英语词汇学练习--2012年11月12日

《英语词汇学》自考真题试题及答案解析总分：102分题量：51题一、单选题（共51题，共0分）1.“Woman”becomes“Frau”inGerman,“femme”inFrenchand“fùnǔ”inChinese.Thisexampleshowsthatindifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanbe representedbydifferent______.A.soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析2.Thefollowingwordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphe nomenaoftheworldaroundusEXCEPT______.A.fireB.hotC.photoscanningD.sister正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析3.Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationan dspelling.WhichofthefollowingwordscomesfromChinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析4.TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofthelanguagesofthefollowingE XCEPT______.A.EuropeB.theFarEastC.IndiaD.theNearEast正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析5.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainsourcesofnewwordsinthepresent-d ayEnglishvocabulary?A.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.B.Social,economicandpoliticalchangesC.Theinvasionofforeigncountries.D.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析6.ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthefollowingchannelsEXCEPT___ ___.A.creationB.borrowingC.semanticchangeD.lexicalchange正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析7.Howmanymonomorphemicwordsarethereinthefollowingwords?catsbossworkim propertriedA.1B.2C.3D.4正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析8.Amongthefollowingwords,“______”doesNOThaveinflectionalaffixes.A.likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析9.WhichofthefollowingwordsdoesNOThavesuffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析10.Amongthefollowingwords,“______”containsanegativeprefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析11.Fromtheviewpointofwordformation,theword“smog”isa______.poundB.conversionC.clippingD.blending正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析12.Whichofthefollowingispartiallyconverted?A.AwhiteB.AdrunkC.ThepoorD.Finals正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析13.Onecanfigureoutthemeaningof“airmail”tobe“mailbyair”byits______.A.onomatopoeicmotivationB.morphologicalmotivationC.semanticmotivationD.etymologicalmotivation正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析14.Whenareadercomesacrosstheword“home”inhisreading,thewordmayremindhimofhis“family,friends,warmth,safety,etc.”Inthissense,theword“home”conveys______.A.connotativemeaningB.stylisticmeaningC.affectivemeaningD.collocativemeaning正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofspeech,tensesofverbsandstylistic featuresofwords.B.Unlikeconceptualmeaning,associativemeaningisunstableandindeterminat e.C.Affectivemeaningindicatesthelistener’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestionD.Collocationcannotaffectthemeaningofwords.正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析16.Wordsthatareidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningar ecalled______.A.perfecthomonymsB.homographsC.homophonesD.homonyms正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析17.ThedifferencesbetweensynonymsexistinthefollowingareasEXCEPT______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析18.“Apple,pear,peach,orange,lemon,etc.”makeupthe______of“fruit”.A.synonymsB.homonymsC.superordinatetermD.semanticfield正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析19.______ofmeaningisaprocessbywhichawordthatoriginallyhadaspecialized meaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析20.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheextra-linguisticfactorsthatcausech angesinmeaning?A.Culturalreason.B.HistoricalreasonC.ClassreasonD.Psychologicalreason正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析21.Theword“minister”originallymeant“aservant”,butnowhaschangedto “aheadofaministry”.Thisprocessofmeaningchangeiscalled______.A.extensionB.elevationC.degradationD.specialization正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析22.Ingrammaticalcontext,themeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythe______in whichitoccurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析23.Thereisanambiguityinthesentence“Heisahardbusinessman”dueto______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析24.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecontextclues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析25.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecharacteristicsofidioms?A.Thepartofspeechofeachelementinanidiomisveryimportant.B.Theconstituentsofidiomscaneplaced.’tberC.Thewordorderinanidiomcan’tbechanged.D.Anidiomfunctionsasoneword.正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析26.Idiomsnominalinnaturehavea(n)______asthekeywordineachandfunctionas anouninsentences.A.verbB.adjectiveC.prepositionD.noun正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析27.Lexicalmanipulationisoneaspectoftherhetoricalfeaturesofidioms.Thef ollowingEXCEPT______belongtolexicalmanipulation.A.alliterationB.reiterationC.repetitionD.juxtaposition正确答案：A本题解析：暂无解析28.OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary’,3rdEdition(1980),isamongthebest -knownBritish______dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual正确答案：B本题解析：暂无解析29.Generally,adictionarycoversthefollowingcontentsEXCEPT______.A.spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntacticalrules正确答案：D本题解析：暂无解析30.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary(1987)hassomeuniquefeatures suchasdefinition,extracolumnand______.A.pronunciationB.grammarcodesageexamplesnguagecodes正确答案：C本题解析：暂无解析31.Theprofessorworkedfor7hoursata________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong正确答案：A本题解析：此题考查的是固定词组搭配。

词汇学第⼀、⼆章课后习题及答案2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .A.slangB.Anglo-Saxon wordsC.argotsD.neologisms3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .A.content words and functional wordsB.native words and borrowed wordsC.basic words and dialectal wordsD.loan words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________.A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizensB.empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializesD.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.A.Productivity and stabilityB.neutrality in style and high frequency in useC.collectability and polysemyD.formality and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .A.a dialectal wordB.argotC.an archaismD.slang7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .A.jargonB.an archaismD.slang8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ .A.conjunctionsB.auxiliariesC.prepositionsD.adjectives9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .A.the total number of the words in alanguageB.all the words used in a particular historical periodC.all the words of a given dialectD.most words a person knows10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ .A.GermanB.FrenchC.SpanishD.Japanese11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A.Anglo-Saxon wordsB. FrenchwordsC.Danish words/doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html tin words12.Black humor is_______ .A.a translation loanB.a semantic loanC.a denizenD.an alien13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .A.polysemous;use and stabilityB.monosemous;collocability and stabilityC.polysemous;use and productivityD.monosemous;productivity andcollectability14.Indigestion is_______ .A.jargonB.slangD.an archaism15.By_______ ,words fall into functional words and content words./doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html e frequencyB.notionC.originD.word formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .A.motivatedB.arbitraryC.logicalD.unconventional17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.DenizensB.Semantic loansC.Translation loansD.Aliens18.Smoky, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.A.slangB.argotC.loanD.jargon19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______A.slangB.archaicC.functionalD.dialectal20.The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______.A.more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC.change of spelling by early scribesD.development of pronunciation/doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html plete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns4.All the words in language make up its_______ .5.The_______ word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.6.By_______ ,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false( )1.A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. ( )2.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related. ( )3.The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( )4.The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( )5.The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin. ( )6.Native words are more popular than foreign words.( )7.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. ( )8.audl(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( )9.Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( )10.Long time no see is a case of translation loan.IV.Give a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )V.Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form?3.What are the criteria for classification of words?4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock?I.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.C15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.DII.1.meanings 2.syntaitic 3.80(eighty) 4.vocabulary 5.basic 6.origin 7.Nonbaic 8.logical 9.Words 10assimilatedII I.1.T 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TIV.1.slang 2.jargon3.argot 4.content words 5.native words 6.translation loans 7.neologisms 8.denizens 9.semantic loan 10.basic word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for classification.Words may fall into:the basicword stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A.200B.300C.400D.5002. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .A.Balto-SlavicB.Indo-IranianC.ArmenianD.Italic3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.A.Albanian4.Which language does not belong to the Italic?A.Portuguese.B.SpanishC.WelshD.French5.The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .A.EnglishB.CelticC.ScandinavianD.Hellenic6.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).A.GermanB.GreeceC.EnglandD.American7.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian./doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html tinB.GreekC.CelticD.French8.The influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .A.1200B.1300C.1400D.15009.In the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.A.Eastern11.The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English./doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html tinB.GreekC.DanishD.French12.Middle is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.A.middleB.intermediateC.interchangeableD.internal13.The number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A.FrenchB.German/doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html tinD.Russian14.Before English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ ./doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html tin;French;Latin;FrenchB.French;French;French;EnglishC.French;French;Latin;FrenchD.Greek;French;Greek;French15.In the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .A.RenewalB.RevivalC.ReboundD.Renaissance16.Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are createdby_______ .A.analogyB.word-formation17.The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A.uniqueB.fashionC.pureD.old18.As one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.A.full ;lostB.lost;fullC.full;pureD.pure;lost19.Old English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.A.analytic;syntheticB.synthetic;analyticC.agglutinative;analyticD.isolating;synthetic20.Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.A.ItalianB.GermanC.DutchD.Scandinavian21.In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .A.war;economyB.economy;agricultureC.war;shrineD.agriculture22.In the Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .A.cook;candleB.shrine;sackC.candle;shrineD.mass;circle23.The_______ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.A.12th and 13thB.13th and 14thC.14th and15thD.15th and 16th24.Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms.which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A.Frustrate B . Focus C.Logic D.Trade25.Which of the following does not come from Greek?A.PianoB.SynonymC.PhilosophyD.Lexicology26.Typhoon is from_______ and tatami is from_______ .A.Chinese;AfricanB.Chinese;JapaneseC.Arabic;TurkishD.Malay;Japanese27.Modern English vocabulary develops through_______ .A.terminology,analogyand borrowingB.creation,semantic and borrowingC.creation,archaisms,and semantic changeD.semantic change,denizens and argot28.Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A.FalloutB.Pant suitC.Black beltD.Mao jackets29.The Scandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.A.easternB.westernC.northernD.southern30.Reviving archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A.obsoleteB.old/doc/1d9c52e36bdc5022aaea998fcc22bcd126ff42e8.html edD.ancientII．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1.English is more closed related to German than French.( )2.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish ( )3.Old English was a highly infected language.( )4.In early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side.( )5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( )6.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( )7.The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian. ( )8.In modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary.( )9.The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( )10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( )11.Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( )12.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.III.Define the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changeIV.Answer following questions.Your answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English?2.What are the characteristics of Modern English?3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of English?V.Analyze and comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain w hy they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B25.A26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.AII.1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FIII.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and India.According to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set anda Western set.The Eastern set consistsof:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 words.The vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign languages.The words borrowedfrom other languages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science andtechnology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。

