal of Physics 0.3420.3943070035-001X REV MEX FIS 4REVISTA MEXICANA DEFISICA0.3260.3663080041-1450TRANSPORT THEOR STAT4TRANSPORT THEORY AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS 0.3160.2863090973-1458INDIAN J PHYS 4INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OFSCIENCE0.2990.3813101064-8887RUSS PHYS J+4Russian Physics Journal 0.2990.4093111028-3358DOKL PHYS 4DOKLADY PHYSICS 0.2950.3433120029-5922NUKLEONIKA 4NUKLEONIKA0.290.3893131422-6944PHYS PERSPECT4PHYSICS IN PERSPECTIVE0.2830.214 3140836-1398PHYS ESSAYS4PHYSICS ESSAYS0.2760.2763151043-8092LASER FOCUSWORLD4LASER FOCUS WORLD0.2690.2523161070-9762J OPT TECHNOL+4JOURNAL OF OPTICALTECHNOLOGY0.2670.2883172190-5444EUR PHYS J PLUS4European Physical Journal Plus0.2650.243 3181674-1137CHINESE PHYS C4Chinese Physics C0.2630.272 3190015-4628FLUID DYNAM+4Fluid Dynamics0.2530.296 3200814-6039ACOUST AUST4Acoustics Australia 0.2520.1823210021-8944J APPL MECH TECHPH+4Journal of Applied Mechanicsand Technical Physics0.2510.2333220869-8643THERMOPHYSAEROMECH+4Thermophysics andAeromechanics0.2510.3113230263-0923J LOW FREQ NOISEV A4JOURNAL OF LOWFREQUENCY NOISEVIBRATION AND ACTIVECONTROL0.2480.2143241068-3372J CONTEMP PHYS-ARME+4Journal of ContemporaryPhysics-Armenian Academy ofSciences0.2460.2243251429-2955J THEOR APPMECH-POL4Journal of Theoretical andApplied Mechanics0.2420.2833261433-7266Z KRIST-NEWCRYST ST4ZEITSCHRIFT FURKRISTALLOGRAPHIE-NEWCRYSTAL STRUCTURES0.2380.2783271001-8042NUCL SCI TECH4Nuclear Science and Techniques0.2380.1993281810-2328J ENGTHERMOPHYS-RUS4Journal of EngineeringThermophysics0.2340.2593291383-5416INT J APPL ELECTROM 4INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFAPPLIEDELECTROMAGNETICS ANDMECHANICS 0.2280.1223301880-5566J THERM SCI TECH-JPN 4Journal of Thermal Science andTechnology0.2090.1763311070-9622SHOCK VIB 4SHOCK AND VIBRATION 0.2050.263321806-1117REV BRAS ENSINOFIS4Revista Brasileira de Ensino deFisica0.1820.1183331068-3356 B LEBEDEV PHYSINST+4Bulletin of the Lebedev PhysicsInstitute0.1770.2053340027-1349MOSC U PHYS B+4Moscow University PhysicsBulletin0.1710.1993350731-1230PHOTONIC SPECTRA 4PHOTONICS SPECTRA 0.1110.0673361562-6016PROBL ATOM SCITECH4Problems of Atomic Science andTechnology0.0270.0283372095-0462FRONT PHYS-BEIJING4Frontiers of Physics。
Quantum Information and Accounting Information:A Revolutionary Trend and the Role of TopologyJoel Demski1, Stephen A. FitzGerald2, Yuji Ijiri3, Yumi Ijiri2, and Haijin Lin1 For presentation at the accounting mini conference on August 26, 2006Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University1University of Florida, Accounting2Oberlin College, Physics3Carnegie Mellon University, AccountingSection 1. IntroductionThis present paper is a sequel to the paper prepared last summer by the same five authors, entitled "Quantum information and accounting information: Their salient features and conceptual applications." This first paper has been published in the July-August issue of the Journal of Accounting and Public Policy and is available online at by Elsevier. The purpose of this earlier paper was to explore the latest developments in quantum information and to see whether some conceptual applications can be made that will improve our understanding of accounting information.This present paper will focus on a revolutionary trend in quantum information and accounting information. The word, "trend," is used to emphasize that not just one but many revolutionary changes are occurring. On quantum information, we will focus on one particularly salient recent development, namely the use of topology in quantum computation. On accounting information, we discuss the changes brought on by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which made accounting information more legalistic and blurred the boundary of financial and managerial accounting. We wish to explore topology’s potential applications to accounting as we believethat this development will most likely aid an important segment of current accounting information, especially internal controls that are mandated by Sarbanes-Oxley.To preserve continuity, we shall first present a synopsis of the last year's paper before we discuss the present paper. We started the paper with Part I entitled "Understanding quantum information." Here, we examined such concepts as quantum superposition and quantum parallel processing, by which a huge multiplicity of states can be transformed almost instantly. In addition to speed, we learned that quantum information must deal with irreducibly random phenomena and inexhaustible uncertainty, meaning that there are no complete events that are under complete certainty. Furthermore, there have been many quantum phenomena that just seem to be impossible to explain, such as quantum entanglement and quantum transportation where particles can travel long distance "instantly." Finally, we discussed quantum cryptography and its use of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to create unbreakable