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杜威《我的教育信条》中文版我的教育信条[美]约翰·杜威（1859-1952）第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
为了正确地说明儿童的能力，我们必须具有关于社会状况和文明现状的知识。
《我的教育信条》[美杜威《现代西方资产阶级教育思想流派论著选》华东师范大学教育系杭州大学教育系编译人民教育出版社1996年3月第7次印第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
它就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
唯一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体的利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育者而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
《我的教育信条》------------杜威2007-12-13 17:55:50来自: 尘节选自《我的教育信条》[美杜威《现代西方资产阶级教育思想流派论著选》华东师范大学教育系杭州大学教育系编译人民教育出版社1996年3月第7次印刷第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
它就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
唯一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体的利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育者而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
杜威《我的教育信条》中文版我的教育信条[美]约翰·杜威（1859-1952）第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
为了正确地说明儿童的能力，我们必须具有关于社会状况和文明现状的知识。
我的教育信条——什么是教育作者：（美）约翰·杜威来源：《小学教学研究·理论版》2015年第05期我认为一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确实不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
我认为唯一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来，而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做出的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是并列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育者而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能收到一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用;如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
杜威:《我的教育信条》作者：涂纪亮来源：《内蒙古教育·基础教育综合版》2010年第09期【编者按】杜威是20世纪对中国教育最有影响力的一位教育家,“五四”时期,他来中国讲学长达两年多,教育界泰斗蔡元培尊称他为“孔子第二”。
他的教育理论无疑促进了“民主”与“科学”在中国的传播和20世纪二三十年代中国的教育改革运动。
他的实用主义教育思想经过胡适、陶行知、蒋梦麟、陈鹤琴等先生的实践,曾经在中国大地开花结果。
一、什么是教育1.教育都是通过个人参与到本民族的社会意识之中进行的。
这个过程几乎从人诞生之时起已开始无意识地进行,不断形成个人的能力,使他的意识逐渐充实,形成他的习惯,训练他的思维,激起他的各种感觉和情绪。
通过这种无意识的教育,个人逐渐开始分享人们已积累起来的智力资源和道德资源。
它变成文明储备金的继承者。
世界上最正式的专业教育都不能安全无损地与这个普遍过程相分离。
它只能对这个过程加以组织,在某个特殊方面做些区分。
2.唯一的教育来自儿童所处的社会环境的种种需要对儿童能力的激发。
通过这些需要,儿童被激发起来,作为一个统一体的成员进行活动,摆脱他原来在行动和感情方面的狭隘性,从他所隶属的那个团体的福利角度去看待他自己的行为。
3.教育过程有两个方面:心理学和社会学。
两个方面有机联系在一起。
(1)心理学是基础。
儿童自己的本能和能力为全部教育提供了材料和出发点。
除非通过教育者的努力,使教育与儿童的某种不依赖于教育者而来自儿童自身的主动性的活动联系起来,教育就会变成某种外部的压力。
这种教育诚然可能导致某些外部的结果,但不能把它称之为真正的教育。
如果不深入地洞察个人心理的结构和活动,教育过程就是偶然的和随意的。
(2)为了对儿童的能力做出正确的解释,必须对社会状况以及文明的现状有所了解。
儿童具有他自己的本能和倾向,要把这些本能和倾向纳入社会的历史之中,把它们看作从该民族以前的历史活动中继承下来的。
还要把它们投射到未来之中,以便看出它们将导致什么样的目的和后果。
《我的教育信条》是杜威早期一部纲领性著作，在这部著作中，杜威提出了实用主义教育思想的基本观点，对什么是教育、什么是学校、什么是教材等概念作了论断。
关于教育。
杜威说：“一切教育都是个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的，这个过程不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
”他又说：“唯一的真正的教育是通过对儿童能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情景及各种要求所引起的。
”从这里可以看出，杜威所认为的教育就是学生能动地参与社会、改造现实、经历过程、体验感受的实践过程，在这个过程中分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
正如他自己所说：“教育是生活的过程，而不是将来生活的预备。
”教育离不开社会、服务于社会是无可非议的，但也不能忽视教育的超前意识和推动作用，正如蔡元培老先生所说：要有良好的社会，必先有良好的个人；要有良好的个人，必先有良好的教育。
关于学校。
杜威说：“学校主要是一种社会组织。
教育既然是一种社会过程，学校便是社会生活的一种形式。
”他又说：“学校应当把现实生活简化起来，缩小到一种雏形的状态。
加深和扩展他的关于与家庭生活相联系的价值的观念，是学校的任务。
”“现在教育上许多方面的失败，是由于它忽视了把学校作为社会生活的一种形式这个基本原则。
现代教育把学校当作一个传授某些知识，学习某些课业或养成某些习惯的场所。
”杜威眼中的学校就是一个微型社会，学校就是社会大课堂，忽视了学校是科学文化知识学习和基本习惯训练的重要场所。
杜威对考试的看法更有趣：“考试不过是用来检验儿童对社会生活的适应力，并表明他在哪种场合能起作用和最能接受帮助的。
”高度重视学生技能，特别是生活技能。
我们的考试何时能回归呢？关于教材。
杜威认为：“学校科目相互联系的真正中心，不是科学，不是文学，不是历史，不是地理，而是儿童本身的社会活动。
”“儿童的社会生活是他的一切训练或生长的集中或相互联系的基础”杜威眼中的教材就是儿童参与社会生活的实践活动，就是烹调、缝纫、手工等社会活动的类型和基本形态。
杜威《我的教育信条》中文版————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：我的教育信条[美]约翰·杜威（1859-1952）第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
《我的教育信条》杜威（著）王承绪、赵祥麟（编译）《西方现代教育论著选》，人民教育出版社2001年版第5-15页原文发表于《学校杂志》（TheSchoolJournal）第51卷第3期（1897年1月16日）杜威：我的教育信条 第一条 什么是教育我相信 一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的剌激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育者而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
My Pedagogic Creedby John DeweyJohn Dewey's famous declaration concerning education. First published in The School Journal, Volume LIV, Number 3 (January 16, 1897), pages 77-80.ARTICLE I--What Education IsI believe that all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race. This process begins unconsciously almost at birth, and is continually shaping the individual's powers, saturating his consciousness, forming his habits, training his ideas, and arousing his feelings and emotions. Through this unconscious education the individual gradually comes to share in the intellectual and moral resources which humanity has succeeded in getting together. He becomes an inheritor of the funded capital of civilization. The most formal and technical education in the world cannot safely depart from this general process. It can only organize it or differentiate it in some particular direction.I believe that the only true education comes through the stimulation of the child's powers by the demands of the social situations in which he finds himself. Through these demands he is stimulated to act as a member of a unity, to emerge from his original narrowness of action and feeling, and to conceive of himself from the standpoint of the welfare of the group to which he belongs. Through the responses which others make to his own activities he comes to know what these mean in social terms. The value which they have is reflected back into them. For instance, through the response which is made to thechild's instinctive