华中师范大学网络教育学院《词汇学》练习测试题及答案 本科I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the correspondibrackets. （每题一分） ( ) 1. “All national character ” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words ” and “loan words ”. ( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong to Germanic Family excepNorwegian. ( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings. ( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes. ( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts. ( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation. ( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter. ( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages. ( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts. ( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation Radiation”” the derived meanings of words are not directly related to the primarymeaning. ( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word gradually acquires its meanings in process of development. ( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goes through extension of meaning.( ) 14. “meat meat”” is an example of narrowing of meaning. ( ) 15. “teacher teacher”” and “student student”” are converses. ( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared with spelling. ( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. ( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language. ( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words. ( ) ) 21. 21. 21. Idioms Idioms Idioms are are are phrases phrases phrases and and and short short short sentences sentences sentences the the the meanings meanings meanings of of of which which which are are are not not not easy easy easy to to to infer infer infer from from from the the constituents in most cases. ( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function the most helpful way. ( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words. ( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked. ( ) 25. Variations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified. ( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms. ( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings. ( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing. ( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language. ( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme. ( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words. ( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases. ( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns. ( ) 34. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. ( ) ) 35. 35. 35. Associative Associative Associative meaning meaning meaning consists consists consists of of of connotative connotative connotative meaning, meaning, meaning, stylistic stylistic stylistic meaning, meaning, meaning, affective affective affective meaning meaning meaning and and emotive meaning. ( ) 36. Polysemy is concerned with words of more than one meaning. ( ) 37. The most important source of English synonyms is shortening. ( ) 38. Associated transfer involves words used in their figurative sense. ( ) 39. Objective meaning shows that the subject (or agent) is the one to be affected by the action overb. ( ) 40. Complementaries are antonyms characterized by “mutual exclusion ” and “gradability gradability””. ( ) 41. The superordinate term covers the concept of the subordinate. ( ) 42. Elevation is also known as amelioration. ( ) 43. “villain villain”” is an example of degradation. ( ) 44. Linguistic context refers to the words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and even cultural background. ( ) 45. Ambiguity is often caused by inadequate context. ( ) 46. Idioms are generally informal in nature. ( ) 47. Structurally, idioms can never be changed. ( ) ) 48. 48. 48. The The The four four four major major major foreign foreign foreign contributors contributors contributors to to to the the the development development development of of of English English English vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary are are are Latin, Latin, Latin, Greek, Greek, French and Scandinavian. ( ) 49. Relative synonyms may differ in denotation, connotation and application. ( )50. The contemporary vocabulary expansion of English is mainly by borrowing and affixation. ( ) 51. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450. ( ) 52. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the prim ary meaning. ( ) 53. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary. ( ) 54. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( ) 55. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. ( ) 56. Extra-linguistic context refers to the physical situation or cultural background. ( ) 57. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side. ( ) 58. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity. ( ) 59. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases. ( )60. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word. ( )61. In a natural language, most words are non-motivated. ( )62. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers. ( )63. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable. ( )64. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem. ( )65. Contradictory terms are non-gradable. ( )66. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words. ( )67. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on. ( )68. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem. ( )69. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative. ( )70. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary. ( )71. )71. Idioms Idioms Idioms are are are set set set phrases phrases phrases whose whose whose meaning meaning meaning is is is often often often difficult difficult difficult or or or impossible impossible impossible to to to infer infer infer from from from the the the constituent constituent words. ( )72. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words. ( )73. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society. ( )74. Homographs are words identical in form but different in pronunciation. ( ) 75. Homonyms come mainly from borrowing —the most important source. ( ) 76. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years. ( ) 77. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language. ( ) 78. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizens and productivity. ( ) 79. The superordinate differs from the subordinate in that the former covers the concept of the latter. ( ) 80. Words of old English were full of endings. ( ) 81. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as sense relatedness. ( ) 82. Modern English is an analytic language. ( ) 83. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. ( ) ) 84. 84. 84. Denizens Denizens Denizens are are are words words words which which which were were were borrowed borrowed borrowed from from from other other other languages languages languages but but but later later later became became became assimilated assimilated assimilated into into into the the the English English language. ( ) 85. Lexical context refers to the words that appear only before the lexical item in question. ( ) 86. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loan words. ( ) 87. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the objective world. ( ) 88. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words. ( ) 89. Context gives a polysemic word a definite meaning. ( ) 90. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjective features. ( ) 91. Motivation explains why a particular word of a language has a particular meaning. ( ) 92. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French. ( ) 93. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate. ( ) 94. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do. ( ) 95. In the phrase “the tongues of fire”, the word fire is semantically motivated. ( ) 96. The origins of words are a key factor that distinguishes homonyms from polysemants. ( ) 97. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action. ( ) 98. The meaning of a word which is etymologically motivated is closely related to its origin. ( ) 99. The result of the human cognition of the objective world is called concept. ( )100. Borrowing has brought most synonyms to the English language. ( )101)101. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the prima . “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemant are not directly related to the primameaning. ( )102. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary. ( )103. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( )104. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. ( ) 105. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizens and productivity. ( ) 106. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side. ( ) 107. Inadequate context is often the cause of ambiguity. ( ) 108. The way to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is mainly to see their origins as well as serelatedness. ( )109. In some pairs of antonyms, one term may cover the meaning of the other word. ( )110. Aliens are words of the native element. ( )111. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but later became assimilated into the English language. ( )112. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers. ( )113. Concept and sense mean the same and thus are interchangeable. ( )114. Reference refers to the relationship between the linguistic symbols and the objective world. ( )115. Contradictory terms are non-gradable. ( )116. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words. ( )117. Grammatical meaning refers to part of speech, tenses of verbs, stylistic features of words and so on.( )118. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjectivefeatures. ( )119. Affective meaning indicates the attitude of the user, whether positive or negative. ( )120. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.( )121. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do. ( )122. In modern times, vocabulary develops mainly by means of changing meanings of old words. ( )123. Most of the newly created words are associated with the change of life style and society. ( )124. The objective meaning implies that the subject of the sentence is the one affected by the action.一、答案1、 T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. T 21. T 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T 26. T 26. T 27. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F 31. T 32. F 33. F 34. T 35. F 36. T 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. F 41. T 42. T 43. T 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F 51. F 52. F 53. T 54. F 55. F 56. T 57. F 58. T 59. F 60. T 61. T 62. T 63. F 64. T65. T 66. T 67. F 68. F 69. T 70. F 71. T 72. F 73. F 74. T 75. T 76. F 77. T 78. F 79. T 80. T 81. T 82. T 83. T 84. T 85. F 86. T 87. T 88. T 89. T 90. F 91. T 92. T 93. T 94. T 95. T 96. F 97. T 98. T 99. T 100. T 101. F 102. T 103. F 104. F 105. F 106. F 107. T 108. T 109. T 110. F 111. T 112. T 113. F 114. T 115. T 116. T 117. F 118. F 119. T 120. F 121. T 122. F 123. F 124. T II. Analyze the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:（每词0.5分）Example : disobey ( prefixation) headache (compounding ) newton ( commonization) expresident (prefixation ) book (v) (conversion )  ID (acronymy ) brunch (blending )  enthuse (backformation (backformation ) ) deadline (compounding )  tick-tuck (duplication ) quake (clipping ) kodak (commonization (commonization ) ) exwife (prefixation ) elbow(v) (conversion ) laser (acronymy ) autocide (blending ) laze (backformation ) historic (suffixation ) bow-wow (duplication ) bike (clipping ) airline ( compounding ) changeable changeable (affixation/suffixation)  (affixation/suffixation) postwar (prefixation ) NA TO (acronymy ) bike (clipping ) smog (blending ) donate (backformation (backformation ) ampere ) ampere (proper words ) antinuclear (prefixation ) daydreaming (compounding ) lase (back-formation ) copter (clipping/front clipping) newly-weds (conversion ) cutthroat (compounding ) memorize (affixation/suffixation) botel (blendin ) tantalize (proper names ) VIP (acronymy ) quake (clipping ) defeather (affixation/prefixation) 三、填空答案三、填空答案 1． meaning; conventional 2. affixation; compounding; conversion affixation; compounding; conversion 3. 3. root 4. prefixes; suffixes 5. synonym; relative 6. superordinate; subordinate 7. context; linguistic; extra-linguistic/non-linguistic 8. minimal/smallest; meaning; syntactic 9. Latin; Scandinavian 10. stem 11. verbs; adjectives 12. stylistic 12. stylistic 13. semantic; related 13. semantic; related 14. elevation/ amelioration; transfer/transference 15. morphological 16. concept 17． intrinsic/logical meaning arbitrary 18. Latin Greek Scandinavian 19. morpheme prefixes 20. suffixes unmarked 21. marked extension/generalization 22. Anglo-saxon 23、affixation compounding conversion (注：位置可以调换) 24．Latin Greek French (注：位置可以调换)25. derivation affixes The connection between sound and is arbitrary and . The three major means of word-formation are , and . The form which remains after all affixes are removed is called . generally do not change part of speech whereas absolute In hyponymy the term which denotes something general is meaning is . falls into two kinds, namely context and A word is the free form which has a give sound, and are , , Greek, vocabulary are and . 10. The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called The form which remains after removing an inflectional affix is called . The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, and . 11. The words which are involved in conversion are nouns, The stylistic features of words form their 12. The stylistic features of words form their 13. field refers to a set of words which are semantically . The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing, , degradation and . 14. The modes of semantic change in words include extension, narrowing, 15. 16. 32. 32. When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and When a word changes its meaning from negative to positive, it goes through the process ______ and opposite process is called ______. 33. The overtones and associations suggested by the conceptual meaning is ____ meaning. IV 选择答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10.B 11. B 12.C 13.C 14.D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18.D 19.D 20.D 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30.B 31.C 32. A 33. B 34. DIV . . Each Each Each of of of the the the statements statements statements below below below is is is followed followed followed by by by four four four alternative alternative alternative answers. answers. answers. Choose Choose Choose the the the one one one that that that would would would best best best complete complete complete the the statement and put the letter in the brackets. （每题一分）（每题一分）( )1. Non-basic vocabulary includes __________. A. argot and jargon B. archaisms and neologisms C. technical terms D. all the above ( )2. Functional words are ________________. A. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions B. adjectives, nouns, articles C. articles, prepositions, conjunctions D. verbs, pronouns, prepositions ( )3. ___________ is not a characteristic of basic word stock. A. Colloquialism B. All national character C. Stability D. Polysemy ( ) 4. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England. A. printing B. Bourgeois Revolution C. Industrial Revolution D. Renaissance Time ( )5. Stylistic meaning refers to the features of __________of words. A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness D. part of speech ( ) 6. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix, is called ____________. A. compounding B. back-formation C. functional shift D. derivation ( )7. Grammatical meaning does not include ________. A. part of speech B. plural forms of nouns C. tenses D. appropriateness ( )8. English words can be motivated______. A. phonologically B. morphologically C. etymologically D. all the above ( )9. Stylistic meaning may be defined as the feature of ________ of words. A. formality B. affectiveness C. appropriateness D. part of speech ( )10. There are two main approaches to the study of English words namely ________. A. descriptive and prescriptive B. synchronic and diachronic C . spoken and written D. competence and performance ( )11. Which of the following is NOT studied in semantics? A. polysemy B. language family C. ambiguity D. complementaries ( )12. The hyponyms of …vegetable‟ are ________. ________. A. banana, pear, jam B. pear, apple, banana C. cucumber, celery, peas D. tree, pine, elm ( )13. The discrete units which realize morphemes are known as ________. A. allomorphs B. phonemes C. morphs D. lexis ( )14. )14. _________ _________ _________ is is is a a a word-formation word-formation word-formation process process process by by by which which which a a a word word word is is is changed changed changed from from from one one one word-class word-class word-class into into another without the change of form. A. Blending B. Affixation C. Back-formation D. Conversio ( )15. The first monolingual English dictionary was compiled in ________. A. 1604 B. 1066 C. 1406 D. 1046 ( )16)16. “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of . “The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.” Is an example of ________. A. euphemism B. synecdoche C. metonymy D. metaphor ( )17)17. “child—parent” are . “child—parent” are _______ antonyms.  _______ antonyms. A. root B. derivative C. relative D. complementary ( )18. The word “water” is _________ motivated. A. phonetically B. semantically C. morphologically D. non- ( )19)19. “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a . “Give somebody an inch and he‟ll take a mile” is a _________. A. sentence idiom B. proverb C. clause idiom D .both A and B ( ) 20. Narrowing excludes ________. A. change from material nouns to common nouns B. change from common nouns to proper nouns C. words shortened from phrases to retain the meaning of the whole for economy D. change from specific meanings to general meanings ( ) 21. According to the idiomaticity of idioms, idioms include ________. A. true idioms B. semi-idioms C. regular combinations D. all the above ( ) 22. Motel is a/an is ________. A. blend B. clipped word C. initialism D. acronym ( ) 23. “sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.“sow” (to plant seeds on the ground) and “sow” (fully grown female pig )are called ________.A. Homophones B. homographs C. perfect homonyms D. acronyms ( ) 24. “die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ in ________.“die” and “pass away” are synonyms. They differ in ________.A. connotative meaning B. emotive meaning C. stylistic meaning D. all the above ( ) 25. He‟s nice, but he hasn‟t much brai n. _________. A. Simile B. metaphor C. Metonymy D. synecdoche ( ) 26. Which of the following is not associative meaning? A. collocative meaning B .stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. primary meaning ( ) 27. One billion is ________ in British English. A. 1,000,000,000 B. 1,000,000,000,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000,000,000 ( ) 28. The morpheme “-s” in “desks” is ________ morpheme.A. derivational B. free C. inflectional D. root ( ) 29. ________ are contrary terms. A. dead / alive B. parent / child C. single / married D. like / dislike ( ) 30. The first people known to inhabit the British Isles were ________. Their languages were dialecof still another branch of the In-do-European Language Family ________. A. German / Germanic B. Celts / Celtic C. Italian / Italic D. Sweden / Swedish ( ) ) 31. 31. 31. The The The modes modes modes of of of modem modem modem English English English vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary grow grow grow through through through three three three major major major channels: channels: channels: ________ ________ ________ , , semantic change and __________. A. exchange/lending B. derivation/borrowing C. creation/borrowing D. affixation/creation ( ) 32. Conversion is a method of __________. A. turning words of one part of speech into those of a different part of speech B. converting words of one meaning into those of a different meaning C. deriving words by grammatical means D. changing words in morphological structure ( ) 33. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _________. A. prefixation B. suffixation C. acronymy D. conversion ( ) 34. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. _________ of them are still in use today. A. 85% B. 56% C. 72% D. 75% narrowing manuscript deer extension poison governor elevation vulgar bonfire degradation journal lust disease alibi narrowing journal girl extension villain marshal elevation barn mill degradation deer knight criticize liquor minister elevation deer governor degradation manuscript criticize VI. Do the following according to instructions.A Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of titalicized words, using such terms as definition, example, explanation, synonym, antonym, superordinate, subordinate, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. and so on, and put your answers in the brackets. （每题1分）分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remembered the horrible slaughter not long ago. ( ) 2. I like fruit, but not avocado , which is too soft. ( ) 3. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog the street and ate it. ( ) 4. Most dentists ‟ offices are drab places, but Emilio ‟s new office is bright, cheerful. ( ) 5. After a day of hunting, John was ravenous . He ate two bowls of soup, salad, a large chicken, and a piece ochocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. ( ) 6. A north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou ’wester usually brings rain. （ ）7. Some African tribes still practice polyandry , a marriage system which allows a woman to have more than one husband. ( ) 8. Modern technology is a kind of dehumanization of the human society. ( ) A ．答案．答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. subordinate/hyponym 3. example/exemplification/superordinate 4. antonym/antonymy 5. relevant details 6. antonym/antonymy 7. explanation 8. word structure B Decide whether the words in italics are used in the subjective oro bjective objective sense and put your answers in the corresponding brackets. （每题1分）1. The policeman was suspicious of the suspicious proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to proof given by the suspect to show that he had nothing to do with the robbery. ( ) ( ) 2. The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman in the neighborhood. ( ) 3. The earthquake was so dreadful that many people would be afraid even to see the movie based on it. ( ) 4. Fearful TV programs are not suitable to pre-school children. ( ) 5. It is very considerate of Mr Li to make that arrangement. ( ) 6. The excuse given by the United States of America is really doubtful . ( ) 7. The children were fearful of the fearful picture of the monster. ( ) ( ) 8. What a pitiful girl! She lost her parents when she was so small. girl! She lost her parents when she was so small. ( ) 9. The listeners were doubtful of the witness‟s testimony which sounded verydoubtful.( ) ( ) 10. What a boring man he is! ( ) 11. 11. The The doubtful teacher listened patiently to the doubtful story told by the student who was late for class. ( ) ( ) 12. 12. It is very It is very considerable of you to make such arrangements. ( ) 13. 13. The The little match girl was really pitiful . She died from cold and hunger on the Christmas Eve.( ) 14. Learning a foreign language is a painful process. No one can expect to learn the language well without pains. ( ) B. 答案1. 1. subjective; objective subjective; objective 2. objective 3. objective 4. objective 5. subjective 6. objective 7. 7. subjective; objective subjective; objective 8. objective 9. subjective; objective 10. 10. objective objective 11. subjective, objective 12. subjective 13. objective 14. objective C . Study the following sentences and explain the contextual clues which help you guess the meaning of the italicized worusing such terms as definition, example, synonym, relevant details and so on, and put your answers in the brackets.（每题1分）1. Refugees crossed the border to escape the carnage in their homeland. Many of them still remember the horrible killing not long ago. ( ) 2. Carnivores are very dangerous. A tiger, for example, escaped from the zoo last month and killed a dog in the street andit. ( ) 3. The tribal community still practices polygamy , a custom in which someone can be married to more than one person at thsame time. ( ) 4. As fighting on all fronts reached its peak, the economy neared its nadir ( ). 5. In spite of the fact that the fishermen were wearing sou’wester , the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.C. 答案答案 1. synonym/synonymy 2. example/ exemplification 3. definition/explanation 3. definition/explanation 4. antonym/antonymy 4. antonym/antonymy 5. relevant details VII . Match the rhetorical devices in Column A with the idioms in Column B and put the letters incorresponding brackets. （每题1分）A B( ) 1. alliteration a. snake in the grass ( ) 2. rhyme b. toss and turn ( ) 3. reiteration c. powder one ‟s nose ( ) 4. repetition d. earn one ‟s bread ( ) 5. juxtaposition e. wear and tear ( ) 6. metaphor f. up and down ( ) 7. metonymy g. pick and choose ( ) 8. synecdoche h. from cradle to grave ( ) 9. personification i. Failure is the mother of success. ( ) 10. euphemism j. hand in hand VII 连线答案：1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (g) 4. (j) 5. (f) 6. (a) 7. (h) 8. (d) 9. (i) 10. (c)VIII. Change each of the following into a word, paying attention to part of speech: （每题1分）。