keys.The way physicists are dealing with quantum experiments is also interesting. They can now by means of Bose-Einstein condensate, see and manipulate particles which they could only imagine in theory. Quantum algorithms have also been developed, allowing us to cope with errors inherent in the processing of qubits. Physicists are exploring these applications while still thinking about the fundamental laws in physics. The best progress seems to occur when stretching the classical description without damaging it, thus uncovering something profound about Nature.In Part II, we dealt with quantum information and double-entry bookkeeping. Arthur Cayley (1821-95), the founder of modern British school of pure mathematics, developed matrix algebra, later used by Werner Heisenberg in 1925, and it became indispensable in quantum mechanics. Interestingly, Cayley wrote a short book on double-entry bookkeeping. Furthermore,he stated in its preface that double-entry bookkeeping is "Like Euclid's theory of ratios, an absolutely perfect one." We considered the basis for his glorious praise and concluded that Cayley saw the isomorphism between ‘ratio matrix’ and ‘double-entry matrix,’ thus transferring his praise for theory of ratios to the framework of double-entry bookkeeping.It was useful to consider why there are differences in quantum information and accounting information and to trace the reasons. Thus in Part III, we analyzed seven perspectives from accounting information, namely 1) recognition and aggregation issues, 2) measurement vs. information content, 3) physical vs. social sciences perspective, 4) uncertainty and probability assessment, 5) endogenous expectation, 6) error-correction mechanism, and 7) environmental issues.Section 2. Topological quantum computationWe now take up the topic of topological quantum computation to start the present paper. In particular, we begin with a brief history of obstacles to quantum computation. First of all, the fundamental unit of classical computation is a “bit,” while the fundamental unit of quantum computation is a “qubit”. Both bit and qubit take on the value of 0 or 1 but qubit can take on the numerous values between 0 and 1. While this richness of the values it can take is an advantage over classical computation, the negative side of qubits is that they are extremely fragile, subject to heat and other environmental disturbances. The data must be repeatedly updated every fraction of a second to avoid “quantum decoherence” that leads to the information being corrupted. The issue of data corruption led some early enthusiasts of quantum computing to give up on its future prospects. But this disappointment was greatly saved by Peter Shor.In 1994, Shor came up with an error correction algorithm improving the chances of useful quantum computers considerably. People began to accept errors in computation because as long as the system can have multiple copies of the information, the correct answer can be derived with a margin of error practically as small as we wish. But soon another disappointment occurred. This is because the error correction algorithm does not function unless the error before correction is less than one in 10,000 steps. For this and other reasons, quantum computers have been limited to prototypes with a maximum of 7 or so qubits. Theorists say about 32 qubits are needed to run and beat the conventional super computers.Topological quantum computation was then introduced by Alexei Kitaev of the Landau Institute near Moscow in 1997 (Kitaev 1997). This is a revolutionary proposal to use the robustness of topology1 for quantum computation instead of worrying about decoherence in quantum computing. In particular, using knot theory in topology, researchers are now considering a pair of particles called “anyons,2” which can be envisioned as chasing each other in circular motion on a plane. When the time dimension is added to the motion, the anyons can be depicted as circling on the surface of the horizontally laid cylinder with time passing from left to right. A “braid” is created by the movement of anyons, which is a historical record of the circular motion as shown in Figure 1. The diagram is a combination of space-time dimensions, called “world lines” which the anyons traverse. Computations are contained in the braid formed1 Topology is defined as “the branch of mathematics concerned with those properties of geometric configurations that are unaltered by elastic deformation” (Das Sarma, Freedman, and Nayak, 2006). A donut and coffee cup are topologically indistinguishable as one can be identical to the other by means of gradual deformation without cutting or joining.2 In quantum theory all particles are classified either as bosons or fermions, particles that either allow or disallow multiple particles in the same energy state, depending on their spin or rather the distinguishability of the particles. “Anyons” are exceptions proposed 30 years ago. (See Lindley 2005 and Wilczek 