babblings the child comes to know what those babblings mean; they are transformed into articulate language and thus the child is introduced into the consolidated wealth of ideas and emotions which are now summed up in language.I believe that this educational process has two sides-one psychological and one sociological; and that neither can be subordinated to the other or neglected without evil results following. Of these two sides, the psychological is the basis. The child's own instincts and powers furnish the material and give the starting point for all education. Save as the efforts of the educator connect with some activity which the child is carrying on of his own initiative independent of the educator, education becomes reduced to a pressure from without. It may, indeed, give certain external results, but cannot truly be called educative. Without insight into the psychological structure and activities of the individual, the educative process will, therefore, be haphazard and arbitrary. If it chances to coincide with the child's activity it will get a leverage; if it does not, it will result in friction, or disintegration, or arrest of the child nature.I believe that knowledge of social conditions, of the present state of civilization, is necessary in order properly to interpret the child's powers. The child has his own instincts and tendencies, but we do not know what these mean until we can translate them intotheir social equivalents. We must be able to carry them back into a social past and see them as the inheritance of previous race activities. We must also be able to project them into the future to see what their outcome and end will be. In the illustration just used, it is the ability to see in the child's babblings the promise and potency of a future social intercourse and conversation which enables one to deal in the proper way with that instinct.I believe that the psychological and social sides are organically related and that education cannot be regarded as a compromise between the two, or a superimposition of one upon the other. We are told that the psychological definition of education is barren and formal--that it gives us only the idea of a development of all the mental powers without giving us any idea of the use to which these powers are put. On the other hand, it is urged that the social definition of education, as getting adjusted to civilization, makes of it a forced and external process, and results in subordinating the freedom of the individual to a preconceived social and political status.I believe that each of these objections is true when urged against one side isolated from the other. In order to know what a power really is we must know what its end, use, or function is; and this we cannot know save as we conceive of the individual as active in social relationships. But, on the other hand, the only possible adjustment which we can give to the child under existing conditions, is that which arises through putting him in complete possession of all his powers. With the advent of democracy and modern industrial conditions, it is impossible to foretell definitely just what civilization will be twenty years from now. Hence it is impossible to prepare the child for any precise set of conditions. To prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities; that his eye and ear and hand may be tools ready to command, that his judgment may be capable of grasping the conditions under which it has to work, and the executive forces be trained to act economically and efficiently. It is impossible to reach this sort of adjustment save as constant regard is had to the individual's own powers, tastes, and interests-say, that is, as education is continually converted into psychological terms.In sum, I believe that the individual who is to be educated is a social individual and that society is an organic union of individuals. If we eliminate the social factor from the child we are left only with an abstraction; if we eliminate the individual factor from society, we are left only with an inert and lifeless mass. Education, therefore, must begin with a psychological insight into the child's capacities, interests, and habits. It must be controlled at every point by reference to these same considerations. These powers, interests, and habits must be continually interpreted--we must know what they mean. They must be translated into terms of their social equivalents--into terms of what they are capable of in the way of social service.ARTICLE II--What the School IsI believe that the school is primarily a social institution. Education being a social process, the school is simply that form of community life in which all those agencies areconcentrated that will be most effective in bringing the child to share in the inherited resources of the race, and to use his own powers for social ends.I believe that education, therefore, is a process of living and not a preparation for future living.I believe that the school must represent present life-life as real and vital to the child as that which he carries on in the home, in the neighborhood, or on the playground.I believe that education which does not occur through forms of life, or that are worth living for their own sake, is always a poor substitute for the genuine reality and tends to cramp and to deaden.I believe that the school, as an institution, should simplify existing social