Unit 1Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word ―wor d‖is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they‘re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does ―word‖ mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word ―word‖ has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English ―word‖?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.ASK:(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, ―sl-― is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as ―slide‖, ―slip‖, and ―slush‖.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word beginswith a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, ―bill‖ means ―bank note‖ in AE but ―a demand for payment of a debt‖ in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say ―graduate from school‖; while in British English, we say ―leave school‖. In American English, it has ―put up price‖, while in British English, it is ―raise price‖(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters―博览会‖, British English has ―fair‖ while American English usees trade show. ― Life and elevator‖ , and ―autumn and fall‖ are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama‘s speech on Father‘s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.The first is setting an example of excellence for our children — because if we want to set high expectations for them, we‘ve got to set high expectations for ourselves. It‘s great if you have a job; it‘s even better if you have a college degree. It‘s a wonderful thing if you are married and living in a home with your children, but don‘t just sit in the house and watch ―Sports Center‖ all weekend long. That‘s why so many children are growing up in front of the television. As fathers and parents, we‘ve got to spend more time with them, and help them with their homework, and replace the video game or the remote control with a book once in a while. That‘s how we build that foundation…..The second thing we need to do as fathers is pass along the value of empathy to our children. Not sympathy, but empathy —the ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoes;to look at the world through their eyes. Sometimes it‘s so easy to get caught up in ―us,‖ that we forget about our obligations to one another. There‘s a culture in our society that says remembering these obligations is somehow soft —that we can‘t show weakness, and so therefore we can‘t show kindness……And the final lesson we must learn as fathers is also the greatest gift we can pass on to our children —and that is the gift of hope.…I‘m not talking about an idle hope that‘s little more than blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face. I‘m talking about hope as that spirit inside us that insists, despite all evidence to the contrary, that something better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish ―empathy‖ from ―sympathy‖?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else‘s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define ―hope‖– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is som ething better is waiting for us if we‘re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?―As fathers and parents‖, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W. Bush‘s Farewell Address in 2009 and underline the functional words used in it.Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks. There are things I would do differently if given the chance. Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind. I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right. You may not agree with some tough decisions I have made. But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examplesto illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that ―word‖can be used to refer to ―rumor‖, and we know it means ―rumor‖ in the sentence ―The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).‖But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama‘s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but eachother.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Let's resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity thathas poisoned our politics for so long.Let's remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values ofself-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has wona great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination toheal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few words that have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above?Y es, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as ―men‖.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like ―tall‖, ―ill‖, and ―black‖? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut ―unwomanly‖ into ―unwoman‖ and ―-ly‖?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word ―inaccessibility‖?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like ―history‖ and ―human‖ encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does ―safety line‖ mean the same as ―safe line‖? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(Y ou can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class T asks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionV aluable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like ―poor‖, ―rich‖, ―fat‖, ―sick‖, ―wounded‖, ―deaf‖, ―mute‖, ―Chinese‖, ―Danish‖, ―best‖, ―most‖, ―least‖, ―latest‖, ―accused‖, ―condemned‖, (for) ―good‖, ―thick‖ (and) ―thin‖, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to help him wind down the Iraq war and bring stability to the Middle East. He is also counting on the only Muslim member of NATO to remain a steadfast ally in the Afghanistan conflict.Obama's visit is being closely watched by an Islamic world that harbored deep distrust of his predecessor, George W. Bush.Obama was spending two days in Turkey as he wrapped up an event-packed, eight-day international trip that also saw stops in Britain, France, Germany and the Czech Republic.In his inaugural address in January, Obama pledged to reach out to the Muslim world.At a luncheon Sunday for leaders of the European Union's 27 nations in Prague, he said the West should seek greater cooperation and closer ties with Islamic nations. He suggested one way was by allowing Turkey to join the European Union — a contentious subject for some European countries. French President Nicolas Sarkozy said after Obama's remarks that the decision was the EU's to make, not Washington's.Americans remain unsure of what to make of Islam even as most people in the U.S.think Obama should seek better relations with the Muslim world, according to a Washington Post-ABC News poll. About 55 percent of Americans say they lack a good, basic understanding of the religion, the poll found, and 48 percent have an unfavorableview of it.Obama's trip to Turkey, his final scheduled country visit, ties together themes of earlier stops. He attended the Group of 20 economic summit in London, celebrated NATO's 60th anniversary in Strasbourg, France, and on Saturday visited the Czech Republic, which included a summit of European Union leaders in Prague.Turkey is a member of both the G-20 and NATO and is trying to get into the EU with the help of the U.S.Acronyms: NATOInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.Unit 3Keys to the exercises in Check Your Understandinga. False;b. False;c. True;d. False;e. FalseKeys to the exercises in In-class Activities1.(1) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(2) Y es. There is some difference between the words ―clean‖and ―cleanly‖in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, ―clean‖ means ―completely‖, while in Sentence A-b, ―cleanly‖ means ―easily‖.(3) The words ―high‖ and ―highly‖ cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in GroupC. In Sentence C-a, ―high‖ is an adjective and fuctions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, ―highly‖ is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily.b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. I'm deadly serious. This isn't a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely regarded as too strict.2.(1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request.b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。