1991). They are fractional particles and can take on “Any” phases, thus ‘anyons,’ while bosons and fermions always take on given phases. Anyons can be “abelian” or “nonabelian” depending upon whether the order in which particles are swapped is not important (abelian) or important (nonabelian). It is nonabelian anyons that play the important role in topological quantum computing.by threads traversed by anyons and the final answer is, too. Hence the computation is topologically protected from decoherence or other disturbances.There are two kinds of circular motion--clockwise and counterclockwise, which offers a base for distinguishing 0 and 1 in classical computation. Clockwise swap creates one type of braid and counterclockwise swap creates another type. They are clearly distinguishable. Not only that, it is generally not possible to deform the braid to change its type from one to the other without cutting and/or joining which is prohibited in standard processing in topology. The two braids are topologically distinct since the paths cannot be continuously deformed in one way only without making the particles collide.Figure 1: Two different braids from clockwise and counterclockwise swapsAnother example is an unbraided pair of anyons (left) and a braided pair of anyons (right) in Figure 2. They cannot be deformed into each other without cutting and/or joining of parts. Also the two pairs are clearly distinguished; likewise, a topological qubit’s state cannot be changed without the violent actions mentioned earlier.Figure 2: A simple example of two pairs topologically distinguishableComputation is done by pairs of anyons lined up at the start that are moved around by swapping adjacent anyons in a specific sequence. Errors can still creep in by strays as shown in Figure 3 (a pair of upper short anyons) but they can be controlled by widening the space between anyons (a pair of lower short anyons). Topological properties are said to be unchanged by small perturbations.3Figure 3: Strays causing error (upper), avoided by widening the space (lower anyons)3 “..If a physical system has topological degrees of freedom that are insensitive to local perturbations, then information contained in those degrees of freedom would be automatically protected against errors caused by local interactions with the environment. If the system happens to be a quantum system, one should, in principle, be able to perform fault-tolerant topological quantum computation without worrying about decoherence--the topological robustness provides quantum immunity...Most physical systems do not have topological degrees of freedom...This pessimistic conclusion is wrong, however, because of one of the most amazing discoveries of the past 30 years...Remarkably, condensed phases of matter do exist that are insensitive to local perturbations. They are topologically invariant at low temperature and energies and at long distance. (Das Sarma, Freedman, and Nayak, 2006).Such local disturbances are extremely sensitive to distance (and energy) and the probability of contamination goes down exponentially with the widening distance. This exponential decay is the essential contribution of topology as no analogue in the traditional approaches to quantum computing has been found. Thus, for example, the error rate for the NOT gate is said to be 10-30 or less (Das Sarma, Freedman, and Nayak, 2005).Figure 4 deals with logic gates that are created by 6 anyons criss-crossing for operations.A starting portion of a logic gate, CNOT (controlled-not) is shown in Figure 4 where a pair of anyons move by going up or down or going over or under the other anyons’ lines. After the input is run through the gate, the output of the computation is determined, which serves as an input to the next step of computation.Figure 4: Starting portion of the logic gate CNOT in braids using six anyonsThis process using topology not only avoids decoherence but also is a tremendous shortcut compared with conventional quantum computation. The idea was discovered by Michael Freedman. While visiting Harvard in 1988, he lectured on the possibility of using quantum topology for computation. Collins (2006) states “These ideas, published in a research paper in 1998, built on the discovery that certain knot invariants were associated with the quantumphysics of a two dimensional surface evolving in time. If an instance of the physical system could be created and an appropriate measurement carried out, the knot invariant would be approximately computed automatically instead of via an inconveniently long calculation on a conventional computer. Equally difficult problems of more real-world importance would have similar shortcuts.”Day (2005) gives further insight into Freedman’s ideas. “Freedman connected the two proofs and had an epiphany: Rather than trying to solve the Jones polynomial (and, by extension, all the other hard problems), why not simply measure it by manipulating whatever system Witten’s quantum field theory