life; should reduce it, as it were, to an embryonic form. Existing life is so complex that the child cannot be brought into contact with it without either confusion or distraction; he is either overwhelmed by the multiplicity of activities which are going on, so that he loses his own power of orderly reaction, or he is so stimulated by these various activities that his powers are prematurely called into play and he becomes either unduly specialized or else disintegrated.I believe that as such simplified social life, the school life should grow gradually out of the home life; that it should take up and continue the activities with which the child is already familiar in the home.I believe that it should exhibit these activities to the child, and reproduce them in such ways that the child will gradually learn the meaning of them, and be capable of playing his own part in relation to them.I believe that this is a psychological necessity, because it is the only way of securing continuity in the child's growth, the only way of giving a back-ground of past experience to the new ideas given in school.I believe that it is also a social necessity because the home is the form of social life in which the child has been nurtured and in connection with which he has had his moral training. It is the business of the school to deepen and extend his sense of the values bound up in his home life.I believe that much of present education fails because it neglects this fundamental principle of the school as a form of community life. It conceives the school as a place where certain information is to be given, where certain lessons are to be ]earned, or where certain habits are to be formed. The value of these is conceived as lying largely in the remote future; the child must do these things for the sake of something else he is to do; they are mere preparation. As a result they do not become a part of the life experience of the child and so are not truly educative.I believe that the moral education centers upon this conception of the school as a mode of social life, that the best and deepest moral training is precisely that which one gets through having to enter into proper relations with others in a unity of work and thought. The present educational systems, so far as they destroy or neglect this unity, render it difficult or impossible to get any genuine, regular moral training.I believe that the child should be stimulated and controlled in his work through the life of the community.I believe that under existing conditions far too much of the stimulus and control proceeds from the teacher, because of neglect of the idea of the school as a form of social life.I believe that the teacher's place and work in the school is to be interpreted from this same basis. The teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these influences.I believe that the discipline of the school should proceed from the life of the school as a whole and not directly from the teacher.I believe that the teacher's business is simply to determine on the basis of larger experience and riper wisdom, how the discipline of life shall come to the child.I believe that all questions of the grading of the child and his promotion should be determined by reference to the same standard. Examinations are of use only so far as they test the child's fitness for social life and reveal the place in which he can be of the most service and where he can receive the most help.ARTICLE III--The Subject-Matter of EducationI believe that the social life of the child is the basis of concentration, or correlation, in all his training or growth. The social life gives the unconscious unity and the background of all his efforts and of all his attainments.I believe that the subject-matter of the school curriculum should mark a gradual differentiation out of the primitive unconscious unity of social life.I believe that we violate the child's nature and render difficult the best ethical results, by introducing the child too abruptly to a number of special studies, of reading, writing, geography, etc., out of relation to this social life.I believe, therefore, that the true center of correlation on the school subjects is not science, nor literature, nor history, nor geography, but the child's own social activities.I believe that education cannot be unified in the study of science, or so called nature study, because apart from human activity, nature itself is not a unity; nature in itself is a number of diverse objects in space and time, and to attempt to make it the center of work by itself, is to introduce a principle of radiation rather than one of concentration.I believe that literature is the reflex expression and interpretation of social experience; that hence it must follow upon and not precede such experience. It, therefore, cannot be made the basis, although it may be made the summary of unification.I believe once more that history is of educative value in so far as it presents phases of social life and growth. It must be controlled by reference to social life. When taken simply as history it is thrown into the distant past and becomes dead and inert. Taken as the record of man's social life and progress it becomes full of meaning. I believe, however, that it cannot be so taken excepting as the child is also introduced directly into social life.I believe accordingly that the primary basis of education