《英语词汇学》课程习题集一、单选题1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”?A. ig-B. ir-C. il-D. im-5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality?A. booksB. pigsC. horsesD. expense6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists8. Most English words are _________ symbols.A. definiteB. arbitraryC. infiniteD. hereditary9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words.A. nationalismB. anthropologyC. linguisticsD. motivation10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words.A. onomatopoeicB. similarC. naturalD. symbolic11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym15.In the sentence “John was asked to leave after his three-day stay in the town”, “stay”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym16. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational and inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix17. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix18. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix19. Any root or stem can be termed as a _______.A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix20.A _______ is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology.A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix21. The wo rd “wife” used to mean “woman”, now it means “married woman esp. in relation to her husband”. The word has undergone a sort of semantic change called _____.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction22.The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day, a day of religious significance”, and now it refers to “day of recreation, when no work is done”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation23.The word “salary” used to mean “a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt”, and now it refers to “fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to person doing other than manual work”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation24.The word “starve” used to mean “to die”, and now it refers to “to die of hunger”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation25.The word “shrewd” used to mean “evil, bad, wicked”, and now it refers to “clever or sharp in practical affairs”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation26. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD27. French brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD28. The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as _________.A. Ancient EnglishB. Primordial EnglishC. Contemporary EnglishD. Middle English29. The English language from 1500 AD to the present is called ________ .A. Ancient EnglishB. Old EnglishC. Middle EnglishD. Modern English30. Which of the following is not a phase in the development of the English language?A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Modern EnglishD. Contemporary English31.The word “tear”meaning “the drop of salty water from the eye”and the word “tear”meaning “to pull sharply apart” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words32. The word “lead” meaning “guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc.” and the word “lead”meaning “an easily melted metal of a dull bluish-grey color” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words33. The word “lie” meaning “make a statement that one knows to be untrue” and the word “lie”meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words34. The word “base” meaning “the thing or part on which something rests” and the word “base”meaning “having or showing little or no honour, courage or decency”are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words35. The word “son” meaning “one’s male child” and the word “sun” meaning “a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words36. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. polysemy37. When many pairs or groups of words which are different in meaning are pronounced alike or spelled alike, or both, such words belong to the words of ________.A. antonymyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. polysemy38.When words are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called ________ .A. homophonesB. homographsC.homoformsD. homogenes39. ________ is the most common cause of homophones.A. semantic divergenceB. phonetic convergenceC. shorteningD. foreign influence40. When words are involved in the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter, the words belong to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy41.We can use “a silver lining” for “every cloud has a silver lining”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. additionC. abbreviationD. extension42.We can use “pull an unhappy face” for “pull a long face”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension43.We can use “see too many trees, but not the forest” for “cannot see the wood for the trees”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. omissionC. abbreviationD. extension44.We can use “come of marriage age” for “come of age”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension45. What is the rhetoric style illustrated by the idiom “neck and neck”?A. comparisonB. rhymeC. alliterationD. repetition46. _______ is the central factor in a word describing what it is.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning47. _______ consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. grammatical meaningD. lexical meaning48. _______ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning49._______ is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning50. _______ is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning二、名词解释题51. proverbabsolute synonym52. function wordsonomatopoeic words53. homonymydegradation54. metaphorprefixation55. polysemyelevation of meaning三、Word-building processes56. IOC VIP fire-proof ad auto plane CIA BBC ID record-breaking raindrop newscast brunch botel motel beautility champ dorm steamboat honeybee57. sit-in TB phone shoulder-high bit somg stagflation comsat sitcom gym taxi memo vet TEFL SALT dropout setback UN OPEC crystal-clear58.round-the-clock NATO sci-fi telex proof-reader schoolboy chute bus copter PE ASEAN NASA TOEFL air-conditioning lion’s share dozer plane airtel faction lunarnaut59.sea-green flowerbed VOA bike fridge medicare Motown hi-fi tec scope quake NBC EPA UNESCO H-bomb air-tight silkworm peace-loving slimnastics docudrama60.morning person ROM CD flu brunch travelog workaholic motel telex nark pop biz math VCR sun-tanned arms race fire engine handwriting ABC RAM四、Rewriting the short paragraph61. First VersionEven since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre.Second VersionEver since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four times a week at our little local theatre.62. First Version“You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATIENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.”Second Version“You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.”63. First VersionThen she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second VersionThen she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her that her speech and ____ were too slow in one scene.64. First VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said.Second VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the other side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said.65. First VersionThere was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience.Second VersionThe stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in ____ if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was ____ that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The audience was ____.五、简答题（略）……答案一、单选题1. C2. C3. C4. A5. D6. A7. D8. B9. D10. A11. C12. C13. C14. C15. C16. A17. C18. B19. C20. B21. D22. A23. A24. B25. D26. B27. A28. D29. D30. D31. C32. C33. B34. B35. A36. D37. C38. A39. B40. A41. C42. B43. A44. D45. D46. A47. C48. B49. C50. D二、名词解释题51. proverb: it is a well-known, supposedly wise saying usually in simple language expressinga fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience.e.g. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. / The early bird catches the worm.absolute synonyms: two words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.e.g. word-formation and word-building or spirants and fricatives.52. function words: short words such as prepositions, conjunctions and so on. They don’t have much lexical meaning and serve grammatically more than anything else. They are in contrast to content words, which have independent lexical meaning and used to name objects, actions, states and so on. e.g. in, on and from.onomatopoeic words: They are the words imitating the sounds or sounding like natural sounds.e.g. cuckoo, tick, bang.53.homonymy: It is the relationship between words in the pairs which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.e.g. lead (to guide) / lead (a gray metal), tear (drop of salty water coming from the eye) / tear (pull sharply to pieces), bear / baredegradation: It means that words once respectable or neutral shift to a less respectable even degraded meaning.e.g. genteel, terrific, accident54. metaphor: It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity.e.g. the teeth of a saw, a shower of stones, the tongue of a shoeprefixation: It is the word-formation process by the addition of a word element before an already existing word.e.g. multimedia, inconvenience, antiart55. polysemy: If a word has got more than two meanings, then it belongs to words of polysemy.e.g. rich, full, getelevation of meaning: Elevation is the process where words go uphill, shifting from words showing disrespectable meaning to better meaning. e.g. craftsman, shrewd三、Word-building processes56. compounding: fire-proof record-breaking raindrop steamboat honeybee acronymy: CIA IOC VIP BBC IDclipping: ad auto champ dorm planeblending: newscast brunch botel motel beautility57. compounding: sit-in dropout setback shoulder-high crystal-clearacronymy: TB UN OPEC TEFL SALTclipping: phone gym taxi memo vetblending: bit somg stagflation comsat sitcom58. compounding: round-the-clock air-conditioning proof-reader schoolboy lion’s share acronymy: NATO PE ASEAN NASA TOEFLclipping: chute bus copter dozer planeblending: sci-fi telex airtel faction lunarnaut59. compounding: sea-green flowerbed air-tight silkworm peace-lovingacronymy: VOA NBC EPA UNESCO H-bombclipping: bike fridge tec scope quakeblending: slimnastics docudrama medicare Motown hi-fi60. compounding: morning person sun-tanned arms race fire engine handwriting acronymy: ROM CD VCR ABC RAMclipping: flu nark pop biz mathblending: brunch travelog workaholic motel telex四、Rewriting the short paragraph61. 1. childhood 2. act 3. prettier 4. luck 5. performances62. 1. confidence 2. ability 3. impatient 4. succeed 5. achievement63. 1. detailed 2. description 3. confused 4. director 5. movement64. 1. hesitation 2. welcome 3. entrance 4. careful 5. slip65. 1. undoubtedly 2. probable 3. safety 4. fashionable 5. astonished五、简答题（略）……。

英语词汇学_习题集1（含答案）《英语词汇学》课程习题集一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. First VersionEven since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre.Second VersionEver since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four timesa week at our little local theatre.2. First Version“You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATI ENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.”Second Version“You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.”3. First VersionThen she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second VersionThen she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her thather speech and ____ were too slow in one scene.4. First VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said.Second VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the oth er side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said.5. First VersionThere was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience.Second VersionThe stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in____ if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was ____ that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The audience was ____.二、Multiple choices6. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four7. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four8. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”?A. ig-B. ir-C. il-D. im-10. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality?A. booksB. pigsC. horsesD. expense11. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists12. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists13. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists14. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists15. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists16. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym17. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym18.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym19. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym20.In the sentence “John was asked to leave after his three-day stay in the town”, “stay”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym21. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational and inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix22. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix23. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix24. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix25. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix26.The word “wife” used to mean “woman”, now it means “married woman esp. in relation to her husband”. The word has undergone a sort of seman tic change called _____.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction27.The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day, a day of religious significance”, and now it refers to “day of recreation, when no work is done”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation28.The word “salary” used to mean “a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt”, and now it refers to “fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to person doing other than manual work”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation29.The word “starve” used to mean “to die”, and now it refers to “to die of hunger”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation30.The word “shrewd” used to mean “evil, bad, wicked”, and now it refers to “clever or sharp in practical affairs”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation31. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD32. French brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD33. The English vocabulary is characterized by the strong influence of French _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD34. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD35. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD36.The word “tear”meaning “the drop of salty water from the eye”and the word “tear”meaning “to pull sharply apart” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words37. The word “lead” meaning “guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc.” and the word “lead”meaning “an easily melted metal of a dull bluish-grey color” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words38. The word “lie” meaning “make a statement that one knows to be untrue” and the word “lie”meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words39. The word “base” meaning“the thing or part on which something rests” and the word “base”meaning “having or showing little or no honour, courage or decency”are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words40. The word “son” meaning“one’s male child” and the word “sun” meaning “a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words41. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. polysemy42. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. antonymyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. polysemy43. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy44. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. polysemyC. antonymyD. synonymy45. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy46.We can use “a silver lining” for “every cloud has a silver lining”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. additionC. abbreviationD. extension47.We can use “pull an unhappy face” for “pull a long face”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension48.We can use “see too many trees, but not the forest” for “cannot see the wood for the trees”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. omissionC. abbreviationD. extension49.We can use “come of marriage age” for “come of age”.The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension50. What is the rhetoric style illustrated by the idiom “neck and neck”?A. comparisonB. rhymeC. alliterationD. repetition51. _______ is the central factor in a word describing what it is.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning52. _______ consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. grammatical meaningD. lexical meaning53. _______ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning54._______ is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning55. _______ is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning三、Terms56. proverbabsolute synonym57. function wordsonomatopoeic words58. homonymydegradation59. metaphorprefixation60. polysemyelevation of meaning四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?What is the vital role of context?62. What are the differences between American English and British English?How are the sound and meaning of most words related?63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?64. What is the relationship between American English andBritish English?What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?What are the types of context?五、Word-building processes（略）……答案一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. 1. childhood2. act3. prettier4. luck5. performances2. 1. confidence 2. ability3. impatient4. succeed5. achievement3. 1. detailed 2. description 3. confused4. director5. movement4. 1. hesitation 2. welcome 3. entrance 4. careful5. slip5. 1. undoubtedly 2. probable 3. safety 4. fashionable 5. astonished二、Multiple choices6. C7. C8. C9. A11. A12. D13. A14. A15. D16. C17. C18. C19. C20. C21. A22. C23. B24. C25. B26. D27. A28. A29. B30. D31. B32. A33. A34. B35. B36. C37. C38. B39. B41. D42. D43. C44. B45. C46. C47. B48. A49. D50. D51. A52. C53. B54. C55. D三、Terms56. proverb: it is a well-known, supposedly wise saying usually in simple language expressinga fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience.e.g. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. / Th e early bird catches the worm.absolute synonyms: two words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.e.g. word-formation and word-building or spirants and fricatives.57. function words: short words such as prepositions, conjunctions and so on. They don’t havemuch lexical meaning and serve grammatically more than anything else. They are in contrast to content words, which have independent lexical meaning and used to name objects, actions, states and so on. e.g. in, on and from.onomatopoeic words: They are the words imitating the sounds or sounding like natural sounds.e.g. cuckoo, tick, bang.58.homonymy: It is the relationship between words in the pairs which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.e.g. lead (to guide) / lead (a gray metal), tear (drop of salty water coming from the eye) / tear (pull sharply to pieces), bear / baredegradation: It means that words once respectable or neutral shift to a less respectable even degraded meaning.e.g. genteel, terrific, accident59. metaphor: It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity.e.g. the teeth of a saw, a shower of stones, the tongue of a shoeprefixation: It is the word-formation process by the addition of a word element before an already existing word.e.g. multimedia, inconvenience, antiart60. polysemy: If a word has got more than two meanings, then it belongs to words of polysemy.e.g. rich, full, getelevation of meaning: Elevation is the process where words go uphill, shifting from words showing disrespectable meaning to better meaning. e.g. craftsman, shrewd四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the vital role of context?The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects: eliminating ambiguities arising from the polysemy and grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase, conveying emotional overtones and indicating referents and the range of the meaning.62. What are the differences between American English and British English?The chief differences in pronunciation lie in the vowel sounds. The American and British spelling systems are essentially the same except that the American variant is simpler than its English counterpart. Differences in grammar are few in number and trifling in nature. The differences of American and British vocabulary can be grouped into three categories: words without counterparts, same word with different meanings and same idea for different words. How are the sound and meaning of most words related?There are two linguistic schools concerning the relationship between sound and meaning. One is conventionalist and the other is naturalists. The latter school believes that there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and its meaning while the former not. Actually, most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that thepeople of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. The fundamental features of the basic word stock are as follows. The first one is national character. The second is stability. The third one is word-formation ability.How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?If one comes across a word with more than one meaning; only context can help you to select the exact meaning of the word from many choices. The same can be true of the grammatical structure which may confuse the readers. Furthermore, the real feeling of the writer can only be appreciated with the specific occasion how a word is used. Last, context does indicate referents and the range of the meaning of a word.64. What is the relationship between American English and British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?Conversion is different from suffixation. In suffixation, a suffix or a combining form is added to the base and the original word will undergo a change in word-class, semantic change and phonological change. In contrast to suffixation, conversion in most cases does change the word-class of the original word but not the meaning or sound. We do have cases where conversion results in not only change in word-class but also semantic changeand phonological change. However, conversion differs from suffixation most in that there is not word form change in the former process, that is the form of the original word always remains same after conversion while there is always some addition to the original word after suffixation.65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What are the types of context?There are two types of context: linguistic or verbal contexts or extra-linguistic or non-verbal contexts. The linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. The extra-linguistic context refers to the actual speech situation in which aword occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.五、Word-building processes（略）……。