applied to?”45 Collins (2006) also highlights an important analogue. “In a conventional computer, the state of the computer is represented by the combined state of all its bits...Similarly, a quantum computer is represented by the combined state of all its qubits. In a topological quantum computer, the qubits may be represented by groups of anyons...In a quantum computer, the process of going from the initial state of all the qubits to the final state is described by a matrix that multiplies the joint wave function of all the qubits. The similarity to what happens in a topological quantum computer is obvious: in that case, the matrix is the one associated with the particular braid corresponding to the sequence of anyon4 Day (2005) follows the quote with an episode. “A friend brought him back down to earth. ‘What Witten thinks of as physics has nothing to do with what you learned in high school,’ said the physicist. ‘The stuff probably doesn’t exist in the real world.’ Deflated, Freedman shelved his idea. Fortunately, the stuff does exist--in the bizarre, low-temperature physics of the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) effect.” Freedman recovered and published Freedman and Meyer (1998). The two proofs are 1) the traveling salesman problem is equivalently difficult to solve as calculating the Jones polynomial, an invariant of knots and links in three dimensions and 2) Edward Witten’s proof that a certain conformal field theory in two spatial dimensions plus time mathematically resembles the Jones polynomial. Freedman’s idea of bypassing middle computations seems to have a wide applicability--If computations are hard and approximate solutions are available, why not use them and work backwards from them? Day (2005) also states “Fractional statistics and other FQH properties arise from the unique topology of two-dimensional space. In 2D, particles can’t pass above or below each other; they must go around. As they do so, their world lines form braids in the three dimensions of the 2D plane plus time.”5 Collins (2006) comments on experiments: “Topological quantum computing would make use of theoretically postulated excitation called anyons, bizarre particle-like structure that are possible in a two-dimensional world. Experiments have recently indicated that anyons exist in special planar semiconductor structure cooled to near absolute zero (on the order of millikelvins) and immersed in strong magnetic fields.manipulations. Thus we have verified that the operations carried out on the anyons result in a quantum computation.”If topological quantum computers are so good, can they outperform conventional quantum computers? Freedman, Kitaev, and Wang answered the question negatively, just as Alonzo Church and Alan Turing proposed in 1930s for classical computers. Topological quantum computers can also be simulated by conventional quantum computers to an arbitrary accuracy. A conjecture is: any computation system that makes use of quantum resources has the same computational abilities.Das Sarma, Freedman, and Nayak (2006) starts with the headline: “The search for a large-scale, error-free quantum computer is reaching an intellectual junction at which semiconductor physics, knot theory, string theory, anyons, and quantum Hall effects are all coming together to produce quantum immunity.” An amazing number of important discoveries have occurred and will continue to occur. Switching from conventional quantum computing to topological quantum computing was a paradigm shift in thinking about quantum computation. We should examine such examples of paradigm shifts to see whether they offer useful conceptual applications in our own field. This is what we wish to explore next in Section 3.Needless to say, topological quantum computing is now becoming a vast field involving many disciplines. This section is intended to provide very cursory highlights without any formulas. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the section provides a taste for the astonishing discoveries.Section 3. Accounting information and its revolutionary trend We shall now change our focus from quantum to accounting information. We should note that fundamentally, quantum and accounting information are both under the broad definition of “information science.” Thus the two have a considerable overlap in objectives. If quantum information seeks speed and accuracy, accounting information seeks the same goals. If topological quantum information improves in speed and accuracy over conventional quantum information, the benefit of improvements in speed and accuracy will be shared by accounting information as well.Among several candidates for paradigm shifts, we wish to take “forecasts” in financial accounting and “internal controls” in management accounting as being the most dramatic changes that have occurred in the recent decades and compare them with the paradigm shifts in quantum information.Up until the mid 1960s, the Securities and Exchange Commission