is in the child's powers at work along the same general constructive lines as those which have brought civilization into being.I believe that the only way to make the child conscious of his social heritage is to enable him to perform those fundamental types of activity which make civilization what it is.I believe, therefore, in the so-called expressive or constructive activities as the center of correlation.I believe that this gives the standard for the place of cooking, sewing, manual training, etc., in the school.I believe that they are not special studies which are to be introduced over and above a lot of others in the way of relaxation or relief, or as additional accomplishments. I believe rather that they represent, as types, fundamental forms of social activity; and that it is possible and desirable that the child's introduction into the more formal subjects of the curriculum be through the medium of these activities.I believe that the study of science is educational in so far as it brings out the materials and processes which make social life what it is.I believe that one of the greatest difficulties in the present teaching of science is that the material is presented in purely objective form, or is treated as a new peculiar kind of experience which the child can add to that which he has already had. In reality, science is of value because it gives the ability to interpret and control the experience already had. It should be introduced, not as so much new subject-matter, but as showing the factors already involved in previous experience and as furnishing tools by which that experience can be more easily and effectively regulated.I believe that at present we lose much of the value of literature and language studies because of our elimination of the social element. Language is almost always treated in the books of pedagogy simply as the expression of thought. It is true that language is a logical instrument, but it is fundamentally and primarily a social instrument. Language is the device for communication; it is the tool through which one individual comes to share the ideas and feelings of others. When treated simply as a way of getting individualinformation, or as a means of showing off what one has learned, it loses its social motive and end.I believe that there is, therefore, no succession of studies in the ideal school curriculum. If education is life, all life has, from the outset, a scientific aspect, an aspect of art and culture, and an aspect of communication. It cannot, therefore, be true that the proper studies for one grade are mere reading and writing, and that at a later grade, reading, or literature, or science, may be introduced. The progress is not in the succession of studies but in the development of new attitudes towards, and new interests in, experience.I believe finally, that education must be conceived as a continuing reconstruction of experience; that the process and the goal of education are one and the same thing.I believe that to set up any end outside of education, as furnishing its goal and standard, is to deprive the educational process of much of its meaning and tends to make us rely upon false and external stimuli in dealing with the child.ARTICLE IV--The Nature of MethodI believe that the question of method is ultimately reducible to the question of the order of development of the child's powers and interests. The law for presenting and treating material is the law implicit within the child's own nature. Because this is so I believe the following statements are of supreme importance as determining the spirit in which education is carried on:1. I believe that the active side precedes the passive in the development of the child nature; that expression comes before conscious impression; that the muscular development precedes the sensory; that movements come before conscious sensations; I believe that consciousness is essentially motor or impulsive; that conscious states tend to project themselves in action.I believe that the neglect of this principle is the cause of a large part of the waste of time and strength in school work. The child is thrown into a passive, receptive, or absorbing attitude. The conditions are such that he is not permitted to follow the law of his nature; the result is friction and waste.I believe that ideas (intellectual and rational processes) also result from action and devolve for the sake of the better control of action. What we term reason is primarily the law of orderly or effective action. To attempt to develop the reasoning powers, the powers of judgment, without reference to the selection and arrangement of means in action, is the fundamental fallacy in our present methods of dealing with this matter. As a result we present the child with arbitrary symbols. Symbols are a necessity in mental development, but they have their place as tools for economizing effort; presented by themselves they are a mass of meaningless and arbitrary ideas imposed from without. 