英语词汇学练习题英语词汇学练习题（一）Exercise A1. Write out in full the following shortened words:EEC, OPEC, NASA, PRC, TEFL, TB, AIDS, memo, fridgeEEC：European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体。

OPEC：Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织。

NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration 〔美国〕国家航空和宇宙航行局。

PRC：Postal Rate Commission (美国)邮资委员会The People's Republic of China TEFL：teaching English as a foreign language 英语外语教学TB：tubercle bacillus 结核杆菌。

AIDS：Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeMemo：memorandumFridge：refrigeratorExercise B1. Which following diagram better illustrates the relationship of each of the following word groups?(A) (B) (C)(D) (E)(1) Bachelors,单身汉学士men, tennis players(2) sparrows,麻雀birds, cats(3) Russians, scientists, people(4) red-haired, females, lawyers(5) octopi,章鱼porpoises海豚, things that live in the sea(6) artists, painters, baseball fansExercise C1. Match nouns in the left-hand column with verbs in the right-hand column:(1) injury a. administer(2) suspicion 怀疑，涉嫌 b. effect(3) siege 围攻说服，劝诱 c. hatch1.孵化，孵。

英语词汇学试题汇编Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Words and Vocabulary1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B. Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C. Loan words are all unrecognizable as being foreign in origin.D. Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.2. The term "vocabulary "is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that_____.A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in a given dialect or field3. A word is a symbol that________.A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD. shows different ideas in different sounds4. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because theyA. are complex words.B. are technical wordC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.5. The basic word stock forms the common____of the language.6. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or____.7．Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but havelimited_____________概念：jargonChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1. __is considered to be a highly-inflected language.A Old English B. Middle EnglishC. Early Modem EnglishD. Late Modem English2. The introduction of______ at the end of the'-6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printing, B Christianity C. French words D. all the above3. Though still at work today, ___can hardly compare with what it was in the past.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. derivationD. conversion4. Early Modern English refers to the language spokenA. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 18005. Old English has a vocabulary of about_______words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,0006. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of___in the Middle English period.A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin概念：Germanic，Old English简答：Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?Chapter 3 Word Formation I1. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be----- .A. affixationalB. derivationalC. freeD. bound2. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as____A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes3. ______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. Affixes D, Compounds4. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and____5. Almost all affixes are_____________ morphemes because few can be used as independent words.概念：morphs，allomorph，morpheme简答：1。

Key to chapter 11 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.In what way are words related to vocabulary?V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english wordsThere are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spellingEarly scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6.What are the characteristics of basic word stockWords of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the leftA tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken cowardF .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic wordshaply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bidsmooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea9.Explain neologisms with examplesNeologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional wordsBy notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle confrere chopsticks dream die pro patria black humour skirt parvenu long time no see wall Wunderkind typhoon husband Mikado Key to chapter 21. Why should students of english lexicology study the In-European language family?The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below3. W hat are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development ? Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways ? Defend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. what characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous ?it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other majorIndo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian BulgarianIndo-Iranian Hindi PerianCeltic Breton Scottish IrishItalic Spanish French Italian PortugueseRoumanianHellenic GreekGermanic English Swedish German Icelangic Danish Dutchlanguages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5.Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6 course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitledecent respect opinions requires declarecauses impel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7.Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and (4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, minimum.8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ] Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ] Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ] 9.put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .amateur (late) finace (late) Empire (late) peace (early) Courage (early) garage (late) Judgement (early) chair (early) Chaise (late) grace (early) Servant (early) routine (late) Jealous (early) savate (late) Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late) State (early) chez (late) Ballet (late)ment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english "An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in E nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitionsallegro f. 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b. 渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e. 强Largo d. 缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a. 轻转慢Soprano c. 女高音12.Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowedcherub（Hebrew）chipmunk(American Indian ) Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi) Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek) Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi) Snorkel (German) ttamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish) V oodoo (African) kibitz (German) Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .a. alligatorb. Lococ. rodeod.. Bonanzae. igloof. Blitzkriegg. wigwamh. Canoei. hurricanej. Boomerangk. poncho14.Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabularythe characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous;(2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and languages.15.What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary english ?the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.Key to chapter 31.write the terms in the blanks according to the definitionsa. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .give examples to illustrate their relationshipsInflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3.Analyse the words in terms of root, stem ,baseIndividualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]anize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationshipsKey to chapter 4Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation, which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and conversion, which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.What is affixation? What is its alternative name ?Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.What is the best way to classify prefixes ? Why ?The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. Form negatives with each of following words by using one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~ ,non~, un~,non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1.Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3.Wh at are the usual methods to form compound words ? Give examples.There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name) and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.What is conversion? What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation?Conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e. change of the functions of words .the term zero-derivation approachesconversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation?Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)3 what causes of words are most frequently converted ?The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa ?Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action, e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument, e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examplesWhen adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns. That means they can take a / an shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breat h /breɚ/→breathe /bri:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach [n.→v.] b. Room [n.→ v.] c.wolf [n → v] e/go [v → n] e.familiar [a → n] f.innocent [a → n]g.flat [a → n] h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i.war m [a → n]j.has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k.Hamlet [proper n → v]l.buy [v → n]m.smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 情报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影演员Clippingcopter (helicopter) front clipping dorm (dormitory) back clipping lab (laboratory) back clippingprefab (prefabricated house) phrase clipping gas (gasoline) back clipping prof (professor) back clippingscope (telescope) front clipping champ (champion) back clipping sarge (sergeant) back clippingmike (microphone) back clipping ad (advertisement) back clipping tec (detective) ront and back clippingAcronymy1.both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them ? Illustrate your point with examplesYes, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in the formation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2.what do the short forms stand for ?kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfer cm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bide etc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p erson OPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1. Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the endings of words . How you account for coexistence of the 2 ?can you illustrate the difference ?It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words. But they have differences. For a back-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g. auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms –-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existing suffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline , exam------examination , etc.2.Cive the original words from which the following words are back-formedLase (laser) escalate(escalator) Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute (commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wanted out of reachb.b Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfula.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’s appearanceb.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage or destructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock: a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover: cleaning by using a vacuum cleanerKey to Chapter 51. What is reference ?Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. (or: Reference is the relationship between language and the world.)2. What is concept ?Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world.3. What is sense ?The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.4.What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of "arbitrariness" and "conventionality' concerning the relationshipbetween linguistic symbols and their senses ?Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is “yes and no”. By “yes”, we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By “no”, we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many cases the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.5. What are the 4 types of motivation? Explain them with examplesThe four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer(profit+eer), darkroom(dark+room), deconstruction (de+construct+ion), etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille(language used by the blind created by Brille).6. apes-gibber birds-sing/twitter cattle-low crickets-chirp doves-coo foxes-yelpgeese-gabble sheep-bleat wolves-howl monkeys-chatter pigs- grunt hyenas-laugh turkeys-gobble swans-cry7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i.e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.8. What ar ethe characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.9. What connotations do you think we word atomic might have for each of the following people ?a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as “benefit”, “energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War Ⅱ, might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as “suffering”, “killing”, “death”, “horror”, etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with “mystery”, “science”, “knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive)gabby: inclined to chatter (negative)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorativea. particular fastidious/fussyb. critical fault-finding/picky。

2012词汇学复习资料The development of the English Vocabulary1.Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary.Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语RussianAlbanian阿尔巴尼亚Persian波斯语Hindi北印度语Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语Romany，吉卜赛语Armenian亚美尼亚语PortugueseSpanishItalic意大利语族ItalianRoumanian罗马尼亚语FrenchIndo-EuropeanLanguage FamilyIrishCeltic凯尔特语BretonScottishNorwegian挪威语Icelandic，冰岛语Danish丹麦语Germanic Swedish瑞典语日尔曼语言EnglishDutchFlemishGermanHellenic，古希腊语- GreekChapter 1A General Survey of A WordThe Definition of Word• A word is(1) A minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unity of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word is a smallest unit of a language.1. The development of English vocabularyThe history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)The former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.b/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice)c/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaA. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) wordsIn English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of English language.The fundamental features of the basic word stock are:1. National character;2. Stability;3. Word-forming ability;4. Ability to form collocationsSince the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.B. By level of usage1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life: “The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”)2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches, e.g. Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early.): a. Archaic words; b. Poetical words See P133. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends and colleagues,e.g. “John was fired for petty thieving”4. Slang wordsC. By notion: function words and content ( P 17)function words are short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so on, they serve grammatical meaningContent words have lexical meaning, such as nouns, main verbs, adj and adv.e.g. The passerby was hit by the truck.Chapter 2Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morphemeWhat are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme? 语素词素-形位2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.Free morphemes,also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).Task:(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word.heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness,sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.(2) What is your definition of root?A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.(3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?2.2.1 Two types of roots- Free rootIn English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.- Bound rootHowever, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixesAffix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to expressthe following meanings:(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;en in oxen.(2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s.(3) the verbal endings: for example,a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third personsingular present tense.b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the presentparticiple or gerund.c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or pastparticiple.(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest,hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes) can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.•(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech.- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich- be- as in words like befriend, belittle- a- as in words like asleep, aside•(2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker.By the addition of the suffix,the word is usually changed from one part ofspeech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesMorphemeIt is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.a)Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。