took the attitude that forecasted financial information should not be included in any filings with the SEC. In the next ten years, however, the SEC’s attitude toward forecasted data changed 180 degrees. Instead of prohibiting disclosure of forecasts, it considered mandatory forecast disclosure of sales and net income for the coming year. After strong opposition from various industries, the SEC backed down on the mandatory forecast disclosure, but continued to allow and encourage forecast disclosure. Financial accounting standards also moved considerably toward a forecast orientation.In fact, the latest hot issue is the inclusion in the body of the balance sheet the estimated present value of net pension obligations or assets. The obligations of the firm to pay pensions to retired employees require forecasts that are several decades into the future. Undoubtedly, accuracy of the pension forecasts into such a long time into the future is as soft and fragile asqubits in conventional quantum computing! This analogy does not seem to be fair for quantum information as qubits are real and forecasts are merely someone’s opinion. Nevertheless, the quest for speed and accuracy are the same whether information is quantum or accounting.The contribution of topological quantum computing was in improving the accuracy of quantum information enormously by taking advantage of the robustness of topology. Can the same kind of a paradigm shift occur in financial accounting?Note that the nature of information is totally different. Topological quantum computing is worthwhile because quantum decoherence can be controlled within a specified accuracy by using topology. Forecast information cannot be controlled as forecasts are so subjective. In any event, we are not likely to discontinue disclosure of financial information that is based on forecasts as there are so many in number and in amount. The best we can do is to give warning to users as to the softness and fragility and strategic vulnerability of accounting information based on forecasts.6 Hence, the chances of forecast-based information being helped by use of topology will be remote at least in the near future.So let us now turn to management accounting focusing in internal controls. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act became law in July 2002. In particular, what brought a paradigm shift was in the Act’s section 404 mandating transparency in the firm’s internal control systems. Until 2002, the firm’s responsibility for financial data was limited to the published financial statements. Internal control and related management accounting issues are considered to be internal matters6 See Ijiri (2005) on a transition from history-based accounting to forecast-based accounting. See also Glover, Ijiri, Levine, and Liang (2005) for an attempt to separate facts from forecasts in financial statements as well as in journal entries and other accounting records, thereby providing users with suitable warning on the reliability of financial data.to the firm and no disclosures had been required.7 Section 404 changed all that in a short period of time.Section 404 is a short section containing only 169 words. The whole content is reproduced below.Sec. 404. MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROLS.(a) Rules Required.--The Commission shall prescribe rules requiring each annual report required by section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) to contain an internal control report, which shall--(1) state the responsibility of management for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting; and(2) contain an assessment, as of the end of the most recent fiscal year of the issuer, of the effectiveness of the internal control structure and procedures of the issuer for financial reporting.(b) Internal Control Evaluation and Reporting.--With respect to the internal control assessment required by subsection (a), each registered public accounting firm that prepares or issues the audit report for the issuer shall attest to, and report on, the assessment made by the management of the issuer. An attestation made under this subsection shall be made in accordance with standards for attestation engagements issued or adopted by the Board. Any such attestation shall not be the subject of a separate engagement.We are now interested in exploring internal control systems of a firm and what it means to their attestation. Note that for medium to large corporations, internal control and “Information Technology (IT)” are used almost interchangeably. This is because internal control without7 The only exception may be the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in mid-1970s that requires recordkeeping obligation of briberies of foreign officials.computers is unthinkable these days. There are small businesses which may not use IT because of high initial cost. They have been lobbying the SEC to give them an exemption or at least postponement of the deadline for