2. I believe that the image is the great instrument of instruction. What a child gets out of any subject presented to him is simply the images which he himself forms with regard to it.I believe that if nine tenths of the energy at present directed towards making the child learn certain things, were spent in seeing to it that the child was forming proper images, the work of instruction would be indefinitely facilitated.I believe that much of the time and attention now given to the preparation and presentation of lessons might be more wisely and profitably expended in training the child's power of imagery and in seeing to it that he was continually forming definite, vivid, and growing images of the various subjects with which he comes in contact in his experience.3. I believe that interests are the signs and symptoms of growing power. I believe that they represent dawning capacities. Accordingly the constant and careful observation of interests is of the utmost importance for the educator.I believe that these interests are to be observed as showing the state of development which the child has reached.I believe that they prophesy the stage upon which he is about to enter.I believe that only through the continual and sympathetic observation of childhood's interests can the adult enter into the child's life and see what it is ready for, and upon what material it could work most readily and fruitfully.I believe that these interests are neither to be humored nor repressed. To repress interest is to substitute the adult for the child, and so to weaken intellectual curiosity and alertness, to suppress initiative, and to deaden interest. To humor the interests is to substitute the transient for the permanent. The interest is always the sign of some power below; the important thing is to discover this power. To humor the interest is to fail to penetrate below the surface and its sure result is to substitute caprice and whim for genuine interest.4. I believe that the emotions are the reflex of actions.I believe that to endeavor to stimulate or arouse the emotions apart from their corresponding activities, is to introduce an unhealthy and morbid state of mind.I believe that if we can only secure right habits of action and thought, with reference to the good, the true, and the beautiful, the emotions will for the most part take care of themselves.I believe that next to deadness and dullness, formalism and routine, our education is threatened with no greater evil than sentimentalism.I believe that this sentimentalism is the necessary result of the attempt to divorce feeling from action.ARTICLE V-The School and Social ProgressI believe that education is the fundamental method of social progress and reform.I believe that all reforms which rest simply upon the enactment of law, or the threatening of certain penalties, or upon changes in mechanical or outward arrangements, are transitory and futile.I believe that education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction.I believe that this conception has due regard for both the individualistic and socialistic ideals. It is duly individual because it recognizes the formation of a certain character as the only genuine basis of right living. It is socialistic because it recognizes that this right character is not to be formed by merely individual precept, example, or exhortation, but rather by the influence of a certain form of institutional or community life upon the individual, and that the social organism through the school, as its organ, may determine ethical results.I believe that in the ideal school we have the reconciliation of the individualistic and the institutional ideals.I believe that the community's duty to education is, therefore, its paramount moral duty. By law and punishment, by social agitation and discussion, society can regulate and form itself in a more or less haphazard and chance way. But through education society can formulate its own purposes, can organize its own means and resources, and thus shape itself with definiteness and economy in the direction in which it wishes to move.I believe that when society once recognizes the possibilities in this direction, and the obligations which these possibilities impose, it is impossible to conceive of the resources of time, attention, and money which will be put at the disposal of the educator.I believe that it is the business of every one interested in education to insist upon the school as the primary and most effective interest of social progress and reform in order that society may be awakened to realize what the school stands for, and aroused to the necessity of endowing the educator with sufficient equipment properly to perform his task.I believe that education thus conceived marks the most perfect and intimate union of science and art conceivable in human experience.I believe that the art of thus giving shape to human powers and adapting them to social service, is the supreme art; one calling into its service the best of artists; that no insight, sympathy, tact, executive power, is too great for such service.I believe that with the growth of psychological service, giving added insight into individual structure and laws of growth; and with growth of social science, adding to ourknowledge of the right organization of individuals, all scientific resources can be utilized for the purposes of education.I believe that when science and art thus join hands the most commanding motive for human action will be reached; the most genuine springs of human conduct aroused and the best service that human nature is capable of guaranteed.I believe, finally, that the teacher is engaged, not simply in the training of individuals, but in the formation of the proper social life.I believe that every teacher should realize the dignity of his calling; that he is a social servant set apart for the maintenance of proper social order and the securing of the right social growth.I believe that in this way the teacher always is the prophet of the true God and the usherer in of the true kingdom of God.This piece has been reproduced here on the understanding that it is not subject to any copyright restrictions, and that it is, and will remain, in the public domain.Source: /archives/e-texts/e-dew-pc.htm。