1、American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.1.A. ignored2.B. neglected3.C. denied4.D. refused2、The antonym of soft is in “a ________ voice”and in “a ________ cushion”.1.A. rough, hard2.B. rough, rough3.C. hard, rough4.D. hard, hard3、The figure of speech employed in “My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A. hyperbole2.B. euphemism3.C. litotes4.D. metonymy4、Mrs. Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see _________ on New Year Resolutions.1.A. face to face2.B. eye to eye3.C. back to back4.D. heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group, old man, daddy, dad, father and male parent, _______would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A. dad2.B. old man3.C. father4.D. male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us. Aha! When the ________ is away, the ________ will play.1.A. tiger, monkeys2.B. cat, mice3.C. hawk, birds4.D. old, young7、I could give an opinion ________, but I would rather think about it.1.A. off the sleeve2.B. off the cuffs3.C. off the cuff4.D. off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n) ________ to urban transportation system.1.A. archenemy2.B. primary enemy3.C. main enemy4.D. major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means “and so on”? ________.1.A. i.e.2.B. e.g.3.C. etc.4.D. viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads ________ and means _______.1.A. /iks/, “out”2.B. /iks/, “former”3.C. /eks/, “out”4.D. /eks/, “former”11、Our work calls for mutual support. We shouldn’t ________ each other's efforts.1.A. activate2.B. interact3.C. counteract4.D. active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train. I’m really caught between two ________.1.A. choices2.B. options3.C. alternatives4.D. stools13、Hey! Don’t sit there and count your ________. You need to work really hard.1.A. chicken2.B. chickens3.C. duck4.D. ducks14、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A. metaphor2.B. euphemism3.C. irony4.D. litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.1.A. broke up2.B. b roke forth3.C. broke through4.D. break upon16、persona non grata means ________.1.A. someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B. someone who is slim3.C. someone who does not take the leading role4.D. someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in “I haven’t seen you for ages”is ________.1.A. metaphor2.B. hyperbole3.C. irony4.D. metonymy18、Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A. transmitting2.B. submitting3.C. transforming4.D. switching19、Johnson had already ________ in an intimate book.1.A. thrown out the beans2.B. thrown out his beans3.C. spilled the beans4.D. spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________ sicknesses.1.A. normal2.B. ordinary3. C. average4. D. regular21、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect exampleT22、dies, died, dying, dead, etc. are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated, thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence, “More hands are needed on the farm”, metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding -er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall, roof, floor, etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meaningsT29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etcT32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology, but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of 5 morphemes, all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy, etcF39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalizationF40、Answering the question “Will you marry me?”with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is usingsubstitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out. Most of the words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones.43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings.44、Define the following term and give examples when needed.generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range, or the widening of the semantic scope.45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-classelements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clippedfrom.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.Forexample,"dis-" in "dishonest" is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the 7 general characteristics of native (Aglo-Saxon) elements:1. All-national character. Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown, a fisherman on the sea or a vagrant on the street.2. Monosyllabicity. Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable. e.g. sun, cow, go, run, etc.3. Productivity. Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic. Thus, they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them. For example, the word hand, has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy, handle, handkerchief, handiwork, handicraft, handful, handbook, handbarrow, handcuff, etc.4. Collocational extensiveness. The native element has a wide range of collocation. Many native words enter quite a number of expressions, idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings. For example, the word heel is found in the following units: Achilles’ heel (a vulnerable point), heel over head or head over heels (upside down), cool one’s heels (be kept waiting), show a clean pair of heels, take to one’s heels (run away),turn on one’s heels (turn sharply round), etc.5. Semantic polysemy. The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life. For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings: make known, express, explain, utter, confide in order, distinguish, count, reveal, scold, etc.6. High-frequency value. The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. Every writer uses considerably more native words than borrowed ones. Corpus investigations show that about 90 percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and 94 percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7. Stylistic neutrality. Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture, a poem, or when speaking to a child. This can be observed by a simple comparison, for example begin (neutral) vs. commence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context, speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning. Contextual information can exert two major effects. More specifically, it influences the interpretation of a word, on the one hand, and speeds up lexical access, on the other. In most cases, the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1. Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g. Please give me a hamburger, a cup of cola, and some chips.[a small piece of wood, the potato chip, or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo, soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1 a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2 a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3 a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2. Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g. A: Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B: Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles, to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3. Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis, that is, person deixis (I, you, we), spatial deixis (here, there), and temporal deixis (now, yesterday).e.g. I didn’t see her yesterday. It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to. And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I, her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。

英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "university" is derived from the Latin word "universitas," which originally meant:A. A place of higher educationB. A legal entityC. A group of studentsD. A city2. In English, the term "neologism" refers to:A. An old word that has been revivedB. A new word or expressionC. A word that has fallen out of useD. A word that has been borrowed from another language3. Which of the following is an example of a compound word?A. BicycleB. TelephoneC. UnicycleD. Both A and B4. The word "breakfast" is a:A. Compound wordB. BlendC. AcronymD. Back-formation5. The word "mouse" when referring to a computer device is anexample of:A. HomonymyB. PolysemyC. SynonymyD. Hyponymy6. The term "morpheme" in linguistics refers to the:A. Smallest meaningful unit of languageB. Largest meaningful unit of languageC. Smallest grammatical unit of languageD. Largest grammatical unit of language7. Which of the following is an example of a prefix?A. -lyB. un-C. -nessD. re-8. The word "unhappy" is formed by adding the prefix "un-" to the root word "happy," which is an example of:A. AffixationB. ConversionC. CoinageD. Blending9. The word "edit" can be traced back to the Latin word "edere," which means:A. To eatB. To publishC. To give outD. To cut10. The process of creating a new word by shortening an existing one is known as:A. ClippingB. Back-formationC. BlendingD. Acronym formation二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The word "kindergarten" is a compound of two German words, "kind" meaning ______ and "garten" meaning garden.12. The term "semantic shift" refers to a change in the______ of a word over time.13. An example of a back-formation is the word "edit," which was derived from the noun "editor."14. The word "geek" originally had a negative connotation but has undergone ______ to become a term of endearment for tech enthusiasts.15. The process of creating a new word by combining parts of two or more words is known as ______.16. The prefix "auto-" in "autonomous" comes from the Greek word for ______.17. The suffix "-able" in "readable" is used to form ______ adjectives.18. The term "etymology" refers to the study of the ______ of words.19. A word that has the same form as another but a different meaning is an example of ______.20. The word "smog" is a blend of "smoke" and "fog," which is an example of a ______ word.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.22. Describe the process of semantic change known as amelioration.23. What is the role of borrowing in the development of a language's vocabulary?24. Discuss the concept of word class conversion and provide an example.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English lexicon.26. Analyze the factors that contribute to the creation of new words in English.答案：一、选择题1. B2. B3. D4. A5. A6. A7. D8. A9. C 10. A二、填空题11. child 12. meaning 13. back-formation 14. semantic shift 15. blending 16. self 17. adjective 18. history 19. homonym 20. portmanteau三、简答题21. A homograph is a word that is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning and possibly a different pronunciation, while a homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning andspelling.22. Amelioration refers to the。