implementing Sec. 404 requirements. The SEC has finally decided to allow postponement for small businesses (Reilly 2006).8The old concept of internal control is mostly oriented toward controlling accounting and financial transactions and the related flow of documents. Now most IT control means control of the entire operations of the firm as a whole as far as the information flow is concerned. The key is the focus on the firm’s entire operations. Before SOX, the whole system was operated internally (i.e., management accounting as against financial accounting) to the firm without outside intervention. Now SOX requires attestation by a public accounting firm about the effectiveness of the internal control structure and procedures of the issuer.This “big picture” orientation is very much in line with topology. When you throw a ball upwards and try to trace its trajectory, this is easy. But if you have to throw hundreds of balls upwards at once, they become intractable. Here, you do not focus on a single ball, you focus on the cloud of balls and the changing patterns of the cloud. French mathematician, Henri Poincaré developed topology with such qualitative characterization in mind.Topology has long been considered for mathematicians only. However, practical applications of topology are indeed appearing. One example is entitled Topology for computing, (Zomorodian 2005) and is written specifically for computer scientists. Its last chapter on “Applications” covers such topics as topological feature detection, structure determination,8 See, however, a new trend in support of Section 404 in Badal and Dvorak (2006) which says, “Expensive, onerous and unnecessary--those are a few of the complaints U.S. publicly traded companies have leveled at the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, designed to keep companies honest. Yet auditors say an increasing number of closely held companies are complying with parts of the corporate-reform law--even though they don’t have to. Some of theses private-sector companies have investors who hope the company will one day go public, or will be acquired. Others think adhering to the law’s requirements will make their businesses more efficient. Still others face pressure from lenders or customers, including government agencies, who value the strong internal controls required by Sarbanes-Oxley.”terrain simplification, iso-surface denoising, time-varying data, surface reconstruction, shape description, and I/O efficient algorithms. One of the goals here is to approximate, for example, a biological object such as protein using a combination of prototypes in the library, so that the object can be identified more easily.Another interesting book is entitled Topology and Its Applications, by W. Basener (2006, forthcoming in September) from Wiley. In its abstract, the author stated: “It covers recent applications of topology in computer graphics, economics, dynamical systems, condensed matter physics, biology, robotics, chemistry, cosmology, material science, computational topology, population modeling and other areas of science and engineering.” As we can see, applicability of topology in such wide fields is impressive.Zomorodian (2005) states that we think of a topology as the knowledge of the connectivity of a space: Each point in the space knows which points are near it, that is, in its neighborhood; we know how the space is connected. Hence, a mere collection of dots is a space but is not a topological space until dots are connected. This makes topology much closer to accounting information by double-entry bookkeeping. Single-entry bookkeeping is merely unconnected dots. Double-entry bookkeeping is a topological space. Figure 5 below is to highlight this point.As mentioned in the introductory section, in the previous paper, we explored the relationship between ratio matrix and double-entry matrix. We conjecture the same kind of connection that might exist between double-entry network and topological operations, applied to the network in order to reduce the network’s yet undetected errors.Figure 5: Double-entry network is a topological spaceWe would also like to explore double-entry network, which as in Figure 5 is normally presented as a 2D graph. Here, fortunately, we have, a head start in these matters, provided by Butterworth’s [1972] emphasis on the accounting network and Arya et al’s [2000] emphasis on exploiting that network to infer transactions and, subsequently, to compensate for possible errors in the underlying recording. Considering topology’s ability to deal with higher dimensions might give us new perspectives of double-entry network. In particular, double-entry network can have faces such as the top triangle or the bottom triangle in Figure 5. Currently no attempts have been made to consider their use. But the “face” of the top triangle, for example, can take a name such as “sale-collection cycle.” If the graph can be extended to 3D graph, many of such new variations might occur.。