我的教育信条（节选）
发表时间：2012-04-06T15:26:34.620Z 来源：《新校园》理论版2012年第02期供稿作者：约翰·杜威[导读] 学校主要是一种社会组织。
教育既然是一种社会过程，学校便是社会生活的一种形式。
【美】约翰·杜威
学校主要是一种社会组织。
教育既然是一种社会过程，学校便是社会生活的一种形式。
在这种社会生活的形式里，凡能最有效地培养儿童分享人类所继承下来的财富以及为了社会的目的而运用自己的能力的一切手段，都被集中起来。
因此，教育是生活的过程，而不是将来生活的预备。
学校作为一种制度，应当把现实的社会生活简化起来，缩小到一种雏形的状态。
现实生活是如此复杂，以致儿童不可能同它接触而不陷于迷乱；他不是被正在进行的那种活动的多样性所淹没，以致失去自己有条不紊的反应能力，便是被各种不同的活动所刺激，以致他的能力过早地被发动，致使他的教育不适当地偏于一面或者陷于解体。
现在教育上许多方面的失败，是由于它忽视了把学校作为社会生活的一种形式这个基本原则。
现代教育把学校当做一个传授某些知识，学习某些课业，或养成某些习惯的场所。
这些东西的价值被认为多半要取决于遥远的将来；儿童所以必须做这些事情，是为了他将来要做某些别的事情；而这些事情只是预备而已。
结果是，它们并不成为儿童的生活经验的一部分，因而并不真正具有教育作用。
教师在学校中的地位和工作必须按同样的基本观点来加以阐明。
教师在学校中并不是要给儿童强加某种概念，或形成某种习惯，而是作为集体的一个成员来选择对于儿童起作用的影响，并帮助儿童对这些影响作出适当的反应。
ARTICLE ONEWhat Education IsI believe that all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race This process begins unconsciously almost at birth, and is continually shaping the individual's powers, saturating his consciousness, forming his habits, training his ideas, and arousing his feelings and emotions Through this unconscious education the individual gradually comes to share in the intellectual and moral resources which humanity has succeeded in getting together. He becomes an inheritor of the funded capital of civilization. The most formal and technical education in the world cannot safely depart from this general process. It can only organize it; or differentiate it in some particular direction.I believe that the only true education comes through the stimulation of the child's powers by the demands of the social situations in which he finds himself. Through these demands he is stimulated to act as a member of a unity, to emerge from his original narrowness of action and feeling and to conceive of himself from the standpoint of the welfare of the group to which he belongs. Through the responses which others make to his own activities he comes to know what these mean in social terms. The value which they have is reflected back into them. For instance, through the response which is made to the child's instinctive babblings the child comes to know what those babblings mean; they are transformed into articulate language and thus the child is introduced into the consolidated wealth of ideas and emotions which are now summed up in language.I believe that this educational process has two sides—one psychological and one sociological, and that neither can be subordinated to the other or neglected without evil results following. Of these two sides, the psychological is the basis. The child's own instincts and powers furnish the material and give the starting point for all education. Save as the efforts of the educator connect with some activity which the child is carrying on of his own initiative independent of the educator, education becomes reduced to a pressure from without. It may, indeed, give certain external results but cannot truly be called educative. Without insight into the psychological structure and activities of the individual, the educative process will, therefore, be haphazard and arbitrary. If it chances to coincide with child's activity it will get a leverage; if it does not, it will result in friction, or disintegration, or arrest of the child nature.I believe that knowledge of social conditions, of the present state of civilization, is necessary in order properly to interpret the child's powers. The child has his own instincts and tendencies, but we do not know what these mean until we can translate them into their social equivalents. We must be able to carry the back into a social past and see them as the inheritance of previous race activities. We must also be able to project them into the future to see what their outcome and end will be. In the illustration just used, it is the ability to see in the child's babblings the promise and potency of a future social intercourse and conversation which enables one to deal in the proper way with that instinct.I believe that the psychological and social sides are organically related and that education cannot be regarded as a compromise between the two, or a superimposition of one upon the other. We are told that the psychological definition of education is barren and formal —that it gives us only the idea of a development of all the mental powers without giving us any idea of the use to which these powers are put. On the other hand, it is urged that the social definition of education, as getting adjusted to civilization, makes of it a forced and external process, and results in subordinating the freedom of the individual to a pre-conceived social and political status.I believe each of these objections is true when urged against one side isolated from the other. In order to know what a power really is we must know what its end, use, or function is; and this we cannot know save as we conceive of the individual as active in social relationships. But, on the other hand, the only possible adjustment which we can give to the child under existing