英语词汇学习题集Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary1. Which of the following is NOT correct? _________A. A word is a meaningful group of letters.B. A word is a unit of meaning.C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds.D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence.3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic4. In the early period of Middle English, English, ______ existed side by side.A. Celtic and DanishB. Danish and FrenchC. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin9. Both English and ______ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.A. CelticB. DansihC. FrenchD. Scottish12. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________.A. notionB. use frequencyC. foundationD. origin7. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?（）A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.B. Geographical and political changes.C. The influence of other cultures and languages.D. Social and economic changes.6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______.A. the growth of science and technologyB. economic and political changesC. the influence of other cultures and languagesD. all the above7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C9. The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( )A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in given dialect or field10. is considered to be a highly-inflected language.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern English14. Early Modern English refers to the language spoken ______.A. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 180012. The introduction of at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. （）A. printingB. ChristianityC. French wordsD. all the above14. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? （）A. The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B. Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C. Loan words are all unrecognisable as being foreign in origin.D. Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.8. From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to（）A. GermanB. FrenchC. ScottishD. Irish12. The written form of English is a(n)（）representation of the spoken form.A. selectiveB. adequateC. imperfectD. natural15. The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French, Latin,（）A. Scandinavian and ItalianB. Greek and ScandinavianC. Celtic and GreekD. Italian and Spanish3. Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock?A. Creativity.B. Stability.C. Duality.D. All national character.11. Which of the following is NOT true about Old English? （）A. Uses of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.B. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000.C. Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.D. Old English was a highly inflected language.12. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT an example ofneologisms? （）A. SARS.B. Can-opener.C. Futurology.D. Freak out.II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.19. The basic word stock forms the common of the language.20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.20. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to___________.16. The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of ___________ words into English.20. Content words have both meanings, and ___________ meaning in particular.V. Define the following terms.44. jargon 42. functional words 42. borrowed words41. loan wordsGive clear and short answers to the following questions.47. Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remain for ever out of use?48. What are the major differences between basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary?49. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agreeor disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.Chapter II Morphological Structure of English W ords5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes.A. Free rootsB. Free morphemesC. Bound morphemesD. Meaningful units11. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be ______. （）A. affixationalB. derivationalC. freeD. bound13. Structurally a（）is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.A. morphemeB. stemC. wordD. compound15. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes10. Chiefly found in derived words, bound morphemes include _________.（）A. bound rootsB. inflectional affixesC. derivational affixesD. all the above4. Which of the following is NOT considered as an inflectional affix?（）A. -esB. -orC. -estD. -erII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.16. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is the ______________.17. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and .20. Almost all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.V. Define the following terms.45. allomorph42. morphsGive clear and short answers to the following questions.46. What are bound morphemes? Illustrate your point.48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Analyse the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.dishearten, idealistic, unfriendlyChapter III The Three Major Processes of W ord-formation1. There are ______ major classes of compounds.A. twoB. forC. threeD. five13. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectives? ______A. -ion.B. -ism.C. -ity.D. -ist.4. Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?A. extra-B. pro-C. re-D. semi-14. Unlike affixes,（）are often free morphemes.A. suffixesB. prefixesC. inflectional morphemesD. roots3. Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as _________.（）A. inflectional affixesB. derivational affixesC. bound rootsD. free morphemes8. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT _________.（）A. –fulB. –wiseC. –lessD. –ike6. Which of the following is a case of suffixation? （）A. Hemisphere.B. Attempt.C. NA TO.D. Respondent.18. In the word ―post-war‖, ―post-‖ is a prefix of ______________.19. Compounds are different from free phrases in ___________ unit.45. conversion42. prefixationGive clear and short answers to the following questions.46. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples.47. What are the features of compounds? Give examples.48. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain with two examples.Chapter IV The Minor Processes of W ord-formation7. Though still at work today, can hardly compare with what it was in the past. （）A. word-formationB. borrowingC. derivationD. conversion9. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（）A. TOEFLB. ODYSSEYC. BASICD. CCTV43. blendingGive clear and short answers to the following questions.47. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples toillustrate your point.Chapter V W ord Meaning and Semantic Features1. Motivation accounts for the connection between the word-form and _________.（）A. its referentB. its referring expressionsC. its meaningD. its concept2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned.C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike.D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary.3. The relationship between the linguistic sign and a referent is ______. ()A. conventionalB. non-conventionalC. concreteD. specific6. Which of the following statements is Not true?A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.C. Concept is universal to all men alike.D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.13. Which of the following statements is true? （）A. Every word has reference.B. Every word has sense.C. Every word is semantically motivated.D. Every word is conceptually motivated.12. We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric according to ( )A. morphological structureB. relevant detailsC. grammatical structureD. physical context6. Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated?（）A. croak, drumB. squeak, bleatC. buzz, neighD. bang, trumpet14. More often than not, functional words only have ______.A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning15. The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of . （）A. referenceB. senseC. conceptD. meaning13. Which of the following words is morphologically motivated? （）A. Black market.B. Greenhorn.C. Hopeless.D. Neigh.II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.16. ________________meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.18. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________.20. Conceptual meaning is also known as meaning.19. Functional words such as preparations, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possessstrong ______________meaning.Ⅴ. Define the following terms.45. semantic motivation44. conceptual meaningGive clear and short answers to the following questions.48. What is the difference between associative meaning and conceptual meaning?48. Cite ONE example to illustrate what grammatical meaning is.50. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.Chapter VI Polysemy and Homonymy1. According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( )A. perfect homonymsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. all the above1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are（）A. primary and secondaryB. central and peripheralC. diachronic and synchronicD. formal and functional11. Sources of homonyms include（）A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above4. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _________.（）A. synonymyB. antonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy2. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas, namely, _________.（）A. extension, increase and expansionB. denotation, connotation and applicationC. comprehension, understanding and knowingD. polysemy, homograph and homophone19. Radiation and ___________ are the two coinages which the development of word meaning followsfrom monosemy to polysemy.Give clear and short answers to the following questions.Chapter VII Sense Relations between W ords3. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（）A. absolute and relativeB. absolute and completeC. relative and nearD. complete and identical4. The way to define an antonym is based on . ()A. contradictionB. contrarinessC. oppositenessD. relativeness10. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is whether ______.A. they come from the same sourceB. they are correlated with one central meaningC. they are listed under one headword in a dictionaryD. all the above10. As far as denotation is concerned, relative synonyms may differ ______. （）A. in the diachronic approachB. in the stylistic and emotive colouring of wordsC. in usage in simple termsD. in the range and intensity of meaning20. Relative synonyms also called ______________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, butembrace different degrees of a given quality.Ⅴ. Define the following terms.43. synonymGive clear and short answers to the following questions.48. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points.49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain whatcontextual clues help you to work out the meaning.Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in the street and ate it.50. Comment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of subordinates and superordinates.a. The girl got a book in the university.b. The girl borrowed a dictionary from the department.50. Make a tree diagram to arrange the following words in order of hyponymy.apple, cabbage, food, vegetable, mutton, fruit, peach, meat, beef, orange, spinach, pork, celery50. Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relativesynonyms.Chapter VIII Meaning and Context3. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( )A. the reader’s interpretationB. the neighbouring wordsC. the writer's intentionD. the etymology of the word7. The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( )A. physical contextB. grammatical contextC. lexical contextD. linguistic context8. "Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( )A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. hyponym6. Context meaning.（）A. explainsB. interpretsC. definesD. all the above15. Linguistic context is also known as ______ context.A. socialB. verbalC. lexicalD. physical10. In the course book, the author lists（）types of context clues for inferring word meaning.A. eightB. sixC. sevenD. five2. The sentence ―I like Mary better than you.‖ is ambiguous due to ______.（）A. extra-linguistic contextB. lexical contextC. grammatical contextD. homonymy14. In the sentence “Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.”The meaning of quattrocento can be inferred from the clue of ______. （）A. definitionB. explanationC. exampleD. relevant detail18. When a new word appears for the first time, the author usually manages to give hints or ___________in the context to help the readers.19. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.20. Content words have both meanings, and ___________ meaning in particular.18. Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferring word-meaning and give ___________of referents.44. lexical contextGive clear and short answers to the following questions.45. What is extra-linguistic context?46. What is the role of context?47. Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Read the following extract and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain whatcontextual clues help you work out the meaning.‘Get me an avocado, please,’Janet said, smacking her lips, but her brother, with a glance up at the branches, said that there were none ripe yet.50. Comment on the statement ―Collocation can affect the meaning of words‖ with your own example.Chapter IX Changes in W ord Meaning1. Extension can be illustrated by the following example: _________.（）A. butcher →one who kills goatsB. journal →periodicalC. companion →one who shares breadD. allergic →too sensitive to medicine2. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( )A. ad for ―advertisement‖B. dish for ―food"C. fond for ―affectionate‖D. an editorial for ―an editorial article"11. Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevation D semantic narrowing8. Webster’s New World Dictionary is a(n) ______ dictionary. （）A. unabridgedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic9. Angel, martyr and paradise have their meanings ______ because of the influence of Christianity.（）A. elevatedB. degradedC. narrowedD. extendedII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.16. The degraded meaning ―sexual desire‖of the word ―lust‖comes from its old meaning―‖.17. The word __________has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".16. The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is___________.17. The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or___________.17. Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and______________.Ⅴ. Define the following terms.42. pejoration 43. degradation 44. extension 41. extra-linguistic context43. semantic change 45. specialization45. amelioration－A specific type of semantic change— the introduction of positive connotationsor removal of negative ones for a word or expression./wiki/Amelioration Give clear and short answers to the following questions.49. Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agreeor disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples.Chapter X English Idioms4. The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening8. Structural stability means the structure of an idiom is generally . （）A. movableB. unstableC. unchangeableD. ununderstandable9. Sentence idioms can be divided into . （）A. declarative and imperativeB. interrogative and exclamativeC. verbal and adverbialD. both A and B10. The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( )A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification11. An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.A. structurally changeableB. semantically analyzableC. structurally fixedD. easily understood12. An idiom consists of at least two words. Each has a single meaning and often functions as one word. This is called ______.A. semantic unityB. structural stabilityC. rhetorical functionD. none of the above2. Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?（）A. ColloquialB. SlangC. NegativeD. Literary5. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the _________ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in ―rain cats and dogs‖.（）A. illogicalB. logicalC. mutualD. natural6. Idioms verbal in nature are _________.（）A. verb phrasesB. phrasal verbsC. verb idiomsD. all the above7. The idiom ―new brooms sweep clean‖ was created probably by _________.（）A. seamenB. housewivesC. farmersD. hunters1. Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms?（）A. Phonetic manipulation.B. Lexical manipulation.C. Figures of speech.D. Phrasal verbs.15. Tooth and nail is an idiom ______ in nature. （）A. norminalB. adjectivalC. adverbialD. verbalⅤ. Define the following terms.41. idiom 43. idioms nominal in nature 45. phrasal verbGive clear and short answers to the following questions.46. What are the stylistic features of idioms?46. What is semantic unity of idioms?Chapter XI American English Give clear and short answers to the following questions.Chapter XII English Dictionaries and How to Use Them5. Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary?A. The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyB. Chamber's Encyclopedic English DictionaryC. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal V erbsD. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms7. LDCE is distinctive for its（）A. clear grammar codesB. usage notesC. language notesD. all of the above5. The fact that the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields can be exemplified by .()A. Roget’s ThesaurusB. Concise Oxford DictionaryC. New Webster’s DictionaryD. Collins Cobuild Dictionary14. If one wants to find out the minute difference between shades of meaning, the best source is _______.（）A. a thesaurusB. a synonym finderC. an encyclopediaD. an encyclopedic dictionary15. Which of the following can be said about a British Dictionary?（）A. It is always better than an American dictionary.B. One can always expect to find American usages in it.C. One can never expect to find American usages in it.D. It tends to include more grammatical information.5. The following are user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, except______. （）A. extra columnB. clear grammar codesC. usage notesD. language notes42. specialized dictionaryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.17. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English is a___________ dictionary.18. The headword or entries are defined in the same language in a dictionary.V. Define the following terms.41. encyclopedia44. bilingual dictionaryGive clear and short answers to the following questions.46. What factors should one take into account when he chooses a dictionary?综合练习Ⅲ. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations; 3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and5)motivation.(10%)A B21. reiteration ( ) A. high and low22. repetition ( ) B. pick and choose23. juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face24. perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.25. personification ( ) E. hiss26. portus ( ) F. bear; bear27. come ( ) G. twitter28. heart ( ) H. cat29. birds ( ) I. port30. snakes ( ) J. heart and soulⅣ. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of context clues; 2) types of word formation; 3) types of word-meaning changes and 4) rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)31. making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( )32. sitcom ( )33. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( )34. form cradle to grave ( )35. might and main ( )36. fax ( )37. disobey, impolite, ( )38. hussy: "housewife" →"a woman of low morals" ( )39. disease: "discomfort"→"illness"( )40. fond: "foolish"→"affectionate"( )Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) sense relations , 2) types of context , and 3) modes of word-meaning changes.(10%)A B()21. difference in connotation A. fond (from ―foolish‖ to ―affectionate‖)()22. perfect homonym B. homely /domestic()23. degradation C. date ;date()24. transfer D. diseasing (from ―discomfort ‖to ―illness‖)()25. elevation E. fabulous (from ―resembling a fable ‖to ―incredible‖)()26. narrowing F. journal (from ―daily paper‖ to ―periodical‖ )()27. extension G. silly (from ―happy‖ to ―foolish‖)()28. generalization H. pitiful (from ―full of pity‖ to ―deserving pity‖)()29. grammatical context I. It was a nice ball.()30. lexical context J. V isiting aunts can be boring.Ⅳ. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of word formation , 2) types of affixes, 3) types of dictionaries, and 4) the type of idiom. (10%)31. LDCE ()32. deadline ()33. -ize, -en, -ate ()34. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ()35. VOA ()36. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ()37. CED ()38. telephone →phone ()39. fly in the ointment ()40. hostess ()III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) stylistic meanings; 2) language groups; 3) degrees of inflections and 4) onomatopoeic motivation. (10%)A B( )21. apes A. colloquial( )22. Old English B. a language of full endings( )23. Irish C. Italic( )24. tiny D. very formal and official ( )25. French E. yelp ( )26. cattle F. poetic ( )27. domicile G . Celtic ( )28. abode H. gibber( )29. foxes I. a language of leveled endings ( )30. Middle EnglishJ. lowⅣ. S tudy the following words and expressions and identify 1) types of affixes; 2) types of meaning and 3) types of motivation. (10%) 31. mismanage ( ) 32. elephants-trumpet( )33. pretty ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧flower woman girl( )34. forehead ( ) 35. bossy( )36. sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat ( ) 37. anti-establishment( ) 38. subsea ( ) 39. a sea of troubles( ) 40. harder( )Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) word origin, 2) word formation, and 3) types of synonyms or antonyms. (10%)AB ( ) 21. skill A. back-formation ( ) 22. babysit B. blending ( ) 23. telequizC. French origin ( ) 24. composition/compoundingD. Scandinavian origin ( ) 25. governmentE. clipping ( ) 26. same/ differentF. relative synonyms ( ) 27. gentG . Germanic( ) 28. English H. absolute synonyms ( ) 29. change/ alter I. Contradictory terms ( ) 30. big/ smallJ. contrary termsⅣ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of meanings, 3) processes of meaning development, and 4) formation of compounds. (10%) 31. neck →primary meaning: that part of man joining the head to the body;a secondary meaning: the narrowest part of anything. ( ) 32. contradict( ) 33. mother: love, care ( ) 34. upcoming( ) 35. window shopping ( ) 36. radios( ) 37. property developer( )38. candidate →earlier meaning: white-robed;later meaning: a person proposed for a place, award etc.( )39. handsome ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧man typewriter overcoat( )40. northward ( )III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of figures of speech; 2) types of motivation; 3) types of changes in word meaning. (10%)AB( )21. senior citizenA. metonymy( )22. the pot calls the cattle black B. narrowing ( )23. earn one ’s breadC. euphemism ( )24. from cradle to graveD. synecdoche ( )25. sit on the fenceE. hiss( )26. constable (a policeman) F. personification( )27. criticize(find fault with) G . morphologically motivated ( )28. liquor(alcoholic drink) H. degradation ( )29. snakesI. metaphor。