conditions, is that which arises through putting him in complete possession of all his powers. With the advent of democracy and modern industrial conditions, it is impossible to foretell definitely just what civilization will be twenty years from now. Hence it is impossible to prepare the child for any precise set of conditions. To prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities; that his eye and ear and hand may be tools ready to command, that his judgment may be capable of grasping the conditions under which it has to work, and the executive forces be trained to act economically and efficiently. It is impossible to reach this sort of adjustment save as constant regard is had to the individual's own powers, tastes, and interests—say, that is, as education is continually converted into psychological terms. In sum, I believe that the individual who is to be educated is a social individual and that society is an organic union of individuals. If we eliminate the social factor from the child we are left only with an abstraction; if we eliminate the individual factor from society, we are left only with an inert and lifeless mass. Education, therefore, must begin w ith a psychological insight into the child's capacities, interests, and habits. It must be controlled at every point by reference to these same considerations. These powers, interests, and habits must be continually interpreted—we must know what they mean. They must be translated into terms of their social equivalents—into terms of what they are capable of in the way of social service.ARTICLE TWOWhat the School IsI believe that the school is primarily a social institution. Education being a social process, the school is simply that form of community life in which all those agencies are concentrated that will be most effective in bringing the child to share in the inherited resources of the race, and to use his own powers for social ends.I believe that education, therefore, is a process of living and not a preparation for future living.I believe that the school must represent present life-life as real and vital to the child as that which he carries on in the home, in the neighborhood, or on the play-ground.I believe that education which does not occur through forms of life, forms that are worth living for their own sake, is always a poor substitute for the genuine reality and tends to cramp and to deaden.I believe that the school, as an institution, should simplify existing social life; should reduce it, as it were, to abembryonic form. Existing life is so complex that the child cannot be brought into contact with it without either confusion or distraction; he is either overwhelmed by multiplic ity of activities which are going on, so that he loses his own power of orderly reaction, or he is so stimulated by these various activities that his power are prematurely called into play and he becomes either unduly specialized or else disintegrated.I believe that, as such simplified social life, the school life should grow gradually out of the home life; that it should take up and continue the activities with which the child is already familiar in the home.I believe that it should exhibit these activities to the child, and reproduce them in such ways that the child will gradually learn the meaning of them, and be capable of playing his own part in relation to them.I believe that this is a psychological necessity, because it is the only way of securing continuity in the child's growth, the only way of giving a background of past experience to the new ideas given in school.I believe it is also a social necessity because the home is the form of social life in which the child has been nurtured and in connection with which he has his moral training. It is the business of the school to deepen and extend his sense of the values bound up in his home life.I believe that much of present education fails because it neglects this fundamental principle of the school as a form of community life. It conceives the school as a place where certain information is to be given, where certain lessons are to be learned, or where certain habits are to be formed. The value of these is conceived as lying largely in the remote future; the child must do these things for the sake of something else he is to do; they are mere preparation. As a result they do not become apart of the life experience of the child and so are not truly educative.I believe that moral education centers about this conception of the school as a mode of social life, that the best and deepest moral training is precisely that which one gets through having to enter into proper relations with others in a unity of work and thought. The present educational systems, so far as they destroy or neglect this unity, render it difficult or impossible to get any genuine, regular moral training.I believe that the child should be stimulated and controlled in his work through the life of the community.I believe that under existing conditions far too much of the stimulus and control proceeds from theteacher, because of neglect of the idea of the school as a form of social life.I believe that the teacher's place and work in the school is to be interpreted from this same basis. The teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these influences.I believe that the discipline of the school should proceed from the life of the school as a whole and not directly from the teacher.I believe that the teacher's business is simply to determine on the basis of larger experience and riper wisdom, how the discipline of life shall come to the child.I believe that all questions of the grading of the child and his promotion should be determined by reference to the same standard. Examinations are of use only so far as they test the child's fitness for social life and reveal the place in which he can be o f most service and where he can receive the most help.2. The School and Social Progress学校与社会进步John Dewey 约翰•杜威杜威在《学校与社会进步》中论述道，我们的社会生活正在经历着一个彻底的和根本的变化。
我的教育信条[美]约翰·杜威（1859-1952）第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
为了正确地说明儿童的能力，我们必须具有关于社会状况和文明现状的知识。
《我的教育信条》【美】约翰•杜威第一条什么是教育我相信──一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育者而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
为了正确地说明儿童的能力，我们必须具有关于社会状况和文明现状的知识。
我的教育信条[美]约翰·杜威（1859-1952）第一条什么是教育我相信——一切教育都是通过个人参与人类的社会意识而进行的。
这个过程几乎是在出生时就在无意识中开始了。
它不断地发展个人的能力，熏染他的意识，形成他的习惯，锻炼他的思想，并激发他的感情和情绪。
由于这种不知不觉的教育，个人便渐渐分享人类曾经积累下来的智慧和道德的财富。
他就成为一个固有文化资本的继承者。
世界上最形式的、最专门的教育确是不能离开这个普遍的过程。
教育只能按照某种特定的方向，把这个过程组织起来或者区分出来。
惟一的真正的教育是通过对于儿童的能力的刺激而来的，这种刺激是儿童自己感觉到所在的社会情境的各种要求引起的，这些要求刺激他，使他以集体的一个成员去行动，使他从自己行动和感情的原有的狭隘范围里显现出来；而且使他从自己所属的集体利益来设想自己。
通过别人对他自己的各种活动所做的反应，他便知道这些活动用社会语言来说是什么意义。
这些活动所具有的价值又反映到社会语言中去。
例如，儿童由于别人对他的呀呀的声音的反应，便渐渐明白那呀呀的声音是什么意思，这种呀呀的声音又逐渐变化为音节清晰的语言，于是儿童就被引导到现在用语言总结起来的统一的丰富的观念和情绪中去。
这个教育过程有两个方面：一个是心理学的，一个是社会学的。
它们是平列并重的，哪一方面也不能偏废。
否则，不良的后果将随之而来。
这两者，心理学方面是基础的。
儿童自己的本能和能力为一切教育提供了素材，并指出了起点。
除了教育者的努力是同儿童不依赖教育而自己主动进行的一些活动联系的以外，教育便变成外来的压力。
这样的教育固然可能产生一些表面的效果，但实在不能称它为教育。
因此，如果对于个人的心理结构和活动缺乏深入的观察，教育的过程将会变成偶然性的、独断的。
如果它碰巧能与儿童的活动相一致，便可以起到作用；如果不是，那么它将会遇到阻力、不协调，或者束缚了儿童的天性。
为了正确地说明儿童的能力，我们必须具有关于社会状况和文明现状的知识。
儿童具有自己的本能和倾向，在我们能够把这些本能和倾向转化为与他们的社会相当的事物之前，我们不知道它们所指的是什么。
我们必须能够把它们带到过去的社会中去，并且把它们看做是前代人类活动的遗传。
我们还必须能把它们投射到将来，以视它们的结果会是什么。
在前一个例子中，正是这样能够在儿童的呀呀的声音里，看出他将来的社会交往和会话的希望和能力，使人们能够正确地对待这种本能。
心理的和社会的两个方面是有机地联系着的，而且不能把教育看做是二者之间的折衷或其中之一凌驾于另一个之上而成的。
有人说从心理学方面对教育所下的定义是空洞的、形式的——它只给我们以一个发展一切心能的观念，却没有给我们以怎样利用这些心能的观念。
另一方面，又有人坚决认为，教育的社会方面的定义(即把教育理解为与文明相适应）会使得教育成为一个强迫的、外在的过程，结果把个人的自由隶属于一个预定的社会和政治状态之下。
假如把一个方面看做是与另一个方面孤立不相关而加以反对的话，那么这两种反对的论调都是对的。
我们为了要知道能力究竟是什么，我们就必须知道它的目的、用途或功能是什么；而这些是无法知道的，除非我们认为个人是在社会关系中活动的。
但在另一方面，在现在情况下，我们能给予儿童的惟一适应，便是由于使他们充分发挥其能力而得的适应。
由于民主和现代工业的出现，我们不可能明确地预言20年后的文化是什么样子，因此也不能准备儿童去适合某种定型的状况。
准备儿童使其适应未来生活，那意思便是要使他能管理自己；要训练他能充分和随时运用他的全部能量；他的眼、耳和手都成为随时听命令的工具，他的判断力能理解它必须在其中起作用的周围情况，他的动作能力被训练能达到经济和有效果地进行活动的程度。
除非我们不断地注意到个人的能力、爱好和兴趣，——也就是说，除非我们把教育不断地变成心理学的名词，这种适应是不可能达到的。
总之，我相信，受教育的个人是社会的个人，而社会便是许多个人的有机结合。
如果从儿童身上舍去社会的因素，我们便只剩下一个抽象的东西；如果我们从社会方面舍去个人的因素，我们便剩下一个死板的没有生命力的集体。
因此，教育必须从心理学上探索儿童的能量、兴趣和习惯开始。
它的每个方面，都必须参照这些考虑加以掌握。
这些能力、兴趣和习惯必须不断地加以阐明——我们必须明白它们的意义是什么。
必须用和它们相当的社会的事物的用语来加以解释——用它们在社会事务中能做些什么的用语来加以解释。
第二条什么是学校我相信——学校主要是一种社会组织。
教育既然是一种社会过程，学校便是社会生活的一种形式。
在这种社会生活的形式里，凡是最有效地培养儿童分享人类所继承下来的财富以及为了社会的目的而运用自己的能力的一切手段，都被集中起来。
因此，教育是生活的过程，而不是将来生活的预备。
学校必须呈现现在的生活——即对于儿童说来是真实而生气勃勃的生活。
像他们在家庭里、在邻里间、在运动场上所经历的生活那样。
不通过各种生活形式，或者不通过那些本身就值得生活的生活形式来实现的教育，对于真正的现实总是贫乏的代替物，结果形成呆板而死气沉沉的局面。
学校作为一种制度，应当把现实的社会生活简化起来，缩小到一种雏形的状态。
现实生活是如此复杂，以致儿童不可能同它接触而不陷于迷乱；他不是被正在进行的那种活动的多样性所淹没，以致失去自己有条不紊的反应能力，便是被各种不同的活动所刺激，以致他的能力被过早地发动，致使他的教育不适当地偏于一面或者陷于解体。
既然学校生活是如此简化的社会生活，那么它应当从家庭生活里逐渐发展出来；它应当采取和继续儿童在家庭里已经熟悉的活动。
学校应当把这些活动呈现给儿童，并且以各种方式把它们再现出来，使儿童逐渐地了解它们的意义，并能在其中起着自己的作用。
这是一种心理学的需要，因为这是使儿童获得继续生长的惟一方法，也是对学校所授的新观念赋予旧经验的背景的惟一方法。
这也是一种社会的需要，因为家庭是社会生活的一种形式，儿童在其中获得教养和道德的训练。
加深和扩展他的关于与家庭生活联系的价值的观念，是学校的任务。
现在教育上许多方面的失败，是由于它忽视了把学校作为社会生活的一种形式这个基本原则。
现代教育把学校当做一个传授某些知识，学习某些课业，或养成某些习惯的场所。
这些东西的价值被认为多半要取决于遥远的将来；儿童所以必须做这些事情，是为了他将来要做某些别的事情；而这些事情只是预备而已。
结果是，它们并不成为儿童的生活经验的一部分，因而并不真正具有教育作用。
道德教育集中在把学校作为一种社会生活的方式这个概念上，最好的和最深刻的道德训练，恰恰是人们在工作和思想的统一中跟别人发生适当的关系而得来的。
现在的教育制度，就它对于这种统一的破坏或忽视而论，使得达到任何真正的、正常的道德训练变为困难或者不可能。
儿童应当通过集体生活来使他的活动受到刺激和控制。
在现在的情况下，由于忽视了把学校作为社会生活的一种方式这个概念，来自教师的刺激和控制是太多了。
教师在学校中的地位和工作必须按同样的基本观点来加以阐明。
教师在学校中并不是要给儿童强加某种概念，或形成某种习惯，而是作为集体的一个成员来选择对于儿童起作用的影响，并帮助儿童对这些影响作出适当的反应。
学校中的训练应当把学校的生活作为一个整体来进行，而不是直接由教师来进行。
教师的职务仅仅是依据较多的经验和较成熟的学识来决定怎样使儿童得到生活的训练。
儿童的分班和升级的一切问题，都应当参照同样的标准来决定。
考试不过是用来测验儿童对社会生活的适应能力，并表明他在哪种场合最能起作用和最能接受帮助。
第三条教材我相信——儿童的社会生活是他的一切训练或生长的集中或相互联系的基础。
社会生活给予他一切努力和一切成就的不自觉的统一性和背景。
学校课程的内容应当注意到从社会生活的最初不自觉的统一体中逐渐分化出来。
我们由于给儿童太突然地提供了许多与这种社会生活无关的专门科目，如读、写和地理等，而违反了儿童的天性，且使最好的伦理效果变得困难了。
因此，学校科目相互联系的真正中心，不是科学，不是文学，不是历史，不是地理，而是儿童本身的社会活动。
教育不能在科学的研究或所谓自然研究中予以统一，因为离开了人类的活动，自然本身并不是一个统一体；自然本身是时间和空间里许多形形色色的东西，要自然本身使它自己作为工作的中心，那便是提供一个分散的原理，而不是集中的原理。
文学是社会经验的反映和阐明；因此，它必须产生在经验之后，而不是之前。
因此，它不能作为统一体的基础，虽然它可以成为统一体的总和。
再次，历史就它提供社会生活和生长的各个方面来说，是具有教育价值的。
它必须参照社会生活而加以控制。
假如只简单地作为历史来看，它便陷于遥远的过去而变成僵死的、毫无生气的东西。
历史如被看做是人类的社会生活和进步的记录，那就成为有丰富意义的东西了。
但是我认为，除非儿童也被直接引入社会生活中去，否则对于历史是不可能这样看的。
所以教育最根本的基础在于儿童活动的能力，这种能力是沿着现代文明所由来的同一的总的建设路线而活动的。
使儿童认识到他的社会遗产的惟一方法是使他去实践那些使文明成其为文明的主要的典型的活动。
因此，所谓表现和建设的活动便是相互联系的中心。
这便给予学校中烹调、缝纫、手工等的地位以一个标准。
这些科目并不是附加在其它许多科目之外，作为一种娱乐、休息的手段，或者作为次要的技能的特殊科目而提出的。
我更相信它们是代表社会活动的类型和基本形态的；而且，通过这些活动的媒介把儿童引入更正式的课程中，这是可能的，也是值得想望的。
科学研究就它显示了产生现代社会生活的各种资料和方法而言，是具有教育意义的。
目前科学教学的最大困难之一是，这些资料以纯客观的形式提供出来，或者作为儿童能加于他已有经验之上的一种新的特殊经验。
其实，科学之所以有价值正因为它给我们一种能力去解释和控制已有的经验。
我们不应当把它作为新的教材介绍给儿童，而应当作为用来显示已经包含在旧经验里的因素和作为提供更容易、更有效地调整经验的工具。
现在我们丧失了许多文学和语言科目的价值，这是因为我们抛弃了社会的因素。
在教育学著作里，差不多总是把语言只当做思想的表现。
语言固然是一种逻辑的工具，但基本的、最重要的是一种社会的工具。
语言是一种交往的手段，是一个人用以分享别人的思想和感情的工具。
如果只是把它当做个人获得知识，或当做表达已经学到的知识的工具，那么就会失去它的社会的动机和目的。
因此，在理想的学校课程中，各门科目并不是先后连贯的。
如果教育即是生活，那么一切生活一开始就具有科学的一面、艺术和文化的一面以及相互交往的一面。
因此，一个年级的固定科目只是阅读和写字，而较高的年级里却开设阅读、文学或科学，这是不正确的。
进度不是在于各门科目的连贯性，而是在于对经验的新态度和新兴趣的发展。
最后，教育应该被认为是经验的继续改造；教育的过程和目的是完全相同的东西。