第二单元基本构词方法一．派生法练习一例如：intervene，intervention，intervenor，intervenient练习二希腊语前缀拉丁语前缀half hemi- semi- demi- one mono- uni-two di- bi-three tri- tri-four tetra- quadri-five penta- quint-six hexa- sex- ,seven hepta- sept-eight oct- oct-nine ennea- nona-ten deca- deci-1. immature2. irregular3.inconsiderate4. ignoble5. noncontentious6. illegitimate7. nonmetal 8. impassive 9. nonferrous 10. inaccuracy 11. unendurable 12. invariance13. non-inductive 14. illegible 15. unreasonable16. irrational \ 17. unscrupulous 18. non-staple19. imbalance 20. illegalize练习四1. before2. near3. off4. in5. inside6. outside7. out 8. before 9. beneath 10. in 11. under 12. between 13. within 14. into 15. exceeding 16. beyond 17. after 18. before19. forward 20. back 21. below22. above 23. beyond 24. across 25. extreme练习五1. dispensable, convertible, tolerable, reversible2. assistant, resistant, consistent, persistent3. calculator, liar,subscriber, survivor4. confectionery, adversary, tributary, monastery5. capricious, presumptuous, momentous, spontaneous二．复合法A. 1. greenbelt 2. greengrocer3. greenhorn4. greenroomB. 1. handbag 2. handbook3. handbrake4. handrailC. 1. aftercare 2. aftereffect3. aftertaste4. afterthoughtD. 1. sleeping bag 2. sleeping car3. sleeping pill4. sleeping partnerE. 1. running mate 2. running hand3. running head4. running boardF. 1. washbasin 2. washboard3. washerwoman4. washclothG. 1. sunburn 2. sunburst3. sunset4. sunshineH. 1. breakdown 2. break-in3. breakthrough4. breakupI. 1. outbreak 2. outcry3. outlay4. outlet练习二A．1．火力2．火把3．燃烧弹4．消防队5．太平梯B．1．(空袭)紧急警报2．隆重的欢迎3．红色肉类4．官样文章5．鲑鱼C．1．流动资本2．工作负载3．工作状态4．计算5．工人D．1．(录音等的)播放2．花花公子3．(学校的)放假日4．操场5．剧作家练习三1. farfetched2. newborn3. heart-beat4. built-in5. clothes-washing6. dust-laden7. oncoming 8. fair-minded, good-hearted 9. self-evident 10. grown-up练习四1．修改，校订2．冷淡3，对……进行军法审判4．将……上手铐5. 骤然把……塞进6．用沙袋阻塞7．船只失事8’使短路9。

《英语词汇学》课程习题集一、单选题1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”?A. ig-B. ir-C. il-D. im-5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality?A. booksB. pigsC. horsesD. expense6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists8. Most English words are _________ symbols.A. definiteB. arbitraryC. infiniteD. hereditary9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words.A. nationalismB. anthropologyC. linguisticsD. motivation10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words.A. onomatopoeicB. similarC. naturalD. symbolic11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym15.In the sentence “John was asked to leave after his three-day stay in the town”, “stay”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym16. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational and inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix17. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix18. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix19. Any root or stem can be termed as a _______.A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix20.A _______ is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology.A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix21. The wo rd “wife” used to mean “woman”, now it means “married woman esp. in relation to her husband”. The word has undergone a sort of semantic change called _____.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction22.The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day, a day of religious significance”, and now it refers to “day of recreation, when no work is done”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation23.The word “salary” used to mean “a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt”, and now it refers to “fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to person doing other than manual work”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation24.The word “starve” used to mean “to die”, and now it refers to “to die of hunger”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation25.The word “shrewd” used to mean “evil, bad, wicked”, and now it refers to “clever or sharp in practical affairs”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation26. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD27. French brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD28. The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as _________.A. Ancient EnglishB. Primordial EnglishC. Contemporary EnglishD. Middle English29. The English language from 1500 AD to the present is called ________ .A. Ancient EnglishB. Old EnglishC. Middle EnglishD. Modern English30. Which of the following is not a phase in the development of the English language?A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Modern EnglishD. Contemporary English31.The word “tear”meaning “the drop of salty water from the eye”and the word “tear”meaning “to pull sharply apart” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words32. The word “lead” meaning “guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc.” and the word “lead”meaning “an easily melted metal of a dull bluish-grey color” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words33. The word “lie” meaning “make a statement that one knows to be untrue” and the word “lie”meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words34. The word “base” meaning “the thing or part on which something rests” and the word “base”meaning “having or showing little or no honour, courage or decency”are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words35. The word “son” meaning “one’s male child” and the word “sun” meaning “a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words36. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. polysemy37. When many pairs or groups of words which are different in meaning are pronounced alike or spelled alike, or both, such words belong to the words of ________.A. antonymyB. synonymyC. homonymyD. polysemy38.When words are identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called ________ .A. homophonesB. homographsC.homoformsD. homogenes39. ________ is the most common cause of homophones.A. semantic divergenceB. phonetic convergenceC. shorteningD. foreign influence40. When words are involved in the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter, the words belong to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy41.We can use “a silver lining” for “every cloud has a silver lining”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. additionC. abbreviationD. extension42.We can use “pull an unhappy face” for “pull a long face”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension43.We can use “see too many trees, but not the forest” for “cannot see the wood for the trees”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. omissionC. abbreviationD. extension44.We can use “come of marriage age” for “come of age”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension45. What is the rhetoric style illustrated by the idiom “neck and neck”?A. comparisonB. rhymeC. alliterationD. repetition46. _______ is the central factor in a word describing what it is.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning47. _______ consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. grammatical meaningD. lexical meaning48. _______ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning49._______ is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning50. _______ is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning二、名词解释题51. proverbabsolute synonym52. function wordsonomatopoeic words53. homonymydegradation54. metaphorprefixation55. polysemyelevation of meaning三、Word-building processes56. IOC VIP fire-proof ad auto plane CIA BBC ID record-breaking raindrop newscast brunch botel motel beautility champ dorm steamboat honeybee57. sit-in TB phone shoulder-high bit somg stagflation comsat sitcom gym taxi memo vet TEFL SALT dropout setback UN OPEC crystal-clear58.round-the-clock NATO sci-fi telex proof-reader schoolboy chute bus copter PE ASEAN NASA TOEFL air-conditioning lion’s share dozer plane airtel faction lunarnaut59.sea-green flowerbed VOA bike fridge medicare Motown hi-fi tec scope quake NBC EPA UNESCO H-bomb air-tight silkworm peace-loving slimnastics docudrama60.morning person ROM CD flu brunch travelog workaholic motel telex nark pop biz math VCR sun-tanned arms race fire engine handwriting ABC RAM四、Rewriting the short paragraph61. First VersionEven since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre.Second VersionEver since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four times a week at our little local theatre.62. First Version“You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATIENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.”Second Version“You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.”63. First VersionThen she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second VersionThen she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her that her speech and ____ were too slow in one scene.64. First VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said.Second VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the other side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said.65. First VersionThere was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience.Second VersionThe stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in ____ if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was ____ that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The audience was ____.五、简答题（略）……答案一、单选题1. C2. C3. C4. A5. D6. A7. D8. B9. D10. A11. C12. C13. C14. C15. C16. A17. C18. B19. C20. B21. D22. A23. A24. B25. D26. B27. A28. D29. D30. D31. C32. C33. B34. B35. A36. D37. C38. A39. B40. A41. C42. B43. A44. D45. D46. A47. C48. B49. C50. D二、名词解释题51. proverb: it is a well-known, supposedly wise saying usually in simple language expressinga fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience.e.g. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. / The early bird catches the worm.absolute synonyms: two words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.e.g. word-formation and word-building or spirants and fricatives.52. function words: short words such as prepositions, conjunctions and so on. They don’t have much lexical meaning and serve grammatically more than anything else. They are in contrast to content words, which have independent lexical meaning and used to name objects, actions, states and so on. e.g. in, on and from.onomatopoeic words: They are the words imitating the sounds or sounding like natural sounds.e.g. cuckoo, tick, bang.53.homonymy: It is the relationship between words in the pairs which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.e.g. lead (to guide) / lead (a gray metal), tear (drop of salty water coming from the eye) / tear (pull sharply to pieces), bear / baredegradation: It means that words once respectable or neutral shift to a less respectable even degraded meaning.e.g. genteel, terrific, accident54. metaphor: It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity.e.g. the teeth of a saw, a shower of stones, the tongue of a shoeprefixation: It is the word-formation process by the addition of a word element before an already existing word.e.g. multimedia, inconvenience, antiart55. polysemy: If a word has got more than two meanings, then it belongs to words of polysemy.e.g. rich, full, getelevation of meaning: Elevation is the process where words go uphill, shifting from words showing disrespectable meaning to better meaning. e.g. craftsman, shrewd三、Word-building processes56. compounding: fire-proof record-breaking raindrop steamboat honeybee acronymy: CIA IOC VIP BBC IDclipping: ad auto champ dorm planeblending: newscast brunch botel motel beautility57. compounding: sit-in dropout setback shoulder-high crystal-clearacronymy: TB UN OPEC TEFL SALTclipping: phone gym taxi memo vetblending: bit somg stagflation comsat sitcom58. compounding: round-the-clock air-conditioning proof-reader schoolboy lion’s share acronymy: NATO PE ASEAN NASA TOEFLclipping: chute bus copter dozer planeblending: sci-fi telex airtel faction lunarnaut59. compounding: sea-green flowerbed air-tight silkworm peace-lovingacronymy: VOA NBC EPA UNESCO H-bombclipping: bike fridge tec scope quakeblending: slimnastics docudrama medicare Motown hi-fi60. compounding: morning person sun-tanned arms race fire engine handwriting acronymy: ROM CD VCR ABC RAMclipping: flu nark pop biz mathblending: brunch travelog workaholic motel telex四、Rewriting the short paragraph61. 1. childhood 2. act 3. prettier 4. luck 5. performances62. 1. confidence 2. ability 3. impatient 4. succeed 5. achievement63. 1. detailed 2. description 3. confused 4. director 5. movement64. 1. hesitation 2. welcome 3. entrance 4. careful 5. slip65. 1. undoubtedly 2. probable 3. safety 4. fashionable 5. astonished